Article(id=1239238833456337310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.03, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685289600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1711296000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-25, onlineDate=1773387161840, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773387161840, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773387161840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773387161840, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239238829719220640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='561', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773387160949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773387216554, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239239063014789867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239239063014789868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=574, endPage=581, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239238834685268401, articleId=1239238833456337310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Progress in research and application of local anti-glaucoma drugs, columnId=1207314219599499390, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, primarily involves pathological elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP), which is its main risk factor, so the clinical goal in treating glaucoma is to reduce IOP to individual target levels. Currently, the classical local anti-glaucoma drugs include five categories: prostaglandin analogues(PGAs), β-adrenergic receptor blockers, α2- adrenergic receptor agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and cholinergic receptor agonists. These drugs mainly work by reducing aqueous humor production, increasing aqueous outflow through the trabecular pathway and the uveal scleral pathway, and contracting the pupil sphincter to open the chamber angle. Among these, PGAs have become the preferred choice for controlling IOP in primary open-angle glaucoma patients due to their efficacy and safety. In recent years, the introduction of novel glaucoma medications, including Rho kinase inhibitors and nitric oxide-donating anti-glaucoma drugs, along with the development of related drug-releasing formulations (intraocular and extraocular drug delivery systems), offers new options for glaucoma treatment.

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青光眼是导致全球不可逆性致盲性眼病的主要原因之一,病理性眼压升高是青光眼的主要危险因素,故其临床治疗宗旨是降低眼压至个体目标眼压水平。目前临床经典的局部抗青光眼药物主要有前列腺素类似物、肾上腺素β受体阻滞药、肾上腺素α2受体激动剂、碳酸酐酶抑制剂和胆碱能受体激动剂五类,作用机制包括减少房水产生,增加小梁网途径和经葡萄膜巩膜通路的房水外流,以及收缩瞳孔括约肌开放房角等。其中,前列腺素类似物因疗效和安全性较好,目前已成为临床上开角型青光眼患者控制眼压的首选药物。近年来,新型抗青光眼药物(包括Rho激酶抑制剂和一氧化氮供体抗青光眼药物等)的上市,以及相关药物缓释制剂(眼内及眼外药物递送系统)的研发,为青光眼的治疗提供了新的药物选择。

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葛 玲
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穆婉,女,药师,博士,主要从事临床药学的研究,E-mail:

葛玲,女,主任医师,博士,主要从事青光眼的研究,E-mail:

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葛玲,女,主任医师,博士,主要从事青光眼的研究,E-mail:

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局部抗青光眼药物的研究及应用进展
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穆婉 a , 丁英卓 a , 席宇飞 a , 贲申煜 b , 陈彬 b , 葛玲 b
中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024,43(8): 574-581
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024, 43(8): 574-581
局部抗青光眼药物的研究及应用进展
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穆婉a , 丁英卓a, 席宇飞a, 贲申煜b, 陈彬b, 葛玲b
作者信息
  • a.上海市眼病防治中心/同济大学附属眼科医院药剂科,上海 200331
  • b.上海市眼病防治中心/同济大学附属眼科医院眼科,上海 200331
  • 穆婉,女,药师,博士,主要从事临床药学的研究,E-mail:

    葛玲,女,主任医师,博士,主要从事青光眼的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

葛 玲
Progress in research and application of local anti-glaucoma drugs
Wan MUa , Ying-zhuo DINGa, Yu-fei XIa, Shen-yu BENb, Bin CHENb, Ling GEb
Affiliations
  • a.Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, SHANGHAI 200331, China
  • b.Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, SHANGHAI 200331, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.03
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青光眼是导致全球不可逆性致盲性眼病的主要原因之一,病理性眼压升高是青光眼的主要危险因素,故其临床治疗宗旨是降低眼压至个体目标眼压水平。目前临床经典的局部抗青光眼药物主要有前列腺素类似物、肾上腺素β受体阻滞药、肾上腺素α2受体激动剂、碳酸酐酶抑制剂和胆碱能受体激动剂五类,作用机制包括减少房水产生,增加小梁网途径和经葡萄膜巩膜通路的房水外流,以及收缩瞳孔括约肌开放房角等。其中,前列腺素类似物因疗效和安全性较好,目前已成为临床上开角型青光眼患者控制眼压的首选药物。近年来,新型抗青光眼药物(包括Rho激酶抑制剂和一氧化氮供体抗青光眼药物等)的上市,以及相关药物缓释制剂(眼内及眼外药物递送系统)的研发,为青光眼的治疗提供了新的药物选择。

青光眼  /  眼压  /  前列腺素类似物  /  Rho激酶抑制剂  /  一氧化氮供体  /  缓释凝胶

Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, primarily involves pathological elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP), which is its main risk factor, so the clinical goal in treating glaucoma is to reduce IOP to individual target levels. Currently, the classical local anti-glaucoma drugs include five categories: prostaglandin analogues(PGAs), β-adrenergic receptor blockers, α2- adrenergic receptor agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and cholinergic receptor agonists. These drugs mainly work by reducing aqueous humor production, increasing aqueous outflow through the trabecular pathway and the uveal scleral pathway, and contracting the pupil sphincter to open the chamber angle. Among these, PGAs have become the preferred choice for controlling IOP in primary open-angle glaucoma patients due to their efficacy and safety. In recent years, the introduction of novel glaucoma medications, including Rho kinase inhibitors and nitric oxide-donating anti-glaucoma drugs, along with the development of related drug-releasing formulations (intraocular and extraocular drug delivery systems), offers new options for glaucoma treatment.

glaucoma  /  intraocular pressure  /  prostaglandin analogues  /  Rho kinase inhibitors  /  nitric oxide donors  /  sustained release gel
穆婉, 丁英卓, 席宇飞, 贲申煜, 陈彬, 葛玲. 局部抗青光眼药物的研究及应用进展. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (8) : 574 -581 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.03
Wan MU, Ying-zhuo DING, Yu-fei XI, Shen-yu BEN, Bin CHEN, Ling GE. Progress in research and application of local anti-glaucoma drugs[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (8) : 574 -581 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.03
青光眼(glaucoma)是一组以特征性视神经萎缩和视野缺损为共同特征的疾病,是不可逆性失明的最常见原因1。一项有关青光眼全球流行率的调查统计和预测分析显示,2020年全球40~80岁人群中青光眼患者数估计为7 600万,预计到2040年这一数字将增至1.118亿2。据推算,截至2020年,我国青光眼患者达2 100万,约占世界青光眼患者的1/4,因青光眼致盲者接近600万3。根据病因机制(明确或不明确)和发病年龄,青光眼可分为原发性青光眼、继发性青光眼和先天性青光眼。原发性青光眼是指病因不明确或根据目前检查方法无法查明病因的青光眼。根据前房角形态,原发性青光眼又可分为原发性开角型青光眼(primary open-angle glaucoma,POAG)和原发性闭角型青光眼(primary angle-closure glaucoma,PACG)两大类4。其中,POAG最为常见,约占所有青光眼患者的50%以上,并且POAG在黑人人群中更为普遍,而PACG在东亚和中国人群中更为普遍2。青光眼的发病机制尚不明确,现有研究认为,各种因素导致的病理性眼压升高是导致青光眼进行性视神经萎缩和视野缺损的主要原因5,6。大量临床研究显示,降低眼压是治疗和预防该疾病视神经损伤及视野缺损进展的唯一有效方法7-9。临床上,降低眼压的主要手段有药物、激光和手术,须根据青光眼的分类来确定患者最佳的个体化治疗方案10。对于POAG的临床治疗原则是首选单一降眼压药物治疗。而对于PACG患者,急性发作期首先需用药物治疗来迅速降低眼压,再通过激光或手术治疗来解除眼部前房角关闭状态,但仍有相当一部分PACG患者术后需用药物来控制眼压。抗青光眼药物的选择需综合考虑患者的目标眼压、自身特点和依从性,以及药物的降眼压效果、安全性和成本等因素,以期用最少的药物和最小的副作用达到目标眼压11。为帮助临床优化青光眼个体化药物治疗方案,笔者根据国内外最新文献资料,就局部抗青光眼药物的药理学特性、临床治疗的安全性和有效性等进行了总结。
在青光眼的药物治疗中,经典的局部抗青光眼药物主要包括五类——前列腺素类似物(prostaglandin analogues,PGAs)、肾上腺素β受体阻滞药、肾上腺素α2受体激动剂、碳酸酐酶抑制剂(carbonic anhydrase inhibitors,CAIs)和胆碱能受体激动剂。这些药物主要通过减少房水的产生、降低小梁网房水流出阻力以增加小梁网途径的房水外流、增加经葡萄膜巩膜通路的房水流量以及收缩瞳孔括约肌开放房角等机制来降低眼压12
PGAs于1990年代中期被应用于青光眼的治疗,代表药物有拉坦前列素、他氟前列素、曲伏前列素,以及合成的前列腺酰胺类似物贝美前列素等。该类药物主要通过增加经葡萄膜巩膜途径的房水外流来降低眼压13。近年来,也有学者发现此类药物还可通过扩张Schlemm管来降低眼压14,15
PGAs类药物主要用于治疗POAG和高眼压症。2020年欧洲青光眼学会指南推荐PGAs可作为治疗POAG的首选单一用药以及PACG扩大前房角处理后的最有效的、首选的降眼压药物12。与其他抗青光眼药物相比,PGAs的降眼压效果最好8,每日用药次数少(每日仅需1次),全身不良反应最少(主要局部不良反应为结膜充血、睫毛变长变黑、眼眶脂肪减少、眼睑皮肤以及虹膜色素沉着等),患者具有良好的依从性和耐受性10。PGAs类药物第1次给药后约2~4 h后眼压开始下降,大约8~12 h内出现峰值效应,与其他类别的抗青光眼药物相比,PGAs类药物可降低短期的眼压波动性。不同PGAs的临床疗效差异不显著;与大多数其他类降眼压药物联合使用时,PGAs可起到协同降低眼压的效果12。目前,PGAs在18岁以下儿童青光眼患者中的应用尚未完全确定。其中,拉坦前列素是在儿童患者中研究最多的一种PGAs,相较于其他儿童青光眼用药(CAIs、β受体阻滞药),拉坦前列素被证明对于治疗儿童青光眼具有良好的有效性和安全性,已被欧洲药品管理局批准用于儿童青光眼患者12,但其在美国和中国尚未获批用于儿童16
β受体阻滞药早在20世纪70年代就应用于青光眼的临床治疗,可分为非选择性β1和β2受体阻滞药(噻吗洛尔、卡替洛尔等)和选择性β2受体阻滞药(倍他洛尔等)。该类药物主要通过阻断眼部睫状上皮细胞的β受体,抑制睫状突产生房水来降低眼压17。此类药物治疗青光眼的临床应用已较为广泛,与其他药物相比,其降压效果明显、平稳,而且持续时间较长,但夜间降眼压效果不如白天18。此类药物的局部不良反应相对较少,主要包括结膜充血、浅层点状角膜炎、干眼症、过敏性结膜炎等;但该药在局部用药后可通过鼻泪管致全身吸收,由于不存在肝脏首关代谢,其血清浓度可与口服给药时相当,从而导致全身不良反应的发生,如心动过缓、低血压以及支气管收缩引起的呼吸功能障碍等19。与选择性β2受体阻滞药相比,非选择性β受体阻滞药的降眼压效果更好,但也更容易引起全身不良反应9,20。因此,β受体阻滞药应禁用于有哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺疾病史,以及窦性心动过缓、心脏传导阻滞或心力衰竭等患者。为了减少局部眼用制剂全身不良反应的发生,建议患者点药后应闭合眼睑并按压泪囊区,以减少全身吸收。
α2受体激动剂代表药物包括溴莫尼定和阿可乐定(apraclonidine),此类药物主要通过减少睫状体生成房水和增加葡萄膜巩膜通路的房水外流来降低眼压21。溴莫尼定属于第三代α2受体激动剂,为临床常用药物22,23,不仅可用于联合给药,也可用于预防青光眼激光手术后引起的眼压升高24,25。研究表明,溴莫尼定对青光眼模型大鼠有潜在的视神经保护作用25,26,但目前仍没有足够的临床证据表明溴莫尼定对青光眼患者的视野恶化具有保护作用27。α2受体激动剂可能会引起眼部刺激、干眼、过敏反应(比较常见)等局部副作用,还可能发生全身不良反应,如嗜睡、心动过缓和全身性低血压等21。由于此类药物具有中枢神经系统抑制的风险,因此禁用于哺乳期妇女、新生儿、幼儿、老年人等特殊人群;此类药物也可使某些患者产生疲劳或倦怠,还可使患者视力模糊或视力障碍,故使用溴莫尼定的患者,在从事危险作业或驾驶、操作机器时应注意安全21
CAIs可分为局部用CAIs(布林佐胺)和全身用CAIs(醋甲唑胺等)。此类药物主要通过减少睫状体组织中上皮细胞内碳酸氢根离子的生成来减少房水生成,从而降低眼压。CAIs是一种磺胺类药物,口服易发生磺胺类药物普遍具有的全身不良反应,一般不推荐长期使用,但局部滴眼效果好,副作用少,临床应用广泛9。局部用CAIs可作为β受体阻滞药单药疗效差或禁用β受体阻滞药患者初始治疗时的替代用药,也可与β受体阻滞药联合使用,发挥协同降低眼压的作用28
胆碱能受体激动剂,又称拟副交感神经药,代表药物包括毛果芸香碱、卡巴胆碱等。 对于PACG,胆碱能受体激动药可以通过收缩瞳孔括约肌来缩小瞳孔,使堆积在房角处的虹膜变平拉开,然后开放前房角而降低眼压。对于POAG,胆碱能受体激动药可通过收缩睫状肌而使小梁网张开,促使房水外流通道开放,增加房水外流来降低眼压。毛果芸香碱是此类药物中使用最广泛的药物,是目前临床上PACG的首选用药,也可作为手术前、应急处理等的短期降压手段,但不单独作为长期降眼压用药10。动物实验表明,毛果芸香碱可能通过抑制神经元的细胞凋亡而发挥神经保护作用。然而,目前尚未有临床研究结果支持毛果芸香碱对青光眼患者的视神经保护作用29
对于单药治疗无法达到目标眼压的患者,或青光眼进展到晚期和(或)基线眼压非常高,或合并高危进展因素(如剥脱综合征、色素播散综合征、视盘出血、有青光眼家族史等)的患者,可选择联合不同作用机制的降眼压药物或者使用复方固定制剂。复方固定制剂与联合用药均会有协同降眼压的效果,且具有临床等效性30。但一般优先推荐选用复方固定制剂,其优势在于:(1)可减少用药剂量和数量,既能提高患者依从性又可避免两药同用间隔时间较短时第二种药物溢出结膜囊;(2)可减少局部用药次数,减少药物中的防腐剂等辅料成分在眼表的蓄积,提高患者用药安全性和耐受性;(3)可降低药物治疗费用,节约用药成本30。目前,大多数复方固定制剂都包含β受体阻滞药,如噻吗洛尔,主要原因是噻吗洛尔价格低廉,且有稳定的降眼压效果(是已知降压效果最强的β受体阻滞药),安全性和有效性明确,与其他降眼压药物联用可能会提高其他药物的局部耐受性31。最常用的复方制剂组合是噻吗洛尔+PGAs(曲伏前列素、拉坦前列素、贝美前列素),如曲伏噻吗、拉坦噻吗、贝美素噻吗洛尔;噻吗洛尔+CAIs(布林佐胺),如布林佐胺噻吗洛尔28。此外,其他组合还包括CAIs+α2受体激动剂,如布林佐胺溴莫尼定12
自90年代中期PGAs被批准用于治疗青光眼以来,在之后的20多年里,青光眼的治疗药物一直以五类经典的局部降眼压药物为主。2017年,Rho激酶抑制剂(Rho kinase inhibitors,RKIs)和一氧化氮(NO)供体抗青光眼药物这两类新型的抗青光眼药物成功被美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准上市,为青光眼的局部治疗提供了新的治疗思路和更灵活的联合用药方案19
RKIs是一类新型降眼压药物,可用于POAG和高眼压症的单药治疗和联合用药。目前,国外已批准用于青光眼治疗的RKIs有利舒地尔(ripasudil)和奈舒地尔(netarsudil)32。RKIs主要通过抑制小梁网细胞Rho激酶的下游通路,影响小梁网细胞骨架重排,最终导致小梁网和Schlemm管松弛,增加小梁网途径的房水外流,从而产生显著的降眼压效果33。临床前研究表明,RKIs还具有保护视网膜神经节细胞、增加眼部血流等药理作用。此外,RKIs还可以减轻或预防青光眼患者手术后结膜疤痕的形成32,33
利舒地尔(又称K-115)于2014年9月在日本获批用于治疗POAG和高眼压症,也是第一个获得上市许可的RKIs。Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期临床试验显示,对于POAG和高眼压症患者,利舒地尔降低眼压的最佳浓度为0.4%,最佳频次为每日2次,并且在滴眼后1~2 h内眼压降低值可达到最大34,35。Ⅲ期临床试验证实,每日2次0.4%利舒地尔单药治疗,可使青光眼患者的24 h眼压平均降低2.9 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),并且具有良好的耐受性,最常见的局部不良反应是轻度和一过性的结膜充血、睑缘炎、过敏性结膜炎等,其中结膜充血主要与RKIs引起的眼部血管扩张有关36。日本的利舒地尔上市后药物监测数据显示,纳入的3 058例青光眼和高眼压患者在使用利舒地尔治疗的2年时间内,药物不良反应的发生率为8.0%,最常见的不良反应为结膜和眼部充血(发生率4.0%)、过敏性结膜炎(发生率1.4%)以及过敏性睑缘炎(发生率0.8%)37。可见,利舒地尔作为一种新型的可直接作用于小梁网的降眼压药物具有良好的安全性和有效性。
奈舒地尔(又称AR-13324)是第二个批准用于治疗青光眼的Rho激酶/去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白抑制剂,由Aerie Pharmaceuticals研发并于2017年底在美国上市32。奈舒地尔不仅可作为RKIs来增加小梁网途径的房水外流,还能通过抑制去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白来降低巩膜上静脉压,从而发挥持续降眼压的作用38。一项Ⅲ期临床试验表明,给予基线眼压值>25 mmHg的青光眼患者每日1次0.02%奈舒地尔的降眼压效果不劣于每日1次0.5%噻吗洛尔,且使用奈舒地尔治疗的患者均未出现严重的不良反应,最常见的眼部不良反应是结膜充血,发生率为47.9% (168/351),严重程度均为轻度39。此外,在一项临床试验中,每日1次的0.02%奈舒地尔/0.005%拉坦前列素复方制剂平均降眼压疗效均优于奈舒地尔或拉坦前列素单药治疗,提示奈舒地尔可与其他不同降眼压机制的药物联用,以增强降眼压效果40,该复方制剂已于2019年3月被美国FDA批准用于青光眼和高眼压症的治疗。
NO供体抗青光眼药物是一类由一种常规抗青光眼药物和一个NO释放基团通过连接子以共价键的形式连接组成的新型药物41。其在眼部给药后,可在眼部代谢分解成NO分子和母体抗青光眼药物,两者可起到协同降眼压的作用。研究表明,NO是一种内源性气体信号分子,其降眼压的主要作用机制为:促进肌动蛋白细胞骨架重排松弛小梁网和Schlemm管,增加小梁网途径的房水外流;抑制睫状体细胞中的钠钾ATP酶,破坏睫状体细胞分泌房水所需的低细胞渗透压环境,从而显著减少房水的产生,降低眼压41。另外,临床前研究表明,此类药物可调节眼血流量,维持视神经乳头的基本供血;也可通过抑制视网膜神经节细胞的凋亡并促进其再生,进而保护视神经41,42。目前,国外已批准上市的NO供体抗青光眼药物有拉坦前列素布诺德(latanoprostene bunod)和尼普地洛(nipradilol)。
拉坦前列素布诺德(商品名Vyzulta)是Nicox SA公司研发的一种用于治疗POAG或高眼压症的一种NO供体PGAs,该产品于2017年获得美国FDA批准42。拉坦前列素布诺德的浓度为0.024%,滴眼后可迅速代谢为拉坦前列素酸和单硝酸丁二醇酯(NO供体部分)。该药具有双重药理机制:增加葡萄膜巩膜途径的房水流出(由拉坦前列素酸介导);增加小梁网-Schlemm管途径的房水流出并增加眼部血流量的灌注(由NO介导)43。临床研究显示,拉坦前列素布诺德最佳有效治疗浓度为0.024%,使用频次为每晚1次,其对青光眼和高眼压患者的临床降眼压疗效不劣于拉坦前列素或噻吗洛尔单药治疗,甚至可比拉坦前列素额外降低眼压1.23 mmHg44。在药物安全性方面,受试患者使用0.024%拉坦前列素布诺德治疗1年后的耐受性良好,眼局部不良反应的总体发生率与其他PGAs相当,最常见的不良反应是结膜充血、眼刺激、眼痛,以及不可逆性虹膜色素沉着增加、可逆性眶周组织(眼睑)色素沉着和睫毛生长44。拉坦前列素布诺德作为一种新型的抗青光眼药物,具有增加小梁网途径和葡萄膜巩膜途径房水外流的双重降眼压机制,并且临床试验证明其具有优越的降眼压功效和良好的安全性,预示其可能成为一种新型的治疗POAG和高眼压症的一线药物。
尼普地洛是1988年在日本上市的一种NO供体β受体阻滞药。该药同时具有非选择性β受体阻滞药、选择性α1受体阻滞药以及NO的供体这三方面特性,可通过增加葡萄膜巩膜房水外流、减少房水产生来降低眼压41。此外,临床前研究显示,尼普地洛具有潜在的视神经保护作用,主要是其释放的NO分子可诱导N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)型谷氨酸受体和人第10号染色体缺失的磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)的S-亚硝基化,从而抑制NMDA型谷氨酸受体介导的视网膜神经节细胞凋亡,促进PTEN介导的视网膜神经节轴突再生41。动物实验显示,0.25%尼普地洛每日1次给药对兔眼的降眼压效果显著优于0.5%噻吗洛尔每日2次给药。临床研究显示,0.25%尼普地洛每日2次,连续8周用药,可使高眼压患者的眼压平均降低约4 mmHg,并且不影响患者的血压和心率41,45
大多数抗青光眼药物是以滴眼液的形式给药,滴眼液剂型的药物在眼部停留及吸收时间较短,生物利用度较低,患者的依从性较差;且其药物浓度呈现波动性,可能导致眼压波动,甚至会增加视野恶化的风险46。抗青光眼药物缓释制剂是一种新兴的药物递送系统,这些制剂可通过控制药物在眼部的释放速率,延长药物作用时间,减少给药频次和总体药物用量,从而提高患者用药依从性,降低青光眼患者的眼压波动和全身副作用风险。目前,抗青光眼药物缓释制剂的药物递送系统包括眼内给药系统(如眼前房载药植入物等)和眼外给药系统(如结膜穹窿植入物、泪点塞、隐形眼镜和缓释凝胶等)47。近年来,抗青光眼药物缓释制剂的研发和市场化较为活跃,研究热度较高,然而大多数抗青光眼药物缓释制剂仍处在研发阶段,仅有少数产品获批上市。
眼内植入物通过微创手术将药物输送到眼内,可实现数月至数年持续的药物释放。与传统滴眼液相比,眼前房载药植入物可以最低的药物浓度和更少的副作用实现眼压降低。贝美前列素眼内植入物(bimatoprost intracameral implant, 商品名DurystaTM)是Allergan公司研发的一种用于治疗POAG或高眼压症的一种生物可降解的眼前房内载药植入物。该药于2020年被美国FDA批准上市,是首个获FDA批准的可生物降解的眼内植入物。贝美前列素眼内植入物由聚乳酸和聚己内酯制成,采用了创新的药物传输系统,能够将药物持续、均匀地输送到眼内,在前房内植入含10 μg的贝美前列素,即可达到持续4~6个月的降眼压效果48。该药的Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期临床试验中,POAG患者的一只眼内被植入不同剂量的贝美前列素眼内植入物,对侧眼睛每日1次局部使用0.03%的贝美前列素。随访第16周结果显示,植入6、10、15 和 20 μg贝美前列素眼内植入物的眼睛眼压分别较基线平均降低7.2、7.4、8.1 和 9.5 mmHg,而另一只眼睛的眼压平均降低8.4 mmHg49。此外,贝美前列素眼内植入物治疗6个月具有良好的安全性和耐受性,大多数患者使用后的不良反应较轻微,如结膜充血、眼睑瘙痒等,且均为一过性49。Ⅲ期临床试验(ARTEMIS)进一步评估了贝美前列素眼内植入物的安全性和有效性,在12周的随访期内,该药与噻吗洛尔滴眼液在降低眼压方面的疗效相似;使用贝美前列素眼内植入物的受试者眼压相较基线降低了30%,且超过80%的患者在使用贝美前列素眼内植入物治疗3次后,至少1年内不需要其他治疗来维持眼压,对于大多数患者耐受性良好50
结膜穹窿植入物是放置在结膜下穹窿部的无菌固体和半固体制剂。BRANDT等51研发了一种贝美前列素的眼结膜穹窿环,其在聚丙烯制成的环形结构上附着了硅胶基质用以延缓贝美前列素的释放。该植入物的Ⅱ期临床试验结果显示,6个月的随访期内,负载13 mg贝美前列素的眼结膜穹窿环可持续稳定释放药物,使患者的眼压平均降低3.2~6.4 mmHg,且超过97%的患者对该植入物耐受良好。另外一项b期临床试验对比了含有贝美前列素和噻吗洛尔组合的结膜穹窿植入物和其中任何一种药物单独给药超过10周的降眼压效果,结果显示,相比单药治疗,该结膜穹窿植入物具有更显著的降眼压效果52
泪点塞递送系统是一种插入泪小管的微小的生物相容性装置,可以阻塞泪小管,减少或阻止泪液的排出,从而起到保存泪液的作用。与传统滴眼液相比,泪点塞药物递送系统具有提高药物疗效和减少药物剂量的潜在优势。拉坦前列素泪点塞递送系统(latanoprost punctal plug delivery system,L-PPDS)是一种将抗青光眼药物拉坦前列素装入泪点塞装置中制成的抗青光眼缓释制剂。临床研究表明,将两个含有相同量(70.5 μg)的拉坦前列素泪点塞塞入泪小管,1个月后,眼压平均降低幅度可达5.7 mmHg 53。临床研究初步结果显示,受试者在接受L-PPDS的6周随访期内耐受良好,最常见的不良反应包括异物感、眼痒(常见于初始泪点塞磨损)、结膜充血等54
早在1960年,WICHTERLE等55就指出,角膜接触镜(软性隐形眼镜)除了主要用于视力矫正外,还可用于眼部给药,即递送亲水性药物。角膜接触镜药物递送系统可将药物负载于角膜接触镜的表面或内部,药物可以从高度水合的接触镜聚合物网络中通过被动扩散的形式快速洗脱,从而使得药物持续释放并延长药物停留时间,较普通滴眼液具有更高的生物利用度56。用于青光眼治疗的角膜接触镜药物递送系统的制备方法包括浸泡法、维生素E负载法、酶触发释放法、隐形眼镜薄膜浸渍法等,其中浸泡法的应用较为广泛,如缓释递送噻吗洛尔57,58。LI等59研究了高水含量的聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯角膜接触镜与噻吗洛尔组成的药物递送系统的药物释放性能,结果表明,至少有20%的噻吗洛尔进入了角膜。以负载噻吗洛尔的硅酮水凝胶制备的角膜接触镜药物递送系统的动物实验表明,角膜接触镜实现相似眼压降幅仅需负载普通滴眼液1/3药量,表明该系统具有更高的药物生物利用度60
缓释凝胶基于黏弹性聚合物材料制成,药物在滴入眼睛时呈液体状态,但一旦与泪液接触,或触发某些物理化学信号(例如pH、温度或离子强度的变化),就会迅速变成薄的黏弹性凝胶,从而延长药物作用时间,提高药物的生物利用度,实现药物持续释放61,62。该药物递送系统使用方便,用药剂量准确,制造工艺简单,可以最大限度地减少药物副作用,减少给药频次,大大提高了患者的依从性63。目前已上市的几种用于局部抗青光眼的缓释凝胶制剂有默克公司的Timoptic-XE®(在结冷胶中添加噻吗洛尔)、爱尔康公司的Pilopine HS®(在卡波姆中添加毛果芸香碱)等64
药物治疗在青光眼的临床治疗中具有重要地位,五类经典的局部降眼压药物的疗效与安全性已得到证实,是目前临床青光眼主要的药物治疗选择。其中,PGAs具有良好的降眼压效果、长期的降眼压活性和最小的全身药物不良反应,是治疗POAG的首选药物12。β受体阻滞药也可被视为一线药物,但其禁用于有呼吸系统疾病(如哮喘)和心脏问题(如心脏传导阻滞)的患者。其他药物如α2受体激动剂和CAIs常作为单药治疗效果不佳的辅助治疗,而胆碱能受体激动剂毛果芸香碱可作为PACG、术前应急处理等短期降压手段,但不单独用于长期治疗。近年来,两类新型的抗青光眼药物RKIs和NO供体抗青光眼药物成功批准入市,虽未广泛使用,但其疗效不亚于经典的局部降眼压药物,并且耐受性更好,副作用更少,可为青光眼的临床治疗提供更多选择。创新缓释药物递送系统(眼外和眼内递送系统)的应用,使得抗青光眼药物在眼部长期缓慢释放,从而提高了药物的生物利用度,降低了不良反应,提高了患者的用药依从性,但这些创新药物递送系统还需要经过大规模试验确定其有效性和安全性。临床医生和药师应综合考虑患者目标眼压的需要、全身疾病特点和依从性,以及药物的降眼压效果、安全性和成本等因素,选择用最少的药物达到目标眼压,以最大限度地减少药物副作用,改善患者的生活质量。
  • 上海市眼病防治中心基础研究项目(2021JC006)
  • 上海市眼病防治中心临床研究项目(22LC01007)
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2024年第43卷第8期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.03
  • 接收时间:2023-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-29
  • 录用日期:2024-03-25
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上海市眼病防治中心基础研究项目(2021JC006)
上海市眼病防治中心临床研究项目(22LC01007)
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    a.上海市眼病防治中心/同济大学附属眼科医院药剂科,上海 200331
    b.上海市眼病防治中心/同济大学附属眼科医院眼科,上海 200331

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葛 玲
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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