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Cyclopofol is a new type of intravenous anesthesia drug, with drug characteristics similar to propofol.At present, multiple clinical trials have confirmed that cyclopofol has the characteristics of fast onset and recovery, and can be used for general anesthesia induction, painless gastroscopy, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, etc. It has certain advantages in the application of intensive care units and elderly patients. The safety of cyclopofol is relatively high, and the incidence of injection pain caused by cyclopofol is significantly lower than that of propofol. With the gradual application of cyclopofol in clinical practice, its scope of application, mechanism of action, and advantages are worthy of further research.

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环泊酚是新型静脉麻醉药物,其药物特点与丙泊酚类似。目前已有多项临床试验证实,环泊酚具有起效快、恢复快等特点,可用于全身麻醉诱导、无痛胃肠镜检查、纤维支气管镜检查等,在重症监护室和老年患者中应用有一定的优势。环泊酚的安全性较高,且引起的注射痛发生率明显低于丙泊酚。随着环泊酚在临床的逐步应用,其应用范围、作用机制及优势等值得进一步研究。

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王颖林
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管钊铭,男,住院医师,硕士,主要从事镇痛药物对于术后创面愈合影响相关机制的研究,E-mail:

王颖林,男,主任医师,博士,主要从事严重麻醉并发症的防治和急慢性疼痛的发生机制的研究,E-mail:

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管钊铭,男,住院医师,硕士,主要从事镇痛药物对于术后创面愈合影响相关机制的研究,E-mail:

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王颖林,男,主任医师,博士,主要从事严重麻醉并发症的防治和急慢性疼痛的发生机制的研究,E-mail:

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王颖林,男,主任医师,博士,主要从事严重麻醉并发症的防治和急慢性疼痛的发生机制的研究,E-mail:

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环泊酚及其在临床中的应用
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管钊铭 , 于淼 , 梁涛 , 李斯羽 , 韩丹 , 季中华 , 王颖林
中国新药与临床杂志 | 新药介绍 2024,43(4): 253-256
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 新药介绍 2024, 43(4): 253-256
环泊酚及其在临床中的应用
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管钊铭 , 于淼, 梁涛, 李斯羽, 韩丹, 季中华, 王颖林
作者信息
  • 上海市东方医院/同济大学附属东方医院,上海 200120
  • 管钊铭,男,住院医师,硕士,主要从事镇痛药物对于术后创面愈合影响相关机制的研究,E-mail:

    王颖林,男,主任医师,博士,主要从事严重麻醉并发症的防治和急慢性疼痛的发生机制的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

王颖林
Introduction of cyclopofol and its clinical application
Zhao-ming GUAN , Miao YU, Tao LIANG, Si-yu LI, Dan HAN, Zhong-hua JI, Ying-lin WANG
Affiliations
  • Shanghai East Hospital/East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, SHANGHAI 200120, China
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.04.03
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环泊酚是新型静脉麻醉药物,其药物特点与丙泊酚类似。目前已有多项临床试验证实,环泊酚具有起效快、恢复快等特点,可用于全身麻醉诱导、无痛胃肠镜检查、纤维支气管镜检查等,在重症监护室和老年患者中应用有一定的优势。环泊酚的安全性较高,且引起的注射痛发生率明显低于丙泊酚。随着环泊酚在临床的逐步应用,其应用范围、作用机制及优势等值得进一步研究。

环泊酚  /  丙泊酚  /  麻醉  /  临床应用

Cyclopofol is a new type of intravenous anesthesia drug, with drug characteristics similar to propofol.At present, multiple clinical trials have confirmed that cyclopofol has the characteristics of fast onset and recovery, and can be used for general anesthesia induction, painless gastroscopy, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, etc. It has certain advantages in the application of intensive care units and elderly patients. The safety of cyclopofol is relatively high, and the incidence of injection pain caused by cyclopofol is significantly lower than that of propofol. With the gradual application of cyclopofol in clinical practice, its scope of application, mechanism of action, and advantages are worthy of further research.

cyclopofol  /  propofol  /  anesthesia  /  clinical application
管钊铭, 于淼, 梁涛, 李斯羽, 韩丹, 季中华, 王颖林. 环泊酚及其在临床中的应用. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (4) : 253 -256 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.04.03
Zhao-ming GUAN, Miao YU, Tao LIANG, Si-yu LI, Dan HAN, Zhong-hua JI, Ying-lin WANG. Introduction of cyclopofol and its clinical application[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (4) : 253 -256 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.04.03
环泊酚(cyclopofol)是一种类似于丙泊酚的新型静脉麻醉药物,为短效γ-氨基丁酸A型(GABAA)受体激动剂[1]。环泊酚的化学名称为2-[(1R)-1-环丙基乙基]-6-异丙基苯酚,是一种新型2, 6-二取代苯酚衍生物,环泊酚注射液呈白色或类白色均匀乳状液体[1]。国内外大量临床试验证实环泊酚具有较高的临床应用价值,且有可靠的安全性,与丙泊酚相比其注射痛发生率低[2],目前已逐步在临床中应用。由此,笔者就环泊酚的药物特点及临床应用进行综述。
环泊酚发挥麻醉作用的主要机制为增加氯离子传导或通过影响GABAA受体来抑制中枢神经系统通路[2]。环泊酚是在丙泊酚基础上引入环丙基,导致立体结构发生改变,进而与GABAA受体结合更紧密,而亲脂性相对较低[3]。此外,尚平平等[4]研究发现,环泊酚可通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,改善神经细胞和线粒体的功能,对帕金森病大鼠发挥神经保护作用。
LIAO等[5]通过小鼠、大鼠及犬动物实验发现,环泊酚具有良好的药动学特性,主要代谢途径为氧化、与葡萄糖醛酸和硫酸结合,经肾脏排泄;血浆消除半衰期较短,且从血浆中清除的速度远快于从肝脏中清除的速度,未发现药物积累。环泊酚4 mg·kg-1麻醉诱导使大鼠平均动脉压(MAP)降低20%,丙泊酚16 mg·kg-1诱导使大鼠MAP下降30%,而两种药物触发翻正反射消失的时间相近,说明两种药物在产生相近的麻醉效果时,环泊酚的用药剂量更低[5]。人体单次静脉注射(静注)环泊酚后,血浆蛋白结合率约为95%,其血浆浓度呈三相消除特征,半衰期分别为2.0 min、34.9 min和6.2 h[2]
环泊酚可用于全身麻醉的诱导,诱导成功率为100%[2]。环泊酚可与多种药物联合应用(如咪达唑仑、舒芬太尼、芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、罗库溴铵、麻黄碱、去氧肾上腺素、七氟烷等),且无明显不良反应。麻醉诱导静脉给药时环泊酚的建议剂量为0.4 mg·kg-1,给药时间10~30 s,即可达到较为满意的麻醉深度;若未达到满意的麻醉深度,追加剂量不宜超过0.2 mg·kg-1[2]
LI等[6]进行了一项多中心、随机对照Ⅲ期临床试验,将289例接受无痛胃肠镜检查的患者(其中结肠镜259例,胃镜30例)按1:1的比例随机分组,分别静注环泊酚0.4 mg·kg-1或丙泊酚1.5 mg·kg-1。结果显示,环泊酚组检查成功率为100%,丙泊酚组为99.2%;环泊酚组注射痛发生率为4.9%,丙泊酚组为52.4%(P<0.001);环泊酚组和丙泊酚组的药物不良反应总发生率分别为31.3%和62.8%(P<0.001)。该试验证明0.4 mg·kg-1诱导剂量的环泊酚可应用于无痛胃肠镜检查,且药物不良反应发生率低于丙泊酚,并且在该试验中大多数患者对环泊酚的满意度较高,这可能与注射痛减轻有关。
黄凤南等[7]的研究也证实诱导剂量0.4 mg·kg-1的环泊酚联合舒芬太尼可应用于无痛胃肠内窥镜检查,不但可以减少环泊酚的使用剂量,而且能满足检查所需的镇静程度,不良事件发生率低。
随着纤维支气管镜在临床中逐步应用[8],丙泊酚等麻醉药物也逐渐在纤维支气管镜检查中使用。英国胸科协会规定[9],正常患者在接受纤维支气管镜检查时应适当给予镇静药物,以确保患者舒适,并减轻咳嗽和呼吸困难等相关并发症的发生。目前丙泊酚广泛应用于纤维支气管镜检查,联合小剂量的阿片类药物镇痛可增加患者对该操作的耐受程度并减轻患者的焦虑,但丙泊酚也存在许多局限性,例如治疗窗口狭窄、引起呼吸抑制等[10]
一项多中心、双盲、丙泊酚对照、随机Ⅲ期临床试验[11]将267例拟行纤维支气管镜检查的患者(ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级)随机分为环泊酚组(n=134)和丙泊酚(n=133)组,麻醉诱导剂量分别为0.4和2.0 mg·kg-1,诱导和维持阶段如果需要,环泊酚的补充剂量为0.15 mg·kg-1,丙泊酚为0.75 mg·kg-1。研究结果显示,2组检查成功率均为100%,在检查过程中环泊酚组药物不良事件发生率为37.0%,显著低于丙泊酚组(70.5%,P<0.001),且环泊酚组注射痛发生率(4.4%)显著低于丙泊酚组(39.4%,P<0.001),提示环泊酚和丙泊酚麻醉效果相近,且相对更安全。
重症监护室中,机械通气会引起患者的交感神经系统过度兴奋,出现疼痛和明显身体不适,因此给予患者适度的镇痛、镇静是非常必要的[12]。一项针对于重症监护室患者的Ⅰ期临床试验(NCT04145596)中,持续静脉输注环泊酚4 h或12 h,镇静效果好且恢复快,无明显药物蓄积[13]。另一项重症监护室Ⅱ期临床试验(NCT04147416)显示,26例患者在环泊酚平均给药11.25 h的时间内均获得满意的镇静[13]。除此以外,推注药物过程中出现的注射痛可引起机械通气患者不适并影响气道压,而环泊酚引起的注射痛程度较丙泊酚轻,可能是因为环泊酚在1%脂乳液中的水相浓度明显低于丙泊酚[1415]
LI等[16]研究了环泊酚在老年患者体内的药动学特性、合适剂量和安全性,将24例老年患者(65~73岁)等分为3组,分别给予环泊酚0.2、0.3和0.4 mg·kg-1单次静注;另设对照组纳入8例非老年患者(21~44岁),单次静注环泊酚0.4 mg·kg-1。结果表明,环泊酚在老年与非老年患者体内的药动学特征相似,但老年患者药物不良反应发生率(3%、2%、4%)略高于非老年患者(1%)。环泊酚0.2、0.3、0.4 mg·kg-1组老年患者意识丧失时间分别为2.54、2.07、1.13 min,完全清醒时间分别为6.02、14.01、11.99 min;对照组患者意识丧失时间为1.15 min,完全清醒时间为10.03 min。老年患者应用环泊酚0.3、0.4 mg·kg-1与非老年患者应用环泊酚0.4 mg·kg-1的恢复时间相近,而0.2 mg·kg-1的诱导剂量会导致老年患者的意识丧失时间延长,而恢复时间较短。因此,研究者认为老年患者使用环泊酚0.3 mg·kg-1与非老年患者使用环泊酚0.4 mg·kg-1的麻醉效果相近,建议临床上老年患者使用环泊酚的诱导剂量为0.3 mg·kg-1
环泊酚的药理特点与丙泊酚相似,因此在应用过程中会出现与丙泊酚类似的不良反应,有临床试验(NCT04029766)表明在诱导后30 min内环泊酚导致的心血管系统不良反应发生率与丙泊酚相比无显著差异[17]。HU等[18]研究表明环泊酚组注射痛和呼吸抑制的发生率(12.5%和12.5%)均低于丙泊酚组(87.5%和62.5%),并且镇静量表评分、脑电双谱指数分布与丙泊酚相似,可持续静脉滴注维持镇静12 h。环泊酚的治疗指数为6.6,是丙泊酚的2.4倍,安全性好[2]。LIU等[13]发现,环泊酚对重症监护室机械通气的患者有着较好的镇静作用,谵妄发生率、输液综合征、低血压、心动过缓和呼吸抑制等不良事件的发生率较低,且相比于丙泊酚安全性更高。
TENG等[14]进行了一项Ⅰ期临床试验发现,环丙酚在0.15~0.90 mg·kg-1的剂量范围内使用是安全的,且中国受试者对环泊酚0.4~0.9 mg·kg-1的剂量耐受性良好,起效快,恢复快。另一项研究也证实了环泊酚0.4~0.9 mg·kg-1是安全的,效价强度是丙泊酚的4 ~ 5倍,在达到相同的麻醉深度时所需的药物剂量少于丙泊酚,且注射痛发生率更低[1]
LIAO等[5]的研究发现环泊酚可在大鼠的肾上腺中积累,提示在临床中应用要密切注意其对于肾上腺皮质功能的影响,以确保患者的安全,而目前关于丙泊酚对人体肾上腺功能影响的数据较少。
综上所述,环泊酚的药物特点与丙泊酚类似,可用于全身麻醉诱导、无痛胃肠镜检查、纤维支气管镜检查等,且在重症监护室和老年患者中应用有一定的优势。大量临床试验表明,环泊酚的不良事件发生率要低于丙泊酚,尤以注射痛发生率降低明显,这也成为环泊酚代替丙泊酚的最重要优势之一。目前环泊酚相关基础研究报道甚少,相关临床研究虽较多,但大多样本量较小,且结果多为主观性观察指标,还缺乏对于孕妇、哺乳期妇女及18岁以下人群的相关研究。因此,虽然环泊酚已在临床上应用,仍需对其的具体作用及其机制进行探索与研究。
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2024年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.04.03
  • 接收时间:2022-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-24
  • 录用日期:2023-11-14
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    上海市东方医院/同济大学附属东方医院,上海 200120

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王颖林
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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