Article(id=1321170783456580457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170720168726830, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145453, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=1736352000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-09, acceptedDate=1747324800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-16, onlineDate=1792921260942, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921260942, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921260942, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921260942, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170720168726830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='897', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754755200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921245852, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921245852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=982, endPage=989, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170785222382442, articleId=1321170783456580457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in urine and associated health risks among school-aged children in Shenzhen: a cross-sectional survey, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To assess the exposure to and health risks from endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in primary and secondary school students.

Methods

The participants of this study were 330 primary and secondary school students who were selected at random from visitors to the Sleep Research Center of Shenzhen People′s Hospital between July and September of 2022. The students provided bedtime and next-morning urine samples and completed questionnaire surveys. A triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer was utilized to assess the concentrations of 34 EDCs, encompassing 7 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), 3 parabens (PBs), 10 phthalates (PAEs), 4 benzophenones, 7 synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), and 3 bisphenols, in both bedtime and morning urine samples to estimate the students' daily intake (EDI) of these EDCs.

Results

Most EDCs were detected at rates exceeding 40% in both bedtime and morning urine samples from 330 participants ultimately included in the analysis. The highest detection rates were observed for monomethyl phthalate (MMP), mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl] phthalate (MMCHP), and mono [2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl] phthalate (MECPP). Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) had the highest EDI, with the mean EDI from morning samples exceeded the RfD. Seventy-two students (21.8%) had a phthalate HI greater than one.

Conclusions

The cumulative exposure to PAEs among primary and secondary school students in Shenzhen is relatively high, posing potential health risks. To mitigate these risks, it is advisable to minimize contact with products containing PAEs.

, authors=Lixin ZHOU1, 2, 3, 4, Chenyan ZENG1, 2, 3, 4, Tiantian DUAN1, 2, 3, 4, Songyi HUANG1, 2, 3, 4, Jiehao LI1, 2, 3, 4, Yu WU1, 2, 3, 4, Siyi ZHONG1, 2, 3, 4, Pan YANG1, 2, 3, 4, authorsList=Lixin ZHOU, Chenyan ZENG, Tiantian DUAN, Songyi HUANG, Jiehao LI, Yu WU, Siyi ZHONG, Pan YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pan YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YANG Pan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170787571192687, articleId=1321170783456580457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=深圳市中小学生多种EDCs类污染物暴露特征与风险评估, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析中小学生体内环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的暴露特征并评估暴露风险。

方法

于2022年7—9月,采取横断面调查方法对在深圳市人民医院就诊的330名中小学生进行问卷调查和尿样采集,使用三重四极杆–线性离子阱复合型质谱仪分别检测调查对象睡前尿液和次日晨尿样本中的34种EDCs的浓度,包括7种有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)、3种对羟基苯甲酸酯类(PBs)、10种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)、4种二苯甲酮类、7种合成酚类抗氧化剂(SPAs)以及3种双酚类污染物。

结果

研究对象2次尿液中大部分EDCs的检出率大于40%,monomethyl phthalate(MMP),mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl]phthalate(MCMHP)和mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl]phthalate(MECPP)在两次尿液中的检出率最高;每日估计摄入量(estimated daily intake, EDI)最高的是di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP),且晨尿中的DEHP的EDI平均值超过参考值。

结论

深圳中小学生邻苯二甲酸酯的累计暴露风险略高,对中小学生健康可能存在潜在风险;应减少接触含PAEs的频率,降低中小学生健康风险。

, authors=周礼信1, 2, 3, 4, 曾晨燕1, 2, 3, 4, 段甜甜1, 2, 3, 4, 黄宋旖1, 2, 3, 4, 李结浩1, 2, 3, 4, 武玉1, 2, 3, 4, 钟斯怡1, 2, 3, 4, 杨盼1, 2, 3, 4, *, *, authorsList=周礼信, 曾晨燕, 段甜甜, 黄宋旖, 李结浩, 武玉, 钟斯怡, 杨盼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨盼, authorNote=

周礼信(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:环境与健康

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨盼,E-mail:
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(2024-04-03)[2024-09-18].https://www.samr.gov.cn/zw/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/zljds/art/2024/art_bc07f6b465164e81bb08b45572b27f9c.html., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170787801879408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170787810268017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, companyId=1321170787801879408, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170787818656626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, companyId=1321170787801879408, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院公共卫生与预防医学系,广州 510632)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170787885765491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170787894154100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, companyId=1321170787885765491, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2China Greater Bay Area Research Center of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170787898348405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, companyId=1321170787885765491, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院粤港澳大湾区环境健康研究中心,广州 510632)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170787961262966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170787969651575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, companyId=1321170787961262966, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Ji’nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170787982234488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, companyId=1321170787961262966, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3广东省环境污染与健康重点实验室(暨南大学),广州 510632)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170788032566137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170788040954746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, companyId=1321170788032566137, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Infection Prevention and Control (Ji’nan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170788049343355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, companyId=1321170788032566137, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4病毒致病及防控教育部重点实验室(暨南大学),广州 510632)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170796161127366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Spearman′s rank correlation coefficients between concentrations of 31 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) measured in bedtime and morning urine samples of primary and secondary school students in Shenzhen, China, 2022 (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001), figureFileSmall=Ymmzn5XWCplyNBcNOrkxOw==, figureFileBig=6Z2ThZ7wE3fvnf5sSSHwVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170796228236231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, language=CN, label=图1, caption=尿中EDCs浓度的Spearman秩相关性

*. P<0.05;**. P<0.01;***. P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=Ymmzn5XWCplyNBcNOrkxOw==, figureFileBig=6Z2ThZ7wE3fvnf5sSSHwVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170796396008392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Limits of detection, detection rates, mean concentrations (ng/mL), 25th/50th/75th percentile concentrations (ng/mL), and interclass correlation coefficients for 34 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) of 6 categories in bedtime and morning urine samples from 330 primary and secondary school students in Shenzhen city, 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物种类化合物全称化合物缩写LOD睡前尿晨尿ICC
检出率/%MP25P50P75检出率/%MP25P50P75
OPFRsdibutyl phosphateDBP0.01073.940.13<LOD0.080.1895.450.840.140.260.550.012
bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphateBCIPP0.20048.481.33<LOD<LOD1.6585.155.281.062.595.430.033
diphenyl phosphateDPHP0.01093.330.41<LOD0.230.4999.092.070.290.621.420.005
di-p-tolyl-phosphateDCP0.00248.790.01<LOD<LOD0.0169.700.04<LOD0.010.020.053
bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphateBBOEP0.02057.880.260.010.090.3167.580.47<LOD0.130.550.018
bis(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphateBDCPP0.09046.670.34<LOD<LOD0.2676.061.010.090.300.980.311
diethyl phosphateDEP0.16072.730.59<LOD0.410.7391.521.630.480.971.780.007
Parabensmethyl parabenMeP0.01097.2714.381.063.4310.5298.7940.874.0412.4241.570.200
ethyl parabenEtP0.020100.004.770.170.432.2299.095.090.280.602.670.450
propyl parabenPrP0.01092.122.360.120.280.9696.972.330.180.481.560.340
Bisphenolsbisphenol ABPA0.06056.971.90<LOD0.362.0558.483.00<LOD0.903.940.118
bisphenol FBPF0.05097.581.900.631.152.1583.641.570.571.342.110.126
bisphenol SBPS0.02054.241.56<LOD0.421.8828.790.64<LOD<LOD0.500.032
Benzophenonesbenzophenone-1BP-10.01086.360.770.050.130.2894.550.780.120.230.490.478
benzophenone-2BP-20.01024.850.04<LOD<LOD<LOD47.580.09<LOD<LOD<LOD0.053
benzophenone-3BP-30.06080.613.820.140.601.1577.883.310.380.831.800.398
4-hydroxybenzophenone4-OH-BP0.00194.850.100.010.030.0897.880.150.040.080.170.447
Phthalatesmonomethyl phthalateMMP0.120100.0034.4610.2821.3545.30100.0016.746.0612.4122.120.107
monoethyl phthalateMEP0.09095.152.530.751.452.9891.212.240.360.912.220.080
monoisopropyl phthalateMIPrP0.02079.700.180.020.050.1098.180.130.070.110.160.006
monobutyl phthalateMBP0.01099.7016.985.9212.9225.90100.005.021.873.556.430.104
monobenzyl phthalateMBzP0.01063.640.14<LOD0.040.1273.640.50<LOD0.090.230.162
mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalateMEHP0.05094.852.790.581.452.9899.393.051.051.693.520.368
mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalateMEOHP0.010100.002.571.001.813.2199.392.980.881.833.360.256
mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalateMEHHP0.01099.7010.803.947.1312.30100.0010.843.866.9614.330.170
mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl] phthalateMCMHP0.010100.003.901.452.634.66100.003.971.102.494.490.248
mono(2-ethyl-5carboxypentyl) phthalateMECPP0.010100.0014.524.828.9517.09100.0020.985.0210.5224.440.201
SPAs3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisoleBHA0.02099.0911.590.482.689.55100.0010.451.353.9010.850.161
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolBHT0.01049.700.27<LOD<LOD0.4246.060.44<LOD<LOD0.580.037
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenolBHT-OH0.01079.090.190.020.060.1594.550.170.040.100.190.030
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acidBHT-COOH0.01096.975.820.532.136.0199.707.591.973.798.060.199
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzaldehydeBHT-CHO0.02072.122.22<LOD1.003.1084.554.221.053.076.160.038
2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinoneBHT-Q0.01024.851.00<LOD<LOD<LOD52.737.11<LOD0.958.650.007
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadioneBHT-quinol0.10058.792.11<LOD0.271.5982.427.320.853.217.250.055
), ArticleFig(id=1321170796492477385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170783456580457, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象体内EDCs暴露分布/(ng/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物种类化合物全称化合物缩写LOD睡前尿晨尿ICC
检出率/%MP25P50P75检出率/%MP25P50P75
OPFRsdibutyl phosphateDBP0.01073.940.13<LOD0.080.1895.450.840.140.260.550.012
bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphateBCIPP0.20048.481.33<LOD<LOD1.6585.155.281.062.595.430.033
diphenyl phosphateDPHP0.01093.330.41<LOD0.230.4999.092.070.290.621.420.005
di-p-tolyl-phosphateDCP0.00248.790.01<LOD<LOD0.0169.700.04<LOD0.010.020.053
bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphateBBOEP0.02057.880.260.010.090.3167.580.47<LOD0.130.550.018
bis(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphateBDCPP0.09046.670.34<LOD<LOD0.2676.061.010.090.300.980.311
diethyl phosphateDEP0.16072.730.59<LOD0.410.7391.521.630.480.971.780.007
Parabensmethyl parabenMeP0.01097.2714.381.063.4310.5298.7940.874.0412.4241.570.200
ethyl parabenEtP0.020100.004.770.170.432.2299.095.090.280.602.670.450
propyl parabenPrP0.01092.122.360.120.280.9696.972.330.180.481.560.340
Bisphenolsbisphenol ABPA0.06056.971.90<LOD0.362.0558.483.00<LOD0.903.940.118
bisphenol FBPF0.05097.581.900.631.152.1583.641.570.571.342.110.126
bisphenol SBPS0.02054.241.56<LOD0.421.8828.790.64<LOD<LOD0.500.032
Benzophenonesbenzophenone-1BP-10.01086.360.770.050.130.2894.550.780.120.230.490.478
benzophenone-2BP-20.01024.850.04<LOD<LOD<LOD47.580.09<LOD<LOD<LOD0.053
benzophenone-3BP-30.06080.613.820.140.601.1577.883.310.380.831.800.398
4-hydroxybenzophenone4-OH-BP0.00194.850.100.010.030.0897.880.150.040.080.170.447
Phthalatesmonomethyl phthalateMMP0.120100.0034.4610.2821.3545.30100.0016.746.0612.4122.120.107
monoethyl phthalateMEP0.09095.152.530.751.452.9891.212.240.360.912.220.080
monoisopropyl phthalateMIPrP0.02079.700.180.020.050.1098.180.130.070.110.160.006
monobutyl phthalateMBP0.01099.7016.985.9212.9225.90100.005.021.873.556.430.104
monobenzyl phthalateMBzP0.01063.640.14<LOD0.040.1273.640.50<LOD0.090.230.162
mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalateMEHP0.05094.852.790.581.452.9899.393.051.051.693.520.368
mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalateMEOHP0.010100.002.571.001.813.2199.392.980.881.833.360.256
mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalateMEHHP0.01099.7010.803.947.1312.30100.0010.843.866.9614.330.170
mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl] phthalateMCMHP0.010100.003.901.452.634.66100.003.971.102.494.490.248
mono(2-ethyl-5carboxypentyl) phthalateMECPP0.010100.0014.524.828.9517.09100.0020.985.0210.5224.440.201
SPAs3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisoleBHA0.02099.0911.590.482.689.55100.0010.451.353.9010.850.161
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolBHT0.01049.700.27<LOD<LOD0.4246.060.44<LOD<LOD0.580.037
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenolBHT-OH0.01079.090.190.020.060.1594.550.170.040.100.190.030
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acidBHT-COOH0.01096.975.820.532.136.0199.707.591.973.798.060.199
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzaldehydeBHT-CHO0.02072.122.22<LOD1.003.1084.554.221.053.076.160.038
2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinoneBHT-Q0.01024.851.00<LOD<LOD<LOD52.737.11<LOD0.958.650.007
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadioneBHT-quinol0.10058.792.11<LOD0.271.5982.427.320.853.217.250.055
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Estimated daily intake (mean and 25th/50th/75th percentiles, μg/kg bw·day–1) of 25 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) of 6 categories in 330 primary and secondary school students in Shenzhen, based on paired bedtime and morning urine measurements

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化合物睡前尿晨尿
MP25P50P75MP25P50P75
OPFRs
 DBP0.010.000.000.010.050.000.010.04
 BCIPP0.050.010.020.070.310.030.100.28
 DPHP0.010.000.010.020.130.010.030.07
 DCP0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
 BBOEP0.010.000.000.010.030.000.000.03
 BDCPP0.020.000.000.020.070.000.010.04
 DEP0.030.010.020.040.120.010.040.11
Parabens
 MeP0.890.030.100.513.980.130.541.97
 EtP0.210.010.020.080.480.010.030.13
 PrP0.210.000.010.040.240.010.020.08
Bisphenols
 BPA0.120.000.010.080.230.000.030.18
 BPF0.090.020.050.110.130.010.040.11
Benzophenones
 BP-10.020.000.000.010.040.000.010.03
 BP-30.100.010.020.060.140.010.030.10
 4-OH-BP0.000.000.000.000.010.000.000.01
Phthalates
 MEP0.410.030.070.200.260.020.040.14
 MBP2.050.330.831.830.760.100.260.64
 MBzP0.020.000.000.010.060.000.010.02
 DEHP18.103.516.5412.4720.873.508.4519.38
SPAs
 BHA0.350.030.090.260.710.050.170.49
 BHT0.040.000.000.040.030.000.000.02
 BHT-OH0.010.000.000.000.010.000.000.01
 BHT-COOH0.230.030.070.150.500.070.150.41
 BHT-CHO0.090.000.030.100.310.030.120.27
 BHT-quinol0.070.000.010.060.630.030.110.32
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研究对象每日估计摄入量/(μg/kg bw·day–1)

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化合物睡前尿晨尿
MP25P50P75MP25P50P75
OPFRs
 DBP0.010.000.000.010.050.000.010.04
 BCIPP0.050.010.020.070.310.030.100.28
 DPHP0.010.000.010.020.130.010.030.07
 DCP0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
 BBOEP0.010.000.000.010.030.000.000.03
 BDCPP0.020.000.000.020.070.000.010.04
 DEP0.030.010.020.040.120.010.040.11
Parabens
 MeP0.890.030.100.513.980.130.541.97
 EtP0.210.010.020.080.480.010.030.13
 PrP0.210.000.010.040.240.010.020.08
Bisphenols
 BPA0.120.000.010.080.230.000.030.18
 BPF0.090.020.050.110.130.010.040.11
Benzophenones
 BP-10.020.000.000.010.040.000.010.03
 BP-30.100.010.020.060.140.010.030.10
 4-OH-BP0.000.000.000.000.010.000.000.01
Phthalates
 MEP0.410.030.070.200.260.020.040.14
 MBP2.050.330.831.830.760.100.260.64
 MBzP0.020.000.000.010.060.000.010.02
 DEHP18.103.516.5412.4720.873.508.4519.38
SPAs
 BHA0.350.030.090.260.710.050.170.49
 BHT0.040.000.000.040.030.000.000.02
 BHT-OH0.010.000.000.000.010.000.000.01
 BHT-COOH0.230.030.070.150.500.070.150.41
 BHT-CHO0.090.000.030.100.310.030.120.27
 BHT-quinol0.070.000.010.060.630.030.110.32
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深圳市中小学生多种EDCs类污染物暴露特征与风险评估
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周礼信 1, 2, 3, 4 , 曾晨燕 1, 2, 3, 4 , 段甜甜 1, 2, 3, 4 , 黄宋旖 1, 2, 3, 4 , 李结浩 1, 2, 3, 4 , 武玉 1, 2, 3, 4 , 钟斯怡 1, 2, 3, 4 , 杨盼 1, 2, 3, 4, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(8): 982-989
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (8) : 982 -989
深圳市中小学生多种EDCs类污染物暴露特征与风险评估
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3School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Ji’nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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2暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院粤港澳大湾区环境健康研究中心,广州 510632
3广东省环境污染与健康重点实验室(暨南大学),广州 510632
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周礼信(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:环境与健康

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3School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Ji’nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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周礼信1, 2, 3, 4, 曾晨燕1, 2, 3, 4, 段甜甜1, 2, 3, 4, 黄宋旖1, 2, 3, 4, 李结浩1, 2, 3, 4, 武玉1, 2, 3, 4, 钟斯怡1, 2, 3, 4, 杨盼1, 2, 3, 4, *, *
作者信息
  • 1暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院公共卫生与预防医学系,广州 510632
  • 2暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院粤港澳大湾区环境健康研究中心,广州 510632
  • 3广东省环境污染与健康重点实验室(暨南大学),广州 510632
  • 4病毒致病及防控教育部重点实验室(暨南大学),广州 510632
通讯作者:
杨盼,E-mail:
作者简介:

周礼信(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:环境与健康

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in urine and associated health risks among school-aged children in Shenzhen: a cross-sectional survey
Lixin ZHOU1, 2, 3, 4, Chenyan ZENG1, 2, 3, 4, Tiantian DUAN1, 2, 3, 4, Songyi HUANG1, 2, 3, 4, Jiehao LI1, 2, 3, 4, Yu WU1, 2, 3, 4, Siyi ZHONG1, 2, 3, 4, Pan YANG1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 2China Greater Bay Area Research Center of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 3School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Ji’nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Infection Prevention and Control (Ji’nan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    YANG Pan, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145453
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目的

分析中小学生体内环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的暴露特征并评估暴露风险。

方法

于2022年7—9月,采取横断面调查方法对在深圳市人民医院就诊的330名中小学生进行问卷调查和尿样采集,使用三重四极杆–线性离子阱复合型质谱仪分别检测调查对象睡前尿液和次日晨尿样本中的34种EDCs的浓度,包括7种有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)、3种对羟基苯甲酸酯类(PBs)、10种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)、4种二苯甲酮类、7种合成酚类抗氧化剂(SPAs)以及3种双酚类污染物。

结果

研究对象2次尿液中大部分EDCs的检出率大于40%,monomethyl phthalate(MMP),mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl]phthalate(MCMHP)和mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl]phthalate(MECPP)在两次尿液中的检出率最高;每日估计摄入量(estimated daily intake, EDI)最高的是di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP),且晨尿中的DEHP的EDI平均值超过参考值。

结论

深圳中小学生邻苯二甲酸酯的累计暴露风险略高,对中小学生健康可能存在潜在风险;应减少接触含PAEs的频率,降低中小学生健康风险。

内分泌干扰物  /  暴露特征  /  风险评估  /  中小学生  /  深圳市
Objective

To assess the exposure to and health risks from endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in primary and secondary school students.

Methods

The participants of this study were 330 primary and secondary school students who were selected at random from visitors to the Sleep Research Center of Shenzhen People′s Hospital between July and September of 2022. The students provided bedtime and next-morning urine samples and completed questionnaire surveys. A triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer was utilized to assess the concentrations of 34 EDCs, encompassing 7 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), 3 parabens (PBs), 10 phthalates (PAEs), 4 benzophenones, 7 synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), and 3 bisphenols, in both bedtime and morning urine samples to estimate the students' daily intake (EDI) of these EDCs.

Results

Most EDCs were detected at rates exceeding 40% in both bedtime and morning urine samples from 330 participants ultimately included in the analysis. The highest detection rates were observed for monomethyl phthalate (MMP), mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl] phthalate (MMCHP), and mono [2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl] phthalate (MECPP). Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) had the highest EDI, with the mean EDI from morning samples exceeded the RfD. Seventy-two students (21.8%) had a phthalate HI greater than one.

Conclusions

The cumulative exposure to PAEs among primary and secondary school students in Shenzhen is relatively high, posing potential health risks. To mitigate these risks, it is advisable to minimize contact with products containing PAEs.

endocrine disruptors  /  exposure assessment  /  risk assessment  /  primary and secondary school students  /  Shenzhen city
周礼信, 曾晨燕, 段甜甜, 黄宋旖, 李结浩, 武玉, 钟斯怡, 杨盼. 深圳市中小学生多种EDCs类污染物暴露特征与风险评估. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (8) : 982 -989 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145453
Lixin ZHOU, Chenyan ZENG, Tiantian DUAN, Songyi HUANG, Jiehao LI, Yu WU, Siyi ZHONG, Pan YANG. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in urine and associated health risks among school-aged children in Shenzhen: a cross-sectional survey[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (8) : 982 -989 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145453
环境内分泌干扰物(environmental endocrine disruptors, EDCs)作为一类新型污染物,可能对人体健康和环境造成影响,由于高可及性、毒理学阈值低、健康风险高而引起了人们的广泛关注。这些物质包括有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphorus flame retardants, OPFRs)、对羟基苯甲酸酯类(parabens, PBs)、二苯甲酮类(benzophenones)、合成酚类抗氧化剂(synthetic phenolic antioxidants, SPAs)和双酚类(bisphenols)等,它们具有疏水性、亲脂性、持久性强且可远距离迁移等特点[1],目前已被广泛应用于生产个人护理用品和药品、化妆品以及包装容器等[2–4]。其中,OPFRs是一类用于提高塑料阻燃性能的重要添加剂,具有优异的阻燃性,并且不会影响塑料的透明性和耐高温性,由于其环境友好性和可持续发展的优势,已逐渐取代传统的溴化阻燃剂,2018年全球范围内OPFRs的使用量超105万吨[5–6];PBs具有抗菌、抗氧化和防腐的特性,广泛用于化妆品、药品以及饮料中的抗菌剂和防腐剂,用于延长产品的保质期[7];邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalates, PAEs)作为增塑剂可用于增加聚氯乙烯的柔韧性,截至目前,全球每年消费量高达6亿~8亿吨[6];二苯甲酮类添加到防晒霜、唇膏等化妆品中可吸收紫外线,以达到防晒的效果;合成酚类抗氧化剂可用作食品添加剂,以延缓或防止食品氧化酸败,延长保质期[8];双酚类可作为化工原料,用于生产环氧树脂和聚碳酸酯塑料等高分子材料[9]。人类可通过消化道、呼吸道和皮肤接触等途径暴露于EDCs[10]。既往研究表明,EDCs可致儿童多种健康风险增加,如肥胖、性早熟、哮喘、认知功能障碍等不良健康结局[11–14]。OPFRs,PBs,PAEs和酚类合成添加剂进入人体内,经胃肠道代谢后,其代谢物主要是葡萄糖醛酸和磺酸结合物,并随尿液排出体外。由于获取尿液样本无创伤性且方便,既往关于EDCs的研究多通过测定尿液样本中化合物的浓度评估暴露风险[15–16];但由于这些物质在人体内的半衰期较短,仅依靠一次尿液评估暴露水平存在一定的偏倚[17]。目前已有大量研究报道了人体内EDCs的暴露情况,其中包括一部分对EDCs暴露风险的评估。为了提高暴露评估的准确性,本研究采集了调查对象2次尿液样本进行分析,旨在评估深圳市中小学生体内EDCs的暴露负荷以及健康风险,为制定政策和健康风险评价提供数据支撑。
于2022年7—9月随机选取在深圳市人民医院呼吸疾病研究所睡眠医学中心就诊的中小学生。调查对象纳入标准:(1)年龄<14周岁;(2)同意参加本次研究;(3)分别提供了足够的睡前尿样和次日晨尿样本。调查期间,共招募到722名调查对象,其中有392人因尿样不足或(和)未完成问卷而被排除。最终,本次研究共纳入330名调查对象。本研究已获得暨南大学研究伦理委员会批准(JNUKY-2021-003),研究对象均已签署知情同意书。
调查对象签署知情同意书后,在专业调查人员指导下由其监护人完成一份调查问卷,包括年龄、身高、体重、父母受教育程度等社会人口学特征。在本研究中,体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)通过体重(kg)与身高(m)平方的比值公式(BMI=kg/m2)行计算,并根据不同年龄性别判断研究对象是否超重和肥胖。
分别收集调查对象睡前和次日清晨各1次尿液样本。所有尿样收集在50 mL带盖的聚丙烯管中,于–80 ℃冰箱储存以备检测。使用液相色谱–三重四级杆线性离子阱复合型质谱仪(HPLC-MS/MS,加拿大多伦多AB SCIEX 公司)定量检测34种EDCs化合物浓度,包括7种OPFRs[dibutyl phosphate(DBP)、bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate(BCIPP、diphenyl phosphate(DPHP)、di-p-tolyl-phosphate(DCP)、bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate(BBOEP)、bis(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate(BDCPP)、diethyl phosphate(DEP),3种PBs[Methyl paraben(MeP)、ethyl paraben(EtP)、propyl paraben(PrP)],10种PAEs[monomethyl phthalate(MMP)、monoethyl phthalate(MEP)、monoisopropyl phthalate(MIPrP)、monobutyl phthalate(MBP)、monobenzyl phthalate(MBzP)、mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(MEHP)、mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate(MEOHP)、mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate(MEHHP)、mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl] phthalate(MCMHP)、mono(2-ethyl-5carboxypentyl) phthalate(MECPP)],4种二苯甲酮类[benzophenone-1(BP-1)、benzophenone-2(BP-2)、benzophenone-3(BP-3)、4-hydroxybenzophenone(4-OH-BP)],7种SPAs[3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole(BHA)、2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol(BHT)、2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol(BHT-OH)、3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid(BHT-COOH)、3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde(BHT-CHO)、2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone(BHT-Q)、2,6-di-tert-Buty1-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadione(BHT-quinol)]以及3种双酚类污染物[bisphenol A(BPA)、bisphenol F(BPF)和bisphenol S(BPS)]。将收集到的2次尿液样本分别解冻至室温,取500 μL尿样加入200 μL制备好的乙酸铵缓冲液和10 μL β–葡萄糖醛酸酶(≥100 000 units/mL)振荡摇匀,之后放在37 ℃水浴锅中孵育过夜。接下来加入3 mL甲基叔丁基醚/乙酸乙酯(体积比为5:1),超声萃取30 min和振荡20 min、离心10 min,将上清液转移到干净的聚丙烯管中。最后,在37 ℃下氮吹近干燥状态。使用100 μL乙腈/水(体积比为6:4)的溶液再溶解,加入10 μL内标涡旋混匀后等待上机检测。
尿液样本检测过程中,每批处理40个样品,同时设置4个程序空白样品,以监测程序污染。将10 ng目标物加入基质样本中以评估分析程序的回收率,目标化合物的平均加标回收率范围为71.6%~122.7%,不同批次之间的相对标准差为9.3%~9.8%。34种化合物的LOD范围为0.001~0.200 ng/mL。尿比重测定:尿液样本解冻到室温后,采用数字式手持尿比重折射仪(PAL-10S,日本ATAGO公司)测量尿比重(specific gravity, SG),用于校正尿液化学物浓度。根据以下公式对尿液34种化合物浓度进行校正,如式所示:
$ \mathit{Pc} \mathrm= \mathit{P} \mathrm{\times (} \mathit{SGm} \mathrm{-1.002)/(} \mathit{SGi} \mathrm{-1)} $
式中,Pc是SG校正后的化合物浓度(ng/mL)。P,测定的目标化合物浓度(ng/mL);SGm为人群SG的中位数(1.011);SGi为单个尿样的SG。
由于睡前尿液中BP-2和BHT-Q、晨起尿液中BPS的检出率不超过40%,所以这3种化合物不纳入后续的相关性分析和风险评估。化合物浓度低于LOD时用LOD/√2代替,基于2次尿液计算了化合物的组内相关系数(interclass correlation coefficient, ICC)来评估其一致性,当ICC<0.40时,反映测量结果的一致性较差;若ICC值介于0.40到0.75,则表明测量结果具有一定程度的一致性;而当ICC≥0.75时,说明测量结果展现出较高的一致性。因化合物浓度呈右偏态分布,对其自然对数转换后再进行后续统计分析,通过Spearman秩相关检验分析尿液样本中EDCs之间的相关性。此外,还计算了睡前尿和晨尿中EDCs的每日估计摄入量(estimated daily intake, EDI),PAEs的EDI计算公式如公式:
EDI=(C×R×MWp)/fue×BW×MWm
其余化合物的计算公式如公式:
EDI=(C×R)/BW
式中:EDI,化合物的每日估计摄入量(μg/kgbw·day−1);C,尿液中化合物浓度(μg/L);R,每日的总尿液量[L/day,每日尿量(L)=(年龄−1)×0.1+0.4];MWp和MWm分别为PAEs及其代谢物的分子量(g/mol);BW为调查对象的体重(kg),di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP)的每日总摄入量是通过计算其代谢物(MEHP,MEOHP、MEHHP和MECPP)的浓度之和确定;fue为PAEs在人体中摄入与排泄的摩尔分数,MEHP、MEOHP、MEHHP、MECPP、MEP、MBzP和MBP的fue值分别为0.059、0.15、0.23、0.185、0.69、0.73和0.70[18 – 21],因MMP、MEP、MIPrP和MCMHP的fue值暂无清晰定义,所以本次研究并未计算这4种化合物的EDI值。
根据美国环境保护署(US Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA)对化合物参考剂量(reference dose, RfD)的规定,进一步计算了DBP、DEP、MeP、EtP和BPA等14种化合物的危险商(hazard quotient, HQ)和危险指数(hazard index, HI),以评估了中小学生暴露这些化合物的潜在健康风险累积健康风险。HQ大于1表示单一化合物存在健康风险,HI是指每类EDCs中化合物HI值的加和,大于1表示每类EDCs的每日总摄入量高于引起不良反应的阈值,有不良反应的潜在风险。HI的计算公式如下:
HQ=EDI/RfD
HI的计算公式如下:
HI=∑HQ=∑EDI/RfD
在所检测的化合物中,DBP和DEP的RfD值分别为100和800 μg/kgbw·day–1;MeP和EtP的RfD值均为10000 μg/kgbw·day–1;BPA的RfD值为50 μg/kgbw·day–1;BP-1和4-OH-BP的RfD值分别为100和30 μg/kgbw·day–1;BHT和BHT-COOH的RfD值分别为50和163 μg/kgbw·day–1;MEP、MBP、MBzP和DEHP的RfD值分别为800、200、100和20 μg/kgbw·day–1。
基本信息共调查中小学生330人,其中男生214人(64.85%)、女生116人(35.15%),平均年龄为(6.99 ± 2.49)岁;体重评价超重7人(超重率2.12%)、肥胖4人(肥胖率1.21%);48.51%的中小学生每天使用电子设备的时间超过2 h。父亲和母亲平均年龄分别为(37.53±5.02)和(35.33 ± 4.36)岁,BMI在正常范围的比例分别为55.06%和79.70%),接受过大学及以上的教育的比例为57.57%和60.00%。
晨尿中大部分化合物浓度高于睡前尿;2次尿液中MMP、MCMHP和MECPP的检出率均达到100%,其在睡前尿样中的中位数浓度分别是21.35、2.63和8.95 ng/mL,晨尿中的中位数浓度分别是12.41、2.49和10.52 ng/mL。在OPFRs、PBs、benzophenones和SPAs这4类污染物中,BCIPP、MeP、BP-3和BHA浓度分别最高,睡前尿液平均浓度依次为1.33、14.38、3.82和11.59 ng/mL;晨起尿液平均浓度依次为5.28、40.87、3.31和10.45 ng/mL。双酚类化合物,在睡前尿液中BPA和BPF的平均浓度最高(均为1.90 ng/mL)、在晨尿中BPA的平均浓度最高(3.00 ng/mL)。PAEs类化合物,在睡前尿样中MMP的平均浓度最高(34.46 ng/mL)、在晨尿中MECPP的平均浓度最高(20.98 ng/mL)。
EtP(0.450)、BP-1(0.478)及4-OH-BP(0.447)和的ICC值表明其可重复性尚可(0.40≤ICC<0.75),其余污染物的可重复性均较差(ICC<0.40)。尿液中化合物之间的Spearman秩相关性如图1所示,大多数化合物浓度之间呈正相关,秩相关系数的范围在−0.02~0.94,其中MEOHP与MEHHP、MCMHP、MECPP(秩相关系数分别为0.88,0.94和0.86)、MEHHP与MCMHP、MECPP(秩相关系数分别为0.87和0.89)、MCMHP与MECPP(秩相关系数为0.88)之间均呈现较强的相关性(P<0.05)。
分析个体暴露化合物的EDI水平,PAEs(尤其是DEHP)的EDI值高于其他化合物。睡前尿中EDI平均值最高的>3种化合物分别是DEHP(18.10 μg/kgbw·day–1),MeP(0.89 μg/kgbw·day–1)和BHA(0.35 μg/kgbw·day–1);晨尿中EDI值最高的3种化合物是DEHP(20.87 μg/kgbw·day–1),MeP和MBP(3.98和0.76 μg/kgbw·day–1)。此外,除晨尿中的DEHP的EDI平均值(20.87 μg/kgbw·day–1)超过参考值(20 μg/kgbw·day–1)外,其余各尿样中所有化合物的EDI水平均未超过参考值。此外,计算HI和HQ值确定化合物的累积健康风险,睡前尿液样本中,47(14.24%)人DEHP的HQ超过1,同时50(15.15%)人的HIPAEs(HIPAEs=∑HQMEP,MBP,MBzP,DEHP)超过1;晨尿样本中,82(24.85%)人DEHP的HQ超过1,且同样82(24.85%)人的HIPAEs值超过1,而其他化合物HI值均未超过1。
检测分析中小学生体内EDCs化合物的暴露情况,对于有效预防环境污染对中小学生健康的影响具有重要的意义。本研究检测了深圳市中小学生尿液中34种化合物的浓度,并对31种检出率超过40%的化合物进行了健康风险评估。结果显示,在2次尿液样本中,DPHP、MeP、EtP、PrP、BP-1、4-OH-BP、MMP、MEP、MBP、MEHP、MEOHP、MEHHP、MCMHP、MECPP、BHA和BHT-COOH的检出率均超过80%,表明深圳中小学生普遍暴露于PBs、二苯甲酮类、PAEs以及合成酚类抗氧化剂。Wang W[22]等人发现SPAs类化合物中,BHT-OH、BHT-Q,BHT-CHO和BHT-COOH的检出率分别达到了48%、60%、60%和89%,而本研究在晨尿样本中分别得到94.55%、52.73%、84.55%和99.70%的高检出率。EDCs在人体内的半衰期较短,通常只有几个小时,而这些化合物的高检出率表明深圳中小学生持续暴露于SPAs类化合物。另外,本研究发现,晨尿中大部分化合物浓度高于睡前尿,这可能是因为夜间睡眠期间尿液在体内停留时间较长,从而使化合物的浓度相对增加。
作为一类广泛使用的阻燃剂,OPFRs的使用量随着工业发展而日益增加[23]。BCIPP作为OPFRs主要的化合物,在睡前尿和晨尿中的中位数浓度分别为<LOD和2.59 ng/mL,低于美国北卡罗来纳州的一项儿童队列研究结果(中位数水平为4.12 ng/mL)[24];与中国0~5岁儿童群体的一项研究相比[25],深圳市中小学生尿液BCIPP、BBOEP的中位数浓度也较低,而DBP的浓度更高。本研究发现MeP,EtP和PrP睡前尿液中位数水平分别为3.43、0.43和0.28 ng/mL,晨尿中位数水平分别为12.42、0.60和0.48 ng/mL,且2次尿液检出率均高于90%,提示研究人群广泛暴露于PBs类污染物。一项对来自9个国家的300份尿样的PBs的暴露评估发现,MeP、EtP和PrP的中位数浓度分别为7.02、0.68和1.21 ng/mL[26],相比之下,本研究中晨尿的MeP中位数(12.42 ng/mL)浓度较高,而其他化合物的浓度则较低;而与在江苏的一项儿童队列研究相比,深圳市中小学生尿液中EtP的浓度较高[27]。对于SPAs,沙特阿拉伯的BHA中位数浓度为0.15 ng/mL,而美国的中位数BHA浓度为0.5 ng/mL[22],在本研究中,睡前尿和晨尿中BHA中位数浓度分别为2.68和3.90 ng/mL,深圳中小学生BHA暴露水平高于沙特阿拉伯和美国;日本、印度和美国的尿液中BHT的中位数水平分别为1.40、2.14和1.09 ng/mL[22],而本研究中BHT的中位数水平均低于检出限(0.02 ng/mL)。本研究结果与国内外尿液中EDCs化合物浓度分布存在差异,这可能与不同地区人群的生活方式和个体差异有关。
相对于先前的研究结果,深圳市中小学生2次尿液的MBzP的EDI中位数水平(0.00 μg/kgbw·day–1)均低于比利时相似人群(0.42 μg/kgbw·day–1),而DEHP的中位数水平(睡前尿:6.54 μg/kgbw·day–1;晨尿:8.45 μg/kgbw·day–1)则分别高于比利时儿童(3.37 μg/kgbw·day–1)的0.94和1.51倍,且较比利时成人水平高3.57和4.90倍(1.43 μg/kgbw·day–1)[28]。与德国一项对人群回顾性生物监测研究结果相比,本研究中的MBP、MBzP的EDI水平远低于其历年水平,而DEHP则高于其中位数水平的1倍以上[29];而与中国台湾省儿童的一项纵向队列研究相比,DEHP的EDI中位数较低[30],与北京儿童、成年人和老年人的PAEs暴露风险评估相比,深圳中小学生DEHP的EDI中位数水平较高[31]。本研究的睡前尿和晨尿中分别有50(15.15%)和82(24.85%)名中小学生的HIPAEs超过1,而DEHP作为PAEs的主要化合物,也分别有47(14.24%)和82(24.85%)名中小学生HQ大于1,这表明深圳中小学生存在PAEs的暴露风险。欧洲一项大规模对儿童青少年的PAEs累计风险评估的研究结果也显示了类似的结果,有17%的研究对象HIPAEs大于1[32]。
与既往国内外其他相似研究相比,本研究的优势在于综合检测了OPFRs、PBs和PAEs等34种化合物,提供了更广泛的环境污染数据;其次,还采集了研究对象两次尿液进行检测,双尿的重复测量提高了对个体暴露评估的准确性。然而,本研究的调查对象由单一医疗机构招募,可能存在选择偏倚,后续研究需在更广泛人群中加以验证。
综上所述,儿童作为一个特殊的敏感群体,其生理处于快速变化阶段,因此,其健康状况对成长发育具有重要的影响。本研究分析了深圳市中小学生尿液中EDCs的暴露负荷和风险评估,发现该地区儿童普遍暴露EDCs。大部分化合物的HQ并未超过安全阈值,但PAEs的暴露风险超过了参考值,此外,2023年我国市场监管总局发布的产品质量抽查情况通报显示,童鞋、橡皮擦、修正带和圆规等学习用品中检测出超标的PAEs[33]。提示在中小学生的暴露预防中应进一步加强对PAEs的管控,家长和监护人也应尽量减少中小学生接触含PAEs的产品,以降低潜在的健康风险。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145453
  • 接收时间:2024-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-24
  • 修回日期:2025-01-09
  • 录用日期:2025-05-16
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    1暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院公共卫生与预防医学系,广州 510632
    2暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院粤港澳大湾区环境健康研究中心,广州 510632
    3广东省环境污染与健康重点实验室(暨南大学),广州 510632
    4病毒致病及防控教育部重点实验室(暨南大学),广州 510632

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