Article(id=1241720034897220598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.02, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678896000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1691596800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-08-10, onlineDate=1773978726362, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773978726362, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978726362, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773978726362, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241720034091914228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='401', pageEnd='480', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773978726169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773979021315, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=406, endPage=410, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241720035564114942, articleId=1241720034897220598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Review of characteristics and tools for pediatric pharmacoeconomics evaluation, columnId=1241720035039826937, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Special Topics on Children’s Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Compared to adult economic evaluation, pediatric pharmacoeconomics evaluation has the characteristics, such as the limited disease types, difficult to accurately measure health utility, easily ignored family spillover effects, unmet medical needs, and higher appropriateness requirements. There are specialized tools and resources in the field of pediatric pharmacoeconomics evaluation including the pediatric quality appraisal questionnaire, pediatric economic database evaluation database, and pediatric economic evaluation textbook. The characteristics of pediatric pharmacoeconomics evaluation is necessary to be pay attention, and specialized tools and resources should be actively used to improve the practicality and standardization of future pediatric pharmacoeconomics.

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儿科药物经济学评价与成人药物经济学评价相比,存在疾病类型较为局限、健康效用难以准确测量、家庭溢出效应易被忽视、医疗需求未被满足以及适宜性要求高等特点。儿科药物经济学评价领域专用的工具和资源包括儿科药物经济学评价质量评估问卷、儿科经济数据库和儿科药物经济学教材。在进行儿科药物经济学评价时,需要重视其特点并积极运用专用工具和资源,提高未来儿科药物经济评价的实用性和规范性。

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李洪超,E-mail:
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刘雅诗,女,硕士在读,主要从事药物经济学的研究,E-mail:

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刘雅诗,女,硕士在读,主要从事药物经济学的研究,E-mail:

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刘雅诗,女,硕士在读,主要从事药物经济学的研究,E-mail:

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儿科药物经济学评价特点与工具综述
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刘雅诗 , 李洪超
中国新药与临床杂志 | 儿童用药专题 2024,43(6): 406-410
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 儿童用药专题 2024, 43(6): 406-410
儿科药物经济学评价特点与工具综述
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刘雅诗 , 李洪超
作者信息
  • 中国药科大学 国际医药商学院,江苏 南京 211198
  • 刘雅诗,女,硕士在读,主要从事药物经济学的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

李洪超,E-mail:
Review of characteristics and tools for pediatric pharmacoeconomics evaluation
Ya-shi LIU , Hong-chao LI
Affiliations
  • School of International Pharmaceutical Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing JIANGSU 211198, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.02
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儿科药物经济学评价与成人药物经济学评价相比,存在疾病类型较为局限、健康效用难以准确测量、家庭溢出效应易被忽视、医疗需求未被满足以及适宜性要求高等特点。儿科药物经济学评价领域专用的工具和资源包括儿科药物经济学评价质量评估问卷、儿科经济数据库和儿科药物经济学教材。在进行儿科药物经济学评价时,需要重视其特点并积极运用专用工具和资源,提高未来儿科药物经济评价的实用性和规范性。

儿科疾病  /  经济学,药物  /  调查和问卷

Compared to adult economic evaluation, pediatric pharmacoeconomics evaluation has the characteristics, such as the limited disease types, difficult to accurately measure health utility, easily ignored family spillover effects, unmet medical needs, and higher appropriateness requirements. There are specialized tools and resources in the field of pediatric pharmacoeconomics evaluation including the pediatric quality appraisal questionnaire, pediatric economic database evaluation database, and pediatric economic evaluation textbook. The characteristics of pediatric pharmacoeconomics evaluation is necessary to be pay attention, and specialized tools and resources should be actively used to improve the practicality and standardization of future pediatric pharmacoeconomics.

pediatric diseases  /  economics, pharmaceutical  /  surveys and questionnaires
刘雅诗, 李洪超. 儿科药物经济学评价特点与工具综述. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (6) : 406 -410 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.02
Ya-shi LIU, Hong-chao LI. Review of characteristics and tools for pediatric pharmacoeconomics evaluation[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (6) : 406 -410 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.02
药物经济学评价可以被定义为对可选择的卫生干预措施的成本和结果之间进行的比较[1]。虽然药物经济学评价已经被广泛地应用于各种疾病领域,但是如何将药物经济学评价方法与具体的疾病以及人群特点紧密结合起来却仍有许多技术上的难题需要解决。
2022年统计数据显示,中国目前0 ~ 14岁儿童约2.5亿,约占总人口数的17.95[2]。由于儿科患者的年龄和生理特点与成人患者存在比较明显的差异,儿科药物经济学评价与成人药物经济学评价也呈现出了不同表现形式。国外研究显示,儿科药物经济学评价在评价方法上更多选择成本效果分析(cost-effectiveness analysis, CEA),而非成本效用分析(cost-utility analysis, CUA)[3]。在研究角度方面,儿科药物经济学评价以全社会角度进行分析的比例高于同时期发表的成人患者药物经济学评价研究[4]。此外,目前适用于儿科人群的健康相关的生存质量量表与成人相比也更为有限。就中国而言,只有欧洲五维健康量表青少年版(EuroQol five dimension youth version, EQ-5D-Y)和儿童健康效用9D量表(child health utility 9D, CHU9D)建立起了基于中国人群偏好的健康效用积分体系,更加适合中国儿童患者人群健康效用值测量[5,6]。本研究将通过综述儿科药物经济学评价方法的特点,深入剖析儿科药物经济学评价方法面临的主要挑战,并在此基础上对儿科药物经济学评价专用工具和资源进行介绍,以期为中国未来的儿科药物经济学评价研究提供技术指导和建议。
LADAPO等[7]研究发现成人患者药物经济学评价的疾病类型主要集中在心血管、神经系统、癌症等疾病领域。而儿科药物经济学评价的疾病模式主要为感染性和寄生虫类疾病,UNGAR等[8]于2007年对全世界已发表的儿科药物经济学进行综述时发现,儿科药物经济学疾病评价对象多为感染/寄生虫病、先天性畸形和妊娠并发症等。后来的研究学者也得出了相同研究结论[3]。成人患者与儿科药物经济学评价疾病类型不同的主要原因在于各自所处的身体发育阶段不同。儿科人群生长发育未成熟,抵抗外界传染和伤害能力弱,患感染和寄生虫类疾病的可能性比成人高。成人身体发育已经成熟完善,所患疾病更多为后天饮食、作息和生活习惯不当所导致的心血管和癌症事件的发生;同时成人患者随着年龄的增长,身体功能开始衰退,患神经系统疾病的可能性也较高。
儿科人群健康效用测量的挑战主要体现在应该由谁来回答这些量表的问题。许多研究表明,在儿科CUA评价中效用更多是基于代理测量(如通过父母或者照护者来描述和评价儿科人群的生活质量)或者在模型中直接采用成人的效用值[4,9]。然而,在福利经济学中,“个人是他本人福利的最好判断者”,也就是说,对于偏好测量,患者目前的健康状态好与不好最好由自己来判断,而不是由其他人代为评估,即应强调患者自报告结局(patient-reported outcomes, PRO)。每个儿科患者都会对自身的健康状况有自己独特的看法和评价,但他们可能会对父母或者其他照护者隐瞒自己的真实健康情况。有研究[10,11]证实父母与儿科人群提供的效用评估得分相关性较低,且一般代理人评分会高于儿科患者直接提供的评分。但是,对于一些年龄较小的儿科患者(一般< 6岁),由于心智发育还未成熟又会存在认知能力挑战的问题。这个年龄段患者对于那些认知负担比较重的测量工具比如标准博弈法(standard gamble, SG)客观层面上可能无法回答,只能使用父母等代理报告结果,那么就不可避免地产生儿科效用测量相关的偏倚。
儿科疾病的家庭溢出效应(family spillover effects)可以分为成本溢出效应(spillover costs effects)和健康溢出效应(spillover health effects)。成本溢出效应主要包括儿科疾病治疗发生的家庭成本和儿科疾病导致家庭成员发生疾病或健康问题的成本。健康溢出效应主要指儿科疾病导致家庭成员发生的健康损失。LAVELLE等[12]综述了2000—2015年间发表的142篇采用全社会角度进行的儿科CUA文献,其中绝大多数研究(105项)考虑了家庭溢出成本,只有少数研究(15项)考虑了健康产出的家庭溢出效应,而没有一项研究对这两个方面进行全面考虑。该研究结果也显示,通过考虑到家庭溢出效应,能够使增量成本-效果比平均降低31%,甚至会使得原本不经济的方案逆转为绝对优势方案。这也提示在没有考虑疾病对儿科患者和家庭成员的全面影响的情况下,儿科疾病干预措施的真正价值往往是被低估的。VERSTRAETE等[13]通过测量比较3组不同疾病严重程度的儿科患者与照护者健康效用之间的相关性表明,儿科患者的健康状况会明显影响他的主要监护人(如母亲)的生存质量,且这种现象在急性疾病组的儿科患者中更为明显。另外一个非常现实的问题是,家庭溢出效应只有采用全社会角度才能被体现出来。因此,实际上从其他研究角度进行的分析可能也会低估儿科疾病的真正负担和影响。此外,家庭溢出效应的大小除与疾病类型有关,还与患病儿童的年龄有关。一般而言,患病儿童年龄越小,家庭溢出效应越明显。
在新药上市前的临床试验中,由于考虑到患者安全、伦理等方面因素,很少纳入儿科人群。因此,开展儿科临床试验确定药物剂量的难度远远大于成人。目前,临床上很多药物都没有儿科患者适应证,为了满足临床需要,儿科药物剂量的确定往往需要根据成人与儿科人群体重差别进行换算或者临床医生的用药经验。由于缺乏儿科人群研究数据来支持其合理用药信息,严重阻碍了儿科药物的可及性,同时也容易导致超说明书用药和未经许可使用药物的现象发生。因此,目前儿科用药领域的医疗需求明显未被满足。
儿科人群的特殊性使其对儿科用药的适宜性要求较高[14]。儿科患者年龄小、体重差异较大,通常对药物剂量更加敏感,因此对准确分量提出了更高的要求。同时,儿科患者对治疗过程中的疼痛和不适等更为敏感,更不能忍受。例如,药物注射引起的疼痛、口服药物的刺激性口味、口服固体制剂太大导致吞咽困难、治疗时长太长、治疗频次太高等情况都有可能导致患者用药依从性降低,从而影响药物治疗效果。这些特点也会对儿科药物经济学评价的结果带来潜在影响。
PQAQ是用于评估儿科药物经济学评价文献质量的量表。近些年来,在药物经济学领域催生了许多对已发表的文献进行质量评估的工具。然而,这些文献质量评估工具绝大多数没有涵盖儿科药物经济学评价中面临的特殊问题。例如,没有与父母/照护者代理报告儿科患者健康结局和卫生资源使用有关的条目,没有考虑父母/照护者的时间损失,没有设定足够长的研究时限来捕捉未来的成本和结果,同时也没有将儿科患者生存质量测量工具的要求纳入考虑。因此,这些质量评估工具在正式评估儿科药物经济学文献的独特性方面就显得不足。
为了更全面和更有针对性地对儿科药物经济学文献的质量进行评估,UNGAR等[15]开发了PQAQ量表。该量表由57个条目组成,包含14个维度:经济评价(economic evaluation)、比较方案(comparators)、目标人群(target population)、时间范围(time horizon)、视角(perspective)、成本和资源使用(costs and resource use)、产出(outcomes)、生存质量(quality of life)、分析(analysis)、贴现(discounting)、增量分析(incremental analysis)、敏感性分析(sensitivity analysis)、利益冲突(conflict of interest)和结论(conclusions)。
相较于其他量表,PQAQ中包含了更多与儿科疾病药物经济学评价细节问题相关的条目。比如,在成本和资源使用维度中包含父母和正式照护者时间损失的机会成本是否被测量,以及儿科患者因为使用了某种干预措施之后未来薪资和生产力的变化是否被恰当评估。在产出维度中,包含儿科患者因疾病导致学校缺课或托儿所缺勤是否纳入最终结果测量。在生存质量维度中,将生存质量进行评估的对象以及生存质量评估的应答者加以区分。甚至在分析维度中会考虑最终结果的分析单位是以什么样的形式被呈现(如以每个小孩或者父母为单位,还是以一个家庭为单位等)。
在57个条目中,11个条目是对研究的问题进行描述,不参与计分;其余46个条目可定量评分,1表示明确表述,0.5表示可以从文字、图表中推断,0表示没有,不适用表示不计分。该量表不能计算总得分,开发小组的成员也一致认为通过给各个维度分配权重来确定一个单一的汇总得分是有问题的,因为每一个维度都与经济评价的某一个关键方面息息相关,简单加权后的得分难以简单解释清楚其具体代表的意义。因此,该小组成员认为对14个维度中的每一个维度提供单独得分更为合适。比如,某个维度包含了三个与该维度相关的问题,如果其中两个是可以计分的,那么就可以通过计算这两个条目得分的平均值来代表该维度下的得分;如果其中有一个条目恰好被评为不适用,则只需要看剩下的这一个条目的得分即可。PQAQ通过清晰罗列出每个维度下各自的得分情况,能够更加直观地反映整个研究中在哪些方面存在不足或者缺陷。徐蔼琳等[16]和KROMM等[4]使用PQAQ量表分别对我国和国外的儿科药物经济学文献质量进行评估,虽然两项研究纳入的文献类型、研究时间以及研究数量等均不同,但从研究结果看出我国的儿科药物经济学文献质量与国外相比仍存在一定差距。
此外,在该量表的适用性方面也需要注意,基于该量表的特殊性,只可用于评估儿科人群的研究结果。因此,如果一项研究同时评估了儿科和成人,那么只有在儿科患者与成人单独分开汇报药物经济学评价的研究方法和结果的情况下才可以使用该工具。
PEDE(http://pede.ccb.sickkids.ca/pede/trends.jsp)是1999年由UNGAR教授团队创建[17]。与其他综合数据库相比PEDE的优势主要在于以下几个方面:首先,PEDE数据库的引文信息来源广泛,除包含Medline、Embase等正规大型数据库引文信息外,也会收集卫生经济学、卫生政策等组织机构网站中未公开发表的报告和工作文件。此外,相关的会议报告、专著和教科书也会被收录。因此,PEDE能够更加集中且有针对性地对儿科药物经济学文献进行管理,极大节省了研究者在不同数据库中收集儿科药物经济学文献的时间,对专门致力于儿科药物经济学研究的学者而言无疑是一个非常有用的工具。其次,PEDE同时提供基础检索(basic search)和效用检索(utility search)两个检索引擎。其他数据库主要提供基础检索方式,对于儿科患者健康效用相关文献的获取不如PEDE数据库高效和便利。再次,PEDE可以根据研究的目标人群不同对各年龄段的儿科患者群体(围生期儿、新生儿、婴幼儿、儿童以及青少年)进行有针对性的筛选检索。其他综合数据库则需要采用手动输入关键词的方式对不同年龄段的儿科群体进行检索,且检索结果也不如PEDE数据库准确、全面。最后,除了与其他数据库一样提供标准的引文信息外,该数据库还为每条引文提供以下额外信息,(1)目标人群;(2)人群分类;(3)疾病分类:国际疾病分类(international classification of diseases, ICD)第九或第十修订版(ICD-9CM/ICD-10CM);(4)年龄分组;(5)试验性干预措施;(6)干预措施类别;(7)主要健康结果;(8)评价方法:CEA、CUA、最小成本分析(cost-minimization analysis, CMA)和成本-效益分析(cost-benefit analysis, CBA)。若该研究为CUA,则还提供健康状态的描述、效用权重及其来源等信息。
UNGAR教授团队除开发PQAQ量表和PEDE数据库外,还在2010年由牛津大学出版社出版了《Economic Evaluation in Child Health》教材[18]。该教材内容主要分为方法、应用、使用证据做决策三个部分。其中,方法部分主要介绍了儿科人群健康产出及成本测量方面的挑战和独特性,如何将家庭溢出效应纳入儿科药物经济学评价范围,以及如何测量儿科患者健康效用值等。在应用部分通过各种案例介绍了药物经济学评价方法在常见的儿科疾病中的应用,包括新生儿筛查、伤害预防、心理健康服务、脑损伤、哮喘和免疫接种等。第三部分探讨了儿科药物经济学评价证据在决策中的应用方法,包括描述WHO-CHOICE方法,临床研究在儿科患者健康决策中的作用,如何评价儿科患者的健康效用以及介绍了新兴的儿科卫生技术评估领域等。此教材是目前为止针对儿科人群鲜见的一本药物经济学评价教材,对指导未来儿科研究并提供高质量的证据具有重要意义。
在疾病特点方面,儿科群体与成人在心理和生理功能上存在比较明显的差异。因此,儿科药物经济学评价需要结合自身人群特点做出相应的调整,才能使得整个评价结果更符合目标人群的真实情况。在健康测量方面,由于现实和理论存在差距,儿科人群健康效用测量难以满足福利经济学中患者PRO的要求。因此,为了尽可能提高儿科人群健康效用测量的准确性,研究者在效用量表的选取上需要更加谨慎。如尽可能采用儿科专用的效用量表测量、尽可能采用基于中国人群的效用积分体系测量等。在家庭溢出效应方面,考虑全面与否会对研究结果产生重要影响,从而容易低估干预措施的实际价值。因此,在儿科疾病的健康产出测量中不仅需要测量和评估儿科患者本人的生存质量,同时可能还需要测量照护者和家庭成员的生存质量,且应尽可能采用全社会角度测量,以更加全面评估干预措施给受影响群体带来的成本节约和健康获益的提高。在未被满足的医疗需求方面,在开展儿科药物经济学评价时,可以设定更高的意愿支付阈值(willingness to pay, WTP)来鼓励企业研发创新。在用药适宜性上,由于依从性的高低会给治疗成本和治疗结局带来影响,在儿科药物经济学评价过程中要特别关注干预措施的剂型、用法用量等,以提高儿科用药的适宜性。此外,因干预措施适宜性所带来的依从性提高也需要整合到药物经济学评价模型中以更加真实反映药物治疗情况。未来,学者也可以更多地使用和借鉴儿科药物经济学特有的工具和资源,更加规范地开展儿科药物经济学评价研究。
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.02
  • 接收时间:2023-03-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-16
  • 录用日期:2023-08-10
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    中国药科大学 国际医药商学院,江苏 南京 211198

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李洪超,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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