Article(id=1239201878840496739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239201870791627164, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.04, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1649347200000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1677772800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-03-03, onlineDate=1773378351173, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773378351173, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773378351173, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773378351173, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239201870791627164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='161', pageEnd='240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773378349254, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773378470498, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239202379392938830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239201870791627164, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239202379397133135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239201870791627164, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=182, endPage=187, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239201879092154994, articleId=1239201878840496739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Research progress of a new lipid-regulating drug pemafibrate in therapeutic application, columnId=1239174991388930543, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=New Drug Introduction, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pemafibrate, a new type of fibrates developed in Japan, was approved for marketing in Japan in June 2018. Compared with traditional fibrates, pemafibrate can combine peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) purposefully, and then regulate lipid metabolism effectively. Studies have shown that pemafibrate can not only improve blood lipid levels, but also regulate blood glucose, maintain liver metabolism, inhibit inflammation and thrombosis, and may have certain application value in people with diabetes, liver diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. The common adverse reactions are allergy, nasopharyngitis, creatine kinase elevation, blood uric acid elevation and so on.

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培马贝特为日本研制开发的新型贝特类药物,于2018年6月在日本批准上市。相比于传统的贝特类药物,培马贝特可以更具目标性地与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)结合,进而高效地发挥调脂作用。研究表明,培马贝特在改善血脂水平的同时,还可以调节血糖、维持肝脏代谢、抑制炎症和血栓形成,在患有糖尿病、肝脏病变及心血管疾病的人群中可能具有一定应用价值,其常见的不良反应为过敏、鼻咽炎、肌酸激酶升高和血尿酸升高等。

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陈慧
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王雅芝,女,硕士在读,主要从事内分泌代谢病的研究,E-mail:

陈慧,女,主任医师,博士,主要从事内分泌代谢病的研究,E-mail:

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新型调脂药培马贝特在治疗应用中的研究进展
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王雅芝 , 陈慧
中国新药与临床杂志 | 新药介绍 2024,43(3): 182-187
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 新药介绍 2024, 43(3): 182-187
新型调脂药培马贝特在治疗应用中的研究进展
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王雅芝 , 陈慧
作者信息
  • 兰州大学第二医院 内分泌与代谢科,甘肃 兰州 730030
  • 王雅芝,女,硕士在读,主要从事内分泌代谢病的研究,E-mail:

    陈慧,女,主任医师,博士,主要从事内分泌代谢病的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈慧
Research progress of a new lipid-regulating drug pemafibrate in therapeutic application
Ya-zhi WANG , Hui CHEN
Affiliations
  • Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou GANSU 730030, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.04
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培马贝特为日本研制开发的新型贝特类药物,于2018年6月在日本批准上市。相比于传统的贝特类药物,培马贝特可以更具目标性地与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)结合,进而高效地发挥调脂作用。研究表明,培马贝特在改善血脂水平的同时,还可以调节血糖、维持肝脏代谢、抑制炎症和血栓形成,在患有糖尿病、肝脏病变及心血管疾病的人群中可能具有一定应用价值,其常见的不良反应为过敏、鼻咽炎、肌酸激酶升高和血尿酸升高等。

培马贝特  /  调脂药  /  过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α  /  高脂血症

Pemafibrate, a new type of fibrates developed in Japan, was approved for marketing in Japan in June 2018. Compared with traditional fibrates, pemafibrate can combine peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) purposefully, and then regulate lipid metabolism effectively. Studies have shown that pemafibrate can not only improve blood lipid levels, but also regulate blood glucose, maintain liver metabolism, inhibit inflammation and thrombosis, and may have certain application value in people with diabetes, liver diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. The common adverse reactions are allergy, nasopharyngitis, creatine kinase elevation, blood uric acid elevation and so on.

pemafibrate  /  lipid regulating agents  /  peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha  /  hyperlipidemias
王雅芝, 陈慧. 新型调脂药培马贝特在治疗应用中的研究进展. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (3) : 182 -187 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.04
Ya-zhi WANG, Hui CHEN. Research progress of a new lipid-regulating drug pemafibrate in therapeutic application[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (3) : 182 -187 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.04
随着人们生活节奏的加快和饮食结构的调整,动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)的发病率逐年攀升。空腹及餐后高脂血症作为ASCVD的重要危险因素,长期以来一直备受人们关注[1]。他汀类药物虽然能显著降低ASCVD的风险,但仍有70%~80%的残余风险[2]。传统的贝特类药物并不能预防ASCVD,还会有损伤肝功能和升高血肌酐(Cr)的风险[3]。为了解决这个问题,新型调脂药物的研发逐渐提上日程。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α, PPARα)是核激素受体的一种,在心脏、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉等高活性代谢组织中表达,可以和维甲酸X受体(RXR)作为异二聚体与DNA结合,调控与靶基因转录相关的下游活动,如维持脂肪酸和葡萄糖稳态、调节肝脏代谢、抑制炎症和血栓形成及保护血管内皮等[4]。因此,PPARα可能成为治疗糖尿病、肝脏疾病和心血管疾病(CVD)的重要靶点之一。培马贝特(pemafibrate,又称为K-877,商品名:Parmodia),是由日本兴和公司在超过1 500种化合物中筛选出的可以与PPARα高效结合的激动剂,于2018年6月在日本上市,用于治疗高脂血症,目前尚未在我国上市[5]。结构式见图1。现上市剂型为片剂,每日剂量为0.2~0.4 mg。
相比于非诺贝特、吉非贝特等传统的贝特类PPARα激动剂,具有独特苯并噁唑环和苯氧烷基侧链的培马贝特能够选择性地与PPARα结合,提高PPARα的活性。培马贝特呈现出一个“Y”型结构,PPARα的配体结合区域也呈“Y”型,当两者接触时,PPARα构象变化,两者发生强相互作用,培马贝特则被牢固地封闭在PPARα的空腔区域中。随后,PPARα的一个新的区域暴露出来,当这一区域与PPARγ共激活因子(PGC-1α)结合后,PPARα则被更强有力地激活,进而高效地调节机体代谢[6]。在动物实验中,培马贝特可以通过激活脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)并减少抑制LPL活性的载脂蛋白(Apo)CⅢ和血管生成素样蛋白(ANGPLT)3含量来抑制极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)的分泌,促进甘油三酯(TG)的清除;通过增加VLDL受体的表达,促进VLDL及其残余物的代谢;还可以发挥抗炎活性,促进胆固醇的代谢,减少动脉粥样斑块的形成[7]。培马贝特还可以通过激活PPARα来调节不同种类的血脂:机体会出现成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)21上调,肝脏分泌的VLDL减少[8],具有致动脉粥样硬化(AS)作用的小而致密的低密度脂蛋白(sdLDL)颗粒减少[9];ApoAⅠ和ApoAⅡ的表达增加,从而促进高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的合成增加[10];ATP结合盒转运蛋白(ABC)A1和肝脏中B类Ⅰ型清道夫受体(SR-BI)表达增加,胆固醇的逆向转运能力增强[4,11]。此外,培马贝特还可以上调与脂肪酸β氧化、肝酰基辅酶A合酶(ACS)合成相关的基因表达,减少肝脏分泌VLDL[12];通过抑制肠道内胆固醇转运体——尼曼-皮克C1型类似蛋白1(Niemann-Pick C1-like 1,NPC1L1)的mRNA表达来减轻餐后高脂血症[13]
研究表明,当健康受试者在进食或空腹状态下服用单次剂量为0.1 mg的培马贝特时,血药峰浓度(cmax)和药时曲线下面积(AUC0-τ)的几何平均值分别为0.873 ng·mL-1和0.911 ng·h·mL-1,第2日重复给药达到稳态浓度,99%以上的培马贝特与血浆蛋白结合,主要是白蛋白[14]。当使用0.1~0.8 mg的培马贝特进行单剂量或多剂量给药时,它在血浆中的暴露量以近似线性的方式增加,cmax为1.5~2.0 h,消除半衰期为1.5~2.5 h[15]。培马贝特主要经肝脏代谢,被细胞色素P450(CYP)酶,包括CYP2C8、CYP2C9和CYP3A4等同工酶代谢为苄基氧化剂和葡萄糖醛酸共轭物与N-脱烷基二羧酸的混合物[14],少部分从尿液中排泄。研究表明,当健康受试者服用14C标记的培马贝特,在216 h内有14.53%的放射性物质从尿液中排出,73.29%的放射性物质从粪便中排出[15]。当与环孢素、克拉霉素、氟康唑和利福平等药物联合使用时应谨慎,因为这些药物会明显影响培马贝特的AUC[15]
培马贝特可以增强胆固醇的逆向转运,并可以通过改善血浆中的脂质谱来延缓AS的进展,甚至促进其消退[16]。一项单中心、双盲的随机对照临床试验探讨了培马贝特对胆固醇流出能力(CEC)以及高脂血症的影响[16]。纳入32例20~64岁的高脂血症患者,入组前空腹TG > 150 mg·dL-1,其中男性HDL < 50 mg·dL-1,女性HDL < 55 mg·dL-1,被随机分为培马贝特组(n = 17,0.4 mg·d-1)和安慰剂组(n = 15)。治疗4周后,培马贝特组和安慰剂组的CEC较基线分别增加7.82%和4.85%,2组比较差异显著(P < 0.05)。空腹状态下,培马贝特组的HDL-C、ApoAⅠ较基线升高,TG、ApoB-48、ApoC Ⅲ和残余脂蛋白胆固醇(RemL-C)降低(P < 0.05),均显著优于安慰剂组(P < 0.05)。培马贝特治疗后的餐后TG、ApoB-48和RemL-C的AUC0-8.5h较基线显著降低(P < 0.05),且降幅高于安慰剂组(P < 0.05)。CEC降低目前被认为是CVD新的危险因素之一,小而致密的HDL-C具有更强的CEC[17]。在该试验中,将HDL-C按体积划分为5个亚组,分别为极大、大、中等、小、极小HDL-C组,发现后三组的HDL-C在培马贝特治疗后较基线和安慰剂组显著升高(P < 0.05)。此外,FGF21较基线和安慰剂组也显著升高(P < 0.05)。研究[4]表明,FGF21可以增加ABCA1的表达,后者可以介导巨噬细胞的CEC。因此,培马贝特可以通过调节HDL-C体积大小、增强FGF21合成的方式来提高CEC,调节血浆中的脂质谱,降低AS的患病率。
培马贝特由于其独特的结构,相较于其他传统的贝特类药物具有更高的PPARα选择性,因此,可能会更有效地降低血浆中的TG水平。ISHIBASHI等[18]开展了一项培马贝特治疗人群高TG血症(空腹TG > 200 mg·dL-1,男性HDL < 50 mg·dL-1,女性HDL < 55 mg·dL-1,20~74岁)的随机对照临床试验。224例患者等比例分为6组,分别每日予以培马贝特0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4 mg,及非诺贝特100 mg或安慰剂。治疗12周后,除安慰剂组外,其他组的TG水平较治疗前均显著降低(P < 0.05)。其中,培马贝特组的TG水平呈剂量依赖性降低,4组TG水平较基线分别下降30.9%、36.4%、42.6%和42.7%(P < 0.001),降幅高于非诺贝特组(29.7%,P < 0.001)。不良事件(AE)和药物不良反应(ADR)的发生率在培马贝特组中并未呈剂量依赖性增加,且低于非诺贝特组和安慰剂组。ISHIBASHI等[19]的另一项研究纳入≥20岁的高脂血症患者(150 mg·dL-1≤TG < 500 mg·dL-1,男性HDL < 50 mg·dL-1,女性HDL < 55 mg·dL-1),随机分为培马贝特0.2 mg·d-1组(n = 73)、0.4 mg·d -1组(n = 74)和非诺贝特106.6 mg·d-1组(n = 76)。治疗24周后发现,3组TG水平较基线分别下降46.2%、45.9%、39.7%(P < 0.05),培马贝特组TG水平的降幅均显著大于非诺贝特组(P < 0.05),且培马贝特组ADR的发生率远低于非诺贝特组。ARAI等[20]的研究与以上研究结果相似。因此,培马贝特相比于非诺贝特等传统贝特类药物来说,可以更加安全和有效地降低TG。
他汀类药物作为应用广泛的调脂类药物,可以有效降低CVD的发病率和死亡率[21]。研究表明,贝特类药物与他汀类药物联合使用会增加横纹肌溶解的风险,尤其在肾功能受损的患者中,这可能与药物之间的相互作用有关[22]。培马贝特的出现有望改善这一局面。ARAI等[23]报道了2项关于培马贝特与他汀类药物联合使用的临床研究。在研究A中,服用匹伐他汀的高脂血症患者(空腹TG≥200 mg·dL-1,non-HDL-C≥150 mg·dL-1)被随机分配到安慰剂组(n = 41)和培马贝特0.1 mg·d-1组(n = 42)、0.2 mg·d-1组(n = 45)、0.4 mg·d-1组(n = 42),接受为期12周的治疗。结果显示,与基线相比,培马贝特0.1、0.2、0.4 mg·d-1组的TG水平均显著下降(P < 0.001),分别降低46.1%、53.4%、52.0%,与安慰剂组相比均差异显著(6.9%,P < 0.001)。培马贝特组AE和ADR发生率与安慰剂组相当。研究B探究了各种他汀类药物与不同剂量培马贝特联合使用的情况,结果与研究A类似。GINSBERG等[24]又在健康男性志愿者中探究了培马贝特与各种高剂量他汀类药物联合使用时是否会发生相互作用,结果发现培马贝特与各种他汀类药物联合使用时的cmax和AUC均无显著变化。因此,培马贝特和各种他汀类药物的联合使用,在不发生明显药物相互作用的基础上,可以安全有效地降低TG水平,减轻高脂血症对组织、器官造成的影响和负担。
2型糖尿病(T2DM)常常合并血脂代谢紊乱,其血脂异常的特征为TG、sdLDL升高,HDL-C降低和富含TG的脂蛋白(TRLs)分解延迟导致的餐后TG升高[25]。最近的研究表明,培马贝特在合并高脂血症的胰岛素抵抗(IR)及T2DM患者中应用,可以在调节血脂的同时,改善IR,降低血糖水平。ARAKI等[26]将合并高脂血症的T2DM患者随机分为安慰剂组(n = 57)和培马贝特0.2 mg·d-1组(n = 54)、0.4 mg·d-1组(n = 55)。治疗24周后,3组的TG相较于基线分别下降10.8%、44.3%和45.1%(P < 0.05),且培马贝特各组与安慰剂组相比差异显著(P < 0.05)。培马贝特各组的non-HDL-C、RemL-C、ApoB-100、ApoB-48和ApoC Ⅲ水平较基线明显降低,HDL-C和ApoAⅠ水平明显升高(P < 0.05)。检测4 ~24周的数据,发现与安慰剂组相比,培马贝特各组的空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FIns)和稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)均显著降低,FGF21水平显著升高(P < 0.05)。FGF21是最有效的胰岛素增敏剂之一,可以促进外周组织摄取葡萄糖,缓解高血糖,改善IR[27]。另一项临床试验[28]发现,培马贝特可以增加IR患者内脏葡萄糖的摄取量。研究者将合并高脂血症的IR患者随机分为培马贝特0.4 mg·d-1组(n = 11)和安慰剂组(n = 7)。治疗12周后,培马贝特组的内脏葡萄糖摄取率较基线增加19.6%(P = 0.005),但安慰剂组未见明显变化(2.1%,P = 0.780);相比安慰剂组,培马贝特组FGF21显著增加(P = 0.007)。研究表明,培马贝特可以增加ABCA1的蛋白和mRNA表达,而胰腺的ABCA1可以影响β细胞的胰岛素分泌[29]。因此,培马贝特可能是通过调控胰腺中的ABCA1表达来影响胰岛素分泌,从而实现调节血糖,改善IR。
非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)已经成为腹型肥胖时代背景下高发的疾病。有资料表明,PPARα表达下降或缺失会诱导NAFLD及NASH的发生。因此,培马贝特作为高效激活PPARα的受体激动剂可能会成为治疗NAFLD和NASH等肝脏疾病的有效药物[30]。NAKAJIMA等[31]进行了一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的试验,纳入了118例丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)升高的NAFLD患者(肝脏脂肪含量≥10%,肝脏硬度≥2.5 kPa,男性ALT > 40 U·L-1,女性ALT > 30 U·L-1),将患者分为培马贝特0.4 mg·d-1组(n = 60)和安慰剂组(n = 58)。治疗72周后,培马贝特组和安慰剂组的肝脏硬度较基线分别下降7.3%和1.1%(P < 0.05),2组间差异显著(P < 0.05)。ALT、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)及纤维化标志物mac-2结合蛋白糖基化异构体(M2BPGi)较基线分别下降43.8%、47.2%、34.0%和32.0%(P < 0.05),且下降幅度高于安慰剂组(P < 0.05)。培马贝特组的TC、LDL-C、non-HDL-C及TC较基线也明显下降(P < 0.05),治疗优于安慰剂组(P < 0.05)。在ARAI等[23]的临床试验中,同样可以观察到培马贝特显著降低高脂血症患者血浆中的ALT、GGT及ALP水平。肝脏硬度及ALT水平的增加被认为是NAFLD的高危因素,而培马贝特可以有效降低两者,这对于抑制NAFLD的发生、发展具有重要意义,其作用机制可能与解偶联蛋白(UCP)有关。UCP是线粒体阴离子载体家族的成员,它可以增加线粒体中脂质分解的氧化能力并增强酶促反应,促进能量代谢。研究[32]表明,培马贝特可以显著增加UCP3蛋白水平。因此,培马贝特可能通过上调UCP3表达,调节肝脏中的脂质周转,从而起到改善肝脏功能和保护肝脏组织的作用。
动脉壁中的脂质积累和慢性炎症是AS的特征[33]。研究发现培马贝特可以通过调节血脂和抑制炎症的方式延缓AS的进程,从而预防ASCVD的发生。HENNUYER等[34]发现,在人类ApoE2敲入小鼠(ApoE2 Knock-In,ApoE2KI)中,培马贝特可以减少乳糜微粒(CM)中ApoB在极化的Caco-2/TC7肠上皮细胞中的分泌量,减少主动脉交叉处的炎症因子、巨噬细胞并减轻主动脉粥样硬化病变。此外,培马贝特还增加了人类ApoAⅠ转基因小鼠血浆中HDL-C和ApoAⅠ,增强了胆固醇的逆向转运能力。IWATA等[35]将Yorkshire猪随机分为培马贝特30 mg·d-1组(n = 6)和安慰剂组(n = 7),给予为期35 d的药物治疗,在试验第7日将裸金属支架置入猪的冠状动脉中。治疗结束后发现,与安慰剂组相比,培马贝特组支架中的新内膜体积减少了26.3%(P < 0.05),肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α等炎症分子的表达降低,SM-calponin等平滑肌分化标记物增加,说明培马贝特能减少冠状动脉支架炎症和裸金属支架植入后的新内膜增生。给予低密度脂蛋白(LDL)受体基因敲除的猪模型高脂饮食后,分为培马贝特组(n=5)和安慰剂组,给药2周后造冠状动脉球囊损伤,继续治疗8周后发现培马贝特组相比于安慰剂组,斑块中的巨噬细胞比例、核因子(NF)-κB和基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-9的mRNA水平均显著降低(P < 0.05)[36]。以上动物实验证明培马贝特可以有效调节血脂,减轻炎症,保护血管内皮,对ASCVD起到一定预防作用,以后还需要开展以人为主导的临床试验以进一步验证培马贝特在炎症和脂质斑块中的疗效。
有研究表明,培马贝特还具有改善肾脏病变的功效。MAKI等[37]给予糖尿病小鼠持续2周的培马贝特(0.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)治疗,治疗后发现培马贝特在改善包括二酰甘油(DAG)在内的血浆脂质谱和脂质含量的同时,还有效降低了白蛋白尿以及蛋白激酶C(PKC)、NADPH氧化酶-4(NOX-4)等与氧化应激相关的标志物活性,这些标志物会在糖尿病肾病中明显增加。同时,培马贝特还增加了5'-AMP活化蛋白激酶(5'-AMPK)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)的磷酸化,促进与脂肪酸β-氧化相关基因的表达。因此,培马贝特可能是通过调节肾脏的AMPK-ACC途径、加速脂肪酸的β氧化及抑制脂肪酸的合成,进而抑制DAG-PKC-NADPH氧化酶的信号分子途径来达到抗氧化应激,改善肾脏病变的目的[37]。此外,培马贝特还被证实具有减少血浆纤维蛋白原,抑制血栓形成[18],改善心力衰竭、糖尿病性心肌病[38]及延缓糖尿病视网膜病变进展[39]的作用。
培马贝特在治疗期间常见的AE包括过敏、鼻咽炎、肌酸激酶(CK)升高和血尿酸升高等。一项临床试验[23]显示,培马贝特0.1、0.2、0.4 mg·d-1组AE的发生率分别为64.4%、55.1%和58.3%,与安慰剂组(52.2%)相当。其中,培马贝特组发生率≥5%且高于安慰剂组的AE包括过敏(6.7% vs. 6.5%)、鼻咽炎(16.3% vs. 10.9%)、血CK升高(6.7% vs. 4.3%)、血尿酸升高(6.1% vs. 0)和肝功能异常(6.7% vs. 4.3%)。培马贝特组中有2例在治疗期间发生了严重的AE,为宫颈癌和上肢骨折,研究人员排除了药物与其发生的因果关系。培马贝特组中有1例患者CK升幅高于正常范围上限的10倍,无肌痛症状,后自行恢复正常。培马贝特不同剂量组在治疗期间的AE发生率无显著差异,且不呈剂量依赖性增长。另外几项临床试验证实了培马贝特组AE的发生率与安慰剂组相比并无显著差异[26,40]
在伴有高脂血症的慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者中应用培马贝特(为期52周),发现培马贝特的血药浓度并未明显升高。治疗期间,AE总发生率为82%;在根据肾小球滤过率(eGFR)划分为G1、G2、G3a-G3b、G4-G5期不同肾功能阶段的人群中,AE的发生率分别为81.0%、78.9%、91.2%和87.5%,与基线eGFR无明显相关,表明培马贝特在长期治疗CKD患者高脂血症的同时并不会明显加速肾脏功能的恶化[41]。在糖尿病及脂肪肝患者中同样应用培马贝特进行调脂治疗,发现AE发生率与安慰剂组比均无显著差异[26,31]
因为培马贝特主要经肝脏代谢,因此严重肝功能不全、原发性胆汁性肝硬化或不明原因持续性肝功能异常的患者禁用。在儿童、孕妇及哺乳期妇女中的疗效和安全性尚未得到证实,因此应慎用或禁用[18]
近年来,培马贝特作为新兴的调脂药物逐渐崭露头角。通过高效、选择性激活PPARα的方式,相比于传统贝特类药物,培马贝特可以在更好调节血脂的同时降低AE的发生,与他汀类药物联合使用也未发现药物之间存在明显的相互作用。培马贝特还被证实具有维持血糖稳态、改善肝脏功能、抑制炎症和血栓形成等作用,在合并有高脂血症的糖尿病、肝脏疾病和CVD人群中可能具有广泛的应用前景。此外,培马贝特几乎不从肾脏排泄,对于血脂异常的CKD患者来说,治疗仍然具有一定安全保障。尽管培马贝特在应用过程中不时有AE的发生,但多数与药物本身无关或与安慰剂组相比无明显差异。相信在不久的将来,培马贝特有望成为一种新的治疗策略应用于代谢性疾病患者。
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2024年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.04
  • 接收时间:2022-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-08
  • 录用日期:2023-03-03
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    兰州大学第二医院 内分泌与代谢科,甘肃 兰州 730030

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陈慧
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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