Article(id=1239201872666481052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239201870791627164, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1664726400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1695657600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-09-26, onlineDate=1773378349701, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773378349701, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773378349701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773378349701, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239201870791627164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='161', pageEnd='240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773378349254, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773378470498, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239202379392938830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239201870791627164, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239202379397133135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239201870791627164, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=161, endPage=170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239201872884584862, articleId=1239201872666481052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Research progress of antibody-drug conjugate in treatment of breast cancer, columnId=1207314219599499390, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a new type of targeted drugs for breast cancer, is formed by connecting a chemotherapeutic drug with a monoclonal antibody using a linker. The monoclonal antibody is used as a carrier to transport the chemotherapeutic drug to the specific tumor cells, thereby exerting anti-tumor effects. ADCs are classified into human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), human trophoblast surface antigen 2 (Trop-2), and other molecules according to antigens that act on the different target. At present, there are three ADCs approved worldwide for the treatment of breast cancer. In addition to trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) for HER2-positive breast cancer, sacituzumab govitecan (SG) is beneficial for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). ADCs are effective in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, and also have made important progress in the treatment of advanced TNBC and some HER2 low-expressing breast cancer. These ADCs provide more options for patients with different molecular types of breast cancer.

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抗体偶联药物(ADC)是一类治疗乳腺癌的新型靶向药物,由连接子将化疗药物同单克隆抗体(单抗)抗偶联而成,以单抗作为载体将化疗药物靶向运输至目标肿瘤细胞内发挥抗肿瘤作用。根据ADC作用于不同靶点的抗原,分为靶向人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)、人滋养细胞表面抗原2 (Trop-2)及其他分子等类型。目前,全球范围内已有3种ADC获批治疗乳腺癌,除用于HER2阳性乳腺癌的曲妥珠单抗-美坦新偶联物(T-DM1)、曲妥珠单抗-德鲁替康(T-DXd)外,还有可使三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)获益的戈沙妥珠单抗(SG)。ADC在HER2阳性乳腺癌治疗中疗效显著,同时在治疗晚期TNBC和部分HER2低表达的乳腺癌中也取得了重要进展,为不同乳腺癌分子分型的人群提供了更多选择。

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杨姣,E-mail:
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赵诗迪,女,硕士在读,主要从事乳腺癌治疗的研究,E-mail:

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药物名称抗体靶标连接子化疗药物瘤种研究状态
T-DM1HER2不可裂解DM1乳腺癌已上市
T-DXdHER2可裂解的四肽DXd乳腺癌、胃癌、食管癌、肺癌已上市
ARX788HER2不可裂解dolastatin monomethyl auristatin F乳腺癌
SYD985HER2可裂解的vc-seco-DUBAduocar乳腺癌
MEDI-4276HER2可裂解的马来酰亚胺卡前酰tubulysin乳腺癌、胃癌
RC48HER2可裂解MMAE乳腺癌、胃癌、尿路上皮癌
A166HER2可裂解的缬氨酸瓜氨酸肽duostatin-5乳腺癌、胃癌、胃食管结合部腺癌、结直肠癌
TAA013HER2硫醚键MCC-DM1乳腺癌
SGTrop-2acid-labile酯SN38乳腺癌、尿路上皮癌已上市
DS1062Trop-2可选择性裂解的四肽DX-8951f衍生物,DXd肺癌、乳腺癌
SGN-LIV1ALIV-1可裂解的二肽MMAE乳腺癌、肺癌
U3-1402HER3基于四肽的连接子DXd乳腺癌Ⅰ/Ⅲ
SAR566658CA6可裂解的二硫化物DM4乳腺癌
CDX-011pNMB可裂解的二肽MMAE乳腺癌、黑色素瘤
SAR408701Ceacam5可裂解的SPDBDM4实体肿瘤
AVID100EGFR可裂解的SMCCDM1乳腺癌、头颈部鳞癌、肺癌Ⅰ/Ⅱ
), ArticleFig(id=1239201878144242240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239201872666481052, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

已获批或尚处于临床研究的抗体偶联药物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药物名称抗体靶标连接子化疗药物瘤种研究状态
T-DM1HER2不可裂解DM1乳腺癌已上市
T-DXdHER2可裂解的四肽DXd乳腺癌、胃癌、食管癌、肺癌已上市
ARX788HER2不可裂解dolastatin monomethyl auristatin F乳腺癌
SYD985HER2可裂解的vc-seco-DUBAduocar乳腺癌
MEDI-4276HER2可裂解的马来酰亚胺卡前酰tubulysin乳腺癌、胃癌
RC48HER2可裂解MMAE乳腺癌、胃癌、尿路上皮癌
A166HER2可裂解的缬氨酸瓜氨酸肽duostatin-5乳腺癌、胃癌、胃食管结合部腺癌、结直肠癌
TAA013HER2硫醚键MCC-DM1乳腺癌
SGTrop-2acid-labile酯SN38乳腺癌、尿路上皮癌已上市
DS1062Trop-2可选择性裂解的四肽DX-8951f衍生物,DXd肺癌、乳腺癌
SGN-LIV1ALIV-1可裂解的二肽MMAE乳腺癌、肺癌
U3-1402HER3基于四肽的连接子DXd乳腺癌Ⅰ/Ⅲ
SAR566658CA6可裂解的二硫化物DM4乳腺癌
CDX-011pNMB可裂解的二肽MMAE乳腺癌、黑色素瘤
SAR408701Ceacam5可裂解的SPDBDM4实体肿瘤
AVID100EGFR可裂解的SMCCDM1乳腺癌、头颈部鳞癌、肺癌Ⅰ/Ⅱ
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抗体偶联药物在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展
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赵诗迪 a, b, c , 冉然 a, b, c , 汪泉方 d , 杭新月 a, b, c , 杨谨 a, b, c , 杨姣 a, b, c
中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024,43(3): 161-170
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024, 43(3): 161-170
抗体偶联药物在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展
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赵诗迪a, b, c , 冉然a, b, c, 汪泉方d, 杭新月a, b, c, 杨谨a, b, c, 杨姣a, b, c
作者信息
  • a.西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院 癌症中心,陕西 西安 710061
  • b.西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院 精准医学中心,陕西 西安 710061
  • c.西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院 肿瘤内科,陕西 西安 710061
  • d.西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院 药学部,陕西 西安 710061
  • 赵诗迪,女,硕士在读,主要从事乳腺癌治疗的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨姣,E-mail:
Research progress of antibody-drug conjugate in treatment of breast cancer
Shi-di ZHAOa, b, c , Ran RANa, b, c, Quan-fang WANGd, Xin-yue HANGa, b, c, Jin YANGa, b, c, Jiao YANGa, b, c
Affiliations
  • a.Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi-an Jiaotong University, Xi-an SHAANXI 710061, China
  • b.Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi-an Jiaotong University, Xi-an SHAANXI 710061, China
  • c.Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi-an Jiaotong University, Xi-an SHAANXI 710061, China
  • d.Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi-an Jiaotong University, Xi-an SHAANXI 710061, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.01
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抗体偶联药物(ADC)是一类治疗乳腺癌的新型靶向药物,由连接子将化疗药物同单克隆抗体(单抗)抗偶联而成,以单抗作为载体将化疗药物靶向运输至目标肿瘤细胞内发挥抗肿瘤作用。根据ADC作用于不同靶点的抗原,分为靶向人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)、人滋养细胞表面抗原2 (Trop-2)及其他分子等类型。目前,全球范围内已有3种ADC获批治疗乳腺癌,除用于HER2阳性乳腺癌的曲妥珠单抗-美坦新偶联物(T-DM1)、曲妥珠单抗-德鲁替康(T-DXd)外,还有可使三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)获益的戈沙妥珠单抗(SG)。ADC在HER2阳性乳腺癌治疗中疗效显著,同时在治疗晚期TNBC和部分HER2低表达的乳腺癌中也取得了重要进展,为不同乳腺癌分子分型的人群提供了更多选择。

乳腺肿瘤  /  受体, erbB-2  /  临床研究  /  抗体偶联药物

Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a new type of targeted drugs for breast cancer, is formed by connecting a chemotherapeutic drug with a monoclonal antibody using a linker. The monoclonal antibody is used as a carrier to transport the chemotherapeutic drug to the specific tumor cells, thereby exerting anti-tumor effects. ADCs are classified into human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), human trophoblast surface antigen 2 (Trop-2), and other molecules according to antigens that act on the different target. At present, there are three ADCs approved worldwide for the treatment of breast cancer. In addition to trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) for HER2-positive breast cancer, sacituzumab govitecan (SG) is beneficial for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). ADCs are effective in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, and also have made important progress in the treatment of advanced TNBC and some HER2 low-expressing breast cancer. These ADCs provide more options for patients with different molecular types of breast cancer.

breast neoplasms  /  receptor, erbB-2  /  clinical study  /  antibody-drug conjugate
赵诗迪, 冉然, 汪泉方, 杭新月, 杨谨, 杨姣. 抗体偶联药物在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (3) : 161 -170 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.01
Shi-di ZHAO, Ran RAN, Quan-fang WANG, Xin-yue HANG, Jin YANG, Jiao YANG. Research progress of antibody-drug conjugate in treatment of breast cancer[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (3) : 161 -170 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.01
乳腺癌是严重威胁世界女性健康的第一大恶性肿瘤。2020年全球最新癌症数据显示,乳腺癌新发病例约230万例,首次成为诊断数量最多的癌症类型[1]。早期乳腺癌虽可行根治性手术,但仍有30%~40%的患者会发展成转移性乳腺癌。对于转移性乳腺癌,尽管指南有推荐前线的治疗方案,但患者终将发生耐药;且乳腺癌异质性高,即使相同分子亚型接受同种治疗方案的疗效差异较大。因此,除当前可及的化疗及靶向治疗,急需新兴疗法改善转移性乳腺癌患者的生存质量。抗体偶联药物(antibody-drug conjugate, ADC)的出现,为这些患者提供了新选择。本文围绕ADC分别从药效学、临床研究、耐药机制及相关策略三方面提供参考。
ADC是由单克隆抗体(单抗)、化疗药物及连接子三部分组成的靶向生物制剂。ADC通过特定的连接子将高特异性单抗与高杀伤性化疗药物偶联起来,以单抗作为载体将小分子高效化疗药物靶向运输至目标肿瘤细胞中[2]。ADC作用机制:首先,抗体通过抗原结合片段识别并结合细胞表面的靶抗原,借助内吞作用诱导ADC内化;其次,ADC进入肿瘤细胞内部后,通过蛋白水解/酸化裂解溶酶体中的连接体,致使癌细胞内化疗药物部分释放[3],破坏微管蛋白或DNA,从而发挥高效杀伤肿瘤细胞的作用。此外,一旦膜通透性化疗药物在细胞中释放,就可扩散到邻近的细胞中发挥旁观者效应,该效应使得部分ADC在靶抗原低表达或异质性表达的癌症中也具有广泛活性。见图1左和中[4]
肿瘤靶向抗体介导靶抗原和ADC之间的特异性结合至关重要。除了ADC单抗与靶抗原的高结合亲和力外,理想的抗体部分还应促进有效的内化。目前ADC越来越多地采用免疫原性显著降低的完全人源化抗体。现如今,ADC使用的抗体多为血清中免疫球蛋白的主要成分,即球蛋白IgG,包括IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4四种亚型,其中以IgG1最为常用。
ADC连接子分为不可裂解型和可裂解型。不可裂解型连接子在体内常见的化学和酶环境中是惰性的,稳定性较高,有较低的脱靶毒性;且其降解依赖于溶酶体中的抗体[5],但降解过程中仍有氨基酸残基与连接子和化疗药物相连,这种带电荷的代谢产物无法有效穿过细胞膜,因此不具备旁观者效应。可裂解型连接子可进一步被分为化学裂解型和酶裂解型,可在低pH和富含蛋白酶的溶酶体环境中快速裂解,释放效应分子。如果效应分子可以跨膜,则可通过发挥潜在的旁观者效应消灭肿瘤。
静脉给药后,ADC只有2%能到达目标肿瘤部位,所以化疗药物需有较高的毒性[半数抑制浓度(IC50)需在nmol·L-1和pmol·L-1范围内]。ADC荷载的化疗药物按作用方式可大致分为三类:(1)微管蛋白抑制剂,主要包括奥瑞他汀类和美登素类(如DM1和DM4),通过破坏微管阻断细胞有丝分裂,导致细胞死亡;(2)DNA损伤剂,如卡奇霉素、多柔比星等,通过与DNA小沟结合并诱导双自由基或与作为DNA烷基化剂的腺嘌呤残基反应而发挥作用,从而导致双链DNA裂解和细胞死亡;(3)转录抑制剂,转录由直接与DNA结合的RNA聚合酶Ⅱ调控。
影响ADC疗效的另一重要因素是药物抗体比(drug-to-antibody ratio, DAR),可反映与每个抗体相连的化疗药物的平均数量[6],通常在2到4个分子之间。在极少数情况下,使用亲水性连接子可实现高达8的DAR,如曲妥珠单抗-德鲁替康(trastuzumab deruxtecan, T-DXd)和戈沙妥珠单抗(sacituzumab govitecan, SG)。此外,DAR可影响药物在体循环中的稳定性、疗效和毒性。
在肿瘤精准治疗时代,多种ADC获批开展临床研究,其中曲妥珠单抗-美坦新偶联物(trastuzumab emtansine, T-DM1)、T-DXd和SG因在乳腺癌中观察到确切疗效而获批上市。ADC选择的靶点可分为驱动基因靶点与非驱动基因靶点,驱动基因主要包括人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2)、表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)或HER1,非驱动基因包括人滋养细胞表面抗原(trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2, Trop-2)、组织因子、Nectin4、锌离子转运蛋白(zinc ion transporter protein 6, ZIP6,又名LIV-1)等。根据靶向抗原的不同,将ADC分为靶向HER2、靶向Trop2及其他[7],以下将具体阐述其研究进展。相关已获批或处于临床研究的ADC见表1
HER2是一种跨膜生长因子受体,与HER1(EGFR)、 HER3和HER4同属于HER蛋白家族。HER2是一种致癌基因,其过表达会促进HER成员二聚体形成,诱导细胞转化和致瘤生长。
T-DM1是由曲妥珠单抗、非还原性硫醚接头和微管蛋白抑制剂美坦辛衍生物DM1所组成[8],DAR为3.5。T-DM1与HER2靶向性结合使复合物可通过受体介导的内吞作用进入靶细胞。T-DM1中的抗体在溶酶体中被降解,将DM1释放至细胞质中抑制微管蛋白聚合,最终导致细胞周期停滞并诱导细胞凋亡[9]
T-DM1临床研究始于2008年,Ⅰ~Ⅱ期临床试验均提示对于既往多种抗HER2靶向治疗失败的HER2+转移性乳腺癌后线患者,T-DM1有效且耐受性良好。Ⅲ期EMILIA研究[10]结果表明,在曲妥珠单抗和紫杉醇治疗进展的HER2+转移性乳腺癌患者中(n=911),T-DM1相较于卡培他滨联合拉帕替尼中位总生存期(OS)显著延长(30.9个月vs. 25.1个月, HR=0.68, P<0.001)。因此,2013年2月TDM-1被首次批准用于HER2+转移性乳腺癌患者的标准二线治疗[11]。此外,PRETE等[12]的研究表明,即使在一线接受过曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗联合多西他赛(THP)方案治疗的HER2+转移性乳腺癌患者进展后,二线使用T-DM1仍有临床获益。
2019年5月,KATHERINE研究纳入1 486例HER2+早期乳腺癌且未达到病理完全缓解(pCR,即新辅助治疗后手术时乳腺/腋窝残留浸润性疾病)的患者,新辅助治疗方案为紫杉烷(±蒽环类药物或±铂类)联合曲妥珠单抗(±帕妥珠单抗)。所有患者随机分配至T-DM1组(n=743)或曲妥珠单抗组(n=743)进行强化辅助治疗14个周期。主要研究终点为无浸润性疾病生存(iDFS)率。T-DM1组3年iDFS率相较于曲妥珠单抗组显著升高(88.3% vs.77.0%, HR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.39~0.64, P<0.001),复发或死亡相对风险降低50%。其中T-DM1组内根据新辅助治疗方案中所含靶向药物数量不同分为2个亚组,亚组分析显示无论患者在新辅助治疗阶段接受曲妥珠单抗单个靶向药物治疗还是曲帕双靶(联合应用曲妥珠单抗+帕妥珠单抗)治疗,T-DM1辅助治疗临床获益均与主要研究终点一致(两亚组3年iDFS率分别为91.4%和80.9%,HR=0.498)[13]。因此指南推荐T-DM1作为抗HER2新辅助治疗后仍未达到pCR的乳腺癌患者强化辅助治疗的标准方案[14]
T-DXd由靶向HER2的人源化单抗曲妥珠单抗、酶切肽连接子以及新型DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅰ抑制剂偶联而成,具有良好的透膜性。被释放的DXd在杀伤内吞ADC的癌细胞后,进而发挥旁观者效应。其DAR显著高于T-DM1(8 vs. 3.5)。T-DXd的连接子是一种基于Gly-Gly-Phe-Gly(GGFG)四肽的酶促结构,可被肿瘤细胞中高表达的溶酶体蛋白酶一次性裂解,在肿瘤细胞精准释放化疗药物,降低全身毒副作用[15]。因此,相比于T-DM1,T-DXd在结构和作用机制上更具优势。该药于2019年12月通过美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)快速通道获批用于无法切除或转移性的HER2+乳腺癌患者的后线治疗,对经过曲妥珠单抗和T-DM1治疗后耐药的患者疗效确切。在DESTINY-Breast 03研究中[16],524例既往接受过紫杉醇和曲妥珠单抗治疗的HER2+不可切除/转移性乳腺癌患者被随机分配至T-DXd组(n=261)或T-DM1组(n=263)。结果显示,与T-DM1组比较,T-DXd组疾病进展风险下降72%(HR=0.28,95%CI: 0.22~0.37, P<0.01)且客观缓解率(ORR)显著上升(34.2% vs.79.7%, P<0.01)。
HER2+转移性乳腺癌患者常伴随脑转移,T-DXd打破大分子单抗难以透过血脑屏障这一难点,提高了颅内病灶缓解率,降低潜在中枢神经系统疾病的发生风险,为转移性乳腺癌患者赢得更长的生存时间。在基线无脑转移的患者中,T-DXd组和T-DM1组的ORR分别为82.1%和36.6%。而在82例基线伴有脑转移患者中,T-DXd组和T-DM1组的ORR分别为67.4%和20.5%,中位无进展生存期(PFS)为15.0个月和3.0个月,T-DXd显示出强效的颅内控制效果。BARTSCH等[17]的研究数据显示,T-DXd在HER2+新发脑转移或者既往局部治疗进展后有脑转移的乳腺癌患者中,颅内病灶的有效率为73.3%,为T-DXd在HER2+乳腺癌发生活动性脑转移患者的治疗提供了证据。总之,无论患者基线是否伴有脑转移,T-DXd都表现出更佳的疗效。间质性肺疾病(ILD)是导致T-DXd停药的最常见不良事件(AE),T-DXd组发生率为10.5%,而T-DM1组为1.9%,但T-DXd组大多数ILD患者停药后可恢复[16]。T-DXd被多种指南推荐为HER2+转移性乳腺癌二线标准治疗方案,证据级别ⅠA,高于T-DM1。同时T-DXd也向HER2+转移性乳腺癌一线治疗发起挑战,目前Ⅲ期临床试验DESTINY-Breast 09正在开展中,旨在比较T-DXd ±帕妥珠单抗与晚期一线标准治疗(THP方案)的疗效和安全性,该研究首次探索了T-DXd在HER2+转移性乳腺癌患者一线治疗的价值。
T-DXd除对HER2+晚期乳腺癌患者有效,对HER2低表达的患者也有效,原因有以下几点:(1)HER2低表达定义为免疫组化(IHC )1+/2+且原位杂交(ISH)阴性,细胞膜上有HER2表达,只是表达强度略低于HER2+亚型。(2)T-DXd的DAR较高,能引起更强的细胞毒性效应。(3)T-DXd的载药DXd具有很高的细胞毒性,体外研究中DXd的毒性约为SN-38的10倍;此外,改造后的DXd在体外被证实可以更好地抵抗由药物泵P-糖蛋白导致的耐药性[15]。(4)旁观者杀伤效应,T-DXd可裂解的连接子使得游离的化疗药物从死亡的抗原阳性细胞内部扩散后,可杀死周围抗原阴性的细胞[18]。因此,HER2过表达的肿瘤细胞附近的低/不表达HER2的细胞也会受到T-DXd荷载化疗药物的影响[19]。一项ⅠB期临床试验显示,T-DXd可使HER2低表达转移性乳腺癌患者(中位治疗线数达7.5线)的ORR达37.0%,中位PFS达11.1个月,中位缓解持续时间(DOR)达10.4个月[20]。DESTINY-Breast 04研究中纳入既往接受过一线或二线化疗的HER2低表达(分为HR+和HR-型HER2低表达)不可切除/转移性乳腺癌患者540例,按2:1的比例随机接受T-DXd(5.4 mg·kg-1,静脉注射,每3周1次)或医生选择的治疗方案(treatment of physician’s choice,TPC)[21]。结果显示,在HR+患者中,T-DXd组相较于TPC组PFS显著延长(10.1个月vs. 5.4个月, HR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.40~0.64,P<0.01)、中位OS亦显著延长(23.9个月vs. 17.5个月, HR=0.64, 95% CI: 0.48~0.86, P<0.01)。在HR-患者中,T-DXd组与TPC组的中位PFS为8.5个月和2.9个月(HR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.24~0.89),中位OS为18.2个月和8.3个月(HR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.24~0.95)。该研究提示无论HR表达状态如何,T-DXd均能显著提高HER2低表达患者的PFS和OS。
DAISY研究将转移性乳腺癌患者根据HER2表达水平分配至HER2过表达(队列1)、HER2低表达(队列2)和HER2不表达(队列3)三个队列中,分别给予相同剂量的T-Dxd治疗(5.4 mg·kg-1静脉注射,每3周1次),主要终点是ORR。结果显示,三个队列患者的ORR分别为70.6%、37.5%和29.7%(P<0.001),T-DXd分布和HER2表达在治疗样本中呈现中度相关性(r=0.75)。同时,T-DXd在HER2不表达患者中也观察到临床活性,改变了HER2相关乳腺癌的传统治疗模式[22]
RC48是抗HER2的单抗通过蛋白酶可裂解连接子与四个分子(DAR为4)的单甲基auristatin E(monomethyl auristatin E, MMAE)弹头偶联形成的ADC。相比DAR高的药物,安全性更好。相比于曲妥珠单抗或拉帕替尼,RC48在体外实验中显示出更高的抑瘤能力[23]
2021年美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)报道了RC48的临床研究结果,C003CANCER是一项Ⅰb期临床试验,纳入70例HER2+及48例HER2低表达晚期乳腺癌患者。给予HER2+患者RC48 1.5、2.0和2.5 mg·kg-1,其ORR分别为22.2%、42.9%和40.0%,中位PFS分别为4.0个月、5.7个月和6.3个月。在HER2低表达患者中给予RC48 2.0 mg·kg-1,HER2表达为IHC(2+)/FISH(-)患者和IHC(1+)患者的ORR分别为42.9%和30.8%[24]。上述研究证实RC48在HER2+和HER2低表达患者中具有一致的疗效和安全性,且RC48 2.0 mg·kg-1显示出比其他剂量更高的效益-风险比。目前已开展进一步研究以评估RC48在特定人群中的有效性和安全性。
SYD985是曲妥珠单抗通过可裂解连接子(vc-seco-DUBA)与DNA烷基化多卡霉素缀合得到。SYD985与HER2结合后,被细胞内化,随后连接子在蛋白酶的作用下断裂,释放出化疗药物seco-DUBA,诱导DNA损伤,最终导致肿瘤细胞死亡。在HER2低表达细胞系中,SYD985的细胞毒性比T-DM1高3至50倍;在HER2低表达的患者来源乳腺癌异种移植模型中,SYD985显示出较强的抗肿瘤活性,而T-DM1则没有活性。SYD985和T-DM1具有相似的结合和内化特征,且前者DAR更低(2.8 vs. 3.7),其细胞毒性的差异可能源于:(1)SYD985中可裂解的连接子能被肿瘤细胞中的组织蛋白酶B识别和裂解,随后释放膜渗透性的化疗药物可进入细胞外肿瘤环境,发生旁观者效应[25];T-DM1的连接子不可裂解,因此不具备旁观者效应。(2)SYD985释放的化疗药物,较既往的抗微管类药物DM1更有效。此外,与T-DM1相比,SYD985在血液循环中更加稳定,若化疗药物提前被释放,该药物会迅速自毁,从而减少对正常组织的损害[15]。Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期临床试验证实了T-DM1在HER2+和HER2低表达转移性乳腺癌中均显示出显著的抗癌活性。基于此,Ⅲ期TULIP研究将既往接受过≥2种治疗方案或既往接受过T-DM1治疗的HER2+局部晚期或转移性乳腺癌患者随机分配至SYD985组(SYD985 1.2 mg·kg-1静脉注射,每3周1次,n=291)或TPC组(n=146)。结果显示,SYD985组中位PFS相比TPC组更长(盲态独立中心评估:7.0个月vs. 4.9个月,P<0.01;研究者评估:6.9个月vs.4.6个月,P<0.01)。SYD985最常见的治疗相关AE为疲劳(33%)、结膜炎(31%)和干眼症(31%,有7%发生3级AE)。眼部毒性在SYD985的AE中占主导地位,可能与该药产生的脱靶效应有关,过度的全身化疗药物释放可能会导致眼部AE,还需要更多研究数据来明确如何管理药物毒性及其发生机制[25],但大多数眼部毒性是可控的,因此患者能继续应用SYD985[26,27]
TAA013是由曲妥珠单抗和微管抑制剂美坦新衍生物通过稳定的硫醚键连接而成(trastuzumab-MCC-DM1),为T-DM1类似物,已进行Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期临床试验。在安全性方面,TAA013优势突出,大部分AE为1~2级,停药后可自动恢复[28]。目前正在开展多中心、随机对照的Ⅲ期临床试验,为TAA013对比卡培他滨+拉帕替尼用于既往曲妥珠单抗治疗后疾病进展的HER2+晚期或转移性乳腺癌,结果值得期待。
ARX788由连接子将化疗药物AS269偶联至抗HER2单抗组成,DAR仅为1.8[29]。2021年1月FDA授予ARX788快速通道资格,作为单药用于接受过≥1种抗HER2治疗的HER2+转移性乳腺癌患者[30]。2022年美国圣安东尼奥乳腺癌研讨会(SABCS)公布其Ⅱ期临床试验结果,共纳入7例HER2+转移性乳腺癌患者,均既往接受过T-DM1治疗后进展,且有57%(4/7)既往接受过TKI治疗。给予ARX788治疗(1.5 mg·kg-1,静脉注射,每4周1次)后,阶段性研究结果显示,患者ORR为71.4%,疾病控制率(DCR)为100%,中位PFS为7.2个月,该研究目前还在进行中[31]
A166是由蛋白酶可裂解连接子将duostatin-5定点偶联至曲妥珠单抗组成。2021年ASCO公布了在我国进行的Ⅰ期临床试验数据,共纳入HER2+转移性乳腺癌患者58例,既往均接受过靶向HER2治疗,中位治疗线数为4。A166针对后线HER2+乳腺癌患者,在有效剂量4.8 mg·kg-1和6.0 mg·kg-1水平的ORR为73.9%与68.6%,远高于T-DM1(ORR约40%);中位PFS为12.3个月与9.4个月,显示A166在经多线治疗的HER2+乳腺癌患者中仍具有抗肿瘤活性[32]
Trop-2是一种由TACSTD2基因编码的跨膜糖蛋白,可作为细胞内钙信号转导器。与正常组织相比,Trop-2在多种上皮肿瘤中过表达并与不良预后相关[33],因此是一个较好的抗肿瘤治疗靶点。
SG亦称IMMU-132,是靶向Trop-2的第三代ADC,由抗Trop-2人源化抗体hRS7和化疗药物7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin(SN38)通过pH依赖的可裂解连接子偶联,DAR为7.5~8[34]。SN38毒性是其前体药物伊立替康的100至1 000倍[35]。此外,在肿瘤组织的梯度酸性环境中,pH依赖的连接子可介导hRS7在肿瘤细胞周围释放SN38,杀死Trop-2过表达及表达缺乏的肿瘤细胞,发挥旁观者效应,以克服Trop-2表达的异质性[36]
IMMU-132-01研究纳入的患者中包括108例(21.8%)晚期TNBC,据独立中心审查委员会评估,在晚期三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)中予SG(10 mg·kg-1,第1日和第8日静脉注射,每3周为1个周期)治疗的ORR和中位DOR分别为34.3%和9.1个月;患者的临床获益率为45.4%,中位PFS为5.6个月,OS为13.0个月[37,38]。鉴于以上研究,2020年4月FDA加速批准SG用于既往已接受≥2线治疗的晚期TNBC患者。2021年4月,ASCENT研究[37]旨在比较SG或TPC治疗TNBC的疗效,共纳入468例既往接受≥2种治疗的复发难治性晚期TNBC患者。结果发现,SG组较TPC组中位PFS(5.6个月vs. 1.7个月,HR=0.41,P<0.01)和中位OS(12.1个月vs. 6.7个月,HR=0.48, P<0.01)均显著延长[39]
SG在HR+/HER2-的转移性乳腺癌患者中也显示出良好的效果。TROPiCS-02研究纳入既往接受过内分泌治疗、CDK4/6抑制剂且2~4线化疗的HR+/HER2-转移性乳腺癌患者543例,以1:1的比例随机分配至SG组(n=272)或TPC组(n=271)。结果显示,SG组和TPC组中位PFS分别为5.5个月和4.0个月(HR=0.66, 95% CI: 0.53~0.83, P<0.01)。HR+/HER2-转移性乳腺癌的Trop-2表达率高达95%,中高表达率为58%,且该研究中不同Trop-2表达水平患者的PFS和OS均相似[40]。既往ASCENT研究也报道了不同Trop-2表达水平的疗效分析[41]。在晚期TNBC患者中,Trop-2中高表达率约为80%,中高表达人群PFS(5.6个月vs. 6.9个月)和OS(14.9个月vs. 14.2个月)相似,但低表达人群PFS(2.7个月)和OS(9.3个月)相较于中高表达者稍差,仍需更多前瞻性试验和转化研究来证实Trop-2表达水平的疗效预测价值。
DS1062由可被选择性裂解的四肽连接子将靶向TROP-2的单抗同拓扑异构酶抑制剂相连而成。Ⅰ期临床试验纳入21例至少接受1种标准治疗后出现疾病复发或进展的晚期TNBC患者,接受DS1062(6.0 mg·kg-1静脉注射,每3周1次)治疗,患者初步ORR为43%,DCR达到95%[42]。有6例患者因AE而减少用药剂量,主要为口腔炎(13%)和黏膜炎症(8%)。33%的患者发生了≥3级治疗相关AE,目前该药正在进行Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床试验。
LIV-1(ZIP6)是锌离子转运蛋白的一员,通常存在于受激素调节的组织中。大多数转移性乳腺癌中存在LIV-1表达。ladiratuzumab vedotin(LV)是一种新型ADC,由靶向LIV-1的单抗通过可裂解的二肽连接子与强效微管抑制剂MMAE连接。该化合物与LIV1的细胞外结构域结合,内化后被运输到溶酶体通过蛋白水解释放化疗药物,进而发挥细胞毒杀伤作用。Ⅰ期临床试验结果表明,LV在接受过治疗的转移性TNBC患者中的缓解率与SG相似,此外LV可通过诱导免疫原性细胞死亡激活免疫反应,创造有利于免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的肿瘤微环境[43]。目前LV与帕博利珠单抗联合应用于晚期TNBC一线治疗的研究正在进行中,已入组的26例患者中,ORR为54%,安全性可控[44]
HER3是HER家族的成员,其特征是细胞内酪氨酸激酶的活性较弱。为了将信号转导到下游,HER3必须进行异二聚化。多种癌症组织学过度表达HER3,如肺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌和乳腺癌等[45]
HER3-DXd(U3-1402)是将靶向HER3胞外结构域的单抗patritumab和DXd通过可裂解连接子组合而成,DAR为8[33]。一项Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床试验纳入表达HER3的转移性乳腺癌患者,其中包括HR+/HER2-乳腺癌(n=113)、HER3高表达TNBC(n=53)和HER2+乳腺癌(n=14),给予U3-1402(U3-1402 6.4 mg·kg-1和4.8 mg·kg-1静脉注射,每3周1次)治疗,ORR分别为30.1%、22.6%及42.9%,中位DOR分别为7.2个月、5.9个月和8.3个月,中位PFS为7.4个月、5.5个月和11.0个月,中位OS分别为14.6个月、14.6个月和19.5个月[46]。提示U3-1402治疗HER2+患者的疗效更好,但因患者数量较少,仍需进一步的研究;对于TNBC亚组,U3-1402显示出与SG相似的获益潜力,有望进一步为TNBC提供基于不同生物标志物的可选择治疗手段。
尽管ADC获批数量逐年增加,且在临床中表现出较好的安全性和有效性,但仍然面临着诸多挑战,主要包括耐药现象等。ADC耐药的发生机制十分复杂,主要包括:(1)抗体介导耐药,T-DM1耐药细胞系观察到HER2表达降低和结合降低[47],SG原发耐药的TNBC患者也观察到靶点表达缺乏[48]。(2)内吞作用受阻,内皮素A2是细胞内化过程中需要的支架蛋白,参与网格蛋白非依赖性内吞作用,在HER2+乳腺癌模型中,内皮素A2表达受损(或降低),与T-DM1响应降低相关[49]。(3)溶酶体功能受损,ADC的溶酶体降解依赖于溶酶体酸性环境和活跃的溶酶体酶,在T-DM1耐药乳腺癌细胞系中,可见溶酶体碱性化和蛋白水解酶活性受损[50]。(4)化疗相关耐药,化疗药物是ADC的主要成分,许多细胞通过上调药物外排泵和干扰药物沉积而出现耐药性[51]
ADC耐药后可开发新型ADC,也可联合其他药物,将ADC与其他不同作用机制的化疗/靶向疗法联合似乎是克服或预防耐药的有效方法;将ADC与免疫疗法相结合可以增强抗肿瘤作用并发挥长期的临床效益。此外,还可使用生物标志物预测患者对ADC治疗的敏感性。
抗体递送药物最近已经扩大到化疗药物之外。如放射性核素偶联药物(radionuclide drug conjugates, RDC)与ADC最大的差异是载荷为放射性核素,旨在选择性地传递放射性载荷;人们正在尝试将ADC与免疫刺激分子结合,以诱导靶向抗肿瘤免疫反应和或协同免疫检查点抑制;携带双重不同有效载荷的ADC在HER2+乳腺癌模型中显示了克服HER2异质性的能力等;还有研究将双特异性抗体药物偶联,抑制多种途径或调节免疫效应物与肿瘤细胞之间的结合,有研究者将auristatin有效载荷与zanidatamab连接,获得了新的化合物ZW49,一种双特异性ADC,目前正处于早期试验阶段[52-54]。新型ADC的出现,将为现有ADC耐药提出一种可能的解决策略,ADC未来发展方向见图1右。
目前多项研究正在尝试ADC联合化疗/靶向药物治疗。T-DM1联合多西他赛可进一步提升疗效,但半数患者发生严重AE[55]。T-DM1和帕妥珠单抗具有协同作用,但汇总分析显示两者联合并不产生更佳的临床结局[56]。PATEL等[57]的研究发现,在HER2+乳腺癌新辅助治疗中,与标准THP方案相比,T-DM1、拉帕替尼和白蛋白结合型紫杉醇联合治疗可显著提高病理缓解率(100% vs. 62.5%, P<0.01)。
另一方面,ADC联合免疫治疗可产生协同作用。多个HER2靶向ADC,包括T-DM1、T-DXd及RC48已与免疫检查点抑制剂联合进行体内和体外实验,证实了协同作用[58-60]。在KATE2研究中,对经治的转移性HER2+乳腺癌,T-DM1联合阿替利珠单抗与T-DM1联合安慰剂相比未能显著改善中位PFS(8.2个月vs. 6.8个月, HR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.55~1.23, P=0.33),且发生严重AE。尽管该研究未达到其在意向治疗人群中PFS的主要终点,但观察到阿替利珠单抗对PD-L1阳性(或肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞≥5%)患者亚组PFS的有利影响,以及OS有改善趋势,考虑可能在PD-L1阳性和高肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞人群中观察到OS获益[61]。目前正探索联合给药方案的适宜人群。
应用ADC时,还可使用生物标志物来预判患者对ADC是否敏感,尽早剔除原发耐药患者。靶抗原表达水平是主要的生物标志物,如HER2低表达是已知的T-DM1耐药标志;对于SG,除了Trop-2的表达外,预测临床获益时还应考虑其他要素,如同源重组修复能力[62]。期待挖掘出更多的预测标志物应用于临床。
多项临床研究证实,以T-DXd为代表的ADC已有确切的疗效,目前正在开展晚期一线或围手术期的临床研究。较多ADC在早期和晚期乳腺癌中均表现出良好的疗效,且在HER2低表达和三阴性等难治乳腺癌中疗效优越,但仍需要更多的研究解决ADC耐药这一问题。未来有待于更多临床研究和临床实践来优化ADC在转移性乳腺癌患者治疗中的应用,包括用药选择、给药顺序以及联合治疗等。目前ADC已开始挑战现有的标准治疗方案,未来有望逐步改写乳腺癌治疗的指南。
  • 西安交通大学第一附属医院临床研究重点项目(XJTU1AF-CRF-2020-006)
  • 吴阶平医学基金会项目(320.6750.2021-14-8)
  • 北京科创医学发展基金会项目(KC2021-JF-0167-12)
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2024年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.03.01
  • 接收时间:2022-10-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-03
  • 录用日期:2023-09-26
基金
西安交通大学第一附属医院临床研究重点项目(XJTU1AF-CRF-2020-006)
吴阶平医学基金会项目(320.6750.2021-14-8)
北京科创医学发展基金会项目(KC2021-JF-0167-12)
作者信息
    a.西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院 癌症中心,陕西 西安 710061
    b.西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院 精准医学中心,陕西 西安 710061
    c.西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院 肿瘤内科,陕西 西安 710061
    d.西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院 药学部,陕西 西安 710061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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