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Gene therapy products may accidentally leak or shed during clinical use, thereby integrating the genetic material they carry into other non-patient populations or plants and animals, with adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. In order to reduce the environmental risks of gene therapy products, the United States and the European Union have formulated relevant laws and regulations and issued special guidelines, which stipulate the environmental risk assessment conduct, review and specific steps in the clinical trials and marketing registration of gene therapy products. At present, there are no specific regulations on the environmental risks of gene therapy products in China, it is suggested that China can learn from the relevant practices of the Europe and the USA, establishing gene therapy products environmental risk supervision laws and regulations system, and clarify the specific steps of environmental risk assessment; harmonizing the regulatory agencies and review procedures for gene therapy products registration and environmental risk assessment; establishing a scientific and reasonable basis for consideration of gene therapy products environmental risk assessment and take different regulatory measures according to the level of environmental risk of the product.

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基因治疗产品在使用过程中可能发生意外泄露或脱落,从而将其所携带的遗传物质整合至其他非患者人群或动植物体内,对生态系统和人类健康造成不利影响。为降低基因治疗产品可能带来的环境风险,美国、欧盟均制定了相关法律法规并出台专门指南,对基因治疗产品临床试验及上市注册过程中的环境风险评估的开展、审查及具体步骤作出规定。我国目前对基因治疗产品的环境风险问题尚未进行专门规定,建议我国可借鉴欧美的相关做法,建立基因治疗产品环境风险监管法律法规体系,明确环境风险评估具体步骤;统一基因治疗产品申请注册与环境风险评估的监管机构和审评程序;确立科学合理的基因治疗产品环境风险评估考量依据并根据产品环境风险大小采取不同的监管措施。

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欧美基因治疗产品环境风险评估监管介绍及对我国的启示
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孙雯 , 谢金平
中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2025,44(4): 245-251
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2025, 44(4): 245-251
欧美基因治疗产品环境风险评估监管介绍及对我国的启示
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孙雯 , 谢金平
作者信息
  • 中国药科大学药品监管科学研究院,国家药品监督管理局药品监管创新与评价重点实验室,江苏 南京 211198
  • 孙雯,女,硕士在读,主要从事医药政策与法规的研究,E-mail:

    谢金平,女,副教授,博士,主要从事医药政策与法规的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

谢金平
Introduction to regulation of environmental risk assessment of gene therapy products in European Union and United States and its implications for China
Wen SUN , Jin-ping XIE
Affiliations
  • Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Products, China Pharmaceutical University, NMPA Key Lab for Drug Regulatory Innovation and Evaluation, Nanjing JIANGSU 211198, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2025.04.02
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基因治疗产品在使用过程中可能发生意外泄露或脱落,从而将其所携带的遗传物质整合至其他非患者人群或动植物体内,对生态系统和人类健康造成不利影响。为降低基因治疗产品可能带来的环境风险,美国、欧盟均制定了相关法律法规并出台专门指南,对基因治疗产品临床试验及上市注册过程中的环境风险评估的开展、审查及具体步骤作出规定。我国目前对基因治疗产品的环境风险问题尚未进行专门规定,建议我国可借鉴欧美的相关做法,建立基因治疗产品环境风险监管法律法规体系,明确环境风险评估具体步骤;统一基因治疗产品申请注册与环境风险评估的监管机构和审评程序;确立科学合理的基因治疗产品环境风险评估考量依据并根据产品环境风险大小采取不同的监管措施。

基因治疗产品  /  环境风险评估  /  行业监管

Gene therapy products may accidentally leak or shed during clinical use, thereby integrating the genetic material they carry into other non-patient populations or plants and animals, with adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. In order to reduce the environmental risks of gene therapy products, the United States and the European Union have formulated relevant laws and regulations and issued special guidelines, which stipulate the environmental risk assessment conduct, review and specific steps in the clinical trials and marketing registration of gene therapy products. At present, there are no specific regulations on the environmental risks of gene therapy products in China, it is suggested that China can learn from the relevant practices of the Europe and the USA, establishing gene therapy products environmental risk supervision laws and regulations system, and clarify the specific steps of environmental risk assessment; harmonizing the regulatory agencies and review procedures for gene therapy products registration and environmental risk assessment; establishing a scientific and reasonable basis for consideration of gene therapy products environmental risk assessment and take different regulatory measures according to the level of environmental risk of the product.

gene therapy products  /  environmental risk assessment  /  industry regulation
孙雯, 谢金平. 欧美基因治疗产品环境风险评估监管介绍及对我国的启示. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2025 , 44 (4) : 245 -251 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2025.04.02
Wen SUN, Jin-ping XIE. Introduction to regulation of environmental risk assessment of gene therapy products in European Union and United States and its implications for China[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2025 , 44 (4) : 245 -251 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2025.04.02
基因治疗的概念由西奥多·弗里德曼和理查德·罗布林于1972年正式提出,并被认可为人类遗传疾病的一种治疗方式[1]。基因治疗是将外源性遗传物质导入靶细胞中,其目的是通过改变细胞的基因表达来治疗疾病。经过几十年的科学技术发展,基因治疗已从最初仅用于遗传性疾病的治疗,扩展到肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病等多个治疗领域,能够实现“一次给药,长期有效甚至彻底治愈疾病”,是当前生物医药最前沿的领域之一。截至2024年6月,全球已上市三十余款基因治疗产品(不含已撤市产品),基因治疗产业发展态势良好[2]。然而,基因治疗产品(gene therapy products,GTP)在临床治疗过程中可能发生意外泄露或脱落,从而将其所携带的遗传物质整合至其他非患者人群或动植物体内,对生态系统和人类健康造成不利影响。
当前,美国、欧盟和日本均要求在GTP临床试验及上市前对其可能造成的环境影响进行评估,以预先提出缓解措施或其他替代方案,减少GTP对生态环境包括人类健康的不利影响。我国GTP研究规模仅次于美国,基因治疗产业发展潜力巨大[3]。我国高度重视生态环境保护,但目前尚未针对GTP临床试验及上市注册过程中的环境风险评估进行专门规定[4, 5]。本文通过研究欧美GTP环境风险评估的管理规定,以期为构建我国GTP环境风险评估监管体系提供建议,促进基因治疗产业实现长期可持续发展。
美国将GTP按照生物制品进行监管,GTP是指通过转录或翻译转移的遗传物质或通过特异性改变人类基因序列来发挥其作用的产品,包括核酸、转基因微生物、离体转基因人类细胞等[6]
1969年,美国颁布《国家环境政策法》(National Environmental Policy Act,NEPA),要求所有联邦机构评估其行动对人类环境质量的影响,药品、生物制品的环境风险评估由美国食品药品管理局(food and drug administration,FDA)负责。GTP的环境风险评估遵守与普通药品、生物制品相同的规定,由FDA依据NEPA评估其对环境的影响。《美国联邦法规》(Code of Federal Regulations,CFR)第21篇第25部分(21 CFR Part 25)对FDA执行NEPA的具体程序进行了规定[7]
此外,针对GTP的环境风险评估,FDA于2015年3月发布《基因疗法、载体疫苗及相关重组病毒或微生物产品的环境评估需求和内容确定》[8],对产品临床试验申请或上市申请中申请人评估是否提交环境风险评估报告的考虑因素以及报告中应当包含的信息提供建议。
依据CFR第21篇规定,生物制品许可申请(biologics license application,BLA)、补充申请以及新药临床试验(investigational new drug,IND)申请等均需进行环境风险评估,并将环境风险评估报告作为BLA、IND申请的一部分提交给FDA。环境风险评估报告须包括对拟议行动必要性、替代方案,以及拟议行动和替代方案对环境影响的简要讨论。
同时,美国针对包括GTP在内的生物制品的环境风险评估设置了豁免情形,实施豁免情形下的行为不会对环境质量产生重大影响。CFR第21篇对生物制品“分类豁免”情形进行规定,具体包括:(1)BLA及其补充申请不会造成相关活性成分的使用/向环境中的排放增加;(2)对于环境中自然存在的物质,BLA及其补充申请中涉及的行为不会显著改变该物质、其代谢物或降解产物在环境中的浓度或分布;(3)IND申请;(4)FDA对获批生物制品的批次或批量测试及释放;(5)人血液或血液制品上市申请等。
FDA认为,药物临床试验需受到密切监测并在受控状态下进行,且限于指定的研究人群,药物的使用也较为有限。因此,在大多数情况下,批准开展药物临床试验不会对环境质量产生重大影响。对于由转基因人类细胞组成的GTP,FDA将其视为“在环境中自然存在”的物质。由于这些细胞对生存和繁殖具有严格的营养要求,因而无法在自然环境中存活并被降解为天然存在的物质。此类产品符合“分类豁免”的规定,在上市申请中无需进行环境风险评估。
然而,上述豁免情形也存在相应特殊情况,依据CFR第21篇的规定,具体包括:(1)若依据现有数据,在预期暴露水平下拟议行动可能对环境造成严重损害的;(2)若拟议行动对濒危物种或物种栖息地或根据其他联邦法律受到特别保护的野生动植物产生不利影响的,尽管行动符合“分类豁免”情形,仍需进行环境风险评估并提交环境风险评估报告。
对于申请人提交的环境风险评估报告,FDA会对其包含的信息(及任何公众意见)进行评估,以确定其是否准确和客观、拟议的行动是否会对人类环境质量产生重大影响以及是否准备环境影响声明(environmental impact statement,EIS)或无显著影响结论(finding of no significant impact,FONSI)。若拟议行动会对环境质量产生显著影响,FDA将针对该行动编制EIS;若不会对环境产生显著影响,则FDA将编制FONSI。EIS用于概述拟议行动可能对自然环境产生的影响以及行动实施后无法避免的不良影响、行动的替代方案等。FONSI则简要说明“分类豁免”情形外的行动不会对人类环境产生重大影响的原因。
根据CFR第21篇的规定,所有要求机构采取行动的申请均需提交环境风险评估报告或“分类豁免”声明。若申请人提交“分类豁免”声明,说明其行动符合“分类豁免”条件且据申请人所知不存在特殊情况,则无需进行环境风险评估。对于不符合“分类豁免”标准且未提交详实充分的环境风险评估报告的申请,FDA有权拒绝其立项或批准。美国GTP环境风险评估审查流程见图1
2015年3月,FDA发布《基因疗法、载体疫苗及相关重组病毒或微生物产品的环境评估需求和内容确定》,规定GTP的环境风险评估通常包括“确定受拟议行动影响的物质、识别和评估潜在的环境影响、提出缓解措施、讨论拟议行动的替代方案”4个步骤,具体内容为:(1)确定在环境风险评估中应考虑的对环境存在影响的物质;(2)确定GTP开展临床试验或批准上市对环境产生的潜在影响,并对每种影响的严重程度和发生的可能性进行评估,从而得出总体环境风险结论;(3)描述为避免或减轻总体环境风险而采取的措施,若未发现GTP对环境的不良影响,申请人应进行说明;(4)若相关行动被认定为对环境存在潜在不利影响,申请人还应在环境风险评估报告中讨论合理的替代方案。
欧盟将GTP、体细胞治疗产品和组织工程产品一起作为先进治疗药物产品(advanced therapy medicinal products,ATMPs)进行监管。欧盟GTP以重组核酸为活性物质,对人体基因序列进行调节、修复、替换、添加或删除,其治疗、预防或诊断疾病作用与其所含的重组核酸序列或该序列基因表达的产物直接相关[9]。在欧盟区域内上市销售的GTP均须通过欧盟委员会的集中审批。
在欧盟,GTP的监管与转基因生物(genetically modified organisms,GMO)立法密切相关。欧盟将GMO定义为除人类以外的生物体,其遗传物质以非自然交配或非自然重组的方式发生改变,包括细菌、真菌、病毒以及来自动植物或人类的细胞和组织培养物。由此,重组溶瘤病毒、经基因修饰的细胞或重组微生物等GTP通常被归类为GMO[10]
《关于人用药品的共同体法案》明确应当评估药品对环境造成的潜在影响,并根据具体情况考虑相应限制措施。该指令特别提到,含有或由GMO组成的医药产品的释放所带来的环境风险应当予以解决。
欧盟对GMO产品实行严格监管,其环境风险评估依据产品是否在受控或封闭环境中使用适用于“故意释放”或“封闭使用”程序。针对故意释放、封闭使用情形下GMO产品的环境风险评估,欧盟分别出台了《将转基因生物体故意释放至环境中的有关规定》和《关于转基因微生物在封闭环境中的使用》[11, 12]
故意释放是指任何有意将GMO引入环境中的行为,且没有采取任何隔离措施来限制其与普通人群和环境的接触。依据《将转基因生物体故意释放至环境中的有关规定》规定,任何人在将GMO产品投入市场前均应进行环境风险评估,并对GMO产品投入市场的授权程序进行了规定,附件Ⅱ对环境风险评估的目标、一般原则、具体步骤等进行规定。成员国应指定相关主管机构,对GMO产品上市前的环境风险评估报告进行审查,确保GMO可能对人类健康和环境造成的潜在不良影响得到准确评估。
封闭使用是指在受控或封闭环境中使用GMO产品。相较于故意释放,封闭使用对GMO采取了特定的限制措施,尽可能避免其与环境的接触。《关于转基因微生物在封闭环境中的使用》对在封闭环境中GMO的培养、储存、运输等活动进行规定。GMO封闭使用前,负责人应当评估其对人类健康和环境产生的风险并向成员国主管当局提供必要信息,以确保拟议的封闭措施能够保证GMO的使用不会对人类健康及生态环境造成影响。成员国应指定相应主管机构,对申请人提交的环境风险评估报告、封闭使用的风险分类等进行审查。
针对含GMO的GTP上市申请中的环境风险评估,欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency,EMA)于2006年12月、2008年5月先后发布《由转基因生物组成或含转基因生物的药品环境风险评估指南》和《基因治疗药品环境风险评估科学要求指南》[13,14],对GTP环境风险评估的科学原理、一般原则及方法提供说明和指导。
在欧盟,GTP临床试验的开展需同时符合药物临床试验立法和GMO环境立法的有关规定,临床开发过程中的环境风险评估依据试验开展地所在成员国的要求进行。临床试验开展前,申办者必须根据欧盟GMO立法在相关成员国进行环境风险评估以获得GMO使用授权[15]。由于不同成员国对GMO“故意释放”与“封闭使用”的分类标准不同,因此各国GTP临床试验阶段环境风险评估的具体适用情形也存在差异,包括单独适用于《将转基因生物体故意释放至环境中的有关规定》(“故意释放”程序)或《关于转基因微生物在封闭环境中的使用》(“封闭使用”程序),或两者均可适用。
关于临床试验阶段环境风险评估的审评程序,不同国家之间也有所不同。德国要求环境风险评估必须包含在IND申请中一并递交给药品监管机构;意大利则将环境风险评估与IND申请相分离,两者可以并行提交,由申请人自行决定每种申请的提交时间。而在波兰,在提交IND申请之前必须通过环境风险评估[16]
GTP上市申请阶段的环境风险评估应符合“故意释放”程序的有关规定,申请人须对GTP产生的所有潜在环境风险逐个进行全面评估,并采取必要的措施将风险降至最低。
GTP上市申请阶段的环境风险评估纳入集中审批程序,由EMA进行集中审查。申请人将环境风险评估的数据纳入上市申请文档中一并提交至先进疗法委员会(Committee for Advanced Therapies,CAT)进行审评,此过程中CAT会寻求各成员国环境风险评估监管机构的建议。CAT审评完成后将相关建议送交人用药品委员会(Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use,CHMP),由CHMP向欧盟委员会提出是否批准产品上市的建议。欧盟GTP环境风险评估审查流程见图2
依据欧盟规定,GTP环境风险评估包括“故意释放”与“封闭使用”2种程序。通常而言,只有在故意释放情形下才需要进行正式的环境风险评估并提供产品的详细科学/技术信息。封闭使用下的风险评估关注GTP的生物安全级别以及相对应的封闭措施能否限制其与环境的接触[17]
在“故意释放”情形下,GTP环境风险评估具有6个步骤,具体内容为:(1)识别可能导致不良影响的转基因生物特征:识别GMO的所有危害及可能导致危害发生的所有因素。(2)评估发生的每种不良影响的潜在后果及后果严重程度:识别可能危害人类健康及生态环境的所有潜在不良影响产生的后果,并对后果严重程度进行评估。(3)评估每种已识别的潜在不良影响发生的可能性:通过评估患者给药情况(剂量、给药途径)并结合产品脱落研究,对潜在不良影响发生的可能性进行估计。(4)估计转基因生物每种已识别特征造成的风险:将不良影响发生的可能性与其后果严重程度相结合以对GMO每种潜在的环境风险进行评估。(5)转基因生物上市风险管理策略的应用:根据环境风险评估的具体情况为每种产品实施相应风险管理策略,对风险采取预防措施以最大限度减少或消除不良影响发生的可能性。(6)确定转基因生物的综合风险:根据前述步骤对GMO的总体风险进行评估,并考虑步骤5提出的所有风险管理策略,以确定将GMO投放市场对人类健康和环境的总体风险。
GMO封闭使用的风险评估首先需确定GMO的潜在危害,并根据潜在危害的严重程度将GMO分为1~4个不同风险等级(风险级别由低到高)。依据GMO的风险等级,考虑GMO可能与环境的接触情况进而评估潜在危害发生的可能性,并结合行动的性质及规模等因素选择相适应的隔离或其他保护措施,以限制GMO与环境的接触。
目前,美国、欧盟均制定了相应法律法规,对GTP临床试验及上市注册过程中的环境风险评估作出规定。对于GTP环境风险评估的具体步骤,美国在NEPA和CFR规定的药品、生物制品环境风险评估基础上制定相应指南;欧盟则在GMO立法中进行具体规定并出台针对性指南进行补充。但同时,美国和欧盟在GTP环境风险评估方面的规定存在一定差异,具体包括以下几个方面:
美国GTP临床试验申请及上市申请的环境风险评估的审查评价均由FDA负责。而欧盟GTP临床试验阶段的环境风险评估依据试验地所在成员国的国内法规定进行,临床试验机构与环境风险评估监管机构可能相同或不同。德国GTP环境风险评估由联邦消费者保护与食品安全办公室负责,波兰GTP环境风险评估则由环境部负责,意大利GTP环境风险评估依据“故意释放”或“封闭使用”不同程序由环境部或卫生部负责,瑞典GTP临床试验与环境风险评估均由药品监管机构负责。欧盟GTP上市申请阶段环境风险评估由EMA下属的CAT和CHMP负责,此过程中各成员国环境风险评估监管机构会向CAT提供其关于产品环境风险的建议。
对于GTP环境风险评估的审评程序,美国临床试验及上市申请阶段的环境风险评估均纳入IND、BLA申请文档中一并提交给FDA进行审查。欧盟上市申请阶段的环境风险评估也同样作为上市申请文件的一部分提交,由EMA进行统一审评,但临床试验阶段的审评程序则较为复杂。依据各成员国国内法的规定,GTP临床试验阶段的环境风险评估可以包含在IND申请中,也可以与之并行提交或必须在提交IND申请之前通过审查。
美国和欧盟均要求在GTP上市申请中提交环境风险评估报告,但在美国,部分GTP的上市申请仍可豁免环境风险评估。对于经基因修饰的人类细胞,美国将其视为“在环境中自然存在的物质”从而符合“分类豁免”条件,而在欧盟此类产品的上市申请仍需进行环境风险评估。总体看来,欧盟对GTP环境风险评估的要求更为严格,对风险的管理更加关注产品制造过程中所使用的技术(如转基因相关技术)而非最终产品本身所具有的真实环境风险,而美国环境风险管理则侧重于关注最终产品的本身性质所带来的环境风险而非产品生产过程中所使用的技术方法。
在美国,GTP临床试验阶段的环境风险评估通常可以得到豁免,除非有证据显示临床试验的开展可能会对生态环境产生重大不利影响或对濒危物种及其栖息地以及其他受到特别保护的野生动植物产生危害。而欧盟GTP临床试验的开展必须遵守GMO立法,考虑开展临床试验可能对环境带来的潜在影响。由此,美国GTP研发者通常无需在产品开发早期阶段提供相应信息进行环境风险评估,在美国开展GTP临床试验的流程相较于欧盟更加简单[18]
当前,我国尚无GTP环境保护方面的法律法规,在顶层制度层面暂时未对GTP研发及临床应用过程中引发的环境风险进行规定。建议我国针对GTP的环境风险制定专门法律法规或规范性文件,明确申请人环境风险管理义务,对GTP研发、上市审批、生产、临床应用等全生命周期各阶段的环境风险管理进行规定,为GTP环境风险评估制度建立提供立法保障。
此外,我国可以在上述法律法规基础上制定相应技术指导原则,对产品环境风险评估的具体步骤,包括评估方法、各环节关键考量点、评估报告内容、风险管理措施等进行详细说明,以建立完善的GTP环境风险评估监管体系。
由不同监管机构负责、与IND申请相分离的环境风险评估审评监管模式可能会增加环境风险评估授权的复杂性,进而导致临床试验开展的延迟[18]。基于此,建议我国参照美国,将GTP环境风险评估纳入产品临床试验及上市申请的审评程序中,由药监部门统一负责,避免因额外实施环境风险评估审评程序对产品上市造成阻碍。对于审评中可能涉及的由环境部门负责的其他环境问题,建议在明确两部门职能分工的基础上建立相应协调机制,确保GTP临床及上市申请过程中的环境风险尽可能得到全面、高效监管。
有研究表明,即使在没有相应基因修饰技术的情况下,自然界仍有可能产生对环境或人类健康造成重大影响的微生物[10]。由此,建议我国参照美国GTP环境风险评估的考量依据,设置合理科学的风险评价体系。GTP环境风险大小应依据不同类型产品的本身特性进行评估,而不是单纯依据其是否经过基因修饰而直接决定。
美国依据是否会对环境产生重大影响对GTP环境风险评估设置了多项豁免情形,《关于转基因微生物在封闭环境中的使用》中也依据环境危害严重程度等因素对封闭使用情形下的GTP采取不同的环境保护措施。建议我国在GTP环境风险管理中引入类似差异化监管机制,对于环境影响风险较低的产品可减免申请人环境风险评估义务,以减少申请人上市申请负担、节约监管资源,从而加快产品上市。
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2025年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2025.04.02
  • 接收时间:2024-10-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-24
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    中国药科大学药品监管科学研究院,国家药品监督管理局药品监管创新与评价重点实验室,江苏 南京 211198

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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