Article(id=1321170776401752888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170720168726830, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145153, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717603200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-06, revisedDate=1733846400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-11, acceptedDate=1743523200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-02, onlineDate=1792921259260, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921259260, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921259260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921259260, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170720168726830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='8', pageStart='897', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1754755200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921245852, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921245852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=919, endPage=928, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170778201109305, articleId=1321170776401752888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Cost-effectiveness analysis of different screening strategies for HBV infection in the Chinese population, columnId=1321170739068260831, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report – Prevention as the First Line of Defense Against Hepatitis B, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the cost-effectiveness of various screening strategies for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the Chinese population and to provide evidence for developing the most cost-effective strategy for HBV prevention and control in China.

Methods

Data on HBV infection-related costs, transition probabilities, and health utility values were obtained using literature analysis, polynomial regression model simulation, and reports or monographs from authoritative health institutions. We constructed a multi-stage decision tree model for 11 different target populations across various age groups ranging from 0 to 70 years in China under five serological testing strategies: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) rapid test (one-item screening), HBsAg/hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) test (two-item screening), HBsAg/HBsAb/hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) test (three-item screening), HBsAg/HBsAb/hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)/hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb)/HBcAb test (five-item screening), and no screening, with 10 μg doses of hepatitis B vaccine administered at 0, 1, and 6 months. A Markov model was used to simulate the health outcomes of susceptible individuals after HBV infection. We calculated the costs and effects of different screening strategies, compared the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of different screening programs, and used univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the results, using the 0–20 years age group as an example.

Results

Baseline analysis showed that the three-item HBV screening strategy was the most cost-effective in the 0–20 years age group, with an investment of 3 188.19 yuan (RMB) yielding 26.74 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Compared with the three-item screening strategy, the five-item screening, two-item screening, one-item screening, and no screening strategies required additional investments of 27 178.37 yuan, 25 723.66 yuan, 25 723.07 yuan, and 25 696.48 yuan, respectively, per QALY lost, making them absolutely inferior strategies. In age groups other than 0–20 years, the five-item HBV screening strategy was the most cost-effective. The cost-effectiveness ranking, from highest to lowest, was as follows: 30–70 years, 0–30 years, 30–60 years, 20–70 years, 30–50 years, 20–60 years, 30–40 years, 20–50 years, 20–40 years, and 20–30 years. Compared with the three-item screening strategy in the 0–20 years age group, the five-item screening strategy in other age groups required additional investments of 352.20 yuan, 472.60 yuan, 492.98 yuan, 550.42 yuan, 757.71 yuan, 835.50 yuan, 1 018.78 yuan, 1 173.34 yuan, 1 910.08 yuan, and 2 612.61 yuan, respectively, per QALY lost, also making them absolutely inferior strategies. Using the 0–20 years age group as an example, univariate sensitivity analysis revealed that the vaccination rate had the greatest impact on net monetary benefit (NMB). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the dominant strategy in this study had a greater cost-effectiveness advantage compared to other strategies. The sensitivity analysis results were consistent with those of the baseline analysis.

Conclusions

The three-item HBV screening strategy (including HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs) was found to be the most cost-effective approach for preventing and controlling HBV infection in the Chinese population aged 0–20 years, compared to other screening strategies.

, authors=Fengjuan ZOU1, Shentong CHEN1, Yingying JIN1, Yijun HU1, Yiting XU1, Shangwen LU1, Xiaofeng LIANG2, 3, 4, Sui ZHU1, authorsList=Fengjuan ZOU, Shentong CHEN, Yingying JIN, Yijun HU, Yiting XU, Shangwen LU, Xiaofeng LIANG, Sui ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaofeng LIANG, Sui ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIANG Xiaofeng, E-mail:
ZHU Sui, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170796744127391, articleId=1321170776401752888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=中国人群HBV感染不同筛查策略成本效果分析, columnId=1321170739219255777, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——抗击乙肝,预防先行, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析中国人群乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染不同筛查策略的成本效果,为制定我国乙型肝炎(简称“乙肝”)防治最具有成本效果性的筛查策略提供科学依据。

方法

采用文献分析法、多项式回归模型模拟法和参考权威卫生机构的报道或专著等方法收集成本、转移概率和健康效用值等参数,通过构建中国0~70岁11个不同年龄目标人群在乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)快速检测(简称“一项筛查”)、HBsAg/乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体(HBsAb)结合检测(简称“两项筛查”)、HBsAg/HBsAb/乙型肝炎病毒核心抗体(HBcAb)结合检测(简称“三项筛查”)和HBsAg/HBsAb/乙肝e抗原(HBeAg)/乙肝e抗体(HBeAb)/HBcAb结合检测(简称“五项筛查”)和不筛查5种血清学检测指标(简称“不筛查”)策略情景下按照0、1、6个月程序分别接种10 μg乙肝疫苗的多级决策树模型,采用Markov模型模拟易感者感染HBV后的转归,测算不同筛查策略下产生的成本和效果,比较不同筛查方案的增量成本效果比(ICER),并以0~20岁人群为例采用单因素和概率敏感性分析评估结果的稳健性。

结果

基线分析结果显示,在0~20岁人群中,实施HBV三项筛查策略最具有成本效果性,投入3 188.19元可获得26.74个质量调整生命年(QALYs);与三项筛查策略比较,五项筛查、两项筛查、一项筛查和不筛查策略每减少1个QALY的同时需额外投入27 178.37、25 723.66、25 723.07和25 696.48元,属于绝对劣势策略;除0~20岁外的其他年龄组人群中,HBV五项筛查策略成本效果均为最佳,按成本效果从大到小排序依次为30~70、0~30、30~60、20~70、30~50、20~60、30~40、20~50、20~40、20~30岁人群,上述不同年龄组人群实施五项筛查策略与0~20岁人群实施三项筛查策略比较,每减少1个QALY分别需额外投入352.20、472.60、492.98、550.42、757.71、835.50、1 018.78、1 173.34、1910.08和2 612.61元,同样属于绝对劣势策略;以0~20岁人群为例,单因素敏感性分析结果显示疫苗接种率对净货币效益(NMB)影响最大,概率敏感性分析显示本研究的优势策略与其他策略相比均具有较高的成本效果优势,敏感性分析与基线分析结果保持一致。

结论

对0~20岁中国人群实施HBV三项筛查策略最具成本效果性。

, authors=邹凤娟1, 陈燊桐1, 金莹莹1, 胡轶君1, 徐怡婷1, 路尚文1, 梁晓峰2, 3, 4, *, *, 朱穗1, *, *, authorsList=邹凤娟, 陈燊桐, 金莹莹, 胡轶君, 徐怡婷, 路尚文, 梁晓峰, 朱穗, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁晓峰, 朱穗, authorNote=

邹凤娟(1997—),硕士,研究方向:卫生统计

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梁晓峰,E-mail:
朱穗,E-mail:
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注:20~30、20~40、20~50、20~60、20~70、0~30、30~40、30~50、30~60和30~70岁年龄组人群的决策模型同0~20岁人群,clone表示克隆数字所代表的分支。

, figureFileSmall=yKmcl1hbz+1fjD8kIdQBeA==, figureFileBig=5ze5GR7tlyPaKv3YGOQo0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170801802458082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Markov diagram for possible health outcomes after HBV infection in susceptible populations, figureFileSmall=0sL0A9CKYJg2Qp3P+yr7jQ==, figureFileBig=oGuVLHq94AjrbODy4UjXig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170801861178339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=CN, label=图2, caption=易感者HBV感染的Markov模型, figureFileSmall=0sL0A9CKYJg2Qp3P+yr7jQ==, figureFileBig=oGuVLHq94AjrbODy4UjXig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170801936675812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Tornado diagram for the one-way sensitivity analysis of the impacts of ten model parameters on the net monetary benefits (RMB yuan) of the HBV screening strategy in the Chinese population (using the population aged 0–20 years as an example), figureFileSmall=jXOYuILDWuEwCK1itEXtnQ==, figureFileBig=Fk07DSNhij6PKPQUlnfrKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170802007978981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=CN, label=图3, caption=中国0~20岁年龄组人群单因素敏感性分析的龙卷风图, figureFileSmall=jXOYuILDWuEwCK1itEXtnQ==, figureFileBig=Fk07DSNhij6PKPQUlnfrKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170802070893542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Scatterplots and 95% confidence interval ellipse of probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis: each point represents a Monte Carlo simulation. The red/green color indicates a lower/higher incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of a three-item HBV screening compared to a five-item screening for the Chinese population aged 0–20 years. The oblique dashed line represents the willingness-to-pay threshold (in RMB yuan)., figureFileSmall=slRZURVpxN+nWBN7uB6nSw==, figureFileBig=4HcepOpzmHAQLCFYu8EiAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170802133808103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=CN, label=图4, caption=中国0~20岁年龄组人群HBV三项筛查策略与五项筛查策略比较的增量成本效果散点图

注:每个散点代表1次蒙特卡洛模拟的结果,红色表示HBV三项筛查策略无经济性、绿色表示HBV三项筛查策略有经济性;A为三项筛查策略与五项筛查策略比较,B为三项筛查策略与两项筛查策略比较。

, figureFileSmall=slRZURVpxN+nWBN7uB6nSw==, figureFileBig=4HcepOpzmHAQLCFYu8EiAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170802200916968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Adopted reference values, ranges, and distribution types of the selected parameters (including test item-specific screening costs, outcome-specific incidence rates, and health utility values for different disease conditions induced by the infection) used for the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of various HBV infection screening strategies using a Markov model and published data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数分类基线值取值范围分布类型
筛检费用/(元/人份)一项筛查[5–9]7.05~8Gamma
二项筛查[5–9]14.010~16Gamma
三项筛查[5–9]20.515.0~21.9Gamma
五项筛查[5–9]32.125.0~40.0Gamma
急性感染者的结局慢性乙肝[15]0.040.02~0.06Triangular
有症状[15]0.30.15~0.45Triangular
有症状住院[16]0.30.1~0.5Triangular
住院患者重症肝炎[17]0.040.01~0.05Triangular
因重症肝炎死亡[17]0.700.04~0.80Triangular
慢性携带者的结局感染后免疫[18]0.0120.005~0.020 0Triangular
慢性肝炎[19]0.003 80.003 8~0.030 0Triangular
肝细胞癌[20]0.002 080.001 04~0.003 12Triangular
代偿期肝硬化的结局肝细胞癌[4]0.0340.010~0.100Triangular
失代偿期肝硬化[3]0.0190.009~0.046Triangular
失代偿期肝硬化的结局肝细胞癌[21]0.0710.051~0.115Triangular
死亡[22]0.170.10~0.25Triangular
肝细胞癌的结局
死亡[15]0.50.3~0.7Triangular
慢性肝炎的结局代偿期肝硬化[3]0.0020.001~0.002Triangular
慢性携带[15]0.006 080.000 00~0.033 00Triangular
肝细胞癌[3]0.0020.001~0.002Triangular
健康效用值急性乙肝[14]0.7600.660~0.795Beta
代偿期肝硬化[14]0.720.66~0.75Beta
慢性乙肝[23]0.770.76~0.87Beta
慢性携带[24]0.9680.887~1.000Beta
失代偿期肝硬化[4]0.6610.500~0.800Beta
肝细胞癌[4]0.6990.500~0.800Beta
重症乙肝[25]0.260.15~0.35Beta
易感人群[14]0.820.80~0.84Beta
), ArticleFig(id=1321170802268025833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Markov模型各参数汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数分类基线值取值范围分布类型
筛检费用/(元/人份)一项筛查[5–9]7.05~8Gamma
二项筛查[5–9]14.010~16Gamma
三项筛查[5–9]20.515.0~21.9Gamma
五项筛查[5–9]32.125.0~40.0Gamma
急性感染者的结局慢性乙肝[15]0.040.02~0.06Triangular
有症状[15]0.30.15~0.45Triangular
有症状住院[16]0.30.1~0.5Triangular
住院患者重症肝炎[17]0.040.01~0.05Triangular
因重症肝炎死亡[17]0.700.04~0.80Triangular
慢性携带者的结局感染后免疫[18]0.0120.005~0.020 0Triangular
慢性肝炎[19]0.003 80.003 8~0.030 0Triangular
肝细胞癌[20]0.002 080.001 04~0.003 12Triangular
代偿期肝硬化的结局肝细胞癌[4]0.0340.010~0.100Triangular
失代偿期肝硬化[3]0.0190.009~0.046Triangular
失代偿期肝硬化的结局肝细胞癌[21]0.0710.051~0.115Triangular
死亡[22]0.170.10~0.25Triangular
肝细胞癌的结局
死亡[15]0.50.3~0.7Triangular
慢性肝炎的结局代偿期肝硬化[3]0.0020.001~0.002Triangular
慢性携带[15]0.006 080.000 00~0.033 00Triangular
肝细胞癌[3]0.0020.001~0.002Triangular
健康效用值急性乙肝[14]0.7600.660~0.795Beta
代偿期肝硬化[14]0.720.66~0.75Beta
慢性乙肝[23]0.770.76~0.87Beta
慢性携带[24]0.9680.887~1.000Beta
失代偿期肝硬化[4]0.6610.500~0.800Beta
肝细胞癌[4]0.6990.500~0.800Beta
重症乙肝[25]0.260.15~0.35Beta
易感人群[14]0.820.80~0.84Beta
), ArticleFig(id=1321170802356106218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Adopted reference values, ranges, and distribution types for the discounted annual treatment cost per case of HBV-induced diseases and the discounted individual vaccine cost used in the Markov model analysis based on published data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数分类基线值取值范围分布类型
HBV感染的年直接治疗费用/(元/例)急性乙肝[25]19 748.6515 798.92~23 698.38Gamma
慢性乙肝[25]26 558.0121 246.41~31 869.61Gamma
代偿性肝硬化[25]41 956.7333 565.39~50 348.08Gamma
肝硬化失代偿[25]53 357.3542 685.88~64 028.82Gamma
重症肝炎[25]69 344.9155 475.92~83 213.89Gamma
肝细胞癌[25]70 112.4656 089.97~84 134.96Gamma
慢性携带者[26]413.67330.94~496.41Gamma
急性未住院[16]365.95292.76~439.14Gamma
急性住院[16]12 951.4910 361.19~15 541.78Gamma
疫苗接种直接费用/(元/人份)[14, 27]27.3620.84~32.57Gamma
), ArticleFig(id=1321170802439992299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

贴现后各Markov状态治疗费用和疫苗成本费用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数分类基线值取值范围分布类型
HBV感染的年直接治疗费用/(元/例)急性乙肝[25]19 748.6515 798.92~23 698.38Gamma
慢性乙肝[25]26 558.0121 246.41~31 869.61Gamma
代偿性肝硬化[25]41 956.7333 565.39~50 348.08Gamma
肝硬化失代偿[25]53 357.3542 685.88~64 028.82Gamma
重症肝炎[25]69 344.9155 475.92~83 213.89Gamma
肝细胞癌[25]70 112.4656 089.97~84 134.96Gamma
慢性携带者[26]413.67330.94~496.41Gamma
急性未住院[16]365.95292.76~439.14Gamma
急性住院[16]12 951.4910 361.19~15 541.78Gamma
疫苗接种直接费用/(元/人份)[14, 27]27.3620.84~32.57Gamma
), ArticleFig(id=1321170802528072684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Age group- and screening strategy-specific base and incremental individual costs (in RMB yuan) and QALYs gained, along with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (RMB yuan/QALY) of HBV screening in China, estimated using a Markov model based on published data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁策略成本/(元/人)增量成本/(元/人)效果/QALYs增量效果/QALYsICER/(元/QALY)
0~20三项筛查3 188.1926.74
五项筛查3 412.82224.6326.73−0.01−27 178.37
两项筛查6 453.433 265.2326.62−0.13−25 723.66
一项筛查9 892.546 704.3526.48−0.26−25 723.07
不筛查9 908.336 720.1426.48−0.26−25 696.48
20~30五项筛查7 434.0425.12
三项筛查8 528.081 094.0425.02−0.09−11 813.19
两项筛查12 745.035 310.9924.67−0.45−11 897.89
一项筛查18 514.7011 080.6624.19−0.93−11 911.46
不筛查18 964.7511 530.7124.15−0.97−11 905.30
20~40五项筛查7 996.9224.22
三项筛查9 317.891 320.9724.10−0.12−10 960.72
两项筛查13 688.675 691.7523.71−0.52−11 021.92
一项筛查19 781.3011 784.3823.16−1.07−11 033.47
不筛查20 406.9112 410.0023.10−1.13−11 028.44
20~50五项筛查7 294.1323.24
三项筛查9 570.402 276.2723.02−0.22−10 342.15
两项筛查13 980.266 686.1222.60−0.64−10 366.79
一项筛查20 260.1712 966.0421.99−1.25−10 374.77
不筛查20 970.3613 676.2221.92−1.32−10 370.52
20~60五项筛查6 912.8522.28
三项筛查9 602.232 689.3722.01−0.27−9 849.01
两项筛查13 895.416 982.5621.58−0.71−9 865.91
一项筛查20 314.8013 401.9420.93−1.36−9 873.00
不筛查21 035.6314 122.7720.85−1.43−9 869.06
20~70五项筛查6 413.8320.88
三项筛查9 202.812 788.9720.58−0.30−9 332.79
两项筛查13 701.067 287.2320.10−0.78−9 348.39
一项筛查19 168.0912 754.2619.52−1.36−9 353.20
不筛查19 862.2313 448.3919.44−1.44−9 349.29
0~30五项筛查4 078.7724.86
三项筛查4 135.0656.3024.850.00−12 350.21
两项筛查7 449.863 371.1024.63−0.23−14 815.42
一项筛查11 265.477 186.7024.37−0.48−14 843.12
不筛查11 316.187 237.4224.37−0.49−14 829.19
30~40五项筛查7 287.4322.72
三项筛查9 595.712 308.2922.49−0.23−10 188.38
两项筛查15 457.168 169.7321.92−0.80−10 216.94
一项筛查19 854.2212 566.7921.49−1.23−10 219.17
不筛查20 676.3413 388.9121.41−1.31−10 215.09
30~50五项筛查6 861.4121.89
三项筛查9 677.842 816.4321.60−0.29−9 708.10
两项筛查13 964.897 103.4821.16−0.73−9 723.31
一项筛查20 171.1413 309.7220.53−1.37−9 729.74
不筛查21 026.2114 164.8020.44−1.46−9 726.05
30~60
五项筛查6 200.7620.63
三项筛查9 246.313 045.5420.30−0.33−9 200.71
两项筛查13 249.547 048.7819.87−0.77−9 212.10
一项筛查19 352.8013 152.0419.20−1.43−9 218.16
不筛查20 139.2913 938.5219.12−1.51−9 214.53
30~70五项筛查5 774.7219.40
三项筛查8 822.323 047.6019.05−0.35−8 763.43
两项筛查12 252.706 477.9918.66−0.74−8 772.27
一项筛查18 154.5012 379.7817.99−1.41−8 778.98
不筛查18 883.9813 109.2617.90−1.49−8 775.30
), ArticleFig(id=1321170802603570157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中国不同年龄组人群HBV筛查策略的成本效果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁策略成本/(元/人)增量成本/(元/人)效果/QALYs增量效果/QALYsICER/(元/QALY)
0~20三项筛查3 188.1926.74
五项筛查3 412.82224.6326.73−0.01−27 178.37
两项筛查6 453.433 265.2326.62−0.13−25 723.66
一项筛查9 892.546 704.3526.48−0.26−25 723.07
不筛查9 908.336 720.1426.48−0.26−25 696.48
20~30五项筛查7 434.0425.12
三项筛查8 528.081 094.0425.02−0.09−11 813.19
两项筛查12 745.035 310.9924.67−0.45−11 897.89
一项筛查18 514.7011 080.6624.19−0.93−11 911.46
不筛查18 964.7511 530.7124.15−0.97−11 905.30
20~40五项筛查7 996.9224.22
三项筛查9 317.891 320.9724.10−0.12−10 960.72
两项筛查13 688.675 691.7523.71−0.52−11 021.92
一项筛查19 781.3011 784.3823.16−1.07−11 033.47
不筛查20 406.9112 410.0023.10−1.13−11 028.44
20~50五项筛查7 294.1323.24
三项筛查9 570.402 276.2723.02−0.22−10 342.15
两项筛查13 980.266 686.1222.60−0.64−10 366.79
一项筛查20 260.1712 966.0421.99−1.25−10 374.77
不筛查20 970.3613 676.2221.92−1.32−10 370.52
20~60五项筛查6 912.8522.28
三项筛查9 602.232 689.3722.01−0.27−9 849.01
两项筛查13 895.416 982.5621.58−0.71−9 865.91
一项筛查20 314.8013 401.9420.93−1.36−9 873.00
不筛查21 035.6314 122.7720.85−1.43−9 869.06
20~70五项筛查6 413.8320.88
三项筛查9 202.812 788.9720.58−0.30−9 332.79
两项筛查13 701.067 287.2320.10−0.78−9 348.39
一项筛查19 168.0912 754.2619.52−1.36−9 353.20
不筛查19 862.2313 448.3919.44−1.44−9 349.29
0~30五项筛查4 078.7724.86
三项筛查4 135.0656.3024.850.00−12 350.21
两项筛查7 449.863 371.1024.63−0.23−14 815.42
一项筛查11 265.477 186.7024.37−0.48−14 843.12
不筛查11 316.187 237.4224.37−0.49−14 829.19
30~40五项筛查7 287.4322.72
三项筛查9 595.712 308.2922.49−0.23−10 188.38
两项筛查15 457.168 169.7321.92−0.80−10 216.94
一项筛查19 854.2212 566.7921.49−1.23−10 219.17
不筛查20 676.3413 388.9121.41−1.31−10 215.09
30~50五项筛查6 861.4121.89
三项筛查9 677.842 816.4321.60−0.29−9 708.10
两项筛查13 964.897 103.4821.16−0.73−9 723.31
一项筛查20 171.1413 309.7220.53−1.37−9 729.74
不筛查21 026.2114 164.8020.44−1.46−9 726.05
30~60
五项筛查6 200.7620.63
三项筛查9 246.313 045.5420.30−0.33−9 200.71
两项筛查13 249.547 048.7819.87−0.77−9 212.10
一项筛查19 352.8013 152.0419.20−1.43−9 218.16
不筛查20 139.2913 938.5219.12−1.51−9 214.53
30~70五项筛查5 774.7219.40
三项筛查8 822.323 047.6019.05−0.35−8 763.43
两项筛查12 252.706 477.9918.66−0.74−8 772.27
一项筛查18 154.5012 379.7817.99−1.41−8 778.98
不筛查18 883.9813 109.2617.90−1.49−8 775.30
), ArticleFig(id=1321170802687456238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Estimations of base and incremental costs (RMB yuan) and QALYs gained, with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (RMB yuan/QALY) for optimal HBV screening strategies: three-item screening in the population aged 0–20 years and five-item screenings in ten age groups in China, derived using a Markov model based on published data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁策略成本/(元/人)增量成本/(元/人)效果/QALYs增量效果/QALYsICER/(元/QALY)
0~20三项筛查3 188.1926.74
30~70五项筛查5 774.722 586.5219.40−7.34−352.20
0~30五项筛查4 078.77890.5724.86−1.88−472.60
30~60五项筛查6 200.763 012.5720.63−6.11−492.98
20~70五项筛查6 413.833 225.6420.88−5.86−550.42
30~50五项筛查6 861.413 673.2221.89−4.85−757.71
20~60五项筛查6 912.853 724.6622.28−4.46−835.50
30~40五项筛查7 287.434 099.2322.72−4.02−1 018.78
20~50五项筛查7 294.134 105.9423.24−3.50−1 173.34
20~40五项筛查7 996.924 808.7224.22−2.52−1910.08
20~30五项筛查7 434.044 245.8525.12−1.63−2 612.61
), ArticleFig(id=1321170802762953711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170776401752888, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

中国不同年龄组人群最优HBV筛查策略的成本效果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁策略成本/(元/人)增量成本/(元/人)效果/QALYs增量效果/QALYsICER/(元/QALY)
0~20三项筛查3 188.1926.74
30~70五项筛查5 774.722 586.5219.40−7.34−352.20
0~30五项筛查4 078.77890.5724.86−1.88−472.60
30~60五项筛查6 200.763 012.5720.63−6.11−492.98
20~70五项筛查6 413.833 225.6420.88−5.86−550.42
30~50五项筛查6 861.413 673.2221.89−4.85−757.71
20~60五项筛查6 912.853 724.6622.28−4.46−835.50
30~40五项筛查7 287.434 099.2322.72−4.02−1 018.78
20~50五项筛查7 294.134 105.9423.24−3.50−1 173.34
20~40五项筛查7 996.924 808.7224.22−2.52−1910.08
20~30五项筛查7 434.044 245.8525.12−1.63−2 612.61
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中国人群HBV感染不同筛查策略成本效果分析
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邹凤娟 1 , 陈燊桐 1 , 金莹莹 1 , 胡轶君 1 , 徐怡婷 1 , 路尚文 1 , 梁晓峰 2, 3, 4, *, * , 朱穗 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——抗击乙肝,预防先行 2025,41(8): 919-928
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——抗击乙肝,预防先行 2025 , 41 (8) : 919 -928
中国人群HBV感染不同筛查策略成本效果分析
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邹凤娟1, 陈燊桐1, 金莹莹1, 胡轶君1, 徐怡婷1, 路尚文1, 梁晓峰2, 3, 4, *, * , 朱穗1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院公共卫生与预防医学系,广州 510632
  • 2暨南大学康泰生物疫苗产业研究院,广州 510632
  • 3暨南大学疾病预防控制研究院,广州 510632
  • 4病毒致病及防控教育部重点实验室(暨南大学),广州 510632
通讯作者:
梁晓峰,E-mail:
朱穗,E-mail:
作者简介:

邹凤娟(1997—),硕士,研究方向:卫生统计

Cost-effectiveness analysis of different screening strategies for HBV infection in the Chinese population
Fengjuan ZOU1, Shentong CHEN1, Yingying JIN1, Yijun HU1, Yiting XU1, Shangwen LU1, Xiaofeng LIANG2, 3, 4 , Sui ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 2BioKangtai Vaccine Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
  • 3Institute of Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity of the Ministry of Education (Jinan University), Guangzhou 510632, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LIANG Xiaofeng, E-mail:
    ZHU Sui, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145153
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目的

分析中国人群乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染不同筛查策略的成本效果,为制定我国乙型肝炎(简称“乙肝”)防治最具有成本效果性的筛查策略提供科学依据。

方法

采用文献分析法、多项式回归模型模拟法和参考权威卫生机构的报道或专著等方法收集成本、转移概率和健康效用值等参数,通过构建中国0~70岁11个不同年龄目标人群在乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)快速检测(简称“一项筛查”)、HBsAg/乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体(HBsAb)结合检测(简称“两项筛查”)、HBsAg/HBsAb/乙型肝炎病毒核心抗体(HBcAb)结合检测(简称“三项筛查”)和HBsAg/HBsAb/乙肝e抗原(HBeAg)/乙肝e抗体(HBeAb)/HBcAb结合检测(简称“五项筛查”)和不筛查5种血清学检测指标(简称“不筛查”)策略情景下按照0、1、6个月程序分别接种10 μg乙肝疫苗的多级决策树模型,采用Markov模型模拟易感者感染HBV后的转归,测算不同筛查策略下产生的成本和效果,比较不同筛查方案的增量成本效果比(ICER),并以0~20岁人群为例采用单因素和概率敏感性分析评估结果的稳健性。

结果

基线分析结果显示,在0~20岁人群中,实施HBV三项筛查策略最具有成本效果性,投入3 188.19元可获得26.74个质量调整生命年(QALYs);与三项筛查策略比较,五项筛查、两项筛查、一项筛查和不筛查策略每减少1个QALY的同时需额外投入27 178.37、25 723.66、25 723.07和25 696.48元,属于绝对劣势策略;除0~20岁外的其他年龄组人群中,HBV五项筛查策略成本效果均为最佳,按成本效果从大到小排序依次为30~70、0~30、30~60、20~70、30~50、20~60、30~40、20~50、20~40、20~30岁人群,上述不同年龄组人群实施五项筛查策略与0~20岁人群实施三项筛查策略比较,每减少1个QALY分别需额外投入352.20、472.60、492.98、550.42、757.71、835.50、1 018.78、1 173.34、1910.08和2 612.61元,同样属于绝对劣势策略;以0~20岁人群为例,单因素敏感性分析结果显示疫苗接种率对净货币效益(NMB)影响最大,概率敏感性分析显示本研究的优势策略与其他策略相比均具有较高的成本效果优势,敏感性分析与基线分析结果保持一致。

结论

对0~20岁中国人群实施HBV三项筛查策略最具成本效果性。

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)  /  感染  /  筛查策略  /  成本效果分析  /  中国人群
Objective

To analyze the cost-effectiveness of various screening strategies for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the Chinese population and to provide evidence for developing the most cost-effective strategy for HBV prevention and control in China.

Methods

Data on HBV infection-related costs, transition probabilities, and health utility values were obtained using literature analysis, polynomial regression model simulation, and reports or monographs from authoritative health institutions. We constructed a multi-stage decision tree model for 11 different target populations across various age groups ranging from 0 to 70 years in China under five serological testing strategies: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) rapid test (one-item screening), HBsAg/hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) test (two-item screening), HBsAg/HBsAb/hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) test (three-item screening), HBsAg/HBsAb/hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)/hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb)/HBcAb test (five-item screening), and no screening, with 10 μg doses of hepatitis B vaccine administered at 0, 1, and 6 months. A Markov model was used to simulate the health outcomes of susceptible individuals after HBV infection. We calculated the costs and effects of different screening strategies, compared the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of different screening programs, and used univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the results, using the 0–20 years age group as an example.

Results

Baseline analysis showed that the three-item HBV screening strategy was the most cost-effective in the 0–20 years age group, with an investment of 3 188.19 yuan (RMB) yielding 26.74 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Compared with the three-item screening strategy, the five-item screening, two-item screening, one-item screening, and no screening strategies required additional investments of 27 178.37 yuan, 25 723.66 yuan, 25 723.07 yuan, and 25 696.48 yuan, respectively, per QALY lost, making them absolutely inferior strategies. In age groups other than 0–20 years, the five-item HBV screening strategy was the most cost-effective. The cost-effectiveness ranking, from highest to lowest, was as follows: 30–70 years, 0–30 years, 30–60 years, 20–70 years, 30–50 years, 20–60 years, 30–40 years, 20–50 years, 20–40 years, and 20–30 years. Compared with the three-item screening strategy in the 0–20 years age group, the five-item screening strategy in other age groups required additional investments of 352.20 yuan, 472.60 yuan, 492.98 yuan, 550.42 yuan, 757.71 yuan, 835.50 yuan, 1 018.78 yuan, 1 173.34 yuan, 1 910.08 yuan, and 2 612.61 yuan, respectively, per QALY lost, also making them absolutely inferior strategies. Using the 0–20 years age group as an example, univariate sensitivity analysis revealed that the vaccination rate had the greatest impact on net monetary benefit (NMB). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the dominant strategy in this study had a greater cost-effectiveness advantage compared to other strategies. The sensitivity analysis results were consistent with those of the baseline analysis.

Conclusions

The three-item HBV screening strategy (including HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs) was found to be the most cost-effective approach for preventing and controlling HBV infection in the Chinese population aged 0–20 years, compared to other screening strategies.

hepatitis B virus  /  infection  /  screening strategy  /  cost-effectiveness analysis  /  Chinese population
邹凤娟, 陈燊桐, 金莹莹, 胡轶君, 徐怡婷, 路尚文, 梁晓峰, 朱穗. 中国人群HBV感染不同筛查策略成本效果分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (8) : 919 -928 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145153
Fengjuan ZOU, Shentong CHEN, Yingying JIN, Yijun HU, Yiting XU, Shangwen LU, Xiaofeng LIANG, Sui ZHU. Cost-effectiveness analysis of different screening strategies for HBV infection in the Chinese population[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (8) : 919 -928 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145153
乙型肝炎(简称“乙肝”)是由乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染引起的一种肝脏组织病变的传染病,是全球重大公共卫生问题之一[1]。据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)2022年报告,全球约有2.54亿慢性乙肝患者,且110万人因乙肝相关性疾病而死亡[2]。中国乙肝感染人数占世界感染人数的1/3,每年因乙肝相关疾病死亡人数高达30万人[3],乙肝在危害居民健康的同时还给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担,但目前尚无有效药物能够彻底治愈乙肝。为控制乙肝流行,我国将乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫,随着乙肝疫苗接种率的提高,HBV感染率明显下降[4]。然而,随着接种时间的延长,乙肝抗体滴度逐渐降低,部分人群可能仍面临着感染的风险;此外,部分接种者未能获得足够的抗体滴度,甚至不产生抗体,加之尚有部分未接种的儿童和成人,HBV感染风险依然存在。因此,在高危人群中进行乙肝血清学筛查并接种疫苗,不仅能降低健康威胁,还具有明显的社会效益。为分析中国人群HBV感染不同筛查策略的成本效果,并为制定我国乙肝防治最具有成本效果性的筛查策略提供科学依据,本研究采用文献分析法、多项式回归模型模拟法和参考权威卫生机构的报道或专著等方法收集Markov状态间转移概率、成本、健康效用值等参数,通过构建中国0~70岁11个不同年龄目标人群在乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg)快速检测(简称“一项筛查”)、HBsAg/乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体(hepatitis B surface antibody, HBsAb)结合检测(简称“两项筛查”)、HBsAg/HBsAb/乙型肝炎病毒核心抗体(hepatitis B core antibody, HBcAb)结合检测(简称“三项筛查”)和HBsAg/HBsAb/乙肝e抗原(hepatitis B e antigen, HBeAg)/乙肝e抗体(hepatitis B e antibody, HBeAb)/HBcAb结合检测(简称“五项筛查”)和不筛查5种血清学检测指标(简称“不筛查”)策略情景下按照0、1、6个月程序分别接种10 μg乙肝疫苗的多级决策树模型,采用Markov模型模拟易感者感染HBV后的转归,测算不同筛查策略下产生的成本和效果,比较不同筛查方案的增量成本效果比 (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, ICER),并以0~20岁人群为例采用单因素敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析评估结果的稳健性。结果报告如下。
各状态间转移概率、健康效用值、治疗成本和疫苗成本通过文献检索搜集,具体见表1。成本参数为从医疗卫生服务提供者角度收集的直接医疗费用,筛检费来源于湖南省、河南省、北京市海淀区、江苏省和广东省深圳市各地医疗卫生部门公布的医疗服务价格项目表[5–9]。通过全球疾病负担 2019年数据库获得每岁期望寿命数据[10],年龄别死亡率数据来源于《中国人口和就业统计年鉴2020》[11]。2011—2022年国家医疗保健消费价格指数(consumer price index, CPI)来源于《中国统计年鉴2023》[12],根据CPI换算后2022年疫苗接种和HBV感染后各种状态所消耗的直接医疗成本见表2。考虑时间因素对货币和效用的影响,本研究对成本和收益进行了折现,参考WHO成本效果分析指南[13]以及同类研究[14]将贴现率设为3%,取值范围设为0~6%。根据《中国统计年鉴2023》[12],本研究将支付意愿(willingness-to-pay, WTP)阈值设置为2022年我国3倍人均国内生产总值(gross domestic product, GDP)数据(257 094元)。
全国乙肝疫苗接种率参考Su S等[3]研究,将提取的接种率与年龄建立多项式回归预测模型,计算公式为:$ {Y}_{\mathrm{接}\mathrm{种}\mathrm{率}}= {\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}X+{\beta }_{2}{X}^{2}+\varepsilon $。其中,$ X $为年龄,$ {Y}_{\mathrm{接}\mathrm{种}\mathrm{率}} $为预测接种率,$ {\beta }_{0} $为截距,$ {\beta }_{1} $和$ {\beta }_{2} $为偏回归系数,$ \mathrm{\varepsilon } $为残差。模拟出每岁的接种率及可信区间后进行meta分析得到各目标人群的乙肝疫苗接种率。
HBVM阳性率即筛查后预期阳性率,筛查中任意一指标为阳结果即为阳性。本研究参照2016—2023年既往有关血清学筛查的相关文献,分别提取一项阳性率、两项阳性率、三项阳性率和五项阳性率(多项筛查中任意一指标为阳结果即为阳性),一项阳性率使用公式$ log{Y}_{\mathrm{阳}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{率}}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}X+{\beta }_{2}{X}^{2}+{\beta }_{3}{X}^{3}+\varepsilon $,其余HBVM阳性率使用公式$ {Y}_{\mathrm{阳}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{率}}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}X+{\beta }_{2}{X}^{2}+ {\beta }_{3}{X}^{3}+\varepsilon $建立多项式回归预测模型,$ {Y}_{\mathrm{阳}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{率}} $表示年预期阳性率,$ {\beta }_{0} $、$ {\beta }_{1} $、$ {\beta }_{2} $和$ \mathrm{\varepsilon } $含义同上。
假设年感染率随年龄增长而稳步下降,参考罗俊祥等 [28]建立的简单催化模型$ \left|\lambda_{\left(a\right)}=\left\{0.034\ 435+0.494\ 480\times\mathrm{E}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p} \left[-0.729\ 443\times\left(\mathrm{年}\mathrm{龄}+1\right)\right]\right\}\right| $,结合WHO所建议的感染率计算公式$ \left[\lambda =\kappa \beta \dfrac{I}{N} \right.$, $ \mathrm{其}\mathrm{中},\beta $为接触时感染传染病的概率,$ \kappa $为感染者与易感者之间的平均有效接触次数,$ I $为感染人数,$ N $为总人数[29]]计算出本研究所需的2022年易感人群年感染率为:$ \left\{0.034\ 435+ 0.494\ 480\times\mathrm{E}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left[-0.729\ 443\left(\mathrm{年}\mathrm{龄}+1\right)\right]\right\}\times(1-\mathrm{0.021\ 6})^{(30+\mathrm{年}\mathrm{龄})} $。
本研究用决策树模型模拟乙肝筛查策略的决策过程,用Markov模型模拟HBV感染的转归过程。探索11个目标人群[2个低年龄组人群(0~20和0~30岁)、4个在1992年乙肝疫苗纳入国家免疫接种计划[30]前出生的人群(30~40、30~50、30~60、30~70岁)和5个在2002年国家正式将乙肝疫苗纳入国家扩大免疫规划[4]前出生的人群(20~30、20~40、20~50、20~60、20~70岁)]在不筛查、一项筛查、两项筛查、三项筛查和五项筛查5种筛查策略场景下按照0、1、6个月接种程序分别接种10 μg乙肝疫苗的成本效果价值,以不同目标人群和不同筛查策略作为对比策略来构建决策树模型。根据HBV感染的自然史和《乙型肝炎诊断标准》[31]确定易感者HBV感染后的Markov状态及其转归过程构建Markov模型。Markov模型循环周期长度设置为1年,循环周期数根据期望寿命而定。本研究假设特定年龄组内所有人都接受血清学筛查,筛查均为阴性的人根据一定的接种率接种乙肝疫苗,筛查阴性且未接种或接种但未产生抗体的人群则为乙肝易感者(图1),随后易感者可能会感染乙肝而发展为乙肝的各个Markov状态(图2)。
CEA中成本以人民币货币单位的形式表现,效果用质量调整生命年(quality-adjusted life years,QALY)衡量,计算公式:$ \mathrm{Q}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{s}=\displaystyle{\sum } {W}_{i}\times {Y}_{i} $。其中,$ {Y}_{i} $指患者的生存时间;$ {W}_{i} $指该时间内的健康效用值,$ {W}_{i} $为1代表完全健康,$ {W}_{i} $为0代表死亡[32]。
ICER指B策略与A策略相比每增加单位健康产出需增加的成本,ICER越小,说明成本投入意义越大[33];
$ \mathrm{I}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}=\dfrac{\Delta\mathrm{C}}{\Delta\mathrm{E}}=\dfrac{\displaystyle\sum_{ }^{ }_{t=0}^T\dfrac{\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{\mathit{t}}\mathrm{B}}}{(1+r)^t}-\displaystyle\sum_{ }^{ }_{t=0}^T\dfrac{\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{\mathit{t}}\mathrm{A}}}{(1+r)^t}}{\displaystyle\sum_{ }^{ }_{t=0}^T\dfrac{\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{\mathit{t}}\mathrm{B}}}{(1+r)^t}-\displaystyle\sum_{ }^{ }_{t=0}^T\dfrac{\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{\mathit{t}}\mathrm{A}}}{(1+r)^t}}\; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; $
式中,$ r $表示贴现率,$ T $表示期望寿命,$ \Delta $E和$ \Delta $C分别表示A、B两种策略之间的效果差额和成本差额,$ \mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{\mathit{t}}\mathrm{A}} $和$ \mathrm{C}\mathit{_{\mathrm{\mathit{t}}}}\mathrm{_B} $分别表示A策略和B策略在第$ t $年的成本,$ \mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{\mathit{t}}\mathrm{B}} $和$ \mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{\mathit{t}}\mathrm{A}} $分别表示A策略和B策略在第$ t $年的效果[34],本研究将3倍人均GDP作为WTP(257 094元/QALY)判断ICER是否具有成本效果性[35]。若0<ICER≤WTP,则表明策略B更具有成本效果性;当ICER<0时,可能存在两种情况:①$ \Delta $C>0,$ \Delta $E<0,则策略B为绝对劣势策略;②$ \Delta $C<0,$ \Delta $E>0,则策略B为绝对优势策略。
以净货币效益 (net monetary benefits, NMB)作为单因素敏感性分析指标,直接通过正负值判断经济性结果是否发生反转,公式为:$ \mathrm{N}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{B}=\mathrm{W}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}\times \mathrm{E}-\mathrm{C} $[36]。采用概率敏感性分析,将健康效用值、疾病转移概率、成本和疫苗接种抗体阳转率等参数设定一定的分布类型,通过蒙特卡洛模拟1 000次随机抽样得到ICER($\Delta $E,$\Delta $C)的增量成本效果平面散点图,根据散点所在的象限及与WTP的相对位置判断筛查策略的经济性。
采用Excel 2019录入整理收集到的参数,应用R 4.1.0统计软件进行接种率和HBVM阳性率数据的拟合和预测,使用TreeAge Pro 2021软件进行成本效果分析。
中国0~20岁年龄组人群中,最具有成本效果性的筛查策略为三项筛查,其次为五项筛查。从投入的成本看,三项筛查策略需投入3 188.19元,五项筛查、两项筛查、一项筛查和不筛查投入的成本分别为3 412.82、6 453.43、9 892.54和9 908.33元;从QALY角度分析,三项筛查一生可获得26.74个QALYs,其他4种策略一生可分别获得26.73、26.62、26.48和26.48个QALYs,五项筛查、两项筛查和一项筛查策略投入的成本均高于三项筛查策略($ \Delta $C>0),但获得的QALYs均低于三项筛查策略($ \Delta $E<0),实施此3种策略需额外投入成本却不能提高健康效果,因此属于绝对劣势策略。0~20岁年龄组人群中,与实施三项筛查策略相比,实施五项筛查、两项筛查、一项筛查和不筛查策略每减少1个单位的QALY,需要额外投入的成本分别为27 178.37、25 723.66、25 723.07和25 696.48元,因此三项筛查策略在0~20岁年龄组人群中为最具成本效果性的策略。除0~20岁年龄组外的其他年龄组人群中,最具有成本效果性的筛查策略均为五项筛查,其次均为三项筛查;在这些年龄组人群中,相对于五项筛查策略,其他 4 种筛查策略均需额外投入成本但获得的 QALYs较少,即不具有经济性。
中国0~20岁年龄组人群的最优策略为实施三项筛查策略,即普遍筛查策略应优先在2002年国家实施对新生儿免费提供乙肝疫苗这一政策后出生的人群中实施,并采用三项筛查的方法;除0~20岁外的其他年龄组人群中,HBV五项筛查策略成本效果均为最佳,按成本效果从大到小排序依次为30~70岁、0~30岁、30~60、20~70、30~50、20~60、30~40、20~50、20~40、20~30岁人群,这些人群实施五项筛查策略与0~20岁人群实施三项筛查比较,每减少1个单位的QALY分别需额外投入352.20、472.60、492.98、550.42、757.71、835.50、1 018.78、1 173.34、1910.08和2 612.61元。
以0~20岁年龄组人群为例,根据各参数可能的变化范围做单因素敏感性分析评价其对NMB的影响大小。龙卷风图显示,对NMB影响最大的参数为疫苗接种率,当疫苗接种率在77.39%~90.23%之间变化时,NMB在6 472 175.61~6 514 363.42元区间波动。本研究所有参数在设定的范围内无论如何变动,NMB始终大于0,表明基线分析结果稳健(见图3)。
0~20岁年龄组人群HBV三项筛查策略与五项筛查策略比较的增量成本效果散点图显示,在3倍人均GDP的阈值之下,有75.10%的概率认为HBV三项筛查策略较五项筛查策略更具成本效果性(见图4A);0~20岁年龄组人群HBV三项筛查策略与两项筛查策略比较的增量成本效果散点图显示,在本研究设定的WTP阈值之下,有98.9%的概率认为HBV三项筛查策略较两项筛查策略更具成本效果性(见图4B)。
国际指南建议对出生于HBV流行率>2%的地区全面开展乙肝筛查[37],但是由于筛查成本高、工作量大等问题,目前中国尚未开始实施全面筛查。本研究使用决策树–Markov模型模拟我国11个年龄组人群实施5种血清学筛查方案的成本效果。结果显示,对0~20岁年龄组人群实施HBV三项筛查策略最具成本效果,成本为3 188.19元,一生可获得26.74个QALYs;相较于三项筛查,对该年龄组实施五项筛查策略,则每减少1个QALY的同时需要额外支出27 178.37元;而在其他年龄组人群中,与五项筛查相比,其他筛查策略和不筛查均在多花费成本的同时降低了健康效果。这与Su S等[3]的研究一致,该研究指出针对年轻人群的精简筛查策略更具成本效果性,这可能是因为低年龄段人群的疫苗接种率较高、易感人群比例较低,因此HBV感染率和相应医疗成本负担较小[38]。此外,年轻人因预期寿命较长,实施筛查能更有效地提高未来健康收益,获得更高的QALYs[3]。
本研究结果显示,在除0~20岁的其他年龄组人群中,实施HBV五项筛查策略在成本效果分析中均表现最佳,这可能是因为年龄较大的人群乙肝流行率较高、接种率较低且潜在感染风险较大,因此更全面的血清学检测能够及早识别感染并评估肝脏损伤和病毒复制状态,帮助评估病情和指导治疗,从而降低长期的经济和健康负担[39]。且在不同年龄组间,与筛查相比,不筛查均为绝对劣势策略,这与肖和卫[15]和Su S等[3]的研究结果均一致。
以0~20岁年龄组人群为例,单因素敏感性分析结果显示疫苗接种率对NMB的影响最大,此结果与既往研究[34, 40]结果一致,提示在乙肝防治工作中要大力推进疫苗接种工作;概率敏感性分析结果显示,0~20岁年龄组人群实施HBV三项筛查策略与其他血清学筛查方案比较,大部分散点位于成本效果优势象限,表明基线分析结果的稳定可靠。换言之,对0~20岁年龄组人群(即2002年以后出生的人群)实施三项筛查策略能够节省成本且增加QALYs,属于绝对优势策略,在本研究所有策略中最具有成本效果性。
目前我国乙肝疾病负担较重,仍需要政府、医疗机构和社会各界的共同努力来降低乙肝相关疾病给患者和社会带来的负担。建议尽可能开展广泛的HBV筛查,但在资金有限的情况下对0~20岁年龄组人群(即在乙肝疫苗作为免费接种疫苗被纳入国家扩大免疫规划后出生的人群)实施三项筛查策略最具成本效果性。同时,在资金充足时还应考虑加强成年人群的疫苗接种工作。本研究成本效果分析根据免疫规划政策颁布的时间节点来划分研究对象的年龄分组,涵盖了0~70岁这一广泛的年龄范围且筛查策略考虑较全面,但本研究仅从医疗卫生服务提供者的角度考虑直接医疗成本,未考虑直接非医疗成本、间接成本以及无形成本,可能会低估筛查和疫苗接种带来的价值。因此,在今后的研究中可考虑从医疗卫生服务、支付者和社会等多个角度进行筛查策略的成本效果、成本效用和成本效益分析。

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2025年第41卷第8期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145153
  • 接收时间:2024-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-06
  • 修回日期:2024-12-11
  • 录用日期:2025-04-02
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    1暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院公共卫生与预防医学系,广州 510632
    2暨南大学康泰生物疫苗产业研究院,广州 510632
    3暨南大学疾病预防控制研究院,广州 510632
    4病毒致病及防控教育部重点实验室(暨南大学),广州 510632

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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