Article(id=1321170704280703151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170608034009636, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146782, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735142400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-26, revisedDate=1743264000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-30, acceptedDate=1756137600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-26, onlineDate=1792921242064, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1765296000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921242064, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921242064, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921242064, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170608034009636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='12', pageStart='1409', pageEnd='1536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765296000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921219118, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793011150268, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321547806687474583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170608034009636, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321547806687474584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170608034009636, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1473, endPage=1480, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170705836789936, articleId=1321170704280703151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Prediction of factors associated with HIV testing willingness among middle-aged and elderly men in rural Sichuan province based on XGBoost and SHAP models, columnId=1320427696342020970, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Epidemiological Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the willingness of middle-aged and elderly men in rural Sichuan province to undergo human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and its associated factors, providing references for promoting voluntary testing.

Methods

A face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted among 990 middle-aged and elderly men in rural Sichuan from July to August 2023. The data on demographic characteristics, HIV testing willingness, and HIV prevention protection motivation were collected. LASSO and Boruta methods were used to screen relevant variables. An XGBoost model was employed to predict HIV testing willingness, with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) for importance and interaction analyses.

Results

The middle-aged and elderly men in rural Sichuan showed the HIV testing willingness rate of 53.13% and the HIV knowledge awareness rate of 35.56%. Among them, 62.02% held an attitude of relative stigma toward AIDS, and 6.36% had previously undergone HIV testing. Lasso and Boruta identified 10 key variables from 22 independent variable candidates. The XGBoost model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.979 (95%CI: 0.963–0.995). SHAP importance analysis revealed the top five factors derived from protection motivation theory dimensions. The HIV testing willingness was positively associated with testing self-efficacy (SAV = 3.08), social support (SAV = 0.29), and awareness of HIV-related services (SAV = 0.27), and negatively associated with behavioral costs (SAV = 0.22) and external rewards (SAV = 0.20). Factors such as unmarried status, lack of HIV knowledge, and previous experience of HIV testing were primarily associated with willingness, while 45–49 years and high school/vocational school or above were mainly associated with unwillingness.

Conclusions

Middle-aged and elderly men in rural Sichuan exhibit low willingness to undergo HIV testing, which is primarily associated with insufficient HIV knowledge, inadequate social support, and prevalent AIDS-related stigma. Enhancing the awareness of testing experiences may encourage testing uptake.

, authors=Jin PENG1, Jiang YUAN2, Zhihua YE1, Jia HE1, Shuangru LI1, Shu LIANG3, Yinqing YANG1, Yi YANG1, authorsList=Jin PENG, Jiang YUAN, Zhihua YE, Jia HE, Shuangru LI, Shu LIANG, Yinqing YANG, Yi YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yinqing YANG, Yi YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YANG Yinqing, E-mail:
YANG Yi, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170710228226253, articleId=1321170704280703151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=四川省农村地区中老年男性HIV检测意愿影响相关因素预测分析:基于XGBoost和SHAP模型, columnId=1320427696509793132, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=流行病学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解四川省农村地区中老年男性人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)检测意愿及其影响因素,为促进主动检测提供参考依据。

方法

于2023年7—8月,在四川省农村地区抽取990名中老年男性进行面对面问卷调查。包括人口学特征、HIV检测意愿、艾滋病预防保护动机情况等;运用lasso回归与Boruta算法筛选影响因素;以XGBoost模型预测HIV检测意愿;应用SHAP进行重要性与交互效应分析。

结果

中老年男性HIV检测意愿率为53.13%,艾滋病知识知晓率为35.56%,对艾滋病(AIDS)持“比较歧视”态度者占62.02%;既往进行过HIV检测者占6.36%。lasso和Boruta从22个自变量中筛选出10个关联变量,XGBoost模型的AUC值为0.979(95%CI=0.963~0.995);SHAP重要性分析前5位均来自保护动机理论维度。HIV检测意愿与检测自我效能(SAV=3.08)、社会支持(SAV=0.29)及艾滋病相关服务了解程度(SAV=0.27)呈正向关联,与行为代价(SAV=0.22)、外部回报(SAV=0.20)呈负向关联;未婚、不知晓艾滋病知识、既往进行过HIV检测与愿意检测相关;45~49岁、高中/中专及以上文化程度与不愿意检测相关。

结论

四川省农村地区中老年男性接受HIV检测意愿不高,HIV检测相关知识缺乏、社会支持不足以及艾滋病歧视的普遍存在等是限制其接受检测服务的影响因素。提高对检测经历的知晓可能会鼓励中老年男性接受检测。

, authors=彭瑾1, 袁将2, 叶志华1, 何佳1, 李双如1, 梁姝3, 杨胤清1, *, *, 杨义1, *, *, authorsList=彭瑾, 袁将, 叶志华, 何佳, 李双如, 梁姝, 杨胤清, 杨义, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨胤清, 杨义, authorNote=

彭瑾(2001—),硕士,研究方向:社会医学与卫生事业管理

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨胤清,E-mail:
杨义,E-mail:
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journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170704280703151, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SHAP feature dependence analysis-interaction effect plots, figureFileSmall=7tHVg1xnVAuRG5llL7ItPQ==, figureFileBig=/HcDRIaHLFY+88K01E1Wog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170716217692434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170704280703151, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SHAP特征依赖分析–交互效应图, figureFileSmall=7tHVg1xnVAuRG5llL7ItPQ==, figureFileBig=/HcDRIaHLFY+88K01E1Wog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170716297384211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170704280703151, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Distribution and HIV testing willingness among middle-aged and elderly men with different characteristics (N = 990)

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特征分组调查人数构成比/%有检测意愿人数(n=526)
人数占比/%
年龄/岁45~49878.794855.17
50~5935936.2622362.12
60~6928128.3814551.60
70~9326326.5711041.83
民族汉族95696.5750953.24
其他民族343.431750.00
文化程度小学及以下60060.6128247.00
初中32432.7320061.73
高中/中专及以上666.674466.67
婚姻状况未婚767.684356.58
已婚78779.4944055.91
离异373.741643.24
丧偶909.092730.00
职业农民56857.3730152.99
工人20520.7112259.51
离退人员363.642158.33
家务及待业969.703233.33
其他858.595058.82
居住情况仅与配偶居住43944.3425457.86
与配偶及家人居住29930.2016153.85
仅与家人居住616.162032.79
独居19119.299147.64
个人月收入/元无收入11211.315448.21
1~99940741.1119648.16
1 000~1 99916116.269458.39
2 000~2 99914414.558357.64
3 000~3 999919.195661.54
≥4 000757.584357.33
接受过艾滋病知识宣传否28728.9911540.07
是70371.0141158.46
接受过安全套发放否82883.6441750.36
是16216.3610967.28
既往HIV检测否92793.6446850.49
是636.365892.06
艾滋病知识得分≤341241.6216139.08
4~522622.8311751.77
≥635235.5624870.45
艾滋病歧视水平轻度歧视131.311184.62
一般歧视30630.9116252.94
比较歧视61462.0232352.61
非常歧视575.763052.63
发生过非婚性行为否88088.8944850.91
是11011.117870.91
), ArticleFig(id=1321170716406436116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170704280703151, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征中老年男性分布及检测意愿情况(N=990)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分组调查人数构成比/%有检测意愿人数(n=526)
人数占比/%
年龄/岁45~49878.794855.17
50~5935936.2622362.12
60~6928128.3814551.60
70~9326326.5711041.83
民族汉族95696.5750953.24
其他民族343.431750.00
文化程度小学及以下60060.6128247.00
初中32432.7320061.73
高中/中专及以上666.674466.67
婚姻状况未婚767.684356.58
已婚78779.4944055.91
离异373.741643.24
丧偶909.092730.00
职业农民56857.3730152.99
工人20520.7112259.51
离退人员363.642158.33
家务及待业969.703233.33
其他858.595058.82
居住情况仅与配偶居住43944.3425457.86
与配偶及家人居住29930.2016153.85
仅与家人居住616.162032.79
独居19119.299147.64
个人月收入/元无收入11211.315448.21
1~99940741.1119648.16
1 000~1 99916116.269458.39
2 000~2 99914414.558357.64
3 000~3 999919.195661.54
≥4 000757.584357.33
接受过艾滋病知识宣传否28728.9911540.07
是70371.0141158.46
接受过安全套发放否82883.6441750.36
是16216.3610967.28
既往HIV检测否92793.6446850.49
是636.365892.06
艾滋病知识得分≤341241.6216139.08
4~522622.8311751.77
≥635235.5624870.45
艾滋病歧视水平轻度歧视131.311184.62
一般歧视30630.9116252.94
比较歧视61462.0232352.61
非常歧视575.763052.63
发生过非婚性行为否88088.8944850.91
是11011.117870.91
), ArticleFig(id=1321170716490322197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170704280703151, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Scores and levels of different dimensions of HIV prevention protection motivation among middle-aged and elderly men (N = 990, $ \overline{x}\pm s $)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度得分/分水平维度得分/分水平
严重性74.28±16.93较高行为代价54.33±26.09一般
易感性32.73±16.14较低HIV检测自我效能51.18±27.54一般
内部回报51.51±18.85一般艾滋病相关服务39.86±23.33较低
外部回报52.17±18.46一般社会支持71.93±25.32较高
行为效益70.38±16.08较高保护动机总分a45.77±9.00一般
), ArticleFig(id=1321170716595179798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170704280703151, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中老年男性艾滋病预防保护动机各维度得分情况及得分水平(N=990,$\bar x \pm s$)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度得分/分水平维度得分/分水平
严重性74.28±16.93较高行为代价54.33±26.09一般
易感性32.73±16.14较低HIV检测自我效能51.18±27.54一般
内部回报51.51±18.85一般艾滋病相关服务39.86±23.33较低
外部回报52.17±18.46一般社会支持71.93±25.32较高
行为效益70.38±16.08较高保护动机总分a45.77±9.00一般
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四川省农村地区中老年男性HIV检测意愿影响相关因素预测分析:基于XGBoost和SHAP模型
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彭瑾 1 , 袁将 2 , 叶志华 1 , 何佳 1 , 李双如 1 , 梁姝 3 , 杨胤清 1, *, * , 杨义 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 流行病学研究 2025,41(12): 1473-1480
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中国公共卫生 |流行病学研究 2025 , 41 (12) : 1473 -1480
四川省农村地区中老年男性HIV检测意愿影响相关因素预测分析:基于XGBoost和SHAP模型
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彭瑾1, 袁将2, 叶志华1, 何佳1, 李双如1, 梁姝3, 杨胤清1, *, * , 杨义1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1成都中医药大学管理学院 健康四川研究院,成都 611137
  • 2成都中医药大学公共卫生学院,成都 611137
  • 3四川省疾病预防控制中心,成都 610041
通讯作者:
杨胤清,E-mail:
杨义,E-mail:
作者简介:

彭瑾(2001—),硕士,研究方向:社会医学与卫生事业管理

Prediction of factors associated with HIV testing willingness among middle-aged and elderly men in rural Sichuan province based on XGBoost and SHAP models
Jin PENG1, Jiang YUAN2, Zhihua YE1, Jia HE1, Shuangru LI1, Shu LIANG3, Yinqing YANG1 , Yi YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Management/Sichuan Institute of Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2Public Health College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 3Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    YANG Yinqing, E-mail:
    YANG Yi, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146782
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目的

了解四川省农村地区中老年男性人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)检测意愿及其影响因素,为促进主动检测提供参考依据。

方法

于2023年7—8月,在四川省农村地区抽取990名中老年男性进行面对面问卷调查。包括人口学特征、HIV检测意愿、艾滋病预防保护动机情况等;运用lasso回归与Boruta算法筛选影响因素;以XGBoost模型预测HIV检测意愿;应用SHAP进行重要性与交互效应分析。

结果

中老年男性HIV检测意愿率为53.13%,艾滋病知识知晓率为35.56%,对艾滋病(AIDS)持“比较歧视”态度者占62.02%;既往进行过HIV检测者占6.36%。lasso和Boruta从22个自变量中筛选出10个关联变量,XGBoost模型的AUC值为0.979(95%CI=0.963~0.995);SHAP重要性分析前5位均来自保护动机理论维度。HIV检测意愿与检测自我效能(SAV=3.08)、社会支持(SAV=0.29)及艾滋病相关服务了解程度(SAV=0.27)呈正向关联,与行为代价(SAV=0.22)、外部回报(SAV=0.20)呈负向关联;未婚、不知晓艾滋病知识、既往进行过HIV检测与愿意检测相关;45~49岁、高中/中专及以上文化程度与不愿意检测相关。

结论

四川省农村地区中老年男性接受HIV检测意愿不高,HIV检测相关知识缺乏、社会支持不足以及艾滋病歧视的普遍存在等是限制其接受检测服务的影响因素。提高对检测经历的知晓可能会鼓励中老年男性接受检测。

人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)  /  检测意愿  /  保护动机理论  /  机器学习模型  /  中老年男性  /  农村地区
Objective

To investigate the willingness of middle-aged and elderly men in rural Sichuan province to undergo human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and its associated factors, providing references for promoting voluntary testing.

Methods

A face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted among 990 middle-aged and elderly men in rural Sichuan from July to August 2023. The data on demographic characteristics, HIV testing willingness, and HIV prevention protection motivation were collected. LASSO and Boruta methods were used to screen relevant variables. An XGBoost model was employed to predict HIV testing willingness, with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) for importance and interaction analyses.

Results

The middle-aged and elderly men in rural Sichuan showed the HIV testing willingness rate of 53.13% and the HIV knowledge awareness rate of 35.56%. Among them, 62.02% held an attitude of relative stigma toward AIDS, and 6.36% had previously undergone HIV testing. Lasso and Boruta identified 10 key variables from 22 independent variable candidates. The XGBoost model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.979 (95%CI: 0.963–0.995). SHAP importance analysis revealed the top five factors derived from protection motivation theory dimensions. The HIV testing willingness was positively associated with testing self-efficacy (SAV = 3.08), social support (SAV = 0.29), and awareness of HIV-related services (SAV = 0.27), and negatively associated with behavioral costs (SAV = 0.22) and external rewards (SAV = 0.20). Factors such as unmarried status, lack of HIV knowledge, and previous experience of HIV testing were primarily associated with willingness, while 45–49 years and high school/vocational school or above were mainly associated with unwillingness.

Conclusions

Middle-aged and elderly men in rural Sichuan exhibit low willingness to undergo HIV testing, which is primarily associated with insufficient HIV knowledge, inadequate social support, and prevalent AIDS-related stigma. Enhancing the awareness of testing experiences may encourage testing uptake.

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)  /  testing willingness  /  protection motivation theory  /  machine learning  /  middle-aged and elderly men  /  rural areas
彭瑾, 袁将, 叶志华, 何佳, 李双如, 梁姝, 杨胤清, 杨义. 四川省农村地区中老年男性HIV检测意愿影响相关因素预测分析:基于XGBoost和SHAP模型. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (12) : 1473 -1480 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146782
Jin PENG, Jiang YUAN, Zhihua YE, Jia HE, Shuangru LI, Shu LIANG, Yinqing YANG, Yi YANG. Prediction of factors associated with HIV testing willingness among middle-aged and elderly men in rural Sichuan province based on XGBoost and SHAP models[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (12) : 1473 -1480 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146782
人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)检测是确认艾滋病病毒感染的重要途径。2022年,中国仍有约16%的HIV感染者未被检测发现,与联合国艾滋病规划署2030年的“第一个95%”目标尚有差距[1]。近年来,我国≥50岁的HIV感染者人数迅速增加,男性约为女性的3倍[2],已成为艾滋病防控的重点人群。该人群易发生不安全性行为[3],晚发现问题突出,以被动检测发现为主,尤其在农村地区[2],迫切需要加大该人群检测力度。意愿是行为的直接决定因素,目前,检测意愿相关研究多集中于男男性行为者(men who have sex with men, MSM)[4]、大学生[5]等,针对中老年群体的研究较少。保护动机理论(protection motivation theory, PMT)在健康信念模式的基础上考虑内外部“收益”,更适用于健康相关行为和意愿的解释与预测[6]。相比传统逻辑回归模型,机器学习模型在慢性病、传染病等领域的风险识别及危险因素研究中预测精度更高,系数压缩法(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, lasso)可与多种模型结合筛选关键变量[7];极端梯度提升树算法(extreme gradient boosting, XGBoost)模型效率和精度高[8],可解释机器学习方法(shapley additive explanations, SHAP)克服了以往“黑箱”模型的局限,可解释性高[9]。中国≥50岁男性病例发现时的感染时间>5年(CD4细胞计数≤349 个/μL)者占62.11%[10],晚发现情况未见明显改善[2]。多年来,四川省艾滋病报告病例数居全国前列。为此,本研究于2023年7—8月,在四川省招募990名≥45岁男性,基于保护动机理论设计问卷并进行调查。应用机器学习模型对HIV检测意愿进行预测分析,为降低晚发现比例和完善HIV检测策略提供参考依据。
于2023年7—8月,在四川省采取多阶段抽样方法,第1阶段在艾滋病较严重的成都市、宜宾市、凉山州分别随机抽取A县级市(A市)、B区、C县;第2阶段在各县级市/区/县分别随机抽取3个乡/镇;第3阶段在各乡/镇中随机各抽取1个村;第4阶段在各村采取整群抽样抽取1个村民小组;在当地政府工作人员的协助下,邀请符合条件的中老年男性到当地基层医疗卫生机构参加调查。样本量计算公式:
$ {n}= \dfrac{{{z}}^{{2}}\widehat{{P}}{(}{1-}\widehat{{P}}{)}}{{{e}}^{{2}}} ,\;\; n'{=}{deff}\times {n} $
置信水平为0.95,对应$ {Z} $值为1.96;$ \widehat{{P}} $参考联合国艾滋病规划署发布的《UNAIDS Global AIDS Update 2022》中亚洲地区的HIV检测率76%,$ \widehat{{P}} $取0.76;e取0.05。计算得出最小样本量$ {n} $为281。考虑无效问卷不超过20%,扩大样本量至352;多阶段整群抽样设计效应deff取2.5,最终确定$ n' $为880。根据A市、B区、C县的常住人口数比例分配样本量,依次为445、390、45人。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥45岁;(2)男性;(3)常住调查区域≥6个月;(4)知情同意。排除标准:(1)意识不清楚、听力或日常交流障碍者;(2)具有精神认知障碍或重大疾病者。共调查996名中老年男性,回收有效问卷990份,有效率为99.4%。其中,A市481人,B区424人,C县85人。本研究经成都中医药大学附属医院伦理审查委员会批准(编号:2023KL-081)。
由经统一培训合格的调查员获得调查对象知情同意后,在保护个人隐私的环境中,使用经过预调查检验的问卷进行一对一、面对面的问卷调查。现场立即进行质控。问卷为研究团队自行设计。主要内容包括(1)一般人口学特征:年龄、户籍性质、文化程度、婚姻状况等。(2)非婚性行为经历:包括与相好、暗娼、异性临时性伴或同性发生的性行为。(3)既往HIV检测经历。(4)艾滋病知识宣传接受情况。(5)艾滋病知识知晓情况:采用中国疾病预防控制中心性病艾滋病预防控制中心通用的8个艾滋病防治知识题目(简称“国八条”),包括对艾滋病感染识别、传播途径、非传播途径、预防措施方面的认知。每题正确得1分,不知道或错误得0分,总分8分,得分越高表示知识掌握程度越高;正确回答6个及以上判定为“知晓”[11],总知晓率为调查对象中得分≥6分的比例。(6)艾滋病歧视水平:基于Zelaya量表[12]简化,包括担心感染(担心传染和感染艾滋病)、耻辱偏见(将艾滋病与耻辱、责怪、偏见联系在一起)、个人歧视行为(个人对歧视性行为的态度)、社会歧视行为(感知社会对歧视性行为的态度)4个维度[12],共10个条目(Cronbach′s α=0.82),采用Likert 5级评分法,平均分越高表示歧视态度越严重;按照平均得分“1~”“2~”“3~”“4~5”分依次划分为轻度、一般、比较和非常歧视。(7)艾滋病预防保护动机量表:借鉴罗冬梅等[13]编制的老年人艾滋病预防保护动机量表改编。原理论包括7个维度:①严重性:个体感知到身患艾滋病可能带来的身体、心理和金钱方面的不良影响;②易感性:个体主观判断自身患艾滋病风险的可能性;③内部回报:指实施有害健康行为(非婚性行为)带来的主观愉快感受;④外部回报:指实施有害健康行为(非婚性行为、多性伴)带来的外部好处感知;⑤行为效益:个体采取有益健康行为(HIV检测)的益处感知;⑥行为代价:个体在采纳特定健康行为(HIV检测)过程中的困难和障碍感知;⑦自我效能:个体的能力和自信。PMT强调需充分考虑社会环境因素对个人的影响;本研究特增加2个维度,即⑧艾滋病相关服务:包括艾滋病相关知识和服务获取可及性、HIV检测点的知晓等;⑨社会支持:社会网络中可获得的经济、情感支持。共9个维度30个条目(总Cronbach′s α=0.83,各维Cronbach′s α>0.80)。采用Likert 5级评分法,从“非常不同意~非常同意”依次赋“1~5”分;总体保护动机(total protective motivation, TPM)得分为各条目相加之后进行百分制转化,各维度得分计算方法同理:
$ {\mathrm{TPM}}得分= \frac{\mathrm{实}\mathrm{际}\mathrm{总}\mathrm{得}\mathrm{分}-\mathrm{理}\mathrm{论}\mathrm{最}\mathrm{低}\mathrm{得}\mathrm{分}}{\mathrm{理}\mathrm{论}\mathrm{最}\mathrm{高}\mathrm{得}\mathrm{分}-\mathrm{理}\mathrm{论}\mathrm{最}\mathrm{低}\mathrm{得}\mathrm{分}} \times 100 $
得分按照“0~20”“21~40”“41~60”“61~80”“81~100”划分为“非常低”“较低”“一般”“较高”“非常高”。计算保护动机总体得分时,内部回报、外部回报和行为代价3个维度需反向计分。(8)HIV检测意愿:以“你愿意进行HIV检测吗?”衡量HIV检测意愿,回答“非常不愿意/比较不愿意/不清楚”合并为“无检测意愿”;回答“比较愿意/非常愿意”合并为“有检测意愿”。
使用Epi Data 3.1软件建立数据库,双录入。使用SPSS 26.0软件进行描述统计,连续变量以$\bar x \pm s $表示,分类变量以率或构成比表示。在R 4.4.0环境中,采用lasso回归和Boruta算法筛选特征变量并取交集,以XGBoost模型预测中老年男性HIV检测意愿。应用SHAP模型进行可解释分析和交互效应分析。模型构建过程:(1)加载tidyverse、readxl、skimr等数据包进行数据导入与处理。(2)采用set.seed函数设置随机数种子以确保分析结果可复现。(3)采用留出法(hold-out method)将数据集划分为训练集(70%)和测试集(30%),确保训练集样本量充足以充分学习数据特征,保留30%独立测试集以可靠评估模型泛化能力。(4)加载“glmnet”数据包构建lasso回归模型,在交叉验证曲线中选择偏差最小时的λ,以获取最佳拟合效果,同时加载“Boruta”包构建Boruta模型。(5)从训练集和测试集中提取lasso和Boruta筛选的变量交集,形成XGBoost模型的新训练集和测试集。(6)加载XGBoost、pROC、Martix等数据包构建XGBoost模型,绘制ROC曲线并计算灵敏度、特异度、精确率等性能指标。各指标取值范围为0~1,越接近1表示模型预测能力越好。(7)加载shapviz数据包进行SHAP可解释性分析;对特征进行重要性排序并揭示其对结果的影响方向,SHAP值越大反映特征越重要,值的正/负反映对结果的正向或负向作用。(8)通过sv_dependence函数可视化变量间的交互效应。
990名中老年男性年龄为45~93岁,平均年龄为(62.71±9.71)岁;汉族956人,占96.57%;小学及以下文化程度600人,占60.61%;已婚者787人,占79.49%;568人职业为农民,占57.37%;439人居住情况为仅与配偶居住,占44.34%;519人月收入<1 000元,占52.42%。中老年男性中接受过艾滋病知识宣传的占71.01%(703/990),接受过安全套发放的占16.36%(162/990),自我报告既往进行过HIV检测者占6.36%(63/990);艾滋病知识知晓率为35.56%(352/990),艾滋病歧视水平以“比较歧视”为主,占62.02%(614/990);既往发生过非婚性行为者占11.11%(110/990)。53.13%(526/990)的中老年男性愿意进行HIV检测。
990名中老年男性的保护动机平均得分为(45.77±9.00)分,“一般”水平者占67.47%(668/990),其余按人数占比从高至低依次为“较高”水平者占27.47%(272/990)、“较低”水平者占3.84%(38/990)、“非常高”水平者占1.21%(12/990)。各维度按得分从高至低依次排列为:严重性、社会支持、行为效益、行为代价、外部回报、内部回报、HIV检测自我效能、艾滋病相关服务及易感性。
本研究预测变量共22个,lasso和Boruta分别从中筛选出18个和11个变量,取两者交集得出10个最具代表性的预测变量,分别为外部回报、艾滋病相关服务、婚姻状况、年龄、行为代价、既往HIV检测、文化程度、社会支持、HIV检测自我效能、艾滋病知识。
XGBoost模型在训练集与测试集上均展现出较优的预测性能。测试集(testdata)ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.979(95%CI= 0.963~0.995);训练集(traindata)AUC为0.986(95%CI= 0.979~0.992),表明模型具有极强的类别区分能力且未出现过拟合。测试集的分类效能指标为:灵敏度(sensitivity)0.921,特异度(specificity)0.968,精准率(precision)0.963,召回率(recall)0.921,综合平衡指标F1-score为0.942,总体准确率(accuracy)达0.946。Kappa系数为0.892,提示模型预测结果与真实分类高度一致。该模型在数据集上表现出较好的稳健性,能够较为准确地预测结果。
SHAP全局概要图同时反映各特征对预测HIV检测意愿的贡献,包括重要性和影响方向,纵轴表示特征及其SHAP平均绝对值(shapley average absolute value, SAV),按重要性大小自上而下排列;横轴表示SHAP值,值越大表示特征越重要,值的正/负表示对检测意愿的正向或负向作用;散点颜色由紫至黄代表特征赋值由小到大,点的集合表示特征对预测结果整体影响方向和大小。结果显示,重要性排序前5位均来自PMT维度。HIV检测自我效能(SAV=3.08)、社会支持(SAV=0.29)及艾滋病相关服务(SAV=0.27)对模型预测的贡献最大,且主要呈正向关联。表明这些因素越高,检测意愿越强。行为代价(SAV=0.22)、外部回报(SAV=0.20)对检测意愿主要呈负向关联,高行为代价、高外部回报(含“较高”和“非常高”)会降低检测意愿。在基本特征中,不知晓艾滋病知识、未婚、既往进行过HIV检测主要与愿意检测相关;高中/中专及以上文化程度、45~49岁主要与不愿意检测相关。
交互效应分析显示(以部分为例),当艾滋病知识得分≤3时,≥60岁男性居多,正向预测HIV检测意愿;随着知识得分升高,45~49岁及部分50~59岁男性增多,对检测意愿的预测起负向作用(见图4a)。检测效能较高和非常高时,知晓艾滋病知识者居多,正向预测检测意愿,此时交互效应可能超过单一特征的影响(见图4b)。当社会支持较低和非常低时,≥60岁男性居多,负向预测检测意愿(见图4c)。既往进行过HIV的人检测效能相对较高,正向预测检测意愿(见图4d)。
本研究结果显示,四川省农村地区中老年男性的HIV检测意愿率为53.13%,低于中国MSM(72.0%)[4]和大学生群体(68.0%)[5],远低于津巴布韦中老年男性(85.8%)[14]。表明该人群对HIV检测的接受度普遍不高。其艾滋病知识知晓率仅为35.56%,远低于既往城区中老年男性(74.8%)[15]。研究表明,艾滋病知识匮乏会削弱风险感知,加之缺乏检测意识[2],检测意愿降低。
本研究结果显示,检测自我效能较高者更愿意接受检测,这与中国MSM的研究发现相似[16],与Bandura A[17]提出的自我效能理论相符。了解艾滋病相关服务、既往进行过HIV检测与愿意检测相关,与既往研究结果一致[4]。艾滋病相关服务了解程度越高者通常对检测地点、必要性和益处认识更清晰;主动或知晓进行过检测的个体熟悉检测流程,可以降低心理屏障[4]。交互效应分析进一步表明,有检测经历的个体自我效能更高,更愿意检测。值得注意的是,本研究仅6.36%(63/990)的中老年男性报告有检测经历。既往研究显示,与城市居民、青年人、女性相比,农村地区老年男性受社会文化、经济和系统性障碍限制,获得相关知识和接受检测服务的机会较少[2, 14]。但实际上,2017年四川省启动艾滋病扩大检测,采取“知情不反对”原则,部分男性可能在基层医疗卫生机构的健康体检中接受过检测却不知情,提示基层医务人员应加强检测告知,提高人群对检测的接受度。
本研究结果显示,未婚与愿意检测相关,中老年男性的性需求依然存在[18],单身男性可能拥有更多性伴侣,感知到感染风险,愿意检测。此外,未婚人群检测顾虑少,而已婚人群可能因家庭原因拒绝检测[19]。国内关于社会支持与检测意愿关联的研究较少。本研究发现,社会支持与检测意愿呈正向关联,这与PMT框架中的“应对评估”机制一致[6]。低社会支持群体因缺乏情感和经济资源,可能低估检测收益而高估代价(如隐私泄露),即使发生高危行为后也不愿主动检测,尤其是≥60岁男性。美国一项关于流动人群的研究也表明,低社会支持、经济地位和文化程度影响人群错失早期检测的机会,增加晚发现风险[20]。行为代价感知越高越不愿意进行检测,这进一步揭示了担心泄露隐私或遭受异样眼光可能阻碍检测,这与其他发展中国家的研究结果相似[21]。事实上,与艾滋病相关的歧视仍是阻碍HIV咨询与服务实践的主要因素[1, 21]。本研究显示,中老年男性对艾滋病的歧视仍较为突出,这与四川省≥50岁男性群体中发现的严重艾滋病歧视结果相符[22]。该群体普遍受到20世纪末艾滋病恐吓式宣传的影响,将艾滋病与致死性、道德越轨等负面标签关联,且歧视态度与传统性观念的相互作用可能加剧检测回避。
在既往研究基础上,本研究还发现外部回报感知负向关联检测意愿。外部回报感知较高者往往认为多性伴、非婚性行为等风险行为可以获得个人满足或社会认可,容易忽视HIV感染风险,选择不检测。与既往研究不同的是,尽管艾滋病知识水平与检测意愿的关联已被广泛证实[5],本研究中45~49岁、高中/中专及以上文化程度男性却更不愿意检测,该群体相比高年龄、低文化程度者艾滋病知识知晓率相对较高[2];可能会主动规避风险,当判断自身无感染风险,选择不检测。而部分不知晓艾滋病知识的男性更愿意检测,主要体现在≥60岁男性中。在面对面访谈中了解到,高年龄群体视HIV检测为一种疾病筛查而非风险应对行为,并倾向于接受免费便利的检测,这符合PMT模型中“感知利益”动机驱动行为的机制[6]。但揭示了知识缺位下“被动接受”与“主动参与”的差异。提示未来仍需加强老年人群艾滋病防治宣传与干预,覆盖检测的必要性和益处、获取方式(如可及性、便利性)等。
本研究在PMT原有维度基础上纳入社会环境因素,通过lasso回归模型与Boruta算法筛选变量,应用XGBoost-SHAP模型进行重要性分析,验证了PMT框架的适用性。前5位预测变量均源自PMT维度,表明PMT可以较好地用于检测意愿的预测和解释。本研究还通过SHAP依赖图探索变量之间的交互作用,揭示影响因素的内在关联。
本研究存在局限性:一是研究对象信息均为自我报告,存在回忆偏倚和报告偏倚,非婚性行为有可能被低估;二是横断面研究设计无法确定因果关系,未来可开展纵向追踪研究(如检测意愿–实际行为的转化),并采用混合研究方法深入分析。
综上所述,四川省农村地区中老年男性接受HIV检测的意愿不高,主动检测推广受阻。主要面临着认知不足、社会支持缺乏、艾滋病歧视等问题。应以中老年人群喜闻乐见的方式开展针对性宣传干预;医务人员应加强检测告知,提升其对检测经历的知晓可能会鼓励该人群接受检测,并强调检测服务的可及性与便利性;社区层面可通过强化社会网络增强支持体系,同时营造包容性社会环境以消除公众歧视,促进主动检测。

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2025年第41卷第12期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146782
  • 接收时间:2024-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-26
  • 修回日期:2025-03-30
  • 录用日期:2025-08-26
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    1成都中医药大学管理学院 健康四川研究院,成都 611137
    2成都中医药大学公共卫生学院,成都 611137
    3四川省疾病预防控制中心,成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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