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AIM

To evaluate the relative risk of respiratory tract disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with tofacitinib.

METHODS

From PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases, the double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of RA patients who treated with tofacitinib were searched, and the search time limit was from the establishment of the databases to September 2022. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included trials, the RevMan 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis, and the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects method was used for relative risk (RR) comparison to evaluate the results.

RESULTS

Fourteen double-blind RCTs were included, with a total of 6 372 RA patients. The results of meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, the risk of lower respiratory tract infection was significantly increased in the tofacitinib group (RR= 2.32, 95% CI:1.27 to 4.24,P=0.006), while the risk of pulmonary embolism was significantly reduced (RR=0.16, 95% CI:0.03 to 0.94, P=0.04). There was no significant difference in the risk of upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, pneumonia, opportunistic respiratory tract infection, and other non-infectious respiratory adverse events between the tofacitinib group and the control group (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION

Tofacitinib used for the treatment of RA will increase the risk of lower respiratory tract infection, but has no correlation with the risk of other respiratory tract diseases.

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目的

评估接受托法替布治疗的类风湿关节炎(RA)患者发生呼吸道疾病的风险。

方法

检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library数据库,搜索关于托法替布在RA患者中的双盲随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限为建库至2022年9月。使用Cochrane偏倚风险工具来评估纳入试验的质量,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行统计学分析,使用Mantel-Haenszel固定效应方法进行相对风险比较以评估结果。

结果

共纳入14项双盲RCT,合计6 372例RA患者。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组相比,托法替布组下呼吸道感染风险显著升高(RR=2.32,95% CI:1.27~4.24,P=0.006),肺栓塞风险显著降低(RR=0.16,95% CI:0.03~0.94,P=0.04)。托法替布组上呼吸道感染、流感、肺炎、机会性呼吸道感染和其他非感染性呼吸道不良事件的发生风险与对照组相比差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。

结论

托法替布治疗RA会增加下呼吸道感染的发生风险,但与其他呼吸道疾病的发生风险无关。

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饶慧,E-mail:
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黄洁柔,女,主治医师,博士在读,主要从事风湿免疫疾病及风湿免疫相关呼吸疾病的研究,E-mail:

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黄洁柔,女,主治医师,博士在读,主要从事风湿免疫疾病及风湿免疫相关呼吸疾病的研究,E-mail:

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Ann Intern Med, 2013, 159(4): 253-261., articleTitle=Tofacitinib in combination with nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239201887795336088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239201877192135193, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=167, issue=3, pageStart=668, pageEnd=677, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=PAPP KA, MENTER A, STROBER B, journalName=Br J Dermatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAPP KA, MENTER A, STROBER B, et al. Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in the treatment of psoriasis: a phase 2b randomized placebo-controlled dose-ranging study[J]. Br J Dermatol, 2012, 167(3): 668-677., articleTitle=Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in the treatment of psoriasis: a phase 2b randomized placebo-controlled dose-ranging study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239201887887610778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239201877192135193, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=367, issue=6, pageStart=495, pageEnd=507, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=FLEISCHMANN R, KREMER J, CUSH J, journalName=N Engl J Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FLEISCHMANN R, KREMER J, CUSH J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. 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研究研究类型治疗周期/周干预措施例数年龄/岁病程/年
FLEISCHMANN 2017[5]双盲RCT52托法替布5 mg bid,甲氨蝶呤+安慰剂760
386
50.1±136
BURMESTER 2013[6]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂133
134
132
55±11.412
CONAGHAN 2016[17]双盲RCT52托法替布10 mg bid,甲氨蝶呤72
37
48.8±12.31
TANAKA 2015[18]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂52
53
52
53.5±11.18
LEE 2014[19]双盲RCT104托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,甲氨蝶呤373
397
186
49.63
van VOLLENHOVEN 2012[20]双盲RCT24托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,阿达木单抗260
253
204
52.9±12.18
KREMER 2012[21]双盲RCT24托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂71
74
69
53.7±12.49
FLEISCHMANN 2012[22]双盲RCT24托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂49
61
59
52.9±12.78
TANAKA 2011[23]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂27
26
28
50.4±10.88
KREMER 2009[24]双盲RCT6托法替布5 mg bid,安慰剂61
65
49.7±11.610
van der HEIJDE 2013[25]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂321
316
160
52.8±11.69
KREMER 2013[26]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂315
318
159
52.3±11.69
PAPP 2012[27]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,安慰剂49
50
43.9±12.817
FLEISCHMANN 2012[28]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂243
245
122
51.8±11.88
), ArticleFig(id=1239201884142097230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239201877192135193, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入研究的基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究研究类型治疗周期/周干预措施例数年龄/岁病程/年
FLEISCHMANN 2017[5]双盲RCT52托法替布5 mg bid,甲氨蝶呤+安慰剂760
386
50.1±136
BURMESTER 2013[6]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂133
134
132
55±11.412
CONAGHAN 2016[17]双盲RCT52托法替布10 mg bid,甲氨蝶呤72
37
48.8±12.31
TANAKA 2015[18]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂52
53
52
53.5±11.18
LEE 2014[19]双盲RCT104托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,甲氨蝶呤373
397
186
49.63
van VOLLENHOVEN 2012[20]双盲RCT24托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,阿达木单抗260
253
204
52.9±12.18
KREMER 2012[21]双盲RCT24托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂71
74
69
53.7±12.49
FLEISCHMANN 2012[22]双盲RCT24托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂49
61
59
52.9±12.78
TANAKA 2011[23]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂27
26
28
50.4±10.88
KREMER 2009[24]双盲RCT6托法替布5 mg bid,安慰剂61
65
49.7±11.610
van der HEIJDE 2013[25]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂321
316
160
52.8±11.69
KREMER 2013[26]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂315
318
159
52.3±11.69
PAPP 2012[27]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,安慰剂49
50
43.9±12.817
FLEISCHMANN 2012[28]双盲RCT12托法替布5 mg bid,托法替布10 mg bid,安慰剂243
245
122
51.8±11.88
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托法替布治疗类风湿关节炎发生呼吸道疾病风险的Meta分析
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黄洁柔 a , 陈亮 b , 饶慧 a
中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024,43(3): 220-228
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024, 43(3): 220-228
托法替布治疗类风湿关节炎发生呼吸道疾病风险的Meta分析
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黄洁柔a , 陈亮b, 饶慧a
作者信息
  • a.湖南省人民医院/湖南师范大学附属第一医院 风湿免疫科,湖南 长沙 410005
  • b.湖南省人民医院/湖南师范大学附属第一医院 感染科,湖南 长沙 410005
  • 黄洁柔,女,主治医师,博士在读,主要从事风湿免疫疾病及风湿免疫相关呼吸疾病的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

饶慧,E-mail:
Risk of respiratory tract disease in rheumatoid arthritis treated with tofacitinib: a meta-analysis
Jie-rou HUANGa , Liang CHENb, Hui RAOa
Affiliations
  • a.Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hu-nan Provincial People’s Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Hu-nan Normal University, Changsha HU-NAN 410005, China
  • b.Department of Infectious Diseases, Hu-nan Provincial People’s Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Hu-nan Normal University, Changsha HU-NAN 410005, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.12
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目的

评估接受托法替布治疗的类风湿关节炎(RA)患者发生呼吸道疾病的风险。

方法

检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library数据库,搜索关于托法替布在RA患者中的双盲随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限为建库至2022年9月。使用Cochrane偏倚风险工具来评估纳入试验的质量,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行统计学分析,使用Mantel-Haenszel固定效应方法进行相对风险比较以评估结果。

结果

共纳入14项双盲RCT,合计6 372例RA患者。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组相比,托法替布组下呼吸道感染风险显著升高(RR=2.32,95% CI:1.27~4.24,P=0.006),肺栓塞风险显著降低(RR=0.16,95% CI:0.03~0.94,P=0.04)。托法替布组上呼吸道感染、流感、肺炎、机会性呼吸道感染和其他非感染性呼吸道不良事件的发生风险与对照组相比差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。

结论

托法替布治疗RA会增加下呼吸道感染的发生风险,但与其他呼吸道疾病的发生风险无关。

托法替布  /  关节炎,类风湿  /  呼吸道疾病  /  Meta分析
AIM

To evaluate the relative risk of respiratory tract disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with tofacitinib.

METHODS

From PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases, the double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of RA patients who treated with tofacitinib were searched, and the search time limit was from the establishment of the databases to September 2022. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included trials, the RevMan 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis, and the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects method was used for relative risk (RR) comparison to evaluate the results.

RESULTS

Fourteen double-blind RCTs were included, with a total of 6 372 RA patients. The results of meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, the risk of lower respiratory tract infection was significantly increased in the tofacitinib group (RR= 2.32, 95% CI:1.27 to 4.24,P=0.006), while the risk of pulmonary embolism was significantly reduced (RR=0.16, 95% CI:0.03 to 0.94, P=0.04). There was no significant difference in the risk of upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, pneumonia, opportunistic respiratory tract infection, and other non-infectious respiratory adverse events between the tofacitinib group and the control group (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION

Tofacitinib used for the treatment of RA will increase the risk of lower respiratory tract infection, but has no correlation with the risk of other respiratory tract diseases.

tofacitinib  /  arthritis, rheumatoid  /  respiratory tract diseases  /  meta-analysis
黄洁柔, 陈亮, 饶慧. 托法替布治疗类风湿关节炎发生呼吸道疾病风险的Meta分析. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (3) : 220 -228 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.12
Jie-rou HUANG, Liang CHEN, Hui RAO. Risk of respiratory tract disease in rheumatoid arthritis treated with tofacitinib: a meta-analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (3) : 220 -228 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.12
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一种主要累及肌肉骨骼系统的慢性进展性自身免疫病。重症RA患者可出现关节畸形,甚至全身多系统损伤。研究表明,RA相关的呼吸道疾病发生于30%~40%的RA患者,是RA患者第二大死亡原因[1,2],严重影响患者的生活质量及预后。
常用于治疗RA的改善病情抗风湿药物(disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs,DMARDs)包括甲氨蝶呤(MTX)和来氟米特(LFT)。DMARDs的呼吸系统毒性作用一直是RA治疗中极具争议的问题。研究表明,MTX和LFT在治疗RA的过程中可能引发或加重患者间质性肺病的进展[3,4]。因此,DMARDs的呼吸系统毒性作用有可能影响风湿免疫科医生对RA呼吸道受累患者的治疗药物选择。
托法替布(tofacitinib)是已在多国获批用于治疗RA的口服Janus激酶(JAK)抑制剂。多项大型随机对照试验(RCT)证实托法替布(5 mg bid和10 mg bid)治疗RA的有效性和安全性[5,6]。而对于RA累及呼吸道的患者,接受托法替布治疗是否安全仍缺乏相关循证学研究支持。近年研究表明,托法替布可有效治疗皮肌炎相关间质性肺病[7]和新型冠状病毒肺炎[8]。但也有病例报道托法替布在治疗RA过程中引发呼吸系统不良事件,如肺栓塞[9]、间质性肺炎[10]、肺孢子菌肺炎[11,12]等。
目前国内暂无关于托法替布治疗RA发生呼吸道疾病风险的系统评价及Meta分析,需要有相关数据来支持其治疗安全性。因此,本研究主要评估接受托法替布治疗的RA患者发生呼吸道疾病的风险,为风湿免疫科医生的治疗决策提供参考。
RCT,语种限定为英文。
符合美国风湿病学会(ACR)1987年修订标准或2010年ACR和欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)分类标准被诊断为RA的患者[13,14],均年龄≥18岁,不限定性别、种族、国籍、病程。
纳入标准:(1)双盲RCTs;(2)研究至少分2组,一组接受托法替布治疗,一组接受对照药物治疗;(3)托法替布的剂量为5 mg bid或10 mg bid;(4)观察组和对照组均记录呼吸系统不良事件。排除标准:(1)非双盲RCTs的文献;(2)数据无法提取的文献;(3)来自相同试验的报告。
(1)感染性呼吸道不良事件:上呼吸道感染(包括鼻炎、咽炎及喉炎)、下呼吸道感染(包括气管炎、支气管炎)、流感、肺炎、机会性呼吸道感染(包括肺结核、肺孢子菌肺炎)。(2)非感染性呼吸道不良事件:咳嗽、呼吸困难、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肺栓塞、肺肿瘤、过敏性鼻炎、间质性肺病、类风湿肺病、肺结节病、肺淤血、哮喘。
在PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library中搜索了从建库至2022年9月之前发表的英文文献。检索式以PubMed为例:(“arthritis, rheumatoid” OR (“rheumatoid arthritis” OR “RA”)) AND (“tofacitinib” OR (“Tasocitinib” OR “tofacitinib citrate” OR “Xeljanz” OR “cp 690 550” OR “CP 690550” OR“CP-690550” OR “CP-690,550” OR “cp-690550”)) AND (“randomized controlled trial” OR “randomized” OR “placebo” OR “RCT”)。检索式均为主题词与自由词共同组成。对于结局指标不完整的文献,笔者根据所检索文献中记录的RCT注册号在ClinicalTrials.gov数据库中进一步检索,以获取完整数据。
数据提取由两名研究人员独立进行,随后的任何分歧通过与第三名研究人员的讨论解决。提取以下数据:作者姓名、发表年份、研究类型和持续时间、每组参与者人数、托法替布剂量、对照药物、年龄、病程、呼吸系统不良事件。同时提取观察组和对照组的基本特征,用于后期异质性检验。使用Cochrane偏倚风险工具来评估纳入试验的质量[15],根据随机序列生成、分配隐藏、参与者盲法、结果完整性、选择性报告和其他偏倚来源几个方面来独立评估每项试验[16]。将试验质量分为高偏倚风险、低偏倚风险和不明确的偏倚风险。任何分歧均通过研究人员讨论和协商一致解决。
采用RevMan 5.3版软件。以相对风险(RR)表示二分类变量;采用Mantel-Haenszel法加权的固定效应模型进行分析;当异质性显著(P<0.05,I2>50%)的情况下采用随机效应模型。漏斗图用于评估发表偏倚。通过单独排除每项研究来进行敏感性分析。P<0.05为差异有显著意义。
使用上述检索策略共识别出511篇文章,排除133篇重复文章;在筛查完标题和摘要后,61项研究进入下一步全文筛选评估;最终14项双盲RCTs[5,6,17-28]符合入选标准。筛选RCTs的过程如图1所示。所纳入RCTs的基本特征如表1所示。
本次所纳入研究的偏倚风险总体较低。所有研究[5,6,17-28]均描述了随机序列生成,均采用了盲法,有4项研究报告了分配隐藏[5,25,27,28]。所有研究中受试者的退出率为6%至32%。没有足够信息评判14项RCTs是否存在选择性报道。鉴于研究持续周期[24]和疾病病程[17],2项研究被判定为其他高偏倚风险。14项RCTs的偏倚风险如图2所示。
13项RCTs[5,6,17-25,27,28]报告了2组发生上呼吸道感染的受试者数量,9项RCTs[17-23,26,27]报告了2组发生下呼吸道感染的受试者数量,9项RCTs[5,17,19,21,22,24,25,27,28]报告了2组发生流感的受试者数量,9项RCTs[5,17,19,20,22,24-26]报告了2组发生肺炎的受试者数量,4项RCTs[5,19,20,25]报告了2组发生机会性呼吸道感染的受试者数量。与对照组相比,托法替布组发生下呼吸道感染的风险显著增加(RR=2.32,95% CI:1.27~4.24,P=0.006)。与对照组相比,托法替布组发生上呼吸道感染(RR=1.07,95% CI:0.90~1.26,P=0.45)、流感(RR=1.38,95% CI:0.75~2.55,P=0.30)、肺炎(RR=1.05,95%CI:0.44~2.53,P=0.91)、机会性呼吸道感染(RR=1.22,95% CI:0.26~5.73,P=0.80)的发生风险无显著差异。异质性检验不显著(I2=0,P>0.05),见图3
7项RCTs[3,6,19,21,22,25,27]报告了2组出现咳嗽的受试者数量,7项RCTs[5,21,23-25,27,28]报告了2组出现呼吸困难的受试者数量,3项RCTs[5,19,28]报告了2组发生慢性阻塞性肺疾病的受试者数量,2项RCTs[5,28]报告了2组发生肺栓塞的受试者数量,2项RCTs[5,20]报告了2组发生肺肿瘤的受试者数量,2项RCTs[21,27]报告了2组发生过敏性鼻炎的受试者数量;各有1项RCT报告了间质性肺病[20]、类风湿肺病[5]、肺结节病[20]、肺淤血[21]、哮喘[21]的发生。与对照组相比,托法替布组RA患者发生肺栓塞的风险显著降低(RR=0.16,95% CI:0.03~0.94,P=0.04)。与对照组相比,托法替布组咳嗽(RR=1.54,95% CI:0.75~3.16,P=0.24)、呼吸困难(RR=0.97,95% CI:0.40~2.35,P=0.94)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(RR=0.87,95% CI:0.17~4.46,P=0.86)、肺肿瘤(RR=0.45,95% CI:0.06~3.18,P=0.42)、过敏性鼻炎(RR=0.16,95% CI:0.02~1.46,P=0.11)、间质性肺病(RR=1.20,95% CI:0.05~29.25,P=0.91)、类风湿肺病(RR=1.53,95% CI:0.06~37.36,P=0.80)、肺结节病(RR=1.20,95% CI:0.05~29.25,P=0.91)、肺淤血(RR=1.07,95% CI:0.04~25.82,P=0.97)、哮喘(RR=0.12,95% CI:0.00~2.87,P=0.19)的发生风险无显著差异。异质性检验不显著(I2= 0,P>0.05),见图4
每个亚组通过逐一单独排除每项RCT,上述Meta分析结果均无显著变化。呼吸道不良事件的漏斗图显示各散点沿中线相对对称,表明文献发表偏倚较小,见图5
鉴于疾病的严重并发症和免疫抑制剂的不良反应,RA仍是风湿免疫科临床治疗的难点。托法替布主要抑制JAK1和JAK3活性,可有效阻断导致RA骨破坏的JAK/STAT通路,已于2017年在我国获批用于治疗中重度活动期且MTX疗效不佳的RA患者。据报道[29],与其他生物制剂相比,托法替布等JAK抑制剂疗效更显著且不良反应更少。近年来,随着托法替布逐渐进入临床使用,研究发现其在RA合并呼吸道疾病的患者中的治疗安全性仍存在争议。
目前,国内关于托法替布治疗安全性的Meta分析观察的结局指标主要为总体不良事件的发生数量,而本研究将所观察的结局指标设定为呼吸系统不良事件,并对其发生数量进行分类统计,更有利于评估托法替布治疗RA发生呼吸道疾病的风险。笔者在研究中观察到,与对照组相比,托法替布治疗仅增加RA患者下呼吸道感染的发生风险,而未增加上呼吸道感染、流感、肺炎、机会性呼吸道感染及其他非感染性呼吸道不良事件的发生风险。本研究结果与国外一项研究结论相似,KHOO等[30]发现下呼吸道感染更常见于接受JAK抑制剂治疗的自身免疫病患者。这说明托法替布治疗RA发生呼吸道不良事件的风险相对较低,但应关注其下呼吸道感染发生的风险。本研究还观察到,与对照组相比,托法替布治疗显著降低RA患者肺栓塞的发生风险。而既往有研究[9]表明,高剂量托法替布治疗可能增加肺栓塞的发生风险。笔者推断这可能是由于样本量的限制及RCTs通常排除了栓塞高危因素的受试者,后续笔者将继续进行研究以验证托法替布治疗发生肺栓塞的风险。此外,鉴于传统DMARDs治疗在间质性肺病中的争议,笔者重点观察了托法替布组患者发生间质性肺病的情况。然而,结果显示,仅托法替布(10 mg,bid)组出现1例间质性肺病。这提示托法替布治疗可能较少出现间质性肺病,但仍需更多的研究来证实托法替布在RA相关间质性肺病治疗中的安全性。
本研究所纳入的研究均为双盲RCTs,所有亚组分析均未观察到异质性,这表明本研究选取了较高质量数据。虽仍不能完全排除托法替布治疗对RA患者呼吸系统的影响,但本研究分析数据表明,托法替布治疗RA的呼吸道不良反应相对较少,这可能为风湿免疫科医生治疗RA提供重要参考。然而,本研究也存在一定的局限性。首先,有1项RCT[24]的试验周期较短,仅6周;其次,对照组的设立有区别,包含安慰剂、MTX或阿达木单抗;另外,本研究对呼吸道不良事件数据的提取,取决于所纳入RCTs的研究参与者对呼吸系统不良事件的准确报道;最后,既往患有严重呼吸道疾病的受试者通常被排除在本次纳入的研究之外,这可能会影响本研究结果在RA患者中的普遍性。
综上所述,托法替布治疗RA较少出现呼吸系统不良反应,但应警惕下呼吸道感染的发生,因此,需要适当的预防和及时治疗。此外,仍需要更多高质量和长周期的RCTs来证实本结论。
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.12
  • 接收时间:2022-09-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-07
  • 录用日期:2023-08-14
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    a.湖南省人民医院/湖南师范大学附属第一医院 风湿免疫科,湖南 长沙 410005
    b.湖南省人民医院/湖南师范大学附属第一医院 感染科,湖南 长沙 410005

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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