Article(id=1241720038051336226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.15, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683129600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1709222400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-01, onlineDate=1773978727114, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773978727114, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978727114, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773978727114, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241720034091914228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='401', pageEnd='480', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773978726169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773979021315, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=476, endPage=480, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241720038269440042, articleId=1241720038051336226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=In vitro synergistic effect of polymyxin B combined with antibacterial drugs on different resistant genotypes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, columnId=1207314218647392369, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Original Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
AIM

To assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of polymyxin B in combination with meropenem, amikacin, and fosfomycin against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) strains carrying various resistance genes.

METHODS

A total of 76 CRE strains isolated from the clinical laboratory of our hospital between 2019 and 2021 were collected for identification and confirmation of carbapenemase genotype. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of polymyxin B, meropenem, amikacin, and fosfomycin against CRE were determined using the broth microdilution method.The in vitro combined sensitivity tests of polymyxin B with meropenem, amikacin, and fosfomycin were performed using the microdilution checkerboard method to calculate the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) for determining their interactions.

RESULTS

Among the 76 strains of CRE, 24 strains were identified to carry the blaKPC, while 28 strains carried the blaNDM and another 24 strains carried the blaOXA-48-like. The drug-resistance rates of CRE strains to polymyxin B, meropenem, amikacin, and fosfomycin were determined as 3%, 92%, 39%, and 45%, respectively. The highest synergistic + partial synergistic rate was observed in combination of polymyxin B with meropenem (54%), followed by fosfomycin (43%) and amikacin (18%). For CRE carrying blaKPC, blaOXA-48-like, or blaNDM, the synergistic + partial synergistic rates of polymyxin B combined with fosfomycin were 37%, 42%, and 50%, respectively, while combined with meropenem were 75%, 21%, and 64%, respectively, and combined with amikacin were 8%, 25%, and 21%, respectively. No antagonistic effect was observed between polymyxin B and these three antibiotics.

CONCLUSION

The combination of polymyxin B and meropenem exhibits the best synergistic antibacterial effect against CRE, and the combined effect is related to the drug-resistance genotype of bacteria, so active detection of drug-resistance genes can help to promote the rational use of antibiotics in clinical practice.

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目的

评价多黏菌素B与美罗培南、阿米卡星、磷霉素联合对携带不同耐药基因的耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌目细菌(CRE)的体外抗菌效果。

方法

收集本院检验科2019年至2021年分离的CRE 76株,进行细菌鉴定并确认碳青霉烯酶基因型,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定多黏菌素B、美罗培南、阿米卡星、磷霉素对CRE的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),采用微量棋盘稀释法进行多黏菌素B与美罗培南、阿米卡星、磷霉素的体外联合药敏试验,计算部分抑菌浓度指数(FICI)判断相互作用。

结果

经鉴定,76株CRE中有携带blaKPC基因24株,携带blaNDM基因28株,携带blaOXA-48-like基因24株。CRE菌株对多黏菌素B、美罗培南、阿米卡星、磷霉素的耐药率分别为3%、92%、39%、45%。多黏菌素B与美罗培南的协同+部分协同率最高,为54%,其次为磷霉素(43%),最低为阿米卡星(18%)。对于携带blaKPCblaOXA-48-likeblaNDM基因的CRE,多黏菌素B与磷霉素联合的协同+部分协同率分别为37%、42%、50%,与美罗培南联合分别为75%、21%和64%,与阿米卡星联合分别为8%、25%、21%。未发现多黏菌素B与这三种抗菌药物存在拮抗作用。

结论

多黏菌素B联合美罗培南对CRE的协同抑菌作用最好,联合效果与细菌耐药基因型有关,积极开展耐药基因检测有助于促进临床合理使用抗菌药物。

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吴晓燕,E-mail:
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范陈良,男,副主任技师,学士,主要从事细菌耐药机制的研究,E-mail:

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耐药基因抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度(MIC)/mg·L-1敏感性/株(%)
MIC范围MIC50MIC90敏感耐药
blaKPCn=24)
多黏菌素B0.25~160.5122(91)1(4)
美罗培南0.5~128321283(12)19(79)
阿米卡星1~1 02421 02419(79)5(21)
磷霉素0.5~1 0241281 02410(42)11(46)
blaOXA48-like(n=24)
多黏菌素B0.5~40.5123(96)1(4)
美罗培南4~3216320(0)24(100)
阿米卡星1 0241 0241 0240(0)24(100)
磷霉素64~1 0242561 0241(4)13(54)
blaNDMn=28)
多黏菌素B0.5~10.5128(100)0(0)
美罗培南0.5~256321281(4)27(96)
阿米卡星1~1 0244827(96)1(4)
磷霉素1~1 024641 02415(54)10(36)
合计(n=76)
多黏菌素B0.25~160.5173(96)2(3)
美罗培南0.5~256162564(5)70(92)
阿米卡星1~1 024161 02446(61)30(39)
磷霉素0.5~1 0241281 02426(34)34(45)
), ArticleFig(id=1241720042509881522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720038051336226, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

76株不同基因型耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌目细菌对四种抗菌药物的敏感性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耐药基因抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度(MIC)/mg·L-1敏感性/株(%)
MIC范围MIC50MIC90敏感耐药
blaKPCn=24)
多黏菌素B0.25~160.5122(91)1(4)
美罗培南0.5~128321283(12)19(79)
阿米卡星1~1 02421 02419(79)5(21)
磷霉素0.5~1 0241281 02410(42)11(46)
blaOXA48-like(n=24)
多黏菌素B0.5~40.5123(96)1(4)
美罗培南4~3216320(0)24(100)
阿米卡星1 0241 0241 0240(0)24(100)
磷霉素64~1 0242561 0241(4)13(54)
blaNDMn=28)
多黏菌素B0.5~10.5128(100)0(0)
美罗培南0.5~256321281(4)27(96)
阿米卡星1~1 0244827(96)1(4)
磷霉素1~1 024641 02415(54)10(36)
合计(n=76)
多黏菌素B0.25~160.5173(96)2(3)
美罗培南0.5~256162564(5)70(92)
阿米卡星1~1 024161 02446(61)30(39)
磷霉素0.5~1 0241281 02426(34)34(45)
), ArticleFig(id=1241720042597961911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720038051336226, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耐药基因抗菌药物组合协同部分协同相加无关拮抗协同+部分协同
blaKPCn=24)多黏菌素B+磷霉素2(8)7(29)7(29)8(33)09(37)
多黏菌素B+阿米卡星02(8)4(17)18(75)02(8)
多黏菌素B+美罗培南5(21)13(54)3(13)3(13)018(75)f
blaOXA-48-liken=24)多黏菌素B+磷霉素4(17)6(25)7(29)7(29)010(42)
多黏菌素B+阿米卡星6(25)016(67)2(8)06(25)
多黏菌素B+美罗培南3(13)2(8)12(50)7(29)05(21)
blaNDMn=28)多黏菌素B+磷霉素6(21)8(29)2(7)12(43)014(50)
多黏菌素B+阿米卡星06(21)1(4)21(75)06(21)
多黏菌素B+美罗培南4(14)14(50)10(36)0018(64)f
合计(n=76)多黏菌素B+磷霉素12(16)21(27)16(21)27(36)033(43)c
多黏菌素B+阿米卡星6(8)8(11)21(27.6)41(54)014(19)
多黏菌素B+美罗培南12(16)29(38)25(33)10(13)041(54)c
), ArticleFig(id=1241720042694430908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720038051336226, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多黏菌素B与三种抗菌药物联合对76株不同基因型耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌目细菌的相互作用*

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耐药基因抗菌药物组合协同部分协同相加无关拮抗协同+部分协同
blaKPCn=24)多黏菌素B+磷霉素2(8)7(29)7(29)8(33)09(37)
多黏菌素B+阿米卡星02(8)4(17)18(75)02(8)
多黏菌素B+美罗培南5(21)13(54)3(13)3(13)018(75)f
blaOXA-48-liken=24)多黏菌素B+磷霉素4(17)6(25)7(29)7(29)010(42)
多黏菌素B+阿米卡星6(25)016(67)2(8)06(25)
多黏菌素B+美罗培南3(13)2(8)12(50)7(29)05(21)
blaNDMn=28)多黏菌素B+磷霉素6(21)8(29)2(7)12(43)014(50)
多黏菌素B+阿米卡星06(21)1(4)21(75)06(21)
多黏菌素B+美罗培南4(14)14(50)10(36)0018(64)f
合计(n=76)多黏菌素B+磷霉素12(16)21(27)16(21)27(36)033(43)c
多黏菌素B+阿米卡星6(8)8(11)21(27.6)41(54)014(19)
多黏菌素B+美罗培南12(16)29(38)25(33)10(13)041(54)c
), ArticleFig(id=1241720042795094215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720038051336226, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度/ mg·L-1部分抑菌浓度指数
blaKPCblaOXA-48-likeblaKPCblaOXA-48-like
多黏菌素B164
磷霉素64256
阿米卡星1 0241 024
美罗培南12816
多黏菌素B+磷霉素4+322+320.80.6
多黏菌素B+阿米卡星16+1 0244+1 02422
多黏菌素B+美罗培南16+644+822
), ArticleFig(id=1241720042874785996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720038051336226, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2株多黏菌素B耐药菌的体外联合药敏试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度/ mg·L-1部分抑菌浓度指数
blaKPCblaOXA-48-likeblaKPCblaOXA-48-like
多黏菌素B164
磷霉素64256
阿米卡星1 0241 024
美罗培南12816
多黏菌素B+磷霉素4+322+320.80.6
多黏菌素B+阿米卡星16+1 0244+1 02422
多黏菌素B+美罗培南16+644+822
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多黏菌素B联合抗菌药对不同耐药基因型耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌目细菌的体外协同作用
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范陈良 , 吴晓燕 , 李小四 , 郁俊杰
中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024,43(6): 476-480
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024, 43(6): 476-480
多黏菌素B联合抗菌药对不同耐药基因型耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌目细菌的体外协同作用
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范陈良 , 吴晓燕 , 李小四, 郁俊杰
作者信息
  • 嘉兴市第二医院 检验科,浙江 嘉兴 314000
  • 范陈良,男,副主任技师,学士,主要从事细菌耐药机制的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

吴晓燕,E-mail:
In vitro synergistic effect of polymyxin B combined with antibacterial drugs on different resistant genotypes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Chen-liang FAN , Xiao-yan WU , Xiao-si LI, Jun-jie YU
Affiliations
  • Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing ZHEJIANG 314000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.15
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目的

评价多黏菌素B与美罗培南、阿米卡星、磷霉素联合对携带不同耐药基因的耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌目细菌(CRE)的体外抗菌效果。

方法

收集本院检验科2019年至2021年分离的CRE 76株,进行细菌鉴定并确认碳青霉烯酶基因型,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定多黏菌素B、美罗培南、阿米卡星、磷霉素对CRE的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),采用微量棋盘稀释法进行多黏菌素B与美罗培南、阿米卡星、磷霉素的体外联合药敏试验,计算部分抑菌浓度指数(FICI)判断相互作用。

结果

经鉴定,76株CRE中有携带blaKPC基因24株,携带blaNDM基因28株,携带blaOXA-48-like基因24株。CRE菌株对多黏菌素B、美罗培南、阿米卡星、磷霉素的耐药率分别为3%、92%、39%、45%。多黏菌素B与美罗培南的协同+部分协同率最高,为54%,其次为磷霉素(43%),最低为阿米卡星(18%)。对于携带blaKPCblaOXA-48-likeblaNDM基因的CRE,多黏菌素B与磷霉素联合的协同+部分协同率分别为37%、42%、50%,与美罗培南联合分别为75%、21%和64%,与阿米卡星联合分别为8%、25%、21%。未发现多黏菌素B与这三种抗菌药物存在拮抗作用。

结论

多黏菌素B联合美罗培南对CRE的协同抑菌作用最好,联合效果与细菌耐药基因型有关,积极开展耐药基因检测有助于促进临床合理使用抗菌药物。

多黏菌素B  /  耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科  /  多药耐药基因  /  微生物敏感性试验
AIM

To assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of polymyxin B in combination with meropenem, amikacin, and fosfomycin against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) strains carrying various resistance genes.

METHODS

A total of 76 CRE strains isolated from the clinical laboratory of our hospital between 2019 and 2021 were collected for identification and confirmation of carbapenemase genotype. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of polymyxin B, meropenem, amikacin, and fosfomycin against CRE were determined using the broth microdilution method.The in vitro combined sensitivity tests of polymyxin B with meropenem, amikacin, and fosfomycin were performed using the microdilution checkerboard method to calculate the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) for determining their interactions.

RESULTS

Among the 76 strains of CRE, 24 strains were identified to carry the blaKPC, while 28 strains carried the blaNDM and another 24 strains carried the blaOXA-48-like. The drug-resistance rates of CRE strains to polymyxin B, meropenem, amikacin, and fosfomycin were determined as 3%, 92%, 39%, and 45%, respectively. The highest synergistic + partial synergistic rate was observed in combination of polymyxin B with meropenem (54%), followed by fosfomycin (43%) and amikacin (18%). For CRE carrying blaKPC, blaOXA-48-like, or blaNDM, the synergistic + partial synergistic rates of polymyxin B combined with fosfomycin were 37%, 42%, and 50%, respectively, while combined with meropenem were 75%, 21%, and 64%, respectively, and combined with amikacin were 8%, 25%, and 21%, respectively. No antagonistic effect was observed between polymyxin B and these three antibiotics.

CONCLUSION

The combination of polymyxin B and meropenem exhibits the best synergistic antibacterial effect against CRE, and the combined effect is related to the drug-resistance genotype of bacteria, so active detection of drug-resistance genes can help to promote the rational use of antibiotics in clinical practice.

polymyxin B  /  carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae  /  multiple drug resistance gene  /  microbial sensitivity tests
范陈良, 吴晓燕, 李小四, 郁俊杰. 多黏菌素B联合抗菌药对不同耐药基因型耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌目细菌的体外协同作用. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (6) : 476 -480 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.15
Chen-liang FAN, Xiao-yan WU, Xiao-si LI, Jun-jie YU. In vitro synergistic effect of polymyxin B combined with antibacterial drugs on different resistant genotypes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (6) : 476 -480 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.15
耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌目细菌(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae,CRE)在临床上日益增多,是严重感染(如脓毒症、尿路感染和医院获得性肺炎)的常见病原体,CRE的多重耐药给临床治疗带来困惑[1]。多黏菌素B和多黏菌素E(黏菌素)对大多数CRE显示出较好的体外活性,被广泛用于此类感染的治疗[2]。由于该类药物存在明显异质性耐药,不推荐单独应用,其与多种其他抗生素联用时对CRE有协同作用[3-5]。导致细菌对碳青霉烯类药物耐药的原因有多种,主要机制包括产碳青霉烯酶,临床常见KPC、NDM和OXA-48型碳青霉烯酶,这也是我国CRE最重要的耐药机制[6]。目前尚不清楚不同类型的碳青霉烯酶是否会影响体外和体内试验联合治疗疗效。本研究应用体外联合药敏试验评价多黏菌素B与磷霉素、阿米卡星、美罗培南联合用药对不同耐药基因的CRE的协同效果,旨在为临床CRE感染提供最佳联合用药方案。
收集本院检验科2019年至2021年临床分离的非重复CRE 76株,来源包括痰(n=30)、尿液(n=25)、胆汁(n=7)、分泌物(n=6)、引流液(n=3)、血液(n=2)、支气管肺泡灌洗液(n=1)、脑脊液(n=1)、胸水(n=1)。
基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOFMS)和Vitek2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定和药敏系统购自法国生物梅里埃公司,CARBA 5碳青霉烯酶检测试剂盒购自复星诊断科技(上海)有限公司,细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒(离心柱型)购自天根生物科技(北京)有限公司,S100型PCR荧光定量分析仪、PowerPacTM Basic凝胶电泳仪购自美国Bio-Rad公司。多黏菌素B-磷霉素(批号:VH06201)、多黏菌素B-阿米卡星(批号:VH05199)、多黏菌素B-美罗培南(批号:VH05200)联合药敏板(微量肉汤稀释法)购自浙江省温州康泰生物科技有限公司。
全部菌株经Vitek2 Compact细菌鉴定仪鉴定细菌菌种,再经MALDI-TOF MS进行菌种确认;用碳青霉烯酶胶体金免疫层析法初筛碳青霉烯酶基因型,然后采用分子生物学方法(多重聚合酶链反应)确认CRE菌株中碳青霉烯酶基因(包括blaKPCblaNDMblaIPMblaVIMblaOXA-48-like)。引物设计参考文献[7],反应体系共20 μL:Premix TaqTM 6 μL,上游引物、下游引物(50 μmol·L-1)各1 μL,DNA模板2 μL,无菌双蒸水2 μL。反应条件:94 ℃ 5 min;94 ℃ 30 s,57 ℃ 40 s,72 ℃ 1 min,35个循环;72 ℃ 7 min。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定多黏菌素B 、阿米卡星、磷霉素、美罗培南对76株CRE菌株的MIC;磷霉素MIC检测根据美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)标准[8],药敏培养基中加入25 mg·L-1的6-磷酸葡萄糖。质控菌株为大肠埃希菌ATCC25922。
采用微量棋盘稀释法进行多黏菌素B与其他三种抗菌药物(阿米卡星、磷霉素、美罗培南)对76株CRE菌株的联合药敏试验,通过计算部分抑菌浓度指数(fractional inhibitory concentration index, FICI)判断药物相互作用。FICI=联合用药时甲药MIC/单独用药时甲药MIC +联合用药时乙药MIC/单独用药时乙药MIC;FICI≤0.5两药为协同作用,0.5 < FICI < 1两药为部分协同作用,FICI=1两药为相加作用,1 < FICI≤4两药为无关作用,FICI > 4两药为拮抗作用[9]
参照CLSI M100-S32标准[8]判断菌株对药物的敏感性:阿米卡星MIC≤16 mg·L-1判断为敏感,MIC≥64 mg·L-1为耐药;磷霉素MIC≤64 mg·L-1为敏感,MIC≥256 mg·L-1为耐药;美罗培南MIC≤1 mg·L-1为敏感,MIC≥4 mg·L-1为耐药。参照美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)标准判断菌株对多黏菌素B的敏感性:MIC≤2 mg·L-1为敏感,MIC≥4 mg·L-1为耐药[10]
采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学分析,协同率的比较采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有显著意义。
76株CRE经鉴定分别为肺炎克雷伯菌53株(blaKPC 19株,blaNDM 10株,blaOXA-48-like 24株),大肠埃希菌12株(blaKPC 3株,blaNDM 9株),阴沟肠杆菌7株(blaNDM 7株),产气肠杆菌2株(blaKPC 1株,blaNDM 1株),枸橼酸杆菌属2株(blaKPC 1株,blaNDM 1株);其中携带blaKPC基因24株,携带blaNDM基因28株,携带blaOXA-48-like基因24株。
76株CRE对四种抗菌药物的耐药率见表1。其中2株(3%)对多黏菌素B耐药,MIC90值为1 mg·L-1;70株(92%)对美罗培南耐药,MIC 0.5~256 mg·L-1;30株(39%)对阿米卡星耐药,MIC 1~1 024 mg·L-1;34株(45%)对磷霉素耐药,MIC 0.5~1 024 mg·L-1
多黏菌素B与阿米卡星、磷霉素、美罗培南联合对76株CRE的抗菌活性及FICI见表2。多黏菌素B与美罗培南、磷霉素联合对CRE显示较好的协同作用,协同+部分协同率分别为54%、43%,与多黏菌素B联合阿米卡星(19%)相比差异有显著意义(χ2=11.119,P=0.001;χ2=20.770,P=0.001)。多黏菌素B与美罗培南联合对blaKPC型、blaNDM型CRE表现出较高协同作用,协同+部分协同率分别为75%、64%,与blaOXA-48-like型(21%)相比差异有显著意义(χ2=12.021,P=0.001;χ2=8.209,P=0.004)。多黏菌素B与磷霉素联合对各型CRE均有一定的协同作用,协同率8%~21%,对blaOXA-48-like型及blaNDM型CRE部分协同率分别达42%和50%。多黏菌素B与阿米卡星联合对blaOXA-48-like型CRE的协同率为25%,对blaKPC型、blaNDM型的协同率均为0。没有任何组合显示出有拮抗作用。多黏菌素B与磷霉素联合对2株多黏菌素B耐药CRE(分别携带blaKPCblaOXA-48-like基因)显示部分协同作用,见表3
多黏菌素类在临床上对CRE具有较好的抗菌活性,被认为是对抗耐药细菌的重要防线[11],其主要通过破坏革兰阴性菌外膜的完整性而起抗菌作用。本研究分析了多黏菌素B对76株CRE的抗菌活性,其中携带blaKPC基因24株、携带blaNDM基因28株、携带blaOXA-48-like基因24株,发现耐药率仅为3%,与文献报道[12]一致。同时,本研究结果显示不同耐药基因型CRE对阿米卡星的耐药率有所不同,blaOXA-48-like基因型耐药率达100%,而blaKPCblaNDM型耐药率则分别为21%与4%,提示临床上经验性联合使用阿米卡星治疗CRE感染时需考虑细菌携带的耐药基因型。
目前抗菌药物联合使用仍是治疗CRE感染的主要手段,TUMBARELLO等[13]通过Meta分析发现,联合用药患者的死亡率明显低于单药(分别为34%和54%);同时考虑多黏菌素B、磷霉素单药容易诱导耐药,且多黏菌素B存在异质性耐药的可能,建议尽量使用联合给药。本研究在76株CRE中筛选了多黏菌素B与阿米卡星、磷霉素、美罗培南三种抗生素的不同组合。研究结果发现,多黏菌素B与美罗培南对CRE具有相对较好的协同作用,协同+部分协同率最高,为54%,其次是与磷霉素联合(43%);从基因型上看,多黏菌素B与美罗培南对携带blaKPC基因的CRE协同+部分协同率最高,达75%,其次为携带blaNDM基因的CRE(64%),对blaOXA-48-like基因型CRE协同作用最小(21%),与文献报道及相关指南、共识[14-16]相一致,同时也说明同样的联合方案对携带不同耐药基因CRE体外实验存在差异。
目前体外两药联合方案较多,不同联合方案对于不同酶型的不同菌种所产生的协同效应存在差异[17]。本研究显示,对于携带blaKPCblaNDM基因的CRE,多黏菌素B-美罗培南的协同+部分协同率最高(协同+部分协同率分别为75%、64%),其次为多黏菌素B-磷霉素(协同+部分协同率分别为38%、50%)。对于携带blaOXA-48-like基因的CRE,则以多黏菌素B-磷霉素的协同效果最好(协同+部分协同率为42%),多黏菌素B-美罗培南对其协同率仅为13%,与OLSSON等[5]的研究结果(协同率10%)相似。研究表明,OXA-48-like型碳青霉烯酶对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药往往由膜孔蛋白缺失或变异引起的,如膜孔蛋白OmpK35和OmpK36变异[18],这可能是影响多黏菌素B-美罗培南对携带blaOXA-48-like基因CRE的协同率的原因。
本研究中2株多黏菌素B耐药的CRE分别携带blaKPCblaOXA-48-like基因,体外联合药敏发现,多黏菌素B与磷霉素联合时对这2株耐药菌表现部分协同作用,而与美罗培南、阿米卡星联合时呈现无关作用。尤其是对blaOXA-48-like基因型CRE,多黏菌素B与磷霉素联合后,多黏菌素B的MIC由4 mg·L-1下降至2 mg·L-1,磷霉素MIC由256 mg·L-1下降至32 mg·L-1,提示当临床上CRE对多黏菌素B耐药时磷霉素可以成为联合方案的候选药物。
多黏菌素B联合用药的机制可能因其能够诱导破坏细菌外膜,导致细菌外膜通透性增加,从而促进第二种抗生素的进入[19,20],也可能是通过对抗细菌外膜相关外排泵的功能而发挥作用[19],具体协同作用机制仍需进一步研究。
综上所述,多黏菌素B联合不同抗菌药对CRE的体外协同作用存在差异,多黏菌素B联合美罗培南对CRE的协同抑菌作用最好,联合效果与细菌耐药基因型有关。临床应积极开展耐药基因检测,对具有不同耐药机制的CRE感染考虑使用不同的抗菌药物组合,同时需要进行更多的临床研究确认这些联合用药的疗效。
  • 浙江省卫生健康科技计划项目(2021KY1109)
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.15
  • 接收时间:2023-05-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-04
  • 录用日期:2024-03-01
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浙江省卫生健康科技计划项目(2021KY1109)
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    嘉兴市第二医院 检验科,浙江 嘉兴 314000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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