Article(id=1321170671049229149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170520196895605, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145583, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722355200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-31, revisedDate=1730304000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-31, acceptedDate=1733241600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-04, onlineDate=1792921234142, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921234142, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921234142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921234142, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170520196895605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='257', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741536000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921198175, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921198175, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=298, endPage=302, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170671422522206, articleId=1321170671049229149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Body composition and physical activity levels in overweight and obese pregnant women during early pregnancy in Beijing city, columnId=1320427696342020970, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Epidemiological Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the current status of body composition, sedentary time, and physical activity levels in overweight and obese pregnant women during early pregnancy, and to explore the influencing factors of visceral fat area (VFA), so as to provide a scientific basis for preventing excessive weight gain and improving health status in this population.

Methods

This cross-sectional study recruited 154 overweight and obese women in early pregnancy (gestational age ≤14 weeks) from the nutrition clinic of Haidian Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Beijing city from November 2023 to May 2024. Demographic characteristic, physical activity, and dietary information were collected through a basic health status questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Body composition was measured based on bioelectrical impedance analysis. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between body composition-related indicators and VFA. Multiple logistic regression and generalized additive models were used to analyze the influencing factors of VFA.

Results

A total of 131 valid questionnaires and 154 body composition reports were collected, with effective rates of 85% and 100%, respectively. 45.04%of the pregnant women had low physical activity levels, and 54.96%had moderate or higher levels. The median (interquartile range) of body composition-related indicators were as follows: VFA, 136 (116–157) cm2; waist-to-hip ratio, 0.93 (0.90–0.96); body weight, 72 (67–76) kg; body fat, 27 (25–31) kg; basal metabolic rate (BMR), 5 522 880 (5 284 392–5 799 024) J; body mass index (BMI), 27 (26–29); muscle mass, 41 (36–41) kg; and body fat percentage, 38 (36–41)%. Sedentary time was 400 (240–480) min/d. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for confounding factors such as age, dairy, refined grains, and fruit and vegetable intake, excessive BMI was a risk factor for higher VFA (OR=2.7, 95%CI: 1.602–2.951). Generalized additive models showed that sedentary time and physical activity level had statistically significant effects on VFA (P<0.05).

Conclusions

Insufficient physical activity levels and prolonged sedentary time in some overweight and obese pregnant women during early pregnancy should be addressed. Excessive BMI is a major risk factor for visceral fat accumulation. Overweight and obese pregnant women should arrange sedentary and exercise time appropriately according to their own circumstances, regularly monitor their body composition, and effectively prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy and improve their overall health.

, authors=Jing LIANG1, Jianqiang LAI2, Yue TENG3, Yan ZHANG1, Ning LIANG3, Shan DONG3, Zengxu TANG1, Chao SONG1, authorsList=Jing LIANG, Jianqiang LAI, Yue TENG, Yan ZHANG, Ning LIANG, Shan DONG, Zengxu TANG, Chao SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chao SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SONG Chao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170672211051361, articleId=1321170671049229149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=北京市超重肥胖孕妇孕早期体成分及体力活动水平现况分析, columnId=1320427696509793132, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=流行病学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析超重肥胖孕妇孕早期体成分、久坐时间及体力活动水平情况,探讨内脏脂肪面积(VFA)的影响因素,为预防该群体孕期增重过多、改善健康状况提供科学依据。

方法

于2023年11月—2024年5月在北京市海淀区妇幼保健医院营养门诊招募孕早期(孕周≤14周)的154名超重肥胖孕妇作为调查对象,通过基本健康状况问卷、国际体力活动问卷(IPAQ)和食物频率表(FFQ)了解人口学特征、体力活动和饮食情况,基于生物电阻抗法测定体成分,采用spearman分析体成分相关指标与VFA的相关性,多因素logistic回归和广义可加模型分析VFA的影响因素。

结果

共收集131份有效问卷和154份体成分报告,有效率分别为85%和100%。45.04%的孕妇处于低强度体力活动水平,54.96%的孕妇处于中等强度及以上。体成分相关指标的中位数(四分位数间距)VFA为136(116~157)cm2、腰臀比为0.93(0.90~0.96)、体重为72(67~76)kg、体脂肪为27(25~31)kg、基础代谢(BMR)为5 522 880(5 284 392~5 799 024)J、体质量指数(BMI)为27(26~29)、肌肉量为41(36~41)kg和体脂比为38(36~41)%。久坐时间为400(240~480)min/d。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,校正混杂因素年龄、奶类、精制谷物和蔬果类摄入后,BMI过高是VFA较高的危险因素(OR=2.7,95%CI=1.602~2.951)。广义可加模型显示久坐时间和体力活动水平对VFA的影响有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论

部分孕早期超重肥胖孕妇的体力活动水平不足、久坐时间偏长应引起重视;BMI过高是内脏脂肪积累的主要危险因素,超重肥胖孕妇应根据自身情况,适当安排久坐和运动时间,定期监测体成分,从而有效预防孕期体重过度增加并改善总体健康水平。

, authors=梁敬1, 赖建强2, 滕越3, 张妍1, 梁宁3, 董珊3, 唐增煦1, 宋超1, *, *, authorsList=梁敬, 赖建强, 滕越, 张妍, 梁宁, 董珊, 唐增煦, 宋超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋超, authorNote=

梁敬(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:营养与健康教育

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宋超,E-mail:
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Spearman correlation analysis of VFAs and body composition indices (n=154)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标P50 P25~P75r值P值
腰臀比0.930.90~0.960.73<0.01
年龄/岁3229~340.050.62
体重/kg7267~760.72<0.01
体脂肪/kg2725~310.96<0.01
BMR/J5 522 8805 284 392~5 799 0240.150.10
BMI2726~290.67<0.01
肌肉量/kg4136~410.140.12
体脂比/%3836~410.92<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1321170854575198542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170671049229149, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

VFA与体成分各指标的Spearman分析(n=154)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标P50 P25~P75r值P值
腰臀比0.930.90~0.960.73<0.01
年龄/岁3229~340.050.62
体重/kg7267~760.72<0.01
体脂肪/kg2725~310.96<0.01
BMR/J5 522 8805 284 392~5 799 0240.150.10
BMI2726~290.67<0.01
肌肉量/kg4136~410.140.12
体脂比/%3836~410.92<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1321170854663278927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170671049229149, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Basic characteristics of physical activity levels in subjects with different VFA (n=131) by days of activity and activity time

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查内容中等强度体力活动高等强度体力活动步行
P50P25~P75P50P25~P75P50P25~P75
活动天数/(d/w)
 VFA<150 cm220~500~053~7
 VFA≥150 cm220~500~054~6
  Z值–0.50–0.690.30
  P值0.620.480.76
活动时间/(min/d)
 VFA<150 cm2200~3000~03020~30
 VFA≥150 cm212.50~3000~03020~40
  Z值–0.870.010.04
  P值0.380.990.96
), ArticleFig(id=1321170854747165008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170671049229149, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同VFA调查对象体力活动水平基本情况(n=131)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查内容中等强度体力活动高等强度体力活动步行
P50P25~P75P50P25~P75P50P25~P75
活动天数/(d/w)
 VFA<150 cm220~500~053~7
 VFA≥150 cm220~500~054~6
  Z值–0.50–0.690.30
  P值0.620.480.76
活动时间/(min/d)
 VFA<150 cm2200~3000~03020~30
 VFA≥150 cm212.50~3000~03020~40
  Z值–0.870.010.04
  P值0.380.990.96
), ArticleFig(id=1321170854822662481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170671049229149, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Univariate analysis of influencing factors of VFAs (n=118) with BMI, sedentary time, physical activity level, milk intake, fruit and vegetable intake and refined grain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量P50 P25~P75Z值P值
BMI2726~29–6.02<0.01
 VFA<150 cm22625~27
 VFA≥150 cm22827~30
久坐时间/(min/d)400240~4801.020.31
 VFA<150 cm2400180~480
 VFA≥150 cm2420300~500
体力活动水平/(MET·min/w)693300~1116–0.130.89
 VFA<150 cm2693368~1164
 VFA≥150 cm2697265~1095
奶类摄入/g13729~230–1.330.19
 VFA<150 cm214243~250
 VFA≥150 cm210724~200
蔬果摄入/g552329~800–0.970.33
 VFA<150 cm2582390~810
 VFA≥150 cm2500300~800
精制谷类/g201129~300–0.350.72
 VFA<150 cm2214129~290
 VFA≥150 cm2195121~309
), ArticleFig(id=1321170854902354258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170671049229149, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

VFA影响因素单因素分析(n=118)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量P50 P25~P75Z值P值
BMI2726~29–6.02<0.01
 VFA<150 cm22625~27
 VFA≥150 cm22827~30
久坐时间/(min/d)400240~4801.020.31
 VFA<150 cm2400180~480
 VFA≥150 cm2420300~500
体力活动水平/(MET·min/w)693300~1116–0.130.89
 VFA<150 cm2693368~1164
 VFA≥150 cm2697265~1095
奶类摄入/g13729~230–1.330.19
 VFA<150 cm214243~250
 VFA≥150 cm210724~200
蔬果摄入/g552329~800–0.970.33
 VFA<150 cm2582390~810
 VFA≥150 cm2500300~800
精制谷类/g201129~300–0.350.72
 VFA<150 cm2214129~290
 VFA≥150 cm2195121~309
), ArticleFig(id=1321170854998823251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170671049229149, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Multifactorial logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of VFAs (n=118) with BMI, sedentary time, age, milk intake, fruit and vegetable intake and refined grain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值OR值95%CIP值
BMI0.7770.51624.8322.7141.602~2.951<0.01
久坐时间/(min/d)0.0010.0020.2471.0010.998~1.0040.62
体力活动水平/(MET·min/w)0.0000.0000.5201.0000.999~1.0000.47
年龄/岁0.0010.0660.0001.0010.880~1.1400.99
奶类摄入/g0.0000.0020.0181.0000.996~1.0040.89
蔬果摄入/g0.0000.0000.2141.0000.999~1.0010.64
精制谷类/g0.0010.0020.4031.0000.994~1.0030.52
), ArticleFig(id=1321170855070126420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170671049229149, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

VFA影响因素多因素logistic回归分析(n=118)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值OR值95%CIP值
BMI0.7770.51624.8322.7141.602~2.951<0.01
久坐时间/(min/d)0.0010.0020.2471.0010.998~1.0040.62
体力活动水平/(MET·min/w)0.0000.0000.5201.0000.999~1.0000.47
年龄/岁0.0010.0660.0001.0010.880~1.1400.99
奶类摄入/g0.0000.0020.0181.0000.996~1.0040.89
蔬果摄入/g0.0000.0000.2141.0000.999~1.0010.64
精制谷类/g0.0010.0020.4031.0000.994~1.0030.52
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梁敬 1 , 赖建强 2 , 滕越 3 , 张妍 1 , 梁宁 3 , 董珊 3 , 唐增煦 1 , 宋超 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 流行病学研究 2025,41(3): 298-302
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中国公共卫生 |流行病学研究 2025 , 41 (3) : 298 -302
北京市超重肥胖孕妇孕早期体成分及体力活动水平现况分析
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梁敬1, 赖建强2, 滕越3, 张妍1, 梁宁3, 董珊3, 唐增煦1, 宋超1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所,北京 100050
  • 2中国疾病预防控制中心,北京 102206
  • 3北京市海淀区妇幼保健院,北京 100093
通讯作者:
宋超,E-mail:
作者简介:

梁敬(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:营养与健康教育

Body composition and physical activity levels in overweight and obese pregnant women during early pregnancy in Beijing city
Jing LIANG1, Jianqiang LAI2, Yue TENG3, Yan ZHANG1, Ning LIANG3, Shan DONG3, Zengxu TANG1, Chao SONG1
Affiliations
  • 1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
  • 3Haidian District Maternal and child health care hospital, Beijing 100093, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SONG Chao, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145583
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目的

分析超重肥胖孕妇孕早期体成分、久坐时间及体力活动水平情况,探讨内脏脂肪面积(VFA)的影响因素,为预防该群体孕期增重过多、改善健康状况提供科学依据。

方法

于2023年11月—2024年5月在北京市海淀区妇幼保健医院营养门诊招募孕早期(孕周≤14周)的154名超重肥胖孕妇作为调查对象,通过基本健康状况问卷、国际体力活动问卷(IPAQ)和食物频率表(FFQ)了解人口学特征、体力活动和饮食情况,基于生物电阻抗法测定体成分,采用spearman分析体成分相关指标与VFA的相关性,多因素logistic回归和广义可加模型分析VFA的影响因素。

结果

共收集131份有效问卷和154份体成分报告,有效率分别为85%和100%。45.04%的孕妇处于低强度体力活动水平,54.96%的孕妇处于中等强度及以上。体成分相关指标的中位数(四分位数间距)VFA为136(116~157)cm2、腰臀比为0.93(0.90~0.96)、体重为72(67~76)kg、体脂肪为27(25~31)kg、基础代谢(BMR)为5 522 880(5 284 392~5 799 024)J、体质量指数(BMI)为27(26~29)、肌肉量为41(36~41)kg和体脂比为38(36~41)%。久坐时间为400(240~480)min/d。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,校正混杂因素年龄、奶类、精制谷物和蔬果类摄入后,BMI过高是VFA较高的危险因素(OR=2.7,95%CI=1.602~2.951)。广义可加模型显示久坐时间和体力活动水平对VFA的影响有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论

部分孕早期超重肥胖孕妇的体力活动水平不足、久坐时间偏长应引起重视;BMI过高是内脏脂肪积累的主要危险因素,超重肥胖孕妇应根据自身情况,适当安排久坐和运动时间,定期监测体成分,从而有效预防孕期体重过度增加并改善总体健康水平。

孕早期  /  体成分  /  体力活动水平  /  内脏脂肪面积  /  北京市
Objective

To analyze the current status of body composition, sedentary time, and physical activity levels in overweight and obese pregnant women during early pregnancy, and to explore the influencing factors of visceral fat area (VFA), so as to provide a scientific basis for preventing excessive weight gain and improving health status in this population.

Methods

This cross-sectional study recruited 154 overweight and obese women in early pregnancy (gestational age ≤14 weeks) from the nutrition clinic of Haidian Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Beijing city from November 2023 to May 2024. Demographic characteristic, physical activity, and dietary information were collected through a basic health status questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Body composition was measured based on bioelectrical impedance analysis. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between body composition-related indicators and VFA. Multiple logistic regression and generalized additive models were used to analyze the influencing factors of VFA.

Results

A total of 131 valid questionnaires and 154 body composition reports were collected, with effective rates of 85% and 100%, respectively. 45.04%of the pregnant women had low physical activity levels, and 54.96%had moderate or higher levels. The median (interquartile range) of body composition-related indicators were as follows: VFA, 136 (116–157) cm2; waist-to-hip ratio, 0.93 (0.90–0.96); body weight, 72 (67–76) kg; body fat, 27 (25–31) kg; basal metabolic rate (BMR), 5 522 880 (5 284 392–5 799 024) J; body mass index (BMI), 27 (26–29); muscle mass, 41 (36–41) kg; and body fat percentage, 38 (36–41)%. Sedentary time was 400 (240–480) min/d. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for confounding factors such as age, dairy, refined grains, and fruit and vegetable intake, excessive BMI was a risk factor for higher VFA (OR=2.7, 95%CI: 1.602–2.951). Generalized additive models showed that sedentary time and physical activity level had statistically significant effects on VFA (P<0.05).

Conclusions

Insufficient physical activity levels and prolonged sedentary time in some overweight and obese pregnant women during early pregnancy should be addressed. Excessive BMI is a major risk factor for visceral fat accumulation. Overweight and obese pregnant women should arrange sedentary and exercise time appropriately according to their own circumstances, regularly monitor their body composition, and effectively prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy and improve their overall health.

early pregnancy  /  body composition  /  physical activity level  /  visceral fat area (VFA)  /  Beijing city
梁敬, 赖建强, 滕越, 张妍, 梁宁, 董珊, 唐增煦, 宋超. 北京市超重肥胖孕妇孕早期体成分及体力活动水平现况分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (3) : 298 -302 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145583
Jing LIANG, Jianqiang LAI, Yue TENG, Yan ZHANG, Ning LIANG, Shan DONG, Zengxu TANG, Chao SONG. Body composition and physical activity levels in overweight and obese pregnant women during early pregnancy in Beijing city[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (3) : 298 -302 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145583
全球成年女性肥胖率从1990年的8.8%增至2022年的18.5%[1],中国女性的肥胖率从1990年的2.0%上升到2022年的7.8%[1]。研究表明,孕期体重过度增加可提高不良妊娠结局的发生风险[2–3]。孕前体重越大的孕妇,早期体重增速越快[4]。Eshriqui I等[5]研究发现,母亲孕前BMI 状况与子代全身以及腹部肥胖直接相关。体成分的相关指标是显著增加妊娠糖尿病发生率的危险因素[6],且内脏脂肪面积(visceral fat area, VFA)比总脂肪含量更能影响健康状态[7]。监测体重及体成分变化,及时调整饮食结构,有助于改善分娩结果。本研究于2023年11月—2024年5月在北京市海淀区妇幼保健院招募154名超重肥胖孕妇,收集其体力活动水平、久坐时间,并测量体成分,分析VFA的影响因素,为后期的营养干预提供数据支持。
本研究为横断面调查。选取2023年11月—2024年5月在海淀区妇幼保健院营养科建档的孕前或孕早期超重肥胖孕妇为研究对象,按照自愿原则招募入组。纳入标准:单胎; 体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)≥24且未进行任何营养干预和治疗;未参加其他科研项目。排除标准:孕前患有糖尿病,高血压,心脏、肝脏,肾脏疾病和精神疾病;多胎妊娠。共有154名孕妇参与本研究,共收集131份有效问卷和154份体成分报告,有效率分别为85%和100%。其中118名孕妇同时完成以上两项调查,有效率为77%。本研究经北京市海淀区妇幼保健院伦理委员会、中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所伦理委员会批准(2023-005),调查对象均签署知情同意书。
采用问卷与体格检查相结合的方法。调查问卷的设计基于文献检索和专家咨询,经过预调查等步骤进一步优化。问卷包括基本健康状况问卷、国际体力活动问卷(international physical activity questionnaire, IPAQ)和食物频率表(food frequency questionnaire, FFQ)。问卷由孕妇扫码注册获取,在与调查人员进行面对面访谈的过程中填写,提交时进行现场核查与确认。此外,由经过培训的调查人员使用四海华辰人体成分分析仪(型号H-key350),基于生物电阻抗法(该方法最先测得人体含水量,之后再由此推算,间接得到去脂组织和脂肪组织的数值)测量体成分。调查现场由统一培训的调查员指导问卷填写与数据录入,由专人负责对测量仪器进行校正,并按照统一标准测量方法进行检测。
基本健康状况问卷为自行设计,内容包括文化程度、职业、孕次、产次以及既往病史。FFQ包括谷薯类、豆类及坚果、肉类、蛋类、蔬菜类、水果类、奶类、海产品、小吃甜点、速食、饮料和咸菜类等十二大类21种食物,食物频率分为不吃、次/天、次/周、次/月4个等级及每次食用量(g)[8]。IPAQ用于评估调查对象过去7 d的体力活动情况。该问卷涉及高强度活动项目(快跑、上坡骑车、爬楼梯、竞技体育和健身操等心率>140次/分钟的运动)、中强度活动项目(健步走、游泳、骑车、慢跑等心率为100~140次/min的运动)和步行的每周(w)频率及持续时间(min)及每天的久坐时间[9]。每周活动强度通过代谢当量(metabolic equivalents,METs)来量化,能量消耗计算为METs值(步行、中和高强度体力活动分别赋值为3.3、4.0、8.0)乘以每周频率和每日活动分钟数的积。根据每周的总能量消耗,体力活动被分为高、中、低3个水平。每周至少有3 d高强度体力活动,总体力活动代谢当量至少达到1 500 MET-min/w;或者每周步行、中、高强度体力活动的天数累计达到7 d,总的代谢当量水平达到3 000 MET-min/w属于高强度体力活动。每周有≥3 d高强度体力活动并且每天活动时间≥20 min;或者每周≥5 d中等强度身体活动和(或)步行类身体活动并且每天至少30 min;或者每周≥5 d中、高强度身体活动和(或)步行类身体活动,并且总的身体活动代谢当量至少600 MET-min/w属于中强度体力活动水平。每周身体活动达不到上述高等和中等体力活动水平的标准则属于低强度体力活动水平[10]。久坐是指保持久坐或躺姿,平均消耗约1.0~1.5倍基础代谢当量的活动[11]。
由经过培训的调查人员进行体成分测定,收集孕妇全身数据、节段性数据,提供综合分析评估以及历史测量对比。包括:脂肪量、体重、BMI、体脂比(body fat percentage, BFP)、腰臀比、基础代谢量(basal metabolic rate,BMR)等指标。VFA≥100 cm2提示内脏脂肪超标,可定义为内脏脂肪型肥胖[12],VFA≥150 cm2为严重超标[13]。由于研究聚焦于超重肥胖孕妇,多数研究对象VFA处于超标状态。故将研究对象分为VFA ≥150 cm2与<150 cm2两类。嘱咐受试者检测前空腹或禁食禁水2 h,排空膀胱,脱掉防辐射服饰、金属饰品,保持安静,光脚测量。
采用Excel软件进行数据录入,经核对和清理后,使用SAS 9.4 软件进行统计分析。非正态分布的计量资料采用中位数(median, M),四分位数间距(inter quartile range, IQR)表示,以秩和检验进行组间差异性分析。采用Spearman分析VFA与体成分各指标的相关性,以logistic回归和广义可加模型分析VFA的影响因素,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
共收集有效问卷131份,有效率为85%(131/154)。77.10%(101/131)的孕妇文化程度为本科及以上,22.90%(30/131)为大专及以下。33.59%(44/131)的孕妇职业为专业技术人员,办事及有关人员、待业/下岗/离退休/家务、国家机关单位负责人、商业服务人员及其他类型劳动者的占比分别为16.03%(21/131)、8.39%(11/131)、2.29%(3/131)、22.14%(29/131)和17.56%(23/131)。54.20%(71/131)的孕妇为首次受孕,30.53%(40/131)为受孕2次,15.27%(20/131)受孕≥3次。9名调查对象有既往病史(亚临床甲减、胆囊结石、卵巢囊肿等)。
体成分报告显示,92.86%(143/154)的调查对象VFA超标,仅有7.14%(11/154)的孕妇VFA在正常范围内。VFA ≥150 cm2与<150 cm2的超重肥胖孕妇分别占35.71%(55/154)和64.29%(99/154)。以Spearman法分析VFA与体成分各项指标的相关性显示,VFA与腰臀比、体重、体脂肪、BMI、体脂比呈正相关( P<0.05),与年龄无线性相关。
超重肥胖孕妇每周的体力活动均以低强度体力活动为主。调查对象一周活动的总体力活动水平中位数(四分位数间距)[M(IQR)]为693(330~1 095)MET·min/w,久坐时间为400(240~480)min/d,经现场询问,119名(90.84%)孕妇选择慢步走作为运动的主要方式。VFA≥150 cm2与<150 cm2的超重肥胖孕妇分别为55人(35.71%)和88人(57.14%),每周的体力活动水平在VFA≥150 cm2和<150 cm2的超重肥胖孕妇之间的差异无统计学意义。
BMI在VFA≥150 cm2与<150 cm2的超重肥胖孕妇之间的差异有统计学意义。
以VFA是否大于150 cm2为因变量(VFA≥150 cm2=1,VFA<150 cm2=0),以BMI、久坐时间与体力活动水平为自变量,校正混杂因素年龄、奶类、蔬果类和精制谷物摄入。多因素logistic回归结果显示,BMI过高是VFA较高的危险因素(P<0.05),久坐时间、体力活动水平与VFA无线性相关。以广义可加模型拟合久坐时间、体力活动水平和年龄,通过指定广义交叉验证选择平滑参数的值,在自由度为2的情况下,118名孕妇的体力活动水平和久坐时间的平滑参数分别为0.999 938和0.991 871。显示久坐时间(P=0.04)、体力活动水平(P=0.01)对VFA的影响为非线性,分别呈类似“N”和“V”型,且具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
本研究发现,超重肥胖孕妇久坐时间较长,体力活动水平处于中低强度,这可能与本研究对象年龄段集中在28~34岁,与其学习与工作模式有较大的关系。本调查与上海市闵行区的一项调查结果一致,在职孕妇每天久坐时间大概为7 h[14]。提示孕早期体力活动水平较低,应予以重视并改变不良生活方式。虽有小样本研究表明,孕前或者孕早期的中高强度体力活动能够影响子代早期的运动能力[15],而久坐对于子代的出生大小和运动能力并无影响[16]。针对超重肥胖单胎妊娠孕妇的随机对照试验meta分析显示,孕早期每周进行3~7次时长为30~60 min的有氧运动能够降低早产的发生率,即使运动组与对照组的分娩孕周、剖宫产率、出生体重、巨大儿等指标无统计学差异[17]。鼓励无妊娠并发症的女性在妊娠期及之前进行锻炼,减少久坐时间,以保持健康的生活方式。久坐可能是不良妊娠结局的中间影响因素,且时间长短与代谢结局存在显著关联[18]。
本研究显示,BMI、腰臀比等指标与VFA有较强的相关性,今后的研究可考虑通过腰臀比和BMI等易得性指标对VFA状况进行推断,制定体成分各指标相对规范统一的预测方程以及标准化的切点更有助于孕妇自我监测。Janssen I等[19]研究发现,基于BMI和腹围能够推测内脏脂肪面积。目前普遍根据BMI界定人体的超重肥胖程度,这种简易静态的划分方法一定程度忽略了身体成分动态渐进的变化趋势。孕妇在受孕期间体重会自然增加,从而增加BMI值,但并不完全等同于体脂量的增加。部分孕妇的脂肪可能会更多地分布在腹部,而BMI无法反映这种差异。调查对象入组时的BMI是按照本人提供的身高、体重计算得出,可能存在信息偏倚。体成分检测可以在重新核查BMI的前提下,进一步确定肥胖的类型和精准评估肥胖程度[20]。在此基础上,为研究对象设置个性化的饮食和运动干预措施,以弥补群体化营养干预依从性差、干预效果不显著等问题。若采取群体化措施盲目控制体重,可能会造成母体肌肉、骨量和蛋白质的流失,甚至影响胎儿的生长发育。VFA、脂肪含量等指标也可提示肥胖相关疾病的发生风险,定期监测能够早期预防孕期体重过度增长。Brenes-Martín F等[21]发现,VFA的升高与不良妊娠结局,特别是与GDM密切相关。并且相较BMI,VFA更能显著增加代谢并发症的发生风险。对照观察研究显示,正常体重孕妇的脂肪组织分布与胎儿身长并无相关性,然而超重肥胖孕妇的VFA与妊娠早期前3个月的胎儿身长有较强相关性[22]。
目前,关于孕妇体力活动与VFA关系的研究较少。本研究显示,对于超重肥胖孕妇,BMI过高是VFA较高的危险因素,体力活动水平与久坐时间可能对VFA的影响呈非线性。并未发现年龄、奶类、蔬果类和精制谷物摄入与VFA的关联。这可能与研究对象的年龄段较集中和样本量较小、代表性不足有关。且孕妇体力活动状况均来自国际体力活动问卷(IPAQ)的填写,可能存在回忆偏倚。观察性研究结果显示,摄入水果、乳品、富含维生素D和钙的食物能够抑制腹部脂肪堆积[23–24],高糖饮料[25]与精制谷物(如:白面包)[24]的摄入可促进腹部脂肪的堆积作用。对于高VFA的超重肥胖孕妇在控制体重的同时,应保证每天适量优质蛋白、蔬果、乳品、富含维生素D食物的摄入,限制高糖饮料与精制谷物的摄入。考虑到孕妇运动能力受限,建议无妊娠期运动禁忌证的孕妇可根据自己的身体情况,合理安排运动计划,规律运动,选择适合自身的运动项目。美国妇产科学会建议,正常且无病理性并发症的孕妇应与健康人一样,每天或每周至少进行5 d中等强度及以上的运动,每次持续至少30 min[26]。母体的身体状况及生活饮食习惯均会影响子代的健康状况,为避免家族超重肥胖的恶性循环,建议整个孕期保持合理科学的运动和饮食习惯,将体格指标维持在正常范围内。应根据孕妇的个体特征灵活调整体重管理目标,提升体重达标的比例,从而促进母婴健康结局的改善[27]。孕期前后定期进行体成分监测有助于精准识别肥胖类型,为制定超重肥胖孕妇身体活动指南、科学和精准个体化的生活方式干预方案,保证孕期合理增重,改善健康状况提供科学依据。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145583
  • 接收时间:2024-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-31
  • 修回日期:2024-10-31
  • 录用日期:2024-12-04
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    1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所,北京 100050
    2中国疾病预防控制中心,北京 102206
    3北京市海淀区妇幼保健院,北京 100093

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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