Article(id=1321170788930143027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170720168726830, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146502, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732464000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-25, revisedDate=1738771200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-06, acceptedDate=1754409600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-06, onlineDate=1792921262247, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921262247, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921262247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921262247, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170720168726830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='897', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754755200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921245852, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921245852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=961, endPage=965, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170792642102068, articleId=1321170788930143027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Evaluation of the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination among newborns in Fenghua district, Ningbo city from 1992 to 2020: a follow-up study, columnId=1321170739068260831, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report – Prevention as the First Line of Defense Against Hepatitis B, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination in Fenghua district, Ningbo city from 1992 to 2020.

Methods

The epidemiological survey data on hepatitis B serology in Fenghua district in 1992 and 2020 were collected for comparison of the positive rates of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs). Furthermore, data on the incidence of hepatitis B from 1992 to 2020 were collected for comparison of the average annual incidence of hepatitis B during the planned immunization management stage (1992–2001), the immunization planning management stage (2002–2011), and the implementation stage of the hepatitis B mother-to-child transmission prevention strategy (2012–2020). The decision tree-Markov model was adopted to evaluate the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination in newborns from 1992 to 2020.

Results

The positive rate of HBsAg across the entire population declined from 13.79% in 1992 to 5.42% in 2020 (χ2 = 31.73, P < 0.01), with all age groups within the cohort of 0–24 years old experiencing a reduction to 0%. The positive rate of anti-HBs in the age group of 0–4 years old increased from 34.48% in 1992 to 90.16% in 2020 (χ2 = 30.38, P < 0.01). The incidence of hepatitis B significantly decreased among individuals aged 0–29 years old. Particularly, the age groups of 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 years old during 2012–2020 showed declines of 86.08%, 94.63%, and 94.55% respectively, compared with those in 1992–2001. According to the decision tree-Markov model, compared with those who did not receive hepatitis B vaccination, the vaccination among 114 670 individuals in Fenghua district from 1992 to 2020 prevented 6 894 cases of acute hepatitis B, 30 832 cases of hepatitis B carriers, 4 705 cases of chronic hepatitis B, 4 043 cases of liver cirrhosis, 3 265 cases of liver cancer, and 4 411 hepatitis B-related deaths.

Conclusions

The hepatitis B vaccination program in Fenghua district has yielded remarkable results, significantly decreasing both the positive rate of HBsAg and the incidence of hepatitis B among young age groups. It is imperative to continue enhancing the hepatitis B vaccination efforts for newborns.

, authors=Yuqi SHAO1, Weibo DONG1, Wei FENG1, Yingping XIA1, Hang HONG2, Sanjun FU1, authorsList=Yuqi SHAO, Weibo DONG, Wei FENG, Yingping XIA, Hang HONG, Sanjun FU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weibo DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
DONG Weibo, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170793384493880, articleId=1321170788930143027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=1992—2020年宁波市奉化区新生儿乙肝疫苗接种效果评价——一项回顾性随访研究, columnId=1321170739219255777, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——抗击乙肝,预防先行, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

评价1992—2020年浙江省宁波市奉化区乙肝疫苗接种效果。

方法

收集1992年和2020年奉化区乙肝血清流行病学调查资料,比较乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)及乙肝表面抗体(抗–HBs)阳性率。收集 1992—2020年乙肝发病资料,比较计划免疫管理阶段(1992—2001年)、免疫规划管理阶段(2002—2011年)及乙肝母婴阻断策略实施阶段(2012—2020年)的年均乙肝发病率。使用决策树马尔科夫模型评估1992—2020年新生儿乙肝疫苗接种效果。

结果

全人群HBsAg阳性率由1992年13.79%下降至2020年5.42%(χ2=31.73,P<0.01),其中0~24岁人群中所有年龄组HBsAg阳性率均降为0%。0~4岁组抗–HBs阳性率由1992年34.48%上升至2020年90.16%(χ2=30.38,P<0.01)。乙肝发病率在0~29岁人群显著下降,尤其是0~4、5~9、10~14岁组,2012—2020年较1992—2001年分别下降86.08%、94.63%和94.55%。决策树马尔科夫模型结果显示,与未接种乙肝疫苗相比,1992—2020年奉化区乙肝疫苗接种114 670人可预防6 894例急性乙肝、30 832例乙肝携带者、4 705例慢性乙肝、4 043例肝硬化、3 265例肝癌和4 411例乙肝相关死亡。

结论

奉化区乙肝疫苗接种效果显著,低年龄段HBsAg阳性率和乙肝发病率均大幅下降,应继续做好新生儿乙肝疫苗接种工作。

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邵雨祺(1998—),医师,本科,研究方向:免疫规划

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董维波,E-mail:
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Comparison of the positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBs among surveyed populations in Fenghua district in 1992 and 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标年龄组/岁1992年2020年χ2值P值
检测数阳性数阳性率/%检测数阳性数阳性率/%
HBsAg 0~42926.906100.0024.10 a<0.01
5~929517.245300.00
10~1432721.885000.00
15~1934411.7614500.0027.06 b<0.01
20~2449714.295400.00
25~29571017.549366.45
30~391081412.969733.096.550.01
40~4963812.701361410.290.25>0.05
50~3438.82511428.220.02>0.05
合计4356013.791 200655.4231.73<0.01
抗–HBs0~4291034.48615590.1630.38<0.01
5~9291241.38532750.940.69>0.05
10~14321856.25501836.003.25>0.05
15~19341955.881453423.4513.90<0.01
20~24492959.18542342.592.83>0.05
25~29573256.14933840.863.32>0.05
30~391086661.11976364.950.32>0.05
40~49633961.901369066.180.35>0.05
50~341647.0651133365.174.540.03
合计43524155.401 20068156.750.24>0.05
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1992年与2020年奉化区调查人群HBsAg和抗–HBs阳性率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标年龄组/岁1992年2020年χ2值P值
检测数阳性数阳性率/%检测数阳性数阳性率/%
HBsAg 0~42926.906100.0024.10 a<0.01
5~929517.245300.00
10~1432721.885000.00
15~1934411.7614500.0027.06 b<0.01
20~2449714.295400.00
25~29571017.549366.45
30~391081412.969733.096.550.01
40~4963812.701361410.290.25>0.05
50~3438.82511428.220.02>0.05
合计4356013.791 200655.4231.73<0.01
抗–HBs0~4291034.48615590.1630.38<0.01
5~9291241.38532750.940.69>0.05
10~14321856.25501836.003.25>0.05
15~19341955.881453423.4513.90<0.01
20~24492959.18542342.592.83>0.05
25~29573256.14933840.863.32>0.05
30~391086661.11976364.950.32>0.05
40~49633961.901369066.180.35>0.05
50~341647.0651133365.174.540.03
合计43524155.401 20068156.750.24>0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1321170798136640363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170788930143027, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of annual average incidence of hepatitis B in Fenghua district at three stages from 1992 to 2020

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年龄/岁1992—20012002—20112012—2020χ2趋势值P值
病例数发病率/(1/10万)病例数发病率/(1/10万)病例数发病率/(1/10万)
0~4248.4862.1721.1815.23<0.01
5~95418.24103.4420.9848.10<0.01
10~146518.94124.1321.0348.78<0.01
15~1919453.659632.29188.2680.68<0.01
20~2427970.4017656.918429.1351.05<0.01
25~29457103.8221660.6015253.0465.86<0.01
30~3974475.4951759.0037961.2814.61<0.01
40~4946163.7352755.8353456.643.150.08
50~36435.9578256.031 19973.81155.49<0.01
合计2 64254.572 34246.512 37252.172.990.08
), ArticleFig(id=1321170798216332140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170788930143027, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1992—2020年奉化区3个阶段乙肝年均发病率比较

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年龄/岁1992—20012002—20112012—2020χ2趋势值P值
病例数发病率/(1/10万)病例数发病率/(1/10万)病例数发病率/(1/10万)
0~4248.4862.1721.1815.23<0.01
5~95418.24103.4420.9848.10<0.01
10~146518.94124.1321.0348.78<0.01
15~1919453.659632.29188.2680.68<0.01
20~2427970.4017656.918429.1351.05<0.01
25~29457103.8221660.6015253.0465.86<0.01
30~3974475.4951759.0037961.2814.61<0.01
40~4946163.7352755.8353456.643.150.08
50~36435.9578256.031 19973.81155.49<0.01
合计2 64254.572 34246.512 37252.172.990.08
), ArticleFig(id=1321170798300218221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170788930143027, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination for newborns in Fenghua district from 1992 to 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乙肝疫苗急性乙肝HBV携带者慢性乙肝肝硬化肝癌乙肝相关死亡
接种3152 164294165195288
未接种720932 9964998420834604699
接种效果−6894−30 832−4704−4043−3 265−4411
), ArticleFig(id=1321170798371521390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170788930143027, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

1992—2020年奉化区新生儿乙肝疫苗接种效果分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乙肝疫苗急性乙肝HBV携带者慢性乙肝肝硬化肝癌乙肝相关死亡
接种3152 164294165195288
未接种720932 9964998420834604699
接种效果−6894−30 832−4704−4043−3 265−4411
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1992—2020年宁波市奉化区新生儿乙肝疫苗接种效果评价——一项回顾性随访研究
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邵雨祺 1 , 董维波 1, *, * , 冯伟 1 , 夏颖苹 1 , 洪航 2 , 傅叁君 1
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——抗击乙肝,预防先行 2025,41(8): 961-965
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1992—2020年宁波市奉化区新生儿乙肝疫苗接种效果评价——一项回顾性随访研究
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邵雨祺1, 董维波1, *, * , 冯伟1, 夏颖苹1, 洪航2, 傅叁君1
作者信息
  • 1奉化区疾病预防控制中心,宁波 315500
  • 2宁波大学医学部公共卫生学院,宁波 315211
通讯作者:
董维波,E-mail:
作者简介:

邵雨祺(1998—),医师,本科,研究方向:免疫规划

Evaluation of the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination among newborns in Fenghua district, Ningbo city from 1992 to 2020: a follow-up study
Yuqi SHAO1, Weibo DONG1 , Wei FENG1, Yingping XIA1, Hang HONG2, Sanjun FU1
Affiliations
  • 1Fenghua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315500, China
  • 2School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    DONG Weibo, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146502
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目的

评价1992—2020年浙江省宁波市奉化区乙肝疫苗接种效果。

方法

收集1992年和2020年奉化区乙肝血清流行病学调查资料,比较乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)及乙肝表面抗体(抗–HBs)阳性率。收集 1992—2020年乙肝发病资料,比较计划免疫管理阶段(1992—2001年)、免疫规划管理阶段(2002—2011年)及乙肝母婴阻断策略实施阶段(2012—2020年)的年均乙肝发病率。使用决策树马尔科夫模型评估1992—2020年新生儿乙肝疫苗接种效果。

结果

全人群HBsAg阳性率由1992年13.79%下降至2020年5.42%(χ2=31.73,P<0.01),其中0~24岁人群中所有年龄组HBsAg阳性率均降为0%。0~4岁组抗–HBs阳性率由1992年34.48%上升至2020年90.16%(χ2=30.38,P<0.01)。乙肝发病率在0~29岁人群显著下降,尤其是0~4、5~9、10~14岁组,2012—2020年较1992—2001年分别下降86.08%、94.63%和94.55%。决策树马尔科夫模型结果显示,与未接种乙肝疫苗相比,1992—2020年奉化区乙肝疫苗接种114 670人可预防6 894例急性乙肝、30 832例乙肝携带者、4 705例慢性乙肝、4 043例肝硬化、3 265例肝癌和4 411例乙肝相关死亡。

结论

奉化区乙肝疫苗接种效果显著,低年龄段HBsAg阳性率和乙肝发病率均大幅下降,应继续做好新生儿乙肝疫苗接种工作。

乙型肝炎  /  血清流行病学  /  乙肝疫苗  /  乙肝发病率  /  宁波市奉化区
Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination in Fenghua district, Ningbo city from 1992 to 2020.

Methods

The epidemiological survey data on hepatitis B serology in Fenghua district in 1992 and 2020 were collected for comparison of the positive rates of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs). Furthermore, data on the incidence of hepatitis B from 1992 to 2020 were collected for comparison of the average annual incidence of hepatitis B during the planned immunization management stage (1992–2001), the immunization planning management stage (2002–2011), and the implementation stage of the hepatitis B mother-to-child transmission prevention strategy (2012–2020). The decision tree-Markov model was adopted to evaluate the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination in newborns from 1992 to 2020.

Results

The positive rate of HBsAg across the entire population declined from 13.79% in 1992 to 5.42% in 2020 (χ2 = 31.73, P < 0.01), with all age groups within the cohort of 0–24 years old experiencing a reduction to 0%. The positive rate of anti-HBs in the age group of 0–4 years old increased from 34.48% in 1992 to 90.16% in 2020 (χ2 = 30.38, P < 0.01). The incidence of hepatitis B significantly decreased among individuals aged 0–29 years old. Particularly, the age groups of 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 years old during 2012–2020 showed declines of 86.08%, 94.63%, and 94.55% respectively, compared with those in 1992–2001. According to the decision tree-Markov model, compared with those who did not receive hepatitis B vaccination, the vaccination among 114 670 individuals in Fenghua district from 1992 to 2020 prevented 6 894 cases of acute hepatitis B, 30 832 cases of hepatitis B carriers, 4 705 cases of chronic hepatitis B, 4 043 cases of liver cirrhosis, 3 265 cases of liver cancer, and 4 411 hepatitis B-related deaths.

Conclusions

The hepatitis B vaccination program in Fenghua district has yielded remarkable results, significantly decreasing both the positive rate of HBsAg and the incidence of hepatitis B among young age groups. It is imperative to continue enhancing the hepatitis B vaccination efforts for newborns.

hepatitis B  /  serum epidemiology  /  hepatitis B vaccine  /  incidence of hepatitis B  /  Fenghua district, Ningbo city
邵雨祺, 董维波, 冯伟, 夏颖苹, 洪航, 傅叁君. 1992—2020年宁波市奉化区新生儿乙肝疫苗接种效果评价——一项回顾性随访研究. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (8) : 961 -965 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146502
Yuqi SHAO, Weibo DONG, Wei FENG, Yingping XIA, Hang HONG, Sanjun FU. Evaluation of the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination among newborns in Fenghua district, Ningbo city from 1992 to 2020: a follow-up study[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (8) : 961 -965 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146502
乙型病毒性肝炎是由乙肝病毒(HBV)引起的以肝脏病变为主要表现的传染病,是导致肝硬化和肝癌的主要原因[1]。中国曾经是乙肝高流行国家,得益于以乙肝疫苗接种为核心的乙肝防控策略的实施,中国0~29岁人群乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性率由1992年的10.1%下降至2014年的2.6%[2]。浙江省宁波市奉化区从1992年起将乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫管理,至2020年实施已有29年。本研究对奉化区1992—2020年乙肝血清学、乙肝发病率和乙肝疫苗接种效果进行分析,以评价乙肝疫苗接种对奉化区乙肝流行水平的影响。
奉化区为全国疾病监测点,数据资料源于奉化区1992年和2020年两次参加全国病毒性肝炎血清学调查资料,由中国疾病预防控制中心通过分层多阶段整群随机抽样法确定调查对象,具体方法见文献[2–3]。1992年采用固相放射免疫分析法检测HBsAg和抗–HBs,2020年采用ELISA法检测HBsAg和抗–HBs。样本由浙江省疾病预防控制中心进行检测,中国疾病预防控制中心进行复检。本研究已通过宁波市奉化区疾病预防控制制中心生物医学研究伦理审查委员会审批(FHLL-2024003)。
1992—2004年乙肝发病数据来源于奉化区传染病年报,2005—2020年乙肝发病数据来源于国家法定传染病报告系统。根据乙肝免疫策略的实施进展,将1992—2020年奉化区乙肝发病数据划分为3个阶段,即计划免疫管理阶段(1992—2001年),免疫规划管理阶段(2002—2011年)和乙肝母婴阻断策略实施阶段(2012—2020年)。
以未接种乙肝疫苗为假设参照,采用决策树-马尔科夫模型评估新生儿乙肝疫苗种效果。决策树模型决策节点分为接种乙肝疫苗与未接种乙肝疫苗,马尔科夫模型模拟HBV感染后的乙肝相关疾病的转归过程。模型中未接种乙肝疫苗包括乙肝易感和乙肝感染两个过程;接种乙肝疫苗包括受疫苗保护、乙肝易感和乙肝感染3个过程。乙型肝炎(HBV)感染的自然史可分为4个阶段,分别是免疫耐受期、免疫清除期、非活动期及再活动期。在免疫耐受期,患者HBsAg和HBeAg均为阳性,HBV DNA水平较高,但血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和肝组织病理正常,该阶段可能持续数年甚至数十年。进入免疫清除期后,患者仍然HBsAg阳性,伴随ALT异常和肝组织损伤,此阶段标志着机体开始对HBV产生免疫反应,试图清除病毒。非活动期的患者HBsAg阳性,HBV DNA阴性且ALT正常,表明病毒活动被抑制。在再活动期患者表现出HBsAg和HBV DNA阳性,ALT水平持续或反复升高,并可能伴随肝损伤或纤维化[4]。本研究将这4个阶段合并为慢性乙肝状态,并将乙肝易感过程分为8种状态:乙肝易感、HBsAg血清清除、乙肝携带者、慢性乙肝、代偿性肝硬化、失代偿性肝硬化、肝癌和死亡。乙肝感染过程剔除了乙肝易感状态,其余7种状态与乙肝易感过程一致。决策树-马尔科夫模型的构建及乙肝相关疾病转移概率和疫苗保护率等参数主要参考张顺祥等和厦门大学的研究成果[5–7]。马尔科夫模型循环周期为1年,根据奉化区的期望寿命设定循环80年,图1为乙肝易感过程马尔科夫模型运行80个周期各个状态的发生概率。1992—2020年出生数据来源于奉化区统计年鉴。
使用Excel 2021软件进行数据整理,使用SPSS 21.0软件进行数据分析。1992与2020年乙肝血清学阳性率的比较采用χ2检验,1992—2020年3个阶段间乙肝发病率的比较采用趋势χ2检验。采用Treeage Pro 2021软件构建乙肝疫苗接种决策树马尔科夫模型。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。标准人口采用奉化区第七次全国人口普查数据。
1992年调查435人,HBsAg阳性率为13.79%(标化率为11.71%);2020年调查1 200人,HBsAg阳性率为5.42%(标化率为6.12%),2020年较1992年HBsAg阳性率下降60.70%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=31.73,P<0.01)。不同年龄组比较,2020年0~39岁人群中所有年龄组HBsAg阳性率均低于1992年,差异均有统计学意义(0~14岁:χ2=24.10,P<0.01;15~29岁:χ2=27.06,P<0.01;30~39岁:χ2=6.55,P=0.01)。1992年抗–HBs阳性率为55.40%(标化率为54.49%),2020年抗–HBs阳性率为56.75%(标化率为59.09%),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.24,P>0.05)。不同年龄组比较,2020年仅0~4岁和50~岁组抗–HBs阳性率高于1992年且差异有统计学意义(0~4岁: χ2=30.38,P<0.01;50~岁:χ2=4.54,P=0.03)。
奉化区1992—2001年、2002—2011年和2012—2020年乙肝年均发病率分别为54.57/10万、46.51/10万、52.17/10万,差异无统计学意义(χ2趋势=2.99,P>0.05)。不同年龄组分析,0~29岁人群各年龄组乙肝发病率均呈下降趋势,其中低年龄组下降更为明显,0~4、5~9和10~14岁2012—2020年乙肝年均发病率较1992—2001年分别下降86.08%、94.63%、94.55%。50~岁组乙肝发病率呈上升趋势,年均发病率2012—2020年较1992—2001年上升105.31%。
使用决策树-马尔可夫模型对1992—2020年奉化区出生儿童乙肝疫苗接种效果进行估算。1992—2020年奉化区合计出生115 595人,乙肝疫苗接种人数为114 670人,乙肝疫苗接种为99.20%。与未接种乙肝疫苗相比,1992—2020年114 670名儿童接种乙肝疫苗可预防6 894例急性乙肝、30 832例乙肝携带者、4 705例慢性乙肝、4 043例肝硬化、3 265例肝癌和4 411例乙肝相关死亡。
本研究结果显示,奉化区2020年全人群HBsAg阳性率为5.42%,高于2020年浙江省(4.30%)[3]及2020年深圳市罗湖区(5.30%)[8],但低于2018—2019年福建省(6.20%)[9]及2016年模型估算的中国一般人群HBsAg阳性率(6.10%)[10],这可能与不同地区的经济水平、疫苗接种和人员流动等因素有关。2020年奉化区HBsAg阳性率较1992年下降60.70%,其中0~24岁各年龄组HBsAg阳性率均降至0.00%,已达到世界卫生组织(WHO)提出的2030年消除HBV垂直传播的目标[11],表明奉化区近30年新生儿乙肝疫苗接种成效显著,奉化区低年龄段人群的HBV感染得到有效控制。
奉化区2020年与1992年全人群抗–HBs阳性率差异无统计学意义,仅0~4岁组和≥50岁组抗–HBs阳性率高于1992年。2020年0~29岁年龄组人群抗–HBs阳性率随年龄增加而逐渐下降的趋势,与浙江省[3]、福建省[9]一致,这可能与乙肝疫苗产生的保护性抗体存在自然衰减有关[12]。文献报道在乙肝疫苗接种后的第一年抗–HBs滴度下降较快,随后抗–HBs滴度下降速度变缓[13–14]。对儿童抗–HBs滴度持久性的研究表明,15%~50%的儿童在接种疫苗5~24年后抗体浓度可能较低甚至检测不到[15–17]。尽管在完成乙肝疫苗全程接种后抗–HBs滴度会降低,但有研究表明接种过乙肝疫苗的儿童仍然具有细胞免疫记忆[18–19]。WHO相关建议也表明,目前没有证据支持完成常规免疫的儿童需要进行乙肝疫苗加强接种[20]。但需要关注的是HBsAg阳性母亲所生儿童。Wang等[21]发现,完成乙肝常规免疫的儿童中,HBsAg阳性母亲所生儿童在抗–HBs转为阴性后更容易受到HBV感染,其风险为HBsAg阴性母亲所生儿童的23.29倍。对乙肝疫苗加强接种的成本效果分析发现HBsAg阳性母亲所生儿童在加强接种一剂次10 μg乙肝疫苗后,每增加一个质量调整生命年仍可节省不少于5 000美元的成本[22]。因此可以考虑对HBsAg阳性母亲儿童进行加强免疫,以巩固乙肝免疫策略的防控成果。
由于乙肝疫苗接种后免疫力的产生具有滞后性,且乙肝自然史较长,其预防效果需要数年或数十年才能完全显现。此外,随着新生儿乙肝疫苗接种工作的开展,群体免疫效应逐渐形成,但这一过程是渐进的。1992年以前出生的人群中仍有大量未接种乙肝疫苗的人群和乙肝感染者存在,导致乙肝发病率在短期内难以显著下降。本文结果也显示,奉化区1992—2001年、2002—2011年和2012—2020年乙肝年均发病率差异无统计学意义。本研究还发现,奉化区1992—2020年≥50岁人群的乙肝发病率显著上升,与西藏自治区[23]一致,提示成年人逐渐成为新发乙肝感染的主要人群,这可能与乙肝疫苗在成年人群中覆盖率较低,以及性传播、血液传播等乙肝传播危险因素增加有关[24]。2020年奉化区≥30岁人群HBsAg阳性率为7.93%,说明仍有大量潜在的HBV感染者未被发现。较低的乙肝诊断率、治疗率以及低乙肝疫苗覆盖率使中国的成人乙肝防控工作面临困难重重[25]。因此,根据《成人乙型肝炎病毒感染筛查、检测及管理专家建议》[26],结合实际对成年人开展HBV感染筛查,对于筛查结果中HBsAg、抗–HBs和抗–HBc均阴性的HBV易感者,建议接种乙肝疫苗以预防HBV感染。
马尔可夫模型可模拟新生儿接种或不接种乙肝疫苗全生命周期乙肝不同健康状态的长期结果[27]。通过马尔可夫模型估算,1992—2020年奉化区新生儿接种乙肝疫苗后可预防 4 705例慢性乙肝、4 043例肝硬化、3 265例肝癌,表明新生儿乙肝疫苗接种极大减轻了乙肝的疾病负担。相关研究表明,新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫策略的成本效益比受新生儿乙肝疫苗接种率的影响最大,接种率>90%时,净效益值可达7 000元[28]。然而受到新冠疫情的影响,2020—2022年乙肝疫苗全程接种率略有下降[29]。需要继续坚持新生儿乙肝疫苗接种,并加大催种补种及宣传力度。
奉化区是全国疾病监测点,两次乙肝血清流行病学调查均是在国家组织下进行的,增强了研究结果的权威性和可靠性。本研究在乙肝血清学结果的基础上,结合奉化区乙肝发病数据和马尔可夫模型队列模拟,能够更加合面的评估乙肝疫苗的接种效果,在方法上具有一定的创新性。奉化区历史上是乙肝高流行区,同时奉化区新生儿乙肝疫苗接种率超过99%。评估乙肝高流行区高乙肝疫苗接种率效果具有重要的公共卫生意义。本研究也存在一些局限性。首先,乙肝发病数据是由各级医疗机构报告,有部分乙肝患者可能因症状不明显而未及时就医,可能会低估乙肝的发病率。其次,本研究中使用的马尔可夫模型是静态模型,而个体健康状态变化可能受到多种因素的影响,这可能会限制模型结果的适用性。最后两次乙肝血清学调查的人数相差较多,可能会影响两次调查结果的可比性。
综上所述,经过新生儿乙肝疫苗接种,奉化区低年龄段HBsAg阳性率和乙肝发病率均大幅下降。但仍需加强乙肝疫苗接种策略的实施,关注高危人群的免疫需求,以期降低乙肝这一公共卫生威胁。

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2025年第41卷第8期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146502
  • 接收时间:2024-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-25
  • 修回日期:2025-02-06
  • 录用日期:2025-08-06
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    1奉化区疾病预防控制中心,宁波 315500
    2宁波大学医学部公共卫生学院,宁波 315211

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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