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Since the government initiated an ultrasound-based mass breast cancer screening program for rural women in 2009, both the coverage rate of breast cancer screening and the five-year survival rate have shown a steady increase. However, the rising trend of breast cancer incidence and mortality in China has not yet been effectively curbed. This may be related to the low knowledge rate of breast cancer, the poor performance of current breast cancer screening technology, and the imperfection of the comprehensive prevention and control system encompassing screening, diagnosis, and treatment. In the future, we should strengthen the health education of vulnerable groups, carry out high-quality breast cancer prevention and control research on the application of innovative technology, and establish a comprehensive prevention and control strategy for breast cancer suitable for China's national conditions.

, authors=Lu YUE1, Mingjie DONG1, Xuelian ZHAO2, Wenhui REN3, Fanghui ZHAO2, Yong ZHANG4, authorsList=Lu YUE, Mingjie DONG, Xuelian ZHAO, Wenhui REN, Fanghui ZHAO, Yong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fanghui ZHAO, Yong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHAO Fanghui, E-mail:
ZHANG Yong, E-mail:
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自2009年我国政府首次启动针对农村妇女的以超声为基础的组织性乳腺癌筛查项目以来,乳腺癌筛查覆盖率、5年生存率逐步提高。然而,我国乳腺癌发病与死亡的上升趋势尚未得到有效遏制。这可能与适龄妇女乳腺癌防治知识知晓率较低、我国现行乳腺癌筛查技术效果不佳、筛诊治综合防控体系不完善等因素相关,未来应加强弱势群体的健康宣教,开展创新技术应用的高质量乳腺癌防控研究,建立适合我国国情的乳腺癌综合防控策略。

, authors=岳璐1, 董铭洁1, 赵雪莲2, 任文辉3, 赵方辉2, *, *, 张勇4, *, *, authorsList=岳璐, 董铭洁, 赵雪莲, 任文辉, 赵方辉, 张勇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵方辉, 张勇, authorNote=

岳璐(1999—),硕士,研究方向:肿瘤流行病学

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赵方辉,E-mail:
张勇,E-mail:
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中国乳腺癌预防控制现状、问题及应对策略
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岳璐 1 , 董铭洁 1 , 赵雪莲 2 , 任文辉 3 , 赵方辉 2, *, * , 张勇 4, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 公共卫生论坛 2025,41(12): 1527-1531
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中国公共卫生 |公共卫生论坛 2025 , 41 (12) : 1527 -1531
中国乳腺癌预防控制现状、问题及应对策略
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岳璐(1999—),硕士,研究方向:肿瘤流行病学

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岳璐1, 董铭洁1, 赵雪莲2, 任文辉3, 赵方辉2, *, * , 张勇4, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院北京协和医学院群医学及公共卫生学院,北京 100730
  • 2国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院,北京 100021
  • 3北京大学人民医院 临床流行病与医学统计学平台,北京 100044
  • 4国家疾病预防控制局,北京 100191
通讯作者:
赵方辉,E-mail:
张勇,E-mail:
作者简介:

岳璐(1999—),硕士,研究方向:肿瘤流行病学

Current status, challenges, and countermeasures of prevention and control of breast cancer in China
Lu YUE1, Mingjie DONG1, Xuelian ZHAO2, Wenhui REN3, Fanghui ZHAO2 , Yong ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
  • 2National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
  • 3Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
  • 4National Disease Control and Prevention Administration, Beijing 100191, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHAO Fanghui, E-mail:
    ZHANG Yong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-12-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146382
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自2009年我国政府首次启动针对农村妇女的以超声为基础的组织性乳腺癌筛查项目以来,乳腺癌筛查覆盖率、5年生存率逐步提高。然而,我国乳腺癌发病与死亡的上升趋势尚未得到有效遏制。这可能与适龄妇女乳腺癌防治知识知晓率较低、我国现行乳腺癌筛查技术效果不佳、筛诊治综合防控体系不完善等因素相关,未来应加强弱势群体的健康宣教,开展创新技术应用的高质量乳腺癌防控研究,建立适合我国国情的乳腺癌综合防控策略。

乳腺癌  /  预防  /  危险因素  /  筛查  /  防控策略

Since the government initiated an ultrasound-based mass breast cancer screening program for rural women in 2009, both the coverage rate of breast cancer screening and the five-year survival rate have shown a steady increase. However, the rising trend of breast cancer incidence and mortality in China has not yet been effectively curbed. This may be related to the low knowledge rate of breast cancer, the poor performance of current breast cancer screening technology, and the imperfection of the comprehensive prevention and control system encompassing screening, diagnosis, and treatment. In the future, we should strengthen the health education of vulnerable groups, carry out high-quality breast cancer prevention and control research on the application of innovative technology, and establish a comprehensive prevention and control strategy for breast cancer suitable for China's national conditions.

breast cancer  /  prevention  /  risk factors  /  screening  /  prevention and control strategy
岳璐, 董铭洁, 赵雪莲, 任文辉, 赵方辉, 张勇. 中国乳腺癌预防控制现状、问题及应对策略. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (12) : 1527 -1531 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146382
Lu YUE, Mingjie DONG, Xuelian ZHAO, Wenhui REN, Fanghui ZHAO, Yong ZHANG. Current status, challenges, and countermeasures of prevention and control of breast cancer in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (12) : 1527 -1531 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146382
乳腺癌已成为严重威胁女性生命健康的重大公共卫生问题。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)于2021年发起了“全球乳腺癌行动倡议”,旨在推动全球各国将针对乳腺癌的“健康促进与早期诊断、及时诊断及综合管理”纳入卫生服务优先事项,推动实现“2020—2040年乳腺癌死亡率每年降低2.5%,进而避免250万死亡病例”的总目标[1]。我国人口基数大、卫生资源分布不均、乳腺癌疾病负担较重,不同地区乳腺癌防控质量存在较大差异,乳腺癌防控工作面临严峻挑战。基于此,本文将系统梳理我国乳腺癌流行现状、风险预测以及我国乳腺癌防控历程,分析当下我国乳腺癌防控工作面临的挑战,并提出应对策略及未来的研究方向,以期助力我国乳腺癌的防控工作优化与发展。
根据肿瘤登记数据显示,2022年中国女性乳腺癌新发病例数达35.72万,死亡人数达7.50万,乳腺癌粗发病率和粗死亡率分别为51.71/10万和10.86/10万[2],位居女性恶性肿瘤顺位的发病第二位和死亡第五位。我国乳腺癌的发病和死亡具有明显的地域差异,2022年城市地区的发病率和死亡率均高于农村地区(世界人口年龄标准化发病率:35.45/10万 vs. 29.38/10万;世界人口年龄标准化死亡率:6.36/10万 vs. 5.78/10万)[3]。其次,中国乳腺癌高发年龄为45~59岁,且致密性乳腺高达74%,而欧美乳腺癌高发年龄在60~69岁,美国致密性乳腺占比43%[4–6]。2000—2018年,我国乳腺癌发病率以每年3.1%的速度持续上升,死亡率以每年0.8%的速度上升,然而欧美发达国家的年龄标准化死亡率有所下降[7]。此外,我国早期乳腺癌检出比例低于发达国家。一项以医院为基础的多中心横断面调查研究显示,2016—2017年我国乳腺癌患者诊断分期为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期的检出比例分别为25.8%、47.3%、15.8%和4.4%,其中Ⅰ期检出率城市高于农村(28.6% vs. 23.6%),而同时期美国Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期检出率可达到49.4%和31.7%[8]。综上,我国乳腺癌疾病负担严峻,且具有发病率增长快、发病年轻化、地区差异大等流行特点,严重危害我国女性健康。
乳腺癌尚缺乏特别明确的致病因素,国内外大量研究表明乳腺癌的病因与发病机制非常复杂,包括遗传因素、生活方式和环境暴露等多种因素共同作用[9]。相较于高龄、家族遗传史、月经初潮年龄、激素水平等不可改变的乳腺癌危险因素,可改变的危险因素对乳腺癌预防具有积极作用。体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)是国内外公认的乳腺癌危险因素,相比于绝经前女性,绝经后女性BMI越高,其乳腺癌发病风险越高[10 – 11]。久坐少动、主动吸烟或被动吸烟等行为习惯也均会增加乳腺癌的发病风险[12 – 13]。随着我国居民饮食结构变化,相比于1990年,除了被动吸烟的人群归因分值(population attributable fraction, PAF)略有下降外,其他可改变风险因素包括高血糖、饮酒、低体力活动和吸烟的PAF值均有所上升,尤其是高BMI的增加最为显著,高BMI所导致的人群归因分值从1990年的4.38%增长到2019年的11.66%[14]。体重过重或肥胖、饮酒和高血糖等已经成为中国主要的乳腺癌风险因素[15]。
基于乳腺癌影响因素构建的风险预测模型不仅可以用于人群风险度分层和个体风险预测,还可有效地指导高危人群的筛查和早期干预,是乳腺癌预防的重要研究领域之一。目前,国际上常用的乳腺癌发病风险预测模型包括改良Gail模型、BRCAPRO模型和BOADICEA模型[16 – 17]。Gail模型通过综合女性的年龄、生育史、乳腺癌家族史等因素,评估乳腺癌发病风险,是一种相对简单的工具,在大规模群体性筛查中适用性高。BRCAPRO模型则基于家族遗传史和基因突变信息,主要用于评估个体携带BRCA1和BRCA2基因突变的概率及其乳腺癌风险[18]。而BOADICEA模型进一步丰富了预测变量,包括其他中低外显率基因、多基因风险评分,并考虑生育史等非遗传因素,具有更高的综合性及准确性,可扩展用于其他癌种的风险评估[19 – 20]。但是上述模型多基于欧美人群流行病学数据构建,应用于亚洲群体乳腺癌风险估计的准确性不足[21 – 22]。因此,我国亟待开发适用于我国人群乳腺癌流行特征的风险预测模型。目前,我国研究者利用北京、天津、上海等地区的病例对照研究、筛查队列数据或公开数据库建立了乳腺癌风险预测模型,但大部分模型尚未在不同特征人群或其他地区进行验证,其准确性和适用性仍存在一定的局限性[23–27]。
乳腺癌的病因复杂,尚缺乏有效的病因学预防手段,筛查仍然是目前最重要并且是最有效的防控策略。我国乳腺癌防治工作起步较晚,筛查技术及策略尚在逐步完善。2005年,原卫生部疾控司委托中国抗癌协会主办“百万妇女乳腺普查工程”,计划在6年内对全国100万女性进行4次规范性乳腺普查,探索适合中国妇女特点的乳腺癌筛查技术,为制定更具针对性的防控政策提供科学依据[28]。2008年,原卫生部开展了为期1年的以城市妇女为主的中央财政转移支付乳腺癌筛查项目,覆盖全国30个省份53个项目点,为全国范围内推广乳腺癌早筛工作奠定基础[29]。2009年,国家加大资金投入,启动了我国首个由国家政策主导的群体性乳腺癌筛查项目,并将其纳入国家重大公共卫生项目,为35~64岁农村女性提供免费乳腺癌筛查服务[30]。该项目采用以超声检查为主的筛查方式,在项目实施过程中逐步完善和优化筛查流程。此外,2012年城市癌症早诊早治项目正式纳入国家重大公共卫生服务专项。该项目聚焦城市地区的高风险人群,提供包括乳腺癌在内的五大恶性肿瘤的筛查服务。2019年,我国乳腺癌和宫颈癌筛查项目被纳入国家基本公共卫生服务项目,筛查范围扩展至城乡适龄妇女,并将农村妇女和城镇低保妇女确立为重点筛查人群。
根据国家卫生健康委数据统计,截至2021年,乳腺癌筛查县由220个扩展到2 615个;全国累计开展免费乳腺癌筛查近1亿人次。基于2018年31个省(自治区、直辖市)的慢性病及危险因素监测数据显示,中国35~64岁适龄女性乳腺癌筛查覆盖率约30.9%,其中城市和农村地区适龄女性乳腺癌筛查覆盖率分别为34.4%和28.2%,呈现地域不公平[31]。此外,据全国乳腺癌筛查项目数据显示,我国乳腺癌检出率和早诊率(0+Ⅰ+Ⅱ期癌比例)均呈现上升趋势(检出率:2009—2011年为52.0/10万,2014年为87/10万,2015年为85/10万;早诊率:2014年为85.21%,2015年为85.25%)[32–34]。此外,根据肿瘤登记数据显示,我国乳腺癌5年生存率上升了近10个百分点(2003—2005年为73.1%;2019—2021年为82.4%)[35 – 36]。
我国适龄妇女对乳腺癌的认知较低,一项中国女性乳腺癌队列研究显示,2020年我国适龄女性乳腺癌知晓率仅达10.2%,其中未筛查人群显著低于筛查人群,妇女对危险因素的认识显著低于对乳腺癌症状的识别,提示我国乳腺癌一级预防亟待加强[37]。针对医务人员乳腺癌防治态度的研究显示,我国医务人员乳腺癌防治知晓率不足,筛查人员对乳腺癌危险因素等防控知识的掌握程度显著低于对乳腺癌筛查程序的知晓度,提示未来乳腺癌筛查相关培训除讲解筛查方案之外,还应加强专业知识和业务能力的培训和学习[38 – 39]。
乳腺X线是目前唯一有高质量证据证明能降低乳腺癌死亡率的筛查方式,但其对致密型乳腺、小乳房和年轻女性的准确性和灵敏度较差[40]。数字乳腺断层摄影是一项新的数字成像技术,从不同角度投照,将所获得的投影重建为三维影像,进而能克服传统乳腺X线摄影中正常组织和病理组织重叠所引起的局限性,尤其增加在致密性乳腺诊断的敏感性和特异性[41]。然而,其价格昂贵且存在辐射,暂不适合在我国进行大规模筛查。相比之下,超声具有成本低廉、无辐射、灵敏度不受乳腺密度影响的特点。一项基于我国8个省份14个乳腺疾病中心进行的随机对照研究表明,手持超声筛查技术相比乳腺X线具有更高的检出率(1.51‰ vs. 0.72‰)和灵敏度(100% vs. 57.1%),提示手持超声用于中国高危人群乳腺癌筛查的效能优于乳腺X线[42]。但超声假阳性率较高,且高度依赖于检查医师的技术水平及主观判断,缺乏统一的操作标准,无法标准化采图,难以实现质量控制。现阶段我国乳腺癌初筛服务主要由县区级妇幼保健机构或基层初筛机构完成,多数参与筛查工作的基层医务人员的受教育水平和专业技能水平较低,不足以支持开展以超声为基础的高质量乳腺癌筛查的需求。
我国部分地区的筛查工作仍处于手工登记、逐级报送的初始阶段,这降低了数据的可信度并增大了异常妇女随访管理难度。此外,部分区县存在多套筛查系统并行的情况,如区县级筛查系统与省市级筛查信息系统,因筛查信息系统不可互通,导致了相同的数据需要重复录入,极大地增加了基层工作的负担。目前,绝大多数地区的两癌筛查系统均未与机会性筛查数据、医院信息系统或医保系统等进行链接。因此,加强信息系统间的互联互通建设对筛查质量的提高、减轻医务工作人员负担以及筛查效果的评估准确性都具有积极意义。
乳腺癌筛查需要由乳腺外科联合超声科、影像科、病理科等不同科室医生完成,然而我国承担乳腺癌筛查服务的初筛机构多不具备乳腺癌确诊及治疗能力,因此初筛异常者往往需转诊到上级医院进一步接受诊治。由于目前尚未建立规范的转诊机制和完善的异常人群随访体系,初筛结果异常的妇女在不同级别医疗机构之间的转诊、进一步检查与治疗管理的衔接等环节面临较大挑战,在一定程度上抑制了妇女积极性,导致进一步检查依从性较低,而重点人群管理的脱节也影响了筛查项目的连续性和有效性。
《中国妇女发展纲要(2021—2030)》中提出,适龄妇女的宫颈癌和乳腺癌防治知识知晓率应达到90%以上,我国目前的乳腺癌防治知识知晓率距离该目标尚有较大差距。可通过多部门联合开展多形式多载体的健康教育活动,采用传统宣教方式与个体化健康科普宣教、同伴教育等新型模式相结合,逐步扩大健康促进的覆盖面及受众获益度。此外,应当重点关注弱势群体的筛查参与率,尤其是农村地区妇女、城市地区的三新就业和流动妇女群体,积极发挥社区、村委会等基层组织的力量号召适龄妇女接受乳腺癌筛查,动员各层级的医疗机构在行医过程中向就诊妇女普及相关知识,提高其乳房保健意识。
超声检查应用于我国乳腺癌筛查面临同质化差、基层医务人员技术水平不高等瓶颈问题,适宜的筛查技术及筛查策略的探索仍是我国开展高质量乳腺癌筛查服务的必然选择。人工智能辅助筛查技术以及自动容积超声等创新技术有望解决这一技术瓶颈,但其应用于大规模人群筛查的有效性及可行性还有待评估。未来应开展真实世界效果评估研究,同时评估其运用于人群筛查的增量成本效益。此外,应开展乳腺风险分层评估研究,以探索促进我国由无差别筛查策略转向基于风险分层的精准筛查策略,实现同等风险、同等管理。乳腺间期癌的发生主要受筛查间隔时间、筛查设备与方法等影响,因此,乳腺间期癌的发生率是衡量乳腺癌筛查方案敏感与否的重要指标,然而国内鲜有关于间期癌的报道。未来可依托我国人群乳腺癌筛查项目,建立人群队列,收集长期随访数据,以评估我国现行筛查策略的筛查效果以及间期癌发生率,进而为我国筛查策略优化提供证据支持。
各地区可通过建立和完善筛诊治的绿色转诊通道、上级医院对口专家帮扶政策等,以实现筛诊治全链条管理,减少异常人群的失访,提高早诊率。在信息系统方面,亟须优化架构以支持异常人群的长期追踪管理。建议构建涵盖“预约—筛查—诊断—治疗—数据统计”的智能化信息管理平台,从而促进筛查全流程的智能化与精细化管理。信息系统应确保对筛查异常人群的有效随访,推动异常人群信息实时更新、分类和跟踪,并针对不同风险级别的异常人群,生成个性化的随访计划。通过整合机会性筛查和组织性筛查的数据,联通肿瘤登记与医保等相关系统,打破信息孤岛,优化随访模式,实现多源数据的集成分析,提高异常人群的管理效果,从而支持健康干预措施的精准执行。
鉴于前期农村妇女“两癌”检查项目和城市癌症早诊早治项目已建立的良好运作模式与工作平台,未来应探索整合女性“两癌”筛查工作与其他慢性病、生殖系统感染等妇女常见病以及甲状腺癌等近年来高发癌种的可行性,助力提升慢性病主动筛查能力及女性人群覆盖面,全面提高妇女的整体健康意识,实现卫生资源投入的最大收益化。

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2025年第41卷第12期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146382
  • 接收时间:2024-11-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-09
  • 修回日期:2025-08-14
  • 录用日期:2025-09-16
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    1中国医学科学院北京协和医学院群医学及公共卫生学院,北京 100730
    2国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院,北京 100021
    3北京大学人民医院 临床流行病与医学统计学平台,北京 100044
    4国家疾病预防控制局,北京 100191

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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