Article(id=1241022580124078928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.15, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692028800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1712592000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-09, onlineDate=1773812440186, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812440186, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812440186, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812440186, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241022576185634950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='641', pageEnd='720', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812439247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773813972032, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241029005206417725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241029005206417726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=716, endPage=720, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241022580417680212, articleId=1241022580124078928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Literature analysis of tacrolimus-related epilepsy, columnId=1239222198267867866, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Rational Drug Use, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

AIM To investigate the clinical features of tacrolimus-related epilepsy, and provide reference for clinical rational antiepileptic drug use. METHODS Related domestic and foreign databases (both up to June 2023) were searched, and case-report literature on tacrolimus-related epilepsy were collected. Clinical information was extracted and analyzed by descriptive statistical method, including patient’s basic characteristics, tacrolimus application (such as indications, dose, route of administration, and blood concentration), and the occurrence time, clinical manifestation, imaging characteristics, intervention measures, and outcomes of epilepsy. RESULTS A total of 11 patients were enrolled in the study, including 6 males and 5 females, aged from 2 years 11 months to 63 years, with a median age of 44 years. In terms of indications, there were 2 cases of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 3 cases of kidney transplantation, 4 cases of liver transplantation,1 case of nephrotic syndrome, and 1 case of primary membranous nephropathy. Nine patients underwent tacrolimus plasma concentrations testing, and 3 of them exceed the upper limit of the treatment window when seizure occurred. Epilepsy mainly appeared in d1 to d44 of tacrolimus use. MRI examination in 4 patients showed abnormal signal shadows near the sickle, mild demyelinating of white matter, and patchy abnormal signals around the lateral ventricles. CONCLUSION Tacrolimus-related epilepsy are primarily caused by increased blood concentrations of tacrolimus. It is essential to strengthen the monitoring in clinical application of tacrolimus and provide active symptomatic treatment.

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目的 探讨使用他克莫司相关癫痫的临床特征,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法 检索国内外相关数据库(均截至2023年6月),收集他克莫司相关癫痫的病例报告类文献。记录患者的一般情况、他克莫司应用情况(适应证、剂量、用药途径、血药浓度、联合用药方案等)以及癫痫发生时间、临床表现、影像学特征、干预措施及转归等信息,进行描述性统计分析。结果 纳入分析的患者共11例,男性6例,女性5例;年龄2岁11个月~63岁,中位年龄44岁。适应证方面,造血干细胞移植2例,肾移植3例,肝脏移植4例,肾病综合征1例,原发性膜性肾病1例。9例行他克莫司血药浓度检测的患者中3例血药浓度超过治疗窗范围上限。癫痫主要出现在他克莫司使用的第1~44日。有4例MRI检查提示近大脑镰异常信号、白质轻度脱髓鞘、侧脑室周围斑片状异常信号。结论 他克莫司浓度升高是其相关癫痫发作的主要原因,临床中应加强监测,并给予积极的对症治疗。

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褚燕琦,E-mail:
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王彦改,女,副主任药师,博士,主要从事临床药学的研究,E-mail:

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王彦改,女,副主任药师,博士,主要从事临床药学的研究,E-mail:

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王彦改,女,副主任药师,博士,主要从事临床药学的研究,E-mail:

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他克莫司相关癫痫的文献分析
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王彦改 , 白向荣 , 张青霞 , 褚燕琦 , 张兰
中国新药与临床杂志 | 药物警戒 2024,43(9): 716-720
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 药物警戒 2024, 43(9): 716-720
他克莫司相关癫痫的文献分析
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王彦改 , 白向荣, 张青霞, 褚燕琦 , 张兰
作者信息
  • 首都医科大学宣武医院 药学部,北京 100053
  • 王彦改,女,副主任药师,博士,主要从事临床药学的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

褚燕琦,E-mail:
Literature analysis of tacrolimus-related epilepsy
Yan-gai WANG , Xiang-rong BAI, Qing-xia ZHANG, Yan-qi CHU , Lan ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, BEIJING 100053, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.15
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目的 探讨使用他克莫司相关癫痫的临床特征,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法 检索国内外相关数据库(均截至2023年6月),收集他克莫司相关癫痫的病例报告类文献。记录患者的一般情况、他克莫司应用情况(适应证、剂量、用药途径、血药浓度、联合用药方案等)以及癫痫发生时间、临床表现、影像学特征、干预措施及转归等信息,进行描述性统计分析。结果 纳入分析的患者共11例,男性6例,女性5例;年龄2岁11个月~63岁,中位年龄44岁。适应证方面,造血干细胞移植2例,肾移植3例,肝脏移植4例,肾病综合征1例,原发性膜性肾病1例。9例行他克莫司血药浓度检测的患者中3例血药浓度超过治疗窗范围上限。癫痫主要出现在他克莫司使用的第1~44日。有4例MRI检查提示近大脑镰异常信号、白质轻度脱髓鞘、侧脑室周围斑片状异常信号。结论 他克莫司浓度升高是其相关癫痫发作的主要原因,临床中应加强监测,并给予积极的对症治疗。

他克莫司  /  癫痫  /  病例报告  /  抗癫痫药

AIM To investigate the clinical features of tacrolimus-related epilepsy, and provide reference for clinical rational antiepileptic drug use. METHODS Related domestic and foreign databases (both up to June 2023) were searched, and case-report literature on tacrolimus-related epilepsy were collected. Clinical information was extracted and analyzed by descriptive statistical method, including patient’s basic characteristics, tacrolimus application (such as indications, dose, route of administration, and blood concentration), and the occurrence time, clinical manifestation, imaging characteristics, intervention measures, and outcomes of epilepsy. RESULTS A total of 11 patients were enrolled in the study, including 6 males and 5 females, aged from 2 years 11 months to 63 years, with a median age of 44 years. In terms of indications, there were 2 cases of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 3 cases of kidney transplantation, 4 cases of liver transplantation,1 case of nephrotic syndrome, and 1 case of primary membranous nephropathy. Nine patients underwent tacrolimus plasma concentrations testing, and 3 of them exceed the upper limit of the treatment window when seizure occurred. Epilepsy mainly appeared in d1 to d44 of tacrolimus use. MRI examination in 4 patients showed abnormal signal shadows near the sickle, mild demyelinating of white matter, and patchy abnormal signals around the lateral ventricles. CONCLUSION Tacrolimus-related epilepsy are primarily caused by increased blood concentrations of tacrolimus. It is essential to strengthen the monitoring in clinical application of tacrolimus and provide active symptomatic treatment.

tacrolimus  /  epilepsy  /  case reports  /  antiepileptic agents
王彦改, 白向荣, 张青霞, 褚燕琦, 张兰. 他克莫司相关癫痫的文献分析. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (9) : 716 -720 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.15
Yan-gai WANG, Xiang-rong BAI, Qing-xia ZHANG, Yan-qi CHU, Lan ZHANG. Literature analysis of tacrolimus-related epilepsy[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (9) : 716 -720 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.15
他克莫司通过抑制钙调磷酸酶而发挥免疫抑制作用,近年来已经越来越多地用于器官移植受者,如肝移植、肾移植、造血干细胞移植等[1,2]。此外,也用于一些自身免疫疾病的治疗,如膜性肾病、重症肌无力等[3]。使用他克莫司治疗的器官移植者可能发生神经毒性,已有报道其发病率为5%~30%[4-6]。他克莫司相关的神经毒性最常见的症状包括肢体震颤、轻/中度肌痛、眼肌痉挛、头痛、感觉障碍、视觉异常,也有严重的神经系统症状的报道,包括癫痫发作、昏迷、构音障碍和脑病[7-9]。研究[10,11]发现与钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(calcineurin inhibitors, CNI)相关的癫痫发作通常是全身性癫痫发作,尤其是全面性强直-阵挛发作(generalized tonic-clonic seizure, GTCS),并且在发病前总是存在精神和行为异常。他克莫司相关癫痫发作的发生率为5%~11%[7,12,13]。癫痫是可逆性后部脑病综合征(posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, PRES)相关的临床表现之一[10],既往他克莫司相关癫痫的报道未区分癫痫是由于PRES还是单纯的癫痫发作。他克莫司相关PRES已有文献报道[14],而单纯的癫痫发作报道较少。为了解该不良反应的临床特征,本研究收集他克莫司相关癫痫的病例报告类文献进行总结分析。
以“他克莫司”或“普乐可复”和“癫痫”为中文检索词,同时以“tacrolimus”或“FK506”和“epilepsy”或“seizure”为英文检索词,检索中国生物医学文献数据库(SinoMed)、中国知网(CNKI)、万方医学数据库、PubMed、web of science数据库(所有数据库检索均截至2023年6月),收集他克莫司相关癫痫的病例报告类文献。病例纳入标准:(1)癫痫发生在使用他克莫司后,文章作者认为癫痫的发生与他克莫司相关;(2)临床资料相对完整;(3)语种限定为中文和英文。排除标准:(1)非病例报告类文献和重复发表的文献;(2)癫痫发作是他克莫司相关脑部疾病如PRES等的表现之一的病例;(3)不能判定癫痫的发生与他克莫司相关;(4)临床资料不完整,难以进行临床特点分析;(5)会议摘要。
(1)采用回顾性研究方法:由两位研究者独立按照病例纳入与排除标准进行文献筛选,详细阅读入选文献,提取文献中信息,对文献中数据的评价遇到分歧时与通讯作者讨论解决。(2)统计分析:采用自行设计的Excel数据表提取文献中的相关数据,提取的数据包括文献第一作者,患者一般情况(性别、年龄),他克莫司应用情况(适应证、用药途径、剂量、发作时血药浓度、联合用药方案等),以及癫痫的发生时间、临床表现、影像学特征、干预措施及转归等。数据提取后进行交叉核对。对获得的临床数据进行描述性统计分析。(3)药品不良反应关联性评价:分别根据国家药品不良反应监测中心制定的关联性评价标准[15]和诺氏(Naranjo’s)评估量表[16]评估他克莫司与发生癫痫的关联性。诺氏评估量表总分≥9分为“肯定有关”,总分5~8分为“很可能有关”,总分1~4分为“可能有关”,总分≤0分为“可疑”。
共收集到符合纳入标准的他克莫司相关癫痫病例报告类文献10篇[17-26],涉及11例患者,男性6例(54%),女性5例(46%);年龄2岁11个月~ 63岁,中位年龄44岁,<18岁者3例(27%),>18岁8例(73%)。适应证方面,造血干细胞移植2例(18%),肾移植3例(27%),肝脏移植4例(36%),肾病综合征1例(9%),原发性膜性肾病1例(9%)。
他克莫司服用方式,8例口服,1例鼻饲,2例静脉给药。所有患者均有剂量描述(0.5~6 mg·d-1),5例患者有联合用药方案描述,主要为联用激素、霉酚酸类、抗真菌药等。9例报告了他克莫司浓度(1.9~128.8 ng·mL-1),中位浓度为9.6 ng·mL-1,其中3例超过有效浓度范围,6例在有效浓度范围。
他克莫司相关癫痫主要出现在该药使用的第1日(数小时)至第44日,其中1例患者入院后使用他克莫司注射液治疗,在使用的数小时后即出现癫痫发作。癫痫发作次数最多为8次,最少1次。癫痫的主要表现为意识不清或意识模糊、反应迟钝、双眼凝视、两眼上翻、口吐白沫、口角歪斜、口唇紫绀、牙关紧闭、四肢抽搐、角弓反张,还有的患者伴有肌力或肌张力的降低。1例诊断为全面性癫痫发作、1例诊断报告为小发作、1例症状性癫痫,其余8例只进行了发作症状的描述,未明确癫痫发作的具体类型。
11例患者均进行了头部影像学检查记录,7例行头颅计算机断层扫描(CT)检查,6例患者头颅CT显示未见明显异常,1例头颅CT显示后部水肿改变,表现为脑沟消失。2例行磁共振成像(MRI)检查,1例颅脑MRI提示右脑额叶大脑镰旁皮下白质区异常信号,1例颅脑MRI显示白质轻度脱髓鞘。2例行CT+MRI检查,1例头颅CT检查未见明显颅内出血,无低密度灶,无占位性病变,头颅MRI提示左侧后枕叶、右侧顶叶近大脑镰异常信号影,1例头颅CT显示轻度脑白质变性,MRI显示两侧侧脑室周围可见斑片状异常信号。
5例考虑癫痫发作与他克莫司浓度升高相关,其中1例患者服用他克莫司39 d,合用氟康唑10 d后出现,考虑癫痫发作可能与氟康唑抑制他克莫司代谢,导致他克莫司血药浓度升高有关;还有1例患者合用伏立康唑,使他克莫司浓度高达128.8 ng·mL-1。4例认为癫痫发作是由于他克莫司本身的毒性导致,与其浓度无关。其余2例未分析癫痫发作的原因。
针对癫痫发作,5例给予地西泮肌内注射(肌注)或静脉注射(静注),1例给予苯巴比妥肌注和咪达唑仑静注,1例给予咪达唑仑静脉滴注,2例给予地西泮静注和苯巴比妥肌注,1例给予左乙拉西坦口服,1例给予氟哌啶醇肌注。除1例未对他克莫司剂量进行调整外,其余10例均进行停用或减量。后随访患者癫痫均未再发作。
11例患者中,有3例经国家药品不良反应监测中心制定的关联性评价标准判断其不良反应与可疑药品的关联性为很可能;有2例经Naranjo’s评价标准评分为6分,为很可能相关;其余病例未评价不良反应的关联性。本研究根据病例中描述,按照国家药品不良反应监测中心制定的关联性评价标准进行关联性评价,其中很可能相关3例,可能相关8例;按照Naranjo’s评分评价,其中4分1例,5分6例,6分4例。
本研究通过文献病例分析发现,他克莫司相关的癫痫可发生在任何年龄,儿童及成人均可发生,且没有明显性别差异,与他克莫司体内浓度水平的关系尚不明确。
目前研究尚未证明他克莫司体内药物水平与神经毒性发展之间存在明确关系。许多患者临床症状与他克莫司的血浆浓度过高有关,且减少他克莫司剂量或停药通常会导致症状消退[27]。XIE等[28]通过回顾性病例分析发现高他克莫司谷浓度水平是导致儿童肝移植术后早期癫痫发作的主要因素。SEVMIS等[10]进行了一项回顾性研究,发现在肝移植后使用他克莫司的130例患者中,有12例经历了术后癫痫发作,所有这些都被描述为全身性癫痫发作,且他克莫司的血药浓度在治疗范围内,并且在更换免疫抑制剂后癫痫发作停止。有研究[29]表明他克莫司能够破坏血脑屏障,这可能是其导致神经系统损伤的原因。
剂型方面,指南推荐他克莫司口服给药,无法口服或胃肠外给药时才考虑静脉用药。本研究在他克莫司相关癫痫病例中共有2例患者使用静脉制剂,该2例患者的他克莫司治疗浓度均超过了有效治疗浓度范围,这可能与他克莫司胶囊的生物利用度为20%~25%,而注射液的生物利用度100%有关。临床上对于口服使用他克莫司转换为注射的患者应该注意剂量的调整,并更加关注患者的血药浓度及临床表现,若患者能够口服时,应及时改为口服治疗。
癫痫发作类型方面,有关文献[11,30]报道与CNI相关的癫痫发作通常是全身性癫痫发作,尤其是GTCS,发病前总是存在精神和行为异常。本研究中仅1例明确了发作类型为全身性发作,而其余几例主要是进行了发作时的症状描述,未对发作类型进行判断,而根据症状描述可能有8例符合全身性发作。
癫痫发作后可以通过给予地西泮、苯巴比妥、咪达唑仑等静注或肌注进行处理,长期抗癫痫治疗可以根据患者癫痫发作的类型选择与他克莫司相互作用较少的抗癫痫药物,如左乙拉西坦等[31]。避免使用通过肝药酶代谢的苯巴比妥或卡马西平等抗癫痫药物,因为它们可能会降低免疫抑制剂的血药浓度和疗效。McDIARMID等[32]通过一项前瞻性随机临床试验发现,与环孢素A组相比,他克莫司组的轻微神经系统并发症(如失眠或震颤)的发生率更高,且严重的神经系统并发症如昏迷和癫痫,主要发生在他克莫司组。因此,对于他克莫司相关的癫痫发作,可以减少他克莫司剂量,与其他免疫抑制药物联合使用,或改为其他免疫抑制药物如环孢素A[10]
尽管本研究文献分析结果显示他克莫司相关癫痫患者的预后良好,但若癫痫诱因未及时发现,也可导致患者神经功能缺损。因此,在临床工作中应熟悉和了解他克莫司相关癫痫的特征,尽早作出判断,及时调整免疫抑制剂,并给予积极的对症支持治疗。
  • 北京市科学技术委员会“老年人多重用药管理模式的建立与临床应用研究”专项课题(D181021802)
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2024年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.15
  • 接收时间:2023-08-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-15
  • 录用日期:2024-04-09
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北京市科学技术委员会“老年人多重用药管理模式的建立与临床应用研究”专项课题(D181021802)
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    首都医科大学宣武医院 药学部,北京 100053

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褚燕琦,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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