Article(id=1207314223613452327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1207314214872518754, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2025.04.04, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716912000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1739116800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-10, onlineDate=1765775741723, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765775741723, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765775741723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765775741723, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207314214872518754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2025', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='241', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765775739638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765775882010, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207314812124635584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1207314214872518754, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207314812124635585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1207314214872518754, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=257, endPage=264, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207314224225820717, articleId=1207314223613452327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Research progress of migraine drugs targeting pathway of calcitonin gene-related peptide, columnId=1207314219599499390, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Migraine is a recurrent neurological disorder recognized by the World Health Organization as the second leading cause of disability. Currently, most available pharmacological interventions for migraine prevention and treatment are either non-specific or associated with contraindications and serious adverse reactions. Recent research has focused on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying migraine. Targeted CGRP pathway inhibitors have been developed, including CGRP receptor antagonists (gepants) and anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies. Current studies indicate that these agents demonstrate favorable safety profiles, efficacy,and tolerability. This paper reviewed relevant clinical trials and research findings of targeting the CGRP pathway, aiming to provide a foundation for future selection of domestic migraine therapeutics.

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偏头痛是一种反复发作的神经系统疾病,被世界卫生组织列为致残的第二大原因。目前预防和治疗偏头痛的药物大多是非特异性的或存在禁忌证/严重不良反应,近年来通过对偏头痛病理生理机制中起关键作用的降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)进行研究,开发出了靶向CGRP通路阻断剂,包括CGRP受体拮抗剂(吉泮类)和抗CGRP单克隆抗体。目前相关研究中此类药物被证明有良好的安全性、有效性及耐受性。本文对靶向CGRP通路的相关临床试验及研究结果进行综述,旨在为今后国内偏头痛治疗药物的选择提供依据。

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朱建国
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刘睿娟,女,副主任药师,硕士,主要从事医院药学的研究,Phn: 86-512-6797-3021,E-mail:

朱建国,男,主任药师,硕士,主要从事医院药学的研究,E-mail:

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类型名称上市时间(美国)给药途径靶点FDA批准适应证
CGRP受体拮抗剂ubrogepant2019-12口服CGRP受体成人伴或不伴先兆偏头痛的急性治疗
rimegepant2020-02口服CGRP受体成人伴或不伴先兆偏头痛的急性治疗,成人发作性偏头痛的预防性治疗
atogepant2021-09口服CGRP受体成人发作性偏头痛的预防性治疗
zavegepant2023-03鼻喷CGRP受体成人伴或不伴先兆偏头痛的急性治疗
抗CGRP单克隆抗体erenumab2018-05皮下注射CGRP受体成人偏头痛的预防性治疗
fremanezumab2018-09皮下注射CGRP成人偏头痛的预防性治疗
galcanezumab2018-09皮下注射CGRP成人偏头痛的预防性治疗
eptinezumab2020-02静脉注射CGRP成人偏头痛的预防性治疗
), ArticleFig(id=1207314232354382037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1207314223613452327, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

已上市的靶向降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)通路的偏头痛药物信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型名称上市时间(美国)给药途径靶点FDA批准适应证
CGRP受体拮抗剂ubrogepant2019-12口服CGRP受体成人伴或不伴先兆偏头痛的急性治疗
rimegepant2020-02口服CGRP受体成人伴或不伴先兆偏头痛的急性治疗,成人发作性偏头痛的预防性治疗
atogepant2021-09口服CGRP受体成人发作性偏头痛的预防性治疗
zavegepant2023-03鼻喷CGRP受体成人伴或不伴先兆偏头痛的急性治疗
抗CGRP单克隆抗体erenumab2018-05皮下注射CGRP受体成人偏头痛的预防性治疗
fremanezumab2018-09皮下注射CGRP成人偏头痛的预防性治疗
galcanezumab2018-09皮下注射CGRP成人偏头痛的预防性治疗
eptinezumab2020-02静脉注射CGRP成人偏头痛的预防性治疗
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靶向降钙素基因相关肽通路的偏头痛药物研究进展
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刘睿娟 1, 2 , 饶跃峰 2 , 朱建国 1
中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2025,44(4): 257-264
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2025, 44(4): 257-264
靶向降钙素基因相关肽通路的偏头痛药物研究进展
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刘睿娟1, 2 , 饶跃峰2, 朱建国1
作者信息
  • 1.苏州大学附属第一医院 药学部,江苏 苏州 215000
  • 2.浙江大学医学院附属第一医院 临床药学部,浙江 杭州 310003
  • 刘睿娟,女,副主任药师,硕士,主要从事医院药学的研究,Phn: 86-512-6797-3021,E-mail:

    朱建国,男,主任药师,硕士,主要从事医院药学的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

朱建国
Research progress of migraine drugs targeting pathway of calcitonin gene-related peptide
Rui-juan LIU1, 2 , Yue-feng RAO2, Jian-guo ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou JIANGSU 215000, China
  • 2. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou ZHEJIANG 310003, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2025.04.04
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偏头痛是一种反复发作的神经系统疾病,被世界卫生组织列为致残的第二大原因。目前预防和治疗偏头痛的药物大多是非特异性的或存在禁忌证/严重不良反应,近年来通过对偏头痛病理生理机制中起关键作用的降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)进行研究,开发出了靶向CGRP通路阻断剂,包括CGRP受体拮抗剂(吉泮类)和抗CGRP单克隆抗体。目前相关研究中此类药物被证明有良好的安全性、有效性及耐受性。本文对靶向CGRP通路的相关临床试验及研究结果进行综述,旨在为今后国内偏头痛治疗药物的选择提供依据。

偏头痛  /  降钙素基因相关肽  /  吉泮类  /  单克隆抗体

Migraine is a recurrent neurological disorder recognized by the World Health Organization as the second leading cause of disability. Currently, most available pharmacological interventions for migraine prevention and treatment are either non-specific or associated with contraindications and serious adverse reactions. Recent research has focused on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying migraine. Targeted CGRP pathway inhibitors have been developed, including CGRP receptor antagonists (gepants) and anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies. Current studies indicate that these agents demonstrate favorable safety profiles, efficacy,and tolerability. This paper reviewed relevant clinical trials and research findings of targeting the CGRP pathway, aiming to provide a foundation for future selection of domestic migraine therapeutics.

migraine  /  calcitonin gene-related peptide  /  gepants  /  monoclonal antibodies
刘睿娟, 饶跃峰, 朱建国. 靶向降钙素基因相关肽通路的偏头痛药物研究进展. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2025 , 44 (4) : 257 -264 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2025.04.04
Rui-juan LIU, Yue-feng RAO, Jian-guo ZHU. Research progress of migraine drugs targeting pathway of calcitonin gene-related peptide[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2025 , 44 (4) : 257 -264 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2025.04.04
偏头痛是一种常见的慢性神经系统疾病[1],《2019年全球疾病负担研究》(GBD2019)的研究结果显示,偏头痛仍是世界上第二大致残原因[2]。偏头痛临床症状为反复发作性的、多为单侧的中重度搏动性头痛,日常活动可加重,同时还可能有恶心、呕吐、畏光和畏声等伴随症状[3]。偏头痛的发病率在不同国家、地区和不同的流行病学研究中差异很大,约2.6%~21.7%,其中25~55岁之间的女性是偏头痛的高发人群[4,5]。偏头痛的药物治疗分为急性期治疗和预防性治疗,急性期治疗的非特异性药物有非甾体抗炎药、对乙酰氨基酚、含咖啡因的复合制剂,其中非甾体抗炎药是偏头痛急性期治疗使用最广泛的药物,但可能导致胃肠道等不良反应[6]。急性期治疗的特异性药物有曲普坦类、麦角胺类等,使用曲普坦类药物需注意其禁忌证,具有冠心病、缺血性卒中、缺血性外周血管疾病、严重肝损伤等疾病的患者禁用[7],而麦角胺类由于其心脏及肝肾毒性,目前已较少使用[8]。偏头痛的预防性治疗可降低偏头痛的发作频率、持续时间及严重程度,提高患者生活质量,传统常用药物有钙通道阻滞药、抗癫痫药、β受体阻滞药、钙通道调节剂及抗抑郁药类等[6],均为非特异性药物,长期使用可能存在中枢或外周不良反应,如氟桂利嗪长期使用可能造成镇静和体重增加,长期、大剂量使用可能导致锥体外系反应[9]
目前,偏头痛的发病机制仍未十分明确,多种学说尝试阐明其机制,如血管紊乱、硬脑膜的无菌性炎症、低镁学说等,其中认可度较高的为三叉神经血管障碍学说[10]。该学说认为,偏头痛的发生与三叉神经血管系统的活动和敏感性增加有关,三叉神经血管功能障碍引起的过度兴奋导致脑膜血管、脑动脉和鼻窦中的伤害感受器被激活,引起头痛及伴随症状[11]
降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP),是一种广泛分布于中枢和外周神经系统的37个氨基酸组成的神经肽,大量研究显示其在三叉神经血管系统激活导致的偏头痛发病及病程进展过程中起重要作用[12]。体内外刺激触发激活三叉神经血管系统可导致三叉神经末梢释放CGRP等血管活性物质,CGRP可导致神经源性炎症,进一步激活三叉神经血管系统,产生扩张血管、传递疼痛刺激和促进神经源性炎症因子释放的三重作用,从而诱发偏头痛[13]
因此,近年来针对CGRP通路的特异性阻断成为了抗偏头痛药物研究的重点,目前研究最多的为小分子CGRP受体拮抗剂(吉泮类)和抗CGRP单克隆抗体。截至2023年底,全球已有8种用于偏头痛的CGRP靶向药上市,信息见表1。目前多个临床试验中,CGRP靶向药均表现出了良好的安全性、有效性、耐受性,本文对以上药物的临床研究进展进行综述,以期为我国未来偏头痛治疗药物的使用提供参考。
吉泮类为小分子CGRP受体拮抗剂,对人类CGRP受体表现出极高的亲和力,可阻断CGRP与其受体结合,对抗CGRP的神经血管效应,起效迅速,可用于偏头痛的急性救治[14]。其效果与曲坦类相似,但不引起血管收缩,对心血管疾病患者相对安全,故适用于存在曲坦类禁忌证的急性偏头痛患者[8]。第一代吉泮类BI 44370、MK-3207、olgegepant (BIBN-4096BS)和telcagepant (MK-0974)由于其肝毒性和不宜口服性而研究中断[15,16]。目前,第二代吉泮类如ubrogepant (MK-1602)、rimegepant(BHV-3000、BMS-927711)、atogepant (AGN-241689、MK-8031)成为研究重点。第三代吉泮类如zavegepant(BHV-3500、BMS-742413)也在研究当中。
2019年12月,美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准ubrogepant用于急性治疗有或无先兆的成人偏头痛。该药是FDA批准的第一种口服药物[17]。两项随机对照临床试验证实了ubrogepant的有效性[18,19],成年偏头痛患者分为安慰剂组和ubrogepant 50、100 mg组,观察其对单次偏头痛急性发作的作用,结果3组2 h疼痛缓解率分别为11.8%、19.2%、21.2%,2 h内最明显偏头痛伴随症状缓解率分别为27.8%、38.6%、37.3%;最常见的不良反应是恶心、嗜睡和口干[18]。研究者为评价ubrogepant的长期安全性及耐受性,开展了一项为期52周的非盲试验[20],共纳入1 254例患者,结果显示长期间歇使用ubrogepant 50 mg或100 mg治疗偏头痛的安全性及耐受性良好。
2020年2月,FDA批准rimegepant用于急性偏头痛治疗。三项随机双盲对照3期临床试验均显示,与安慰剂比较,rimegepant 75 mg具有有效性和安全性。一项研究中,给药2 h后,rimegepant组在缓解疼痛方面显著优于安慰剂组(21% vs. 11%) [21]。另一项3期临床试验中,接受rimegepant治疗后2 h无疼痛的患者比例为19.6%,高于安慰剂组的12%[22]。第三项研究中,rimegepant组在给药2 h后的疼痛缓解率亦高于安慰剂组(19.2% vs. 14.2%),给药后2 h无畏光、无声音恐惧症和疼痛缓解的患者比例显著高于安慰剂组[23]。其中最常见的不良反应是恶心和尿路感染,但与安慰剂组比较无显著差异,表现出良好的安全性。
rimegepant也被批准用于偏头痛的预防性治疗。在一项有1 591例患者参与的临床试验中[24],偏头痛患者被随机分为2组,每隔1 d服用rimegepant 75 mg或安慰剂,持续12周。研究发现第9~12周,rimegepant组平均每月偏头痛减少天数大于安慰剂组(4.3 d vs. 3.5 d);2组不良事件发生率无显著差异,试验过程中未发生严重不良事件。
2021年9月,FDA批准atogepant上市,它是首个专门用于偏头痛预防治疗的药物,对CGRP受体的亲和力增强,具有更长的半衰期[25]。一项双盲随机2b/3期临床试验(NCT02848326)[26],将18~75岁的患者(偏头痛史>1年,每月偏头痛发作4 ~14 d)以2:1:2:2:1:1的比例随机分配接受安慰剂或atogepant( 10、30、60 mg qd,30、60 mg bid),预防治疗偏头痛,其主要结局为治疗12周期间平均每月偏头痛天数的基线变化。结果显示,与安慰剂组比较,atogepant组平均每月偏头痛天数显著减少,常见不良事件为恶心,试验期间共报告8次严重不良事件,但均与治疗无关,证明atogepant在12周内安全性及耐受性良好,支持其用于偏头痛预防性治疗的3期临床试验。在一项双盲3期临床试验ADVANCE研究(NCT03777059)中[27],也评估了安慰剂组与不同剂量atogepant组平均每月偏头痛天数较基线的变化情况。结果显示,第1~4周,atogepant组每月偏头痛天数较基线减少3.1~3.9 d,显著高于安慰剂组的1.6 d;第5~8周,atogepant组平均每月偏头痛天数减少3.7~4.2 d,显著高于安慰剂组的2.9 d;9~12周,atogepant组减少天数为4.2~4.4 d,显著高于安慰剂组的3.0 d,表明atogepant在12周治疗期间持续有效。
zavegepant是第三代高亲和力、选择性小分子CGRP受体拮抗剂,为经鼻、皮下、吸入或口服给药途径的潜在候选药物。它是第一个可以鼻内给药的CGRP受体拮抗剂,目前正在研究zavegepant(BHV-3500, BMS-742413)经不同给药途径(皮下/鼻内)治疗偏头痛的安全性与有效性[28]。在美国进行的一项2/3期临床试验,纳入1 581例患者,比较了经鼻给药zavegepant与安慰剂的疗效和安全性[29]。结果显示,zavegepant组给药10、20 mg 2 h后疼痛缓解率分别为22.5%、23.1%,最明显伴随症状缓解率分别为41.9%、42.5%,显著高于安慰剂组。常见不良事件较轻微,包括语言障碍(13.5%)、恶心(4.1%)和鼻腔不适(1.3%),出现的5例严重不良事件被认为与治疗无关。
此外,最近一项有1 405例参与者的3期临床试验,比较了zavegepant与安慰剂的疗效和安全性[30],研究主要终点为给药2 h后无疼痛和无最明显伴随症状,次要终点为疼痛缓解、持续疼痛缓解和服药后2 h持续疼痛缓解。结果显示,zavegepant组疼痛缓解率优于安慰剂组(24% vs. 15%),最明显伴随症状缓解程度也高于安慰剂组(40% vs. 31%)。zavegepant组常见的不良事件包括味觉障碍(21%)、鼻不适(4%)和恶心(3%),未观察到明显肝毒性。这两项研究均体现出zavegepant良好的安全性,但其长期疗效、安全性及耐受性仍需进一步研究。
以上研究表明,小分子CGRP受体拮抗剂(吉泮类)在偏头痛治疗方面表现出良好的有效性、安全性及耐受性,可用于存在禁忌证或传统药物无效的患者。其中rimegepant对偏头痛的急性期治疗及预防性治疗均有效;atogepant用于预防性治疗;zavegepant经鼻给药,可用于无法口服的急性偏头痛患者,但仍需关注此类药物的不良反应及长期安全性。
抗CGRP单克隆抗体是预防偏头痛的新药物,通过特异性阻断CGRP受体与CGRP结合,抑制神经元活动和CGRP对血管和痛觉的影响,从而有效预防和减轻偏头痛的发作[14]。它具有更强的靶特异性和更长的半衰期,可以减少给药频率(允许每月或每季度给药),提高患者依从性[31]。目前FDA已批准4种抗CGRP单克隆抗体用于偏头痛的预防性治疗,包括1种靶向CGRP受体(erenumab)和3种靶向CGRP配体(fremanezumab、galcanezumab和eptinezumab)[32]。其中,除eptinezumab采用静脉注射外,其他3种药物均采用皮下注射,注射部位为腹部、大腿或上臂[33]
erenumab是FDA批准用于成人偏头痛预防的第一个CGRP通路靶向单抗(IgG2),每月皮下注射1次。在几项随机安慰剂对照的临床试验中,erenumab被证明对慢性偏头痛(chronic migraine,CM)和发作性偏头痛(episodic migraine,EM)的预防治疗是安全有效的,与安慰剂比较,erenumab 70、140 mg在3~6个月内使患者平均每月偏头痛天数显著减少[34-36]。在一项随机双盲安慰剂对照的3b期临床试验LIBERTY研究中,对2~4次预防性偏头痛治疗失败的EM患者给予erenumab治疗,证明其具有3个月以上的疗效和耐受性;erenumab 140 mg组的平均每月偏头痛天数减少1.8 d,显著高于安慰剂组的0.2 d[37]。一项为期52周的开放标签试验(其中12周为双盲治疗阶段)对erenumab在CM患者中的长期安全性和有效性进行了研究[38],结果证明长期使用erenumab治疗CM具有持续疗效,在第40周和第52周,140 mg的疗效明显优于70 mg;其安全性结果与erenumab已知的安全性一致,并且在双盲治疗阶段的不良事件发生率与安慰剂的不良事件发生率相当。
erenumab对难治性CM伴药物过度使用也表现出有效性和安全性[39]。一项前瞻性多中心真实世界研究招募了396例CM伴药物过度使用性头痛患者,其中149例患者至少使用3种其他常用的偏头痛预防药物及A型肉毒毒素治疗失败。erenumab治疗3个月后,51%(n=76)和20%(n=30)的患者每月头痛天数分别减少≥50%和≥75%,每月止痛药摄入量从(46.1±35.3)mg降至(16.8±13.9)mg,每月头痛天数从(25.4±5.4)d减少到(14.1±8.6)d,未观察到严重不良事件,表明erenumab可显著降低药物过度使用性头痛患者的偏头痛频率和止痛药摄入量。一项为期12个月的回顾性研究也证明erenumab对CM合并药物过度使用的患者安全有效,停用镇痛药以及联合其他预防治疗效果不明显[40]
fremanezumab是一种靶向CGRP的人源化单抗(IgG2),已被FDA批准用于预防成人偏头痛,每4周或12周皮下注射1次。在两项随机安慰剂对照的3期临床试验中,fremanezumab被证明对CM和EM的预防性治疗是安全有效的,与安慰剂相比,治疗3个月后,fremanezumab组每季度和每月的平均头痛天数较基线明显减少[41,42]。一项为期52周的多中心研究证明fremanezumab具有长期安全性、耐受性和有效性[43],从基线到12个月,fremanezumab减少了患者每月偏头痛天数(CM每月8.0 d,EM每月5.1 d)和中度偏头痛天数(CM每月6.8 d,EM每月4.2 d),最常见的不良反应是注射部位反应(如硬化33%、疼痛31%、红斑26%)。在随机双盲安慰剂对照的3b期临床试验FOCUS研究中[44],fremanezumab也被证明对于先前使用2~4种预防性药物效果不佳的CM和EM患者有效,每季度使用fremanezumab的患者平均每月偏头痛天数减少3.7 d,每月使用fremanezumab的患者平均每月偏头痛天数减少4.1 d,优于安慰剂组的0.6 d。
一项为期12周的3期临床试验评估了fremane-zumab对伴有或不伴有药物过度使用的CM患者的疗效[45],fremanezumab组平均每月偏头痛天数减少,fremanezumab治疗的患者恢复为无药物过度使用的比率明显更高(每3个月55.2%,每月60.6%),表明无论是否存在药物过度使用,fremanezumab可有效预防CM,并在减少药物过度使用方面优于安慰剂。
已有研究证实fremanezumab对药物过度使用、抑郁症和焦虑症患者的偏头痛预防治疗有效[46,47]。美国一项回顾性研究纳入220例药物过度使用患者、134例重度抑郁症患者和120例广泛性焦虑症患者[46],经fremanezumab治疗1个月即可观察到每月头痛天数减少;治疗6个月后,药物过度使用患者平均头痛天数减少10.1 d,重度抑郁症患者减少9.9 d,广泛焦虑症患者减少9.5 d,≥50%的应答率分别为78.8%、81.8%、80.0%;同时,在开始fremanezumab治疗后,抑郁组和焦虑组分别有45.5%和45.8%的患者抑郁和焦虑的严重程度有所改善。在另一项回顾性研究[47]中,fremanezumab持续治疗≥6个月的患者急性和预防性偏头痛药物的使用显著减少;对偏头痛合并抑郁和焦虑患者的亚组分析显示,在给予fremanezumab治疗后,服用抗抑郁药(基线68.6%,随访56.4%)和抗焦虑药物(基线55.0%,随访47.2%)的患者数量显著减少,患者依从性好。
galcanezumab是一种靶向CGRP的人源化单抗(IgG4),是FDA批准用于成人偏头痛预防性治疗的第三个CGRP途径靶向单抗,每月皮下注射1次。在三项随机双盲安慰剂对照的3期临床试验中,galcanezumab表现出对CM患者(REGAIN)和急性发作偏头痛患者(EVOLVE-1和EVOLVE-2)的有效性及耐受性[48-50],与安慰剂比较,galcanezumab可显著减少CM患者和急性EM患者的平均每月头痛天数[49, 50]。对于既往使用多种其他偏头痛预防药物效果不佳的患者,galcanezumab也表现出有效性。一项多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的3b期临床试验(CONQUER)在12个国家进行,纳入的患者患有EM或CM并有2~4种预防性药物治疗失败的记录[51]。患者按1:1随机分组,接受皮下注射安慰剂或galcanezumab每月120 mg(负荷剂量240 mg),疗程3个月,结果显示,与基线比较,galcanezumab组每月偏头痛天数平均减少4.1 d,而安慰剂组平均减少1.0 d。galcanezumab和安慰剂治疗后出现的不良事件的类型和数量相似,表明其对偏头痛的预防性治疗效果优于安慰剂,并且对于先前多次标准预防性治疗失败的患者安全且耐受性良好。
一项研究分析评估了galcanezumab在药物过度使用性疼痛治疗中的安全性和有效性,结果显示治疗3个月后,CM和急性EM合并药物过度使用患者的平均每月头痛天数均有显著减少[52]。另一项双盲试验观察了对既往多次偏头痛预防治疗失败的患者,给予galcanezumab相较于安慰剂对药物过度使用的影响。结果显示galcanezumab组急性头痛药物使用的平均减少量大于安慰剂组,偏头痛特异性急诊科就诊人数在第3个月减少了三分之二,而安慰剂组几乎没有减少,表明galcanezumab可能减少急性头痛药物的使用及过度使用[53]。此外,galcanezumab在有焦虑和/或抑郁病史的偏头痛患者中也表现出有效性[54],与安慰剂比较,120、240 mg的galcanezumab均具有效性,以240 mg更显著。
eptinezumab是一种针对CGRP的人源化单抗(IgG1),每季度静脉注射1次,是FDA批准的第四种用于预防成人偏头痛的CGRP途径靶向单抗。两项安慰剂对照3期临床试验(PROMISE-1、PROMISE-2)证明了eptinezumab对偏头痛预防性治疗的有效性[55,56]。与安慰剂比较,eptinezumab 100和300 mg 相较于基线显著降低EM和CM患者的平均每月偏头痛天数[55,56]。一项研究对PROMISE-1研究中eptinezumab治疗持续1年(最多4次给药)的效果进行分析,发现在整个研究期间,在每12周偏头痛减少≥50%或≥75%的患者数量方面,eptinezumab组始终高于安慰剂组,表现出良好的长期有效性、安全性及耐受性[57]。在一项双盲、安慰剂对照、3b期临床试验DELIVER研究中,eptinezumab在既往2~4种偏头痛药物预防失败的患者中也得到了疗效证明,eptinezumab 100和300 mg在3个月的治疗中相较于安慰剂组可显著减少患者平均每月偏头痛天数(100 mg,4.8 d;300 mg,5.3 d;安慰剂,2.1 d)[58]
对PROMISE-2研究中同时存在CM和药物过度使用性头痛的患者进行亚组分析研究,结果显示eptinezumab组的平均每月偏头痛天数显著减少,偏头痛缓解率≥50%或≥75%的患者比例均高于安慰剂组;在24周的治疗期间,eptinezumab 100、300 mg和安慰剂治疗的患者中,分别有51.1%、54.4%和32.4%低于CM诊断阈值;在提供完整急性用药数据的患者中,分别有50.5%、49.5%和27.1%低于药物过度使用诊断阈值,证明了eptinezumab对CM和药物过度使用性头痛患者的有效性[59]。通过对CM患者和药物过度使用性头痛患者进行相关测试与调查(包括6项头痛影响测试HIT-6、患者总体变化印象PGIC、患者确定的最令人烦恼的症状PI-MBS和36项简短健康调查SF-36),发现eptinezumab组患者在PI-MBS和SF-36评分方面较安慰剂组有更大的改善,证明eptinezumab治疗与患者有临床意义的改善有关[60]
综上所述,CGRP单克隆抗体具有良好的有效性、安全性及耐受性,尤其对于使用传统药物治疗无效的患者具有重要意义,给偏头痛的治疗带来了新转机[61]。同时,CGRP单克隆抗体通过蛋白质水解为较小的肽和氨基酸,不通过肝脏或肾脏代谢,对肝肾的影响及发生药物相互作用的可能性较小[62],停药后治疗效果还可持续一定时间[63]。欧洲头痛联盟2022发布指南推荐eptinezumab、erenumab、fremanezumab和galcanezumab用于EM和CM患者[64]。有研究证明,同时接受erenumab, fremanezumab或galcanezumab预防性治疗偏头痛的患者,使用口服rimegepant治疗急性偏头痛是安全且可耐受的[65]
但同时,CGRP单克隆抗体也存在一定的不足,比如其注射给药的方式需要医务人员的帮助,可能会增加局部刺激及相关注射反应;参与维持多种生理过程,可能发生与心血管和中枢神经系统相关的不良反应(FDA增加了开始使用erenumab的患者可能会出现高血压或已有高血压恶化的风险提示[66]),可能发生便秘等不良反应[67-68];对儿童、孕妇和哺乳期妇女等人群的风险尚未进行评估;价格较为昂贵[62]等,应权衡利弊后选择性使用。
偏头痛作为一种神经系统致残疾病,严重影响患者的身心健康,为患者及社会带来巨大负担,传统的非特异性偏头痛治疗药物存在外周/中枢不良反应多、长期安全风险等问题,具有一定的局限性。新出现的CGRP阻断剂(小分子吉泮类与CGRP单克隆抗体)特异性阻断降钙素基因调节肽通路,靶向性强,可显著降低平均每月偏头痛天数、缓解偏头痛伴随症状、减少急性药物过度使用,安全性及耐受性良好,可提高患者的生活质量。吉泮类和CGRP单克隆抗体的出现为偏头痛的治疗带来了新选择,尤其对于存在禁忌证或传统药物治疗无效的患者。未来,希望进一步从此类药物的长期疗效及安全性、在特殊人群中的使用、联合用药以及药物经济学等方面进行研究,为偏头痛治疗药物的选择提供新依据。
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2025.04.04
  • 接收时间:2024-05-29
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  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-29
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    1.苏州大学附属第一医院 药学部,江苏 苏州 215000
    2.浙江大学医学院附属第一医院 临床药学部,浙江 杭州 310003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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