Article(id=1321170748576743964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170608034009636, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1148386, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751558400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-04, revisedDate=1756742400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-02, acceptedDate=1760112000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-11, onlineDate=1792921252626, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921252626, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921252626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921252626, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170608034009636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='12', pageStart='1409', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765296000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921219118, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793011150268, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321547806687474583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170608034009636, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321547806687474584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170608034009636, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1532, endPage=1536, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170748761293341, articleId=1321170748576743964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Institutional innovations and implementation challenges of the World Health Organization Pandemic Agreement, columnId=1320431897281413811, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Public Health Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the backdrop of profound transformations in the global public health risk landscape, Member States of the World Health Organization collectively spearheaded the legislative process for the Pandemic Agreement to build a more resilient global health governance architecture, enhance international cooperation mechanisms, and tangibly safeguard public health security. Following 13 formal negotiation rounds and multiple informal consultations conducted by the Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB) – duly elected by Member States – the Agreement was adopted by the 78th World Health Assembly on 20 May 2025. The Pandemic Agreement systematically addresses critical aspects such as health product research and development, localized production, technology transfer, equitable access, and sustainable financing. This is achieved primarily through establishing two core mechanisms: the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) System and a Global Supply Chain and Logistics Network, thereby striving to overcome the challenges of global health equity. However, the current text of the Pandemic Agreement still faces hurdles in areas like mechanism development and coordination with existing international multilateral rules. Looking ahead, it is imperative to refine the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing mechanism and enhance the coherence between the Pandemic Agreement and international multilateral rules. This is essential to achieve a leapfrog development in global health governance, moving from institutional design to practical efficacy.

, authors=Long CHEN, authorsList=Long CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Long CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CHEN Long, E-mail:
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在全球公共卫生风险格局深刻变革的背景下,为构建更具韧性的全球卫生治理体系、完善国际合作机制并切实保障人类健康安全,世界卫生组织成员国共同主导推进了《大流行协定》的立法进程。经成员国推选的政府间谈判机构开展13轮正式磋商及多轮非正式谈判,该协定最终于2025年5月20日获得第78届世界卫生大会审议通过。《大流行协定》通过建立病原体获取与惠益分享系统及全球供应链和物流网络两大核心机制,系统性规划卫生产品研发、本地化生产、技术转让、公平分配及可持续筹资等关键环节,着力破解全球健康公平性困境。然而,现行《大流行协定》文本在机制建设、国际多边规则协调等层面仍面临挑战。未来亟需完善病原体获取和惠益分享机制,促进《大流行协定》与国际多边规则的协调,实现全球卫生治理从制度设计到实践效能的跨越式发展。

, authors=陈龙*, *, authorsList=陈龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈龙, authorNote=

陈龙(1995—),研究员,博士,研究方向:卫生法学、医学人文等

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陈龙,E-mail:
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陈龙(1995—),研究员,博士,研究方向:卫生法学、医学人文等

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世界卫生组织《大流行协定》的制度创新与实施挑战
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陈龙 *, *
中国公共卫生 | 公共卫生论坛 2025,41(12): 1532-1536
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中国公共卫生 |公共卫生论坛 2025 , 41 (12) : 1532 -1536
世界卫生组织《大流行协定》的制度创新与实施挑战
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陈龙(1995—),研究员,博士,研究方向:卫生法学、医学人文等

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陈龙(1995—),研究员,博士,研究方向:卫生法学、医学人文等

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陈龙*, *
作者信息
  • 浙江大学光华法学院,杭州 310008
通讯作者:
陈龙,E-mail:
作者简介:

陈龙(1995—),研究员,博士,研究方向:卫生法学、医学人文等

Institutional innovations and implementation challenges of the World Health Organization Pandemic Agreement
Long CHEN
Affiliations
  • Guanghua Law School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310008, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    CHEN Long, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148386
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在全球公共卫生风险格局深刻变革的背景下,为构建更具韧性的全球卫生治理体系、完善国际合作机制并切实保障人类健康安全,世界卫生组织成员国共同主导推进了《大流行协定》的立法进程。经成员国推选的政府间谈判机构开展13轮正式磋商及多轮非正式谈判,该协定最终于2025年5月20日获得第78届世界卫生大会审议通过。《大流行协定》通过建立病原体获取与惠益分享系统及全球供应链和物流网络两大核心机制,系统性规划卫生产品研发、本地化生产、技术转让、公平分配及可持续筹资等关键环节,着力破解全球健康公平性困境。然而,现行《大流行协定》文本在机制建设、国际多边规则协调等层面仍面临挑战。未来亟需完善病原体获取和惠益分享机制,促进《大流行协定》与国际多边规则的协调,实现全球卫生治理从制度设计到实践效能的跨越式发展。

世界卫生组织  /  《大流行协定》  /  病原体获取  /  惠益分享  /  供应链和物流网络

Against the backdrop of profound transformations in the global public health risk landscape, Member States of the World Health Organization collectively spearheaded the legislative process for the Pandemic Agreement to build a more resilient global health governance architecture, enhance international cooperation mechanisms, and tangibly safeguard public health security. Following 13 formal negotiation rounds and multiple informal consultations conducted by the Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB) – duly elected by Member States – the Agreement was adopted by the 78th World Health Assembly on 20 May 2025. The Pandemic Agreement systematically addresses critical aspects such as health product research and development, localized production, technology transfer, equitable access, and sustainable financing. This is achieved primarily through establishing two core mechanisms: the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) System and a Global Supply Chain and Logistics Network, thereby striving to overcome the challenges of global health equity. However, the current text of the Pandemic Agreement still faces hurdles in areas like mechanism development and coordination with existing international multilateral rules. Looking ahead, it is imperative to refine the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing mechanism and enhance the coherence between the Pandemic Agreement and international multilateral rules. This is essential to achieve a leapfrog development in global health governance, moving from institutional design to practical efficacy.

World Health Organization  /  the Pandemic Agreement  /  pathogen access  /  benefit-sharing  /  supply chain; logistics network
陈龙. 世界卫生组织《大流行协定》的制度创新与实施挑战. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (12) : 1532 -1536 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148386
Long CHEN. Institutional innovations and implementation challenges of the World Health Organization Pandemic Agreement[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (12) : 1532 -1536 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148386
21世纪以来,全球化与城市化的浪潮在拓展人类活动边界、促进文明互通的同时,也导致病原体溢出事件频发且跨域传播风险陡增[1]。伴随国际间人流、物流、资金流与信息流的指数级增长,局部公共卫生危机极易迅速演变为全球性危机。新型冠状病毒感染(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)的全球大流行,不仅深刻揭示了人类社会在应对突发新发传染病时所暴露出的系统性脆弱,更在国内外层面共同凸显出应对突发公共卫生事件的短板,并暴露出全球公共卫生服务与应急管理体系的严重不足[2],面对这一严峻挑战,构建更具韧性的全球卫生治理框架已成为国际社会的紧迫共识。在此背景下,世界卫生组织牵头推动了《国际卫生条例(2005)》的修订与《大流行协定》(以下简称《协定》)的制定。前者已于2024年6月第77届世界卫生大会通过[3],于2025年9月生效;后者亦于2025年5月20日获第78届世界卫生大会通过[4]。这两份代表性国际卫生法律文件的通过,标志着全球公共卫生治理正实现从危机响应向制度治理的战略转型。作为全球卫生治理体系的两大核心法律框架,《国际卫生条例》与《协定》共同构成了功能互补、层次分明的治理架构。修订后的《国际卫生条例》聚焦于提升全球卫生安全治理效能,通过完善跨境卫生措施、强化缔约国核心能力建设及明确世界卫生组织技术协调权责来实现这一目标[5]。而《协定》则致力于系统性重构大流行防范体系,旨在解决长期制约全球卫生治理的结构性公平问题,其核心举措包括建立病原体获取与惠益分享机制(Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing System, PABS)及构建卫生产品全球公平调配体系。然而,《协定》的落地实施仍面临诸多挑战:在利益协调层面,病原体获取、共享与知识产权保护之间的矛盾,使得PABS机制的具体实施细则尚需谈判确定;在执行层面,非约束性条款与发展中国家履约能力之间的差距可能削弱制度实效;在体系协同层面,如何有效协调《协定》与现有国际卫生法规、贸易协定及双边合作机制的关系,也将深刻影响全球卫生治理的整体效能。本文旨在以《协定》的核心内容及制度创新为切入点,系统剖析其实施进程中所面临的主要挑战与障碍,以期为完善该法律工具及全球卫生治理体系提供学理支撑。
COVID-19大流行不仅对全球经济社会秩序造成系统性冲击,更凸显了全球卫生治理体系在应对机制、资源分配与协作效能方面的深层次结构性缺陷[6],亟需建立一个更加公平普惠的全球公共卫生服务体系,以满足日益增长的全球卫生服务和产品的需要。2020年,为独立、公正且全面地评估全球疫情应对措施,世界卫生组织成立了“大流行防范和应对独立小组”(The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response,IPPPR)。2021年,IPPPR发布的评估报告尖锐地指出:面对传播迅速的呼吸道病原体,现行国际警报系统反应迟滞;具有法律约束力的《国际卫生条例(2005)》本质上是一项保守的制度工具,其作用往往体现为限制而非促进快速行动。研究显示,战略决策失误、对解决全球健康不平等问题的回避态度以及缺乏协调一致的应对体系,共同导致了疫情演变为一场重大的人道主义与社会经济危机。为终结当前疫情并防范未来传染病暴发升级为大流行,独立小组建议成员国在6个月内谈判并通过一项具有约束力的《大流行病防范与应对框架公约》[7]。然而,设想与现实之间存在着显著的鸿沟。该公约(后更名为《协定》)的谈判进程历经波折,异常艰难。世界卫生组织于2021年12月正式启动《协定》的政府间谈判进程。2022年2月,《协定》政府间谈判机构(Intergovernmental Negotiating Body,INB)召开首次会议。截至2025年4月,INB已累计举行9轮正式会议及4轮续会,并就协定草案内容组织了密集的非正式磋商与闭会期间会议[8]。历经3年多的艰苦谈判,2025年5月20日,《协定》主案文在第78届世界卫生大会获得通过。《协定》着眼于全球公共卫生服务体系中存在的不足,吸取了包括COVID-19大流行在内的若干全球突发公共卫生事件的经验教训,通过加强全球团结与合作,提高各国在大流行预防、防范和应对方面的能力,明确了缔约方在大流行预防和监测、卫生系统建设、人力资源保障、监管系统强化、研究与开发、可持续和地域多样化的当地生产、技术转让和技能合作、病原体获取和惠益分享、供应链和物流管理、采购和分配、全政府和全社会参与、公众沟通和意识提升、国际合作与支持、可持续性筹措等方面的责任与义务[9]。这为解决目前存在的健康公平性问题,以及应对日益复杂的全球卫生安全形势提供了重要的国际法律保障。
《协定》是世界卫生组织起草的一项重要国际法律文件,其强调建立有抵御能力的卫生系统,确保公平、及时、迅速、安全和负担得起的获取大流行相关卫生产品,促进全球健康和安全。为此,《协定》特别在大流行预防、准备和应对方面作出规定,以解决目前存在的健康公平性问题。
《协定》确定了6项基本原则,分别是尊重国家主权、人权保障、尊重国际人道法、促进公平、全球团结、科学决策。其中消除可避免的差异以促进公平是对COVID-19大流行期间相关卫生产品分配不公的直接回应。
《协定》要求各缔约方制定多部门综合计划并开展相关行动,涵盖人兽共患病源头预防、多部门协同监测、社区防控、水和环境卫生、免疫接种、感染防控、实验室安全及抗微生物药物耐药等多个领域,并采用“同一健康”方针,将动物、环境健康纳入大流行政策,推动跨部门协作。同时,也要求建立有韧性的卫生系统,保障大流行期间的基本医疗服务,定期评估能力差距,做好卫生人力资源的保障工作。
在产品研究与开发方面,根据《协定》第9条规定,各缔约方应开展合作,构建与维持多元化的区域研发体系,推动研究渠道的开放与成果的快速共享。每一缔约方均应制定并实施符合其国情的国家或区域政策,要求在公共部门资助开发大流行相关卫生产品的协议中,纳入旨在促进缔约方(特别是发展中国家缔约方)于突发公共卫生事件期间及时、公平获取上述产品的条款。此类条款应通过非独占许可、可负担定价、技术转让、临床试验透明化及遵守全球分配框架等方式,切实破除疫苗与药物等产品的获取壁垒。
在本地生产方面,《协定》第10条要求各缔约方应酌情采取措施,实现更公平的地域分配与产能快速扩增,增加可持续、及时、公平地获取大流行相关卫生产品的机会,缩小突发大流行中的供需缺口。同时,世界卫生组织应根据缔约方会议的请求,积极向发展中国家提供援助,包括但不限于提供技术培训、开展能力建设、支持研究与开发等,以实现地域多样性生产。缔约国需以技术转让等措施保障全球生产网络的可持续性与地域分布多元化,增加大流行相关卫生产品的可及性和公平性。
在技术转让和合作方面,《协定》第11条要求缔约方协同世界卫生组织建立技术转让强化机制,通过动态识别评估、定向发展知识产权池、非独占许可及数据共享等举措,优先提升发展中国家获取大流行相关卫生产品的能力。世界卫生组织应协同相关国际机构,建立保障发展中国家制造商深度融入的合作机制,确保技术赋权的良性循环得以实现。
在病原体获取和惠益分享方面,《协定》第12条确立生物资源国家主权与防疫合作并重原则,强调各国应迅速和及时共享大流行病原体样本及基因序列,并基于平等原则公平分配相关惠益。
在产品供应方面,《协定》第13条授权世界卫生组织主导构建全球供应链与物流网络,破除贸易壁垒,确保各国(尤其脆弱国家)在国际关注的突发公共卫生事件(包括大流行突发事件)期间及预防阶段公平、及时、安全、可负担地获取大流行相关卫生产品。
在可持续筹资方面,《协定》第18条强制缔约方以包容和透明的方式提供可持续、可预测的融资,并设立资金协调机制实现以下目标:一是常态化地支持全球范围内的大流行预防、防范与响应能力建设;二是建立零日应急资金启动机制,重点覆盖发展中国家需求;三是整合《国际卫生条例(2005)》既有资金机制。该机制由缔约方会议确立运行规则,确保融资效率与危机响应无缝衔接。
在问责机制方面,根据《协定》第19条、21条、22条、23条之规定,《协定》确立了一个由缔约方会议、成员国与世界卫生组织秘书处构成的三方协同治理架构。在此框架下,缔约方会议负责每5年进行一次成效审查并作出关键决策;各成员国承担定期提交履约报告的强制性义务;世卫组织秘书处则肩负在缔约方会议授权下协调各国际机构推进落实的职能。同时,《协定》也明确禁止世界卫生组织指令修改缔约国法律政策或强制实施旅行禁令、疫苗接种、封锁等措施。
《协定》第23条确立了争端解决双轨制:缔约方之间的争议应首先通过谈判/斡旋/调停等外交途径解决;若未果,经书面合意可适用《常设仲裁法院规则》(或后续规则)启动仲裁程序。
为促进全球团结与合作,解决全球健康公平性问题,《协定》新增了两个由世界卫生组织领导建立的新机制/系统,分别是病原体获取和惠益分享系统和全球供应链与物流网络。
《协定》第12条要求各国在大流行期间应迅速和及时分享“关于具有大流行潜力的病原体的材料和序列信息”,并基于平等原则,迅速、及时、公正和公平地分享相关惠益。为实现上述目的,《协定》确立了大流行相关卫生产品分配的标准:其一,每个参与的制造商应依据具有法律约束力的协议,在大流行发生期间,将其针对大流行病原体所生产的疫苗、治疗方法和诊断工具实时产量的20%优先供应世界卫生组织;其二,其中不低于10%的产量应作为捐赠物资,余下部分则以可负担价格优先提供给世界卫生组织。该条款特别强调,这些疫苗、治疗方法和诊断工具的分配应基于公共卫生风险评估,特别关注发展中国家的需求。
为确保国际关注的突发公共卫生事件期间卫生产品的公平可及,《协定》第13条旨在破除获取障碍,通过构建全球供应链与物流网络,促进相关产品在全球范围内的公平分配。根据《协定》第13条之规定,全球供应链和物流网络由世界卫生组织主导建设,在缔约方大会监督下,通过多方协商机制整合各利益相关方资源,主要承担以下职能:(1)溯源大流行相关卫生产品及原材料;(2)识别供应链障碍因素;(3)开展供需动态评估;(4)紧急状态下的采购协调;(5)全球采购体系标准化建设;(6)供应链全流程透明度提升;(7)构建多层级应急储备体系;(8)建立面向发展中国家的快速响应机制;(9)紧急状态下的医疗资源的公平分配。
《协定》新建的PABS系统源于世界卫生组织2011年通过的《大流行性流感防范框架》(Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework,PIPF)。该框架作为全球首个病原体获取和惠益分享系统,旨在平等、透明、公正地分享H5N1等高致病性流感病毒,同时获取疫苗,共享其他利益[10]。PIPF建立了3个机制:一是病原体信息与样本共享机制,签订标准材料转让协议(Standard Material Transfer Agreement,SMTA)的成员国需向世界卫生组织全球流感监测和应对系统(Global Influenza Surveillance and Response Network,GISRS)提交潜在大流行毒株,并在流感病毒追踪机制(Influenza Virus Traceability Mechanism,IVTM)中登记共享情况。二是惠益保障机制,世界卫生组织通过GISRS网络评估流感风险,并与外部机构签订SMTA协议共享流感生物材料。成员国需共享监测数据并协助能力建设,生产商则须提供疫苗/诊断试剂/药物,实施分层定价和技术转让,并缴纳年度捐款支持全球防控。三是治理机制,由世界卫生组织(监督)、世界卫生组织总干事(执行)和独立咨询小组(技术评估)构成三级治理体系。咨询小组由18名区域专家组成,负责年度进展评估。2016年世界卫生组织评估显示[11],该机制在促进病毒毒株信息共享与能力建设方面发挥了积极作用,其框架设计具备向其他大流行传染病防控领域扩展的理论潜力[12]。然而,PIPF 框架存在若干结构性局限[13]:首先,其适用范围较为局限,仅涵盖流感病毒,难以有效应对由非流感病原体引发的公共卫生威胁;其次,利益分配机制存在缺陷,尽管《标准材料转让协议2》要求生产商捐赠10%的疫苗产量并实施分层定价策略以支持发展中国家,但仍未能充分满足后者在流感病毒相关惠益分配方面的合理诉求;再次,法律协调机制不完善,该框架与《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公正公平分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》(以下简称《名古屋议定书》)在适用范围上存在重叠,可能引发法律冲突;最后,技术标准滞后,未将基因序列数据纳入强制共享要求。
尽管《协定》通过PABS系统实现了制度突破,将监管范围扩展至具有大流行潜力的所有病原体,但该设计仍未能系统性解决前述问题。此外,《协定》也存在执行力薄弱(如技术转让、国际合作)、部分条款模糊(如病原体获取与惠益分享系统操作细则、融资机制不清)等不足。最终,其成功与否仍将取决于后续PABS议定书的谈判成果及各缔约方的政治意愿。
尽管《协定》为病原体获取与利益分享系统设定了基本原则,但这一框架仍有许多有待完善的地方。如在病原体获取方面,虽然《协定》第12条要求各缔约方在大流行期间须快速共享大流行病原体样本及基因序列,但并没有明确“具有大流行潜力的病原体的材料和序列信息”的内容。当前,《协定》的谈判主要聚焦于人类样本及基因序列信息的共享。然而,伴随全球城市化进程加速与生态环境变迁,人兽共患病(zoonoses)已成为新发突发传染病的主要来源[14]。基于全球病原体流行病学特征的系统分类研究显示,在已知人类致病微生物中,58%~61%具有人畜共患属性[15],即病原体从动物传播到人类引发的疾病,如新型冠状病毒感染、严重急性呼吸综合征、甲型H1N1流感、中东呼吸综合征、埃博拉出血热、猴痘、炭疽、高致病性禽流感、狂犬病和布鲁氏菌病等。基于此,建议《协定》谈判在病原体获取范围的界定上需突破现有框架:除人类样本及基因序列信息外,应当系统纳入3类关键病原体信息:(1)野生动物、家畜及宠物携带的动物源性病原体;(2)环境微生物(包括病毒、细菌、真菌及寄生虫);(3)跨物种传播的潜在变异病原体。这种扩展性界定不仅符合新发突发传染性疾病的传播规律,更能为全球公共卫生治理提供前瞻性的制度保障。
根据《协定》第12条,在大流行期间,每个参与制造商应履行两项核心义务:一是向世界卫生组织提供20%实时生产的安全、优质和有效的疫苗、治疗药物和诊断产品,其中10%捐赠给世界卫生组织;二是以“可负担的价格”出售其余10%的产品。这些义务将通过一份“具有法律约束力的合同”在世界卫生组织与参与制造商之间明确约定。不过,《协定》缺乏对合同履行过程进行管理与监督的具体规定,这导致具体的执行会出现很大的主观性和随意性,不能强有力地保证参与制造商合同义务的履行。
《协定》第12条分配机制的公平性仍面临以下挑战:一是分配标准模糊。《协定》确定的“公共卫生风险与需求”分配原则虽强调向发展中国家倾斜,但未量化“风险”(如人口密度、传播系数)与“需求”(如医疗承载力、疫苗覆盖率)的权重算法,这可能会导致决策易受主观判断影响。二是伦理悖论。相对而言,高密度城市传染性疾病暴发概率更高,而脆弱地区医疗系统崩溃后果更为严重,在卫生资源有限的情况下,资源分配需要在“阻断传播效率”与“拯救最脆弱群体”间权衡,而当前框架缺乏优先序列规则。三是政治俘获风险。发达国家可能通过外交施压、责任豁免交易(如接受药企免责条款换取优先供应)或经济胁迫扭曲分配,使资源流向“高议价能力国”而非“高风险国”。
当前《协定》建立的病原体获取和惠益分享机制,与《生物多样性公约》《名古屋议定书》《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights,TRIPS)等国际规则存在诸多不协调之处:其一,传统知识权益保障冲突,《生物多样性公约》及《名古屋议定书》第7条确立的事先知情同意与公平惠益分享义务被《协定》的病原体获取和惠益分享机制架空,其未设立与传统知识持有者的协商程序,构成对《联合国土著人民权利宣言》第31条的背离。其二,知识产权制度衔接存在张力,《协定》第11条技术转让豁免条款与TRIPS协定第33条20年专利强保护期形成结构性张力,且缺乏TRIPS第31条的补偿平衡机制,可能引发法律纠纷。其三,数字序列信息管辖权重叠,《生物多样性公约》第16/2号决议建立的病原体数字序列信息多边惠益分享机制,与《协定》第12条建立的病原体获取和惠益分享系统所涵盖的病原体数字序列信息范围高度重叠,但二者缺乏协调机制。若《协定》病原体获取和惠益分享系统采用专用数据库,将割裂全球生物多样性治理体系;而强制使用病原体获取和惠益分享系统标识符,则需重建数据基础设施,且未能消除侵犯病原体数字序列信息主权的风险。由于《生物多样性公约》强调遗传资源主权惠益,而《协定》病原体获取和惠益分享系统侧重公共卫生应急公平,两者在病原体数字序列信息治理上存在差异,需要在避免重复监管的基础上做好彼此的协调。其四,治理架构需进一步整合,《协定》设立独立缔约方会议和履约机制,与《国际卫生条例(2005)修正案》新增的缔约国委员会形成互补性架构。虽然两者各有侧重——《协定》强调社会经济韧性建设,而《国际卫生条例(2005)修正案》聚焦核心能力提升,但需特别说明的是,《国际卫生条例(2005)修正案》第43条关于缔约国采取额外卫生措施时应基于世界卫生组织建议的规定,本质上是为了避免对国际交通和贸易造成不必要的干扰,这一技术性安排既不构成对缔约国主权的限制,也不应与《协定》第22条关于尊重国家政策自主权的规定形成对立解读。当前的关键挑战在于如何通过制度设计,使两类机制在保持各自特色的同时形成协同效应,从而降低全球卫生治理体系的运行成本。
《协定》的通过旨在回应全球日益严峻的公共卫生挑战,是国际社会为完善大流行预防与应对机制所采取的重要制度安排。其核心目标之一在于应对全球健康公平性挑战,通过构建公平、可及的大流行相关卫生产品获取渠道,弥补现有治理体系的结构性短板。为此,《协定》创设了由世界卫生组织主导协调的两大核心机制,分别是病原体获取与惠益分享系统和全球供应链与物流网络。然而,目前通过的《协定》离预期目标还有一段距离,尚遗留诸多问题有待后续解决。未来,还应深化病原体获取和惠益分享系统与多边规则的制度嵌套,推动《协定》与国际多边规则的协调,最终实现全球卫生治理从制度设计到实践效能的跨越式发展。

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2025年第41卷第12期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148386
  • 接收时间:2025-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-04
  • 修回日期:2025-09-02
  • 录用日期:2025-10-11
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    浙江大学光华法学院,杭州 310008

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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