Article(id=1239268422463312763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239268417962832543, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1719504000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-28, onlineDate=1773394216409, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773394216409, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773394216409, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773394216409, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239268417962832543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='481', pageEnd='560', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773394215336, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773394445099, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239269381725810851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239268417962832543, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239269381725810852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239268417962832543, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=518, endPage=522, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239268422719165321, articleId=1239268422463312763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Analysis of “dual channel” drug usage and recommendations for optimizing management in Shanghai, columnId=1207314215644270693, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
AIM

To analyze the usage of “dual channel” drugs in designated pharmacies and medical institutions, and to provide a basis for better implementation of the national negotiation drug “dual channel” management mechanism.

METHODS

The relevant policies of the “dual channel” management mechanism for Shanghai medical insurance were reviewed. The growth rate and coverage of “dual channel” drug costs, the proportion of different types of drug costs, and the ranking of drug costs within the Shanghai medical security intelligent supervision system from January 2022 to December 2023 were analyzed.

RESULTS

The cost of medication costs have increased significantly with the expansion of the scope of “dual channel” management drugs. Antitumor drugs account for the highest cost proportion among all “dual channel” drugs. There were some problems in the implementation of the policy, such as difficulties in prescription circulation, security vulnerabilities in medical insurance funds caused by paper prescriptions.

CONCLUSION

Since the implementation of the“dual channel” management mechanism, the supply guarantee level of the national negotiation drug has been effectively improved through two different channels of designated pharmacies and medical institutions. To further demonstrate policy effects, it is recommended to strengthen the allocation of “dual channel” drugs, increase the service layout of designated pharmacies and strengthen the supervision of drug usage.

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目的

分析定点药店和医疗机构内“双通道”药品的用药情况,为更好地执行国家谈判药品“双通道”管理机制提供依据。

方法

梳理上海医保“双通道”管理机制相关政策,分析2022年1月至2023年12月上海市医疗保障智能监管系统中“双通道”药品费用增长率、覆盖率和不同类别药品的费用占比及药品费用排名等。

结果

随着纳入“双通道”管理的药品范围扩大,用药费用增长明显;抗肿瘤药在所有“双通道”药品中费用占比最高。政策执行过程中出现了处方流转困难、纸质处方带来医保基金安全漏洞等问题。

结论

“双通道”管理制度执行以来,通过医疗机构和定点药店两个不同渠道,有效提升了国家谈判药品供应保障水平。为进一步显现政策效应,建议加强“双通道”药品配备、加大定点药店服务布局、加强药品使用安全监管。

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龚波,E-mail:
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黄海强,女,中级,博士,主要从事医疗保障研究,E-mail:

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时间定点零售药店定点医疗机构
药店/家品种数量覆盖率/%费用增长率/%机构/家品种数量覆盖率/%费用增长率/%
2022年第1季度41313.54/4028992.71/
2022年第2季度999.38/4308790.63/
2022年第3季度324445.83/4868891.67/
2022年第4季度484344.79124.014778689.58-48.44
2023年第1季度5615941.51141.0274032985.90370.65
2023年第2季度6116543.0881.2078635893.47146.94
2023年第3季度6516442.82-6.5578736795.824.90
2023年第4季度6716342.565.3581136294.526.92
), ArticleFig(id=1239268426590507085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268422463312763, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

“双通道”管理药品医保结算情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间定点零售药店定点医疗机构
药店/家品种数量覆盖率/%费用增长率/%机构/家品种数量覆盖率/%费用增长率/%
2022年第1季度41313.54/4028992.71/
2022年第2季度999.38/4308790.63/
2022年第3季度324445.83/4868891.67/
2022年第4季度484344.79124.014778689.58-48.44
2023年第1季度5615941.51141.0274032985.90370.65
2023年第2季度6116543.0881.2078635893.47146.94
2023年第3季度6516442.82-6.5578736795.824.90
2023年第4季度6716342.565.3581136294.526.92
), ArticleFig(id=1239268426686976080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268422463312763, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药品类别目录品种数量定点零售药店定点医疗机构
品种数量覆盖率/%费用占比/%品种数量覆盖率/%费用占比/%
抗肿瘤药796987.3429.567898.7330.07
免疫抑制剂221881.8226.4422100.007.08
其他381539.4726.013592.119.44
血液和造血器官药231565.228.0423100.006.52
抗感染药491734.693.374489.805.28
呼吸系统药物15533.332.2915100.002.04
中成药652843.081.575787.699.33
消化道和代谢方面的药物381847.370.993797.3716.02
心血管系统药物221568.180.9422100.007.48
神经系统药物321031.250.8032100.006.73
), ArticleFig(id=1239268426787639383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268422463312763, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类别药品的医保结算情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药品类别目录品种数量定点零售药店定点医疗机构
品种数量覆盖率/%费用占比/%品种数量覆盖率/%费用占比/%
抗肿瘤药796987.3429.567898.7330.07
免疫抑制剂221881.8226.4422100.007.08
其他381539.4726.013592.119.44
血液和造血器官药231565.228.0423100.006.52
抗感染药491734.693.374489.805.28
呼吸系统药物15533.332.2915100.002.04
中成药652843.081.575787.699.33
消化道和代谢方面的药物381847.370.993797.3716.02
心血管系统药物221568.180.9422100.007.48
神经系统药物321031.250.8032100.006.73
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上海市“双通道”药品用药分析及优化管理建议
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黄海强 , 龚波 , 安大玖
中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024,43(7): 518-522
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024, 43(7): 518-522
上海市“双通道”药品用药分析及优化管理建议
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黄海强 , 龚波 , 安大玖
作者信息
  • 上海市医疗保障局,上海 200040
  • 黄海强,女,中级,博士,主要从事医疗保障研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

龚波,E-mail:
Analysis of “dual channel” drug usage and recommendations for optimizing management in Shanghai
Hai-qiang HUANG , Bo GONG , Da-jiu AN
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Medical Security Bureau, SHANGHAI 200040, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.07
文章导航
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目的

分析定点药店和医疗机构内“双通道”药品的用药情况,为更好地执行国家谈判药品“双通道”管理机制提供依据。

方法

梳理上海医保“双通道”管理机制相关政策,分析2022年1月至2023年12月上海市医疗保障智能监管系统中“双通道”药品费用增长率、覆盖率和不同类别药品的费用占比及药品费用排名等。

结果

随着纳入“双通道”管理的药品范围扩大,用药费用增长明显;抗肿瘤药在所有“双通道”药品中费用占比最高。政策执行过程中出现了处方流转困难、纸质处方带来医保基金安全漏洞等问题。

结论

“双通道”管理制度执行以来,通过医疗机构和定点药店两个不同渠道,有效提升了国家谈判药品供应保障水平。为进一步显现政策效应,建议加强“双通道”药品配备、加大定点药店服务布局、加强药品使用安全监管。

双通道  /  国家谈判药品  /  全民医疗保险  /  医保基金监管
AIM

To analyze the usage of “dual channel” drugs in designated pharmacies and medical institutions, and to provide a basis for better implementation of the national negotiation drug “dual channel” management mechanism.

METHODS

The relevant policies of the “dual channel” management mechanism for Shanghai medical insurance were reviewed. The growth rate and coverage of “dual channel” drug costs, the proportion of different types of drug costs, and the ranking of drug costs within the Shanghai medical security intelligent supervision system from January 2022 to December 2023 were analyzed.

RESULTS

The cost of medication costs have increased significantly with the expansion of the scope of “dual channel” management drugs. Antitumor drugs account for the highest cost proportion among all “dual channel” drugs. There were some problems in the implementation of the policy, such as difficulties in prescription circulation, security vulnerabilities in medical insurance funds caused by paper prescriptions.

CONCLUSION

Since the implementation of the“dual channel” management mechanism, the supply guarantee level of the national negotiation drug has been effectively improved through two different channels of designated pharmacies and medical institutions. To further demonstrate policy effects, it is recommended to strengthen the allocation of “dual channel” drugs, increase the service layout of designated pharmacies and strengthen the supervision of drug usage.

dual channel  /  national negotiated drug  /  universal health care  /  medical insurance fund supervision
黄海强, 龚波, 安大玖. 上海市“双通道”药品用药分析及优化管理建议. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (7) : 518 -522 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.07
Hai-qiang HUANG, Bo GONG, Da-jiu AN. Analysis of “dual channel” drug usage and recommendations for optimizing management in Shanghai[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (7) : 518 -522 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.07
破解群众“看病贵”“看病难”问题一直是深化医改的重要目标。近年来,医疗保障(简称医保)部门始终坚持惠民为本,以有限的医保基金着力减轻群众看病就医负担,将一大批创新药通过国家谈判药品(简称国谈药)纳入医保[1]。然而,受医疗机构药品准入模式等因素影响,部分国谈药出现“进院难”的问题[2-4]。为提升用药可及性,2021年国家医疗保障局会同国家卫生健康委员会发布《关于建立完善国家医保谈判药品“双通道”管理机制的指导意见》,明确将通过定点医疗机构和定点零售药店两个渠道满足谈判药品供应保障、临床使用等方面的合理需求,并同步纳入医保支付。定点零售药店充分发挥其服务灵活、分布广泛等的优势,与医疗机构形成互补,增加药品供应渠道和患者用药选择,促进创新医药产品加快投入临床使用。然而,将原来院内管理药品的一部分职能转移至院外,管理环节明显增多,对医保基金安全风险管控提出了新的挑战[4]。本文对上海市“双通道”管理机制实施现状和用药情况进行汇总和分析,提出优化管理的建议,旨在为完善国谈药“双通道”管理机制提供参考。
查询2021年—2023年国家医疗保障局、国家卫生健康委员会、上海市医疗保障局、上海阳光医药采购网网站公开发布的国家医保药品目录、上海医保药品目录、上海市“双通道”管理药品目录、上海市“双通道”药店名单。调取2022年1月至2023年12月,上海市医疗保障智能监管系统中上海市定点零售药店、定点医疗机构的“双通道”管理药品医保结算数据。
对国谈药和“双通道”管理机制的相关政策文件进行解读,并对政策的执行现状进行梳理、总结。采用Excel软件对所提取的上海市“双通道”管理药品医保结算数据进行统计分析,包括药品费用增长率、覆盖率和不同类别药品的费用占比及排名情况等。“双通道”药品覆盖率=医保结算的“双通道”药品品种数/“双通道”药品目录中的药品总数×100%。
为了落实国谈药“双通道”管理机制,上海市医疗保障局于2021年11月出台了《关于落实国家医保谈判药品“双通道”管理机制的通知》(沪医保医管发〔2021〕40号),从药品范围、药店确定、医保支付与结算、管理措施、强化监管等方面,对国谈药“双通道”管理提出了具体要求。
2021年12月1日起,上海市综合考虑临床价值、患者合理的用药需求等因素,将国家医保服务平台上发布的96种(通用名)临床价值高、患者急需、替代性不高的国谈药品,纳入首批“双通道”管理[5]。自2023年3月1日起,为了进一步提升药品供应保障水平,在继续保留原“双通道”药品清单的基础上,把新增谈判、竞价药品全部纳入“双通道”药品范围,共纳入383个品种(通用名),具体药品类别分布情况见图1
管理机制明确“双通道”药店准入条件,且优先考虑能够配备50%纳入“双通道”管理的药品、对未配备的药品具有1~2日调配能力的定点零售药店以及符合条件的直接面向患者(DTP)药房[5]。2021年12月,首批3家定点零售药店纳入管理。截至2023年12月,全市68家定点零售药店纳入“双通道”管理,覆盖16个区县。
2022年第1季度至2023年第4季度,上海市定点零售药店内“双通道”药品医保结算超10万人次,药品总费用超3 000万元;医保结算的药店数量、药品(通用名)品种数量、覆盖率、费用增长率(较上一季度)及同期定点医疗机构“双通道”药品结算情况等详见表1
2022年第2季度受新型冠状病毒疫情封控的影响,“双通道”药品的购药费用锐减。2023年第1季度及2023年第2季度,“双通道”药店购药总费用增长较大,其费用增长率分别为141.02%、81.20%;同期医疗机构内“双通道”药品药费增长率为370.65%、146.94%(表1)。从2023年3月1日起,医保部门及时更新纳入“双通道”管理的药品名单,将275种谈判药全部纳入“双通道”药品范围,其“双通道”药品目录由96种增加至383种。随着“双通道”管理药品范围的扩大,促进了购药费用的增长,更好满足群众多层次医疗保障需求。
除政策开始执行的前两个季度(2022年第1、2季度)外,“双通道”药品在全市定点零售药店的覆盖率未发生明显变化,达41.51%~45.83%,覆盖将近一半的“双通道”药品品种。同时期,“双通道”药品在定点医疗机构的覆盖率达85.90%~95.82%,高于“双通道”药店的覆盖率。一方面表明上海的定点医疗机构已基本配备了绝大多数“双通道”药品,且仍是该类药品的供应保障的主流渠道,另一方面也提示定点零售药店“双通道”药品配备仍有较大提升空间。
2022年1月至2023年12月,不同治疗类别的“双通道”管理药品,在定点零售药店、定点医疗机构的医保结算情况,包括药品品种数量、覆盖率及费用占比情况见表2
“双通道”药店内抗肿瘤药的覆盖率及费用占比最高;其次为免疫抑制剂。这两类药品在“双通道”药店的覆盖率分别为87.34%、81.82%,费用占比分别为29.56%、26.44%(表2)。对比医疗机构不同类别药品的结算情况,抗肿瘤药费用占比也是最高,达30.07%。药店品种覆盖率最低的是神经系统药物和呼吸系统药物,但对应的医疗机构覆盖率均为100%,且费用占比较小,说明这些药在医院已能满足需求的前提下,药店配备的需求不大。定点药店内结算的“双通道”药品,除个别品种外,在医疗机构内均有配备(重合度达99.0%),表明目前定点药店作为医疗机构的补充,可增加患者购药选择。
对2022年1月至2023年12月全市定点零售药店“双通道”药品费用进行排名。排名最高的为治疗成人中重度特应性皮炎的靶向生物制剂“度普利尤单抗注射液”,该药在全市28家“双通道”药店内医保结算共计12 982人次。此外,费用排名前15的“双通道”药品中,还包括6种免疫抑制剂、5种抗肿瘤药,2种血液和造血器官药和1种呼吸系统用药。全市定点医疗机构“双通道”药品费用排名前15的药品包括治疗2型糖尿病药达格列净片、度普利尤单抗注射液及其他抗肿瘤药、消化道和代谢药、免疫抑制剂、中成药等,均为临床需求迫切、可替代性不高、单价较高的药品。
国谈药“双通道”管理机制的建立,将定点零售药店纳入国谈药的供应保障范围,充分利用其分布广泛、市场化程度高、服务灵活的优势,增加药品供应渠道,促进创新药加快投入临床使用。根据购药费用分析结果,“双通道”管理制度执行以来,上海市通过医疗机构和零售药店两个不同渠道,确保患者可以“买得到药、用得起药”。“双通道”药店内抗肿瘤药的覆盖率及费用占比最高。近年来,肿瘤发病率逐年增长,患者迫切希望用上新药、好药。抗肿瘤药作为每年国谈药的重要组成,纳入医保目录后,将极大减轻我国肿瘤患者的用药负担[6,7],将此类国谈药纳入药店进行医保供应保障,不仅满足了患者的用药需求,同时还减轻了参保人用药负担。
“双通道”管理机制提升了创新药供应保障水平,但目前也存在一些问题:(1)处方流转存在困难。本研究数据结果发现“双通道”管理药品在全市定点零售药店的覆盖率约为41.51%~45.83%,未覆盖所有“双通道”药品目录内品种,仍有将近一半的药品未在定点零售药店内进行结算。药店药品覆盖率偏低,一方面受到药品供应、流通环节和品种特点等因素的影响,另一方面还与处方流转困难存在一定程度上的关系。“双通道”管理制度下,患者在医疗机构就诊,并由临床医师开具处方,凭纸质处方或电子处方流转至院外(准入的“双通道”定点零售药店)购药。因考虑到部分药品院外用药的安全责任归属、药品不良反应等因素,尤其是抗肿瘤药、注射用药等存在药品使用安全隐患的药物,部分医疗机构及临床医师对于开具外配处方的动力不足,一定程度上影响了处方外配和流转。(2)纸质处方带来基金安全漏洞。电子处方流转中心未应用之前,由定点医疗机构开具纸质外配处方。双通道管理制度执行初期,医保监管部门发现不法分子伪造处方、虚构患者就诊信息,在“双通道”药店内进行药品医保结算,骗取医保基金。2023年12月,上海某区医保局联合公安机关对定点零售药店进行监管,查实某医药销售有限公司医药销售员毛某、张某,采用伪造医院就诊记录及医生处方的方式,虚构用药事实,至上海市某大药房用医保卡购买用于慢性肝病相关并发症治疗的“双通道”药品,骗取国家医保基金。本案中因临床医师与定点零售药店药师未处在同一机构,药店药师对于核实处方真伪性存在一定困难;上海医保部门与相关部门联合执法,通过对“双通道”药店的专项检查,查实违法犯罪事实,维护医保基金安全。
针对上述问题,本研究提出以下建议与对策:(1)聚焦用药需求,提升药品供应保障面。“双通道”管理药品范围的扩大将会促进购药费用的增长,惠及更多参保群众。上海市“双通道”管理机制出台以来,纳入“双通道”管理的药品名单不断更新,根据2023年12月发布的上海医保药品目录,“双通道”管理药品名单再次更新,由383种药品新增到503种[8]。此外,加大医药机构国谈药品配备情况也将提升药品的供应保障水平。对于定点零售药店,依托药品招标采购平台,搭建药企、药店对话平台,确保药店能及时配备“双通道”药品。对于定点医疗机构,出台配套政策促进国谈药“进院”。2023年12月上海市多个部门联合发布一系列新规提速国谈药落地“最后一公里”进程,明确对各级医院的用药目录品种不设数量限制,各定点医疗机构不得以用药目录数量、“药占比”等为理由限制创新药的配备、使用[8]。破除医院用药药品数量限制,将化解国谈药“进院难”,有效提升国谈药可及性,保障群众多层次用药需求。(2)聚焦药店布局,提升服务覆盖面。开展“双通道”管理制度的目的是保障患者在医院以外“配得到、能拉卡”,而且必须保障参保人用药安全,确保医疗质量。“双通道”药品涉及抗肿瘤药、免疫抑制剂及各种创新药等,对药店的硬件设施和管理要求远远高于普通药店,尤其是在储存、配送、专业技术管理等方面具有较高标准。应坚持“公开、公平、公正”的原则,结合实际明确遴选程序和申请条件,好中选优,将资质合规、管理规范、信誉良好、布局合理的定点零售药店纳入“双通道”管理。同时,积极布局人员密集点、医院周边点、交通便利点,实现市区、郊区全覆盖,提升药店服务覆盖面,进一步方便群众购药。(3)聚焦监管风险点,提升基金安全面。“双通道”管理制度将定点零售药店纳入医保药品供应保障范围,并实行与医疗机构统一的支付政策,在提升国谈药可及性上发挥了重要作用。政策的执行过程涉及较为复杂的流程,包括定点医院、定点医生、确认患者、处方流转、药店确认、患者买药、药品使用和医保结算等多个环节,对基金安全风险管控提出了更高挑战。因此,要着眼于安全风险点,加强药品使用安全监管。一是进一步完善电子处方流转中心建设。电子处方流转可在一定程度上杜绝不法分子利用纸质处方存在的安全漏洞进行骗保。电子处方流转中心可连通医保经办机构、定点医疗机构、定点零售药店,落实“定机构、定医师、可追溯”等要求,实现患者用药行为全过程监管,并形成流程安全监管可追溯的基础[4]。二是应用智能化手段助力医保精准监管。医保“数字赋能”,在智能监控中运用人脸识别、区块链等信息技术,对参保人实时监控,对药品进销存全流程监管,提升医保监管的智能化与精准性,堵塞“欺诈骗保”漏洞,确保医保基金运行安全。此外,医保部门应主动加强与相关部门的政策协调,发挥综合监管效能,形成监管合力。卫生健康部门应加强对医疗机构及其医师开具处方相关医疗服务行为的行业监管。药品监管部门应加强药品质量和监管,如利用“药品追溯码”以追溯药品的生产、流通、销售等环节,有效遏制医保药品“返流”“虚售”“重复销售”“串换”等违规行为。
当前我国创新药研发水平达到前所未有的新高度,创新药上市速度及进入医保目录的速度屡创新高[1,9]。随着国谈药“双通道”管理制度的深入推进,越来越多创新药纳入定点零售药店供给渠道,“双通道”定点零售药店在很大程度上提高了药品的可及性,同时也让更多新药、好药惠及广大患者,降低了群众药费负担。为完善政策效应,同时确保医保基金安全规范使用,对“双通道”药品要加强全流程精细化管理,切实落实各方监管责任,守护好人民群众的“看病钱”“救命钱”。
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.07
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
  • 录用日期:2024-06-28
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    上海市医疗保障局,上海 200040

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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