Article(id=1321170595488842039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170430187130949, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1144858, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=1730044800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-28, acceptedDate=1731254400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-11, onlineDate=1792921216126, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921216126, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921216126, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921216126, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170430187130949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='129', pageEnd='256', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739116800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921176716, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921176716, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=206, endPage=211, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170595685974328, articleId=1321170595488842039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Energy and nutrient supply in school lunches served in selected kindergartens/schools in Henan province, 2021–2023: a cross-sectional survey, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To assess the energy and nutrient content in school lunches served in kindergartens/schools in Henan province and to provide evidence for improving the nutritional quality of student meals.

Methods

From 2021 to 2023, a total of 240 school lunch food samples were randomly selected from 16 kindergartens, 16 primary schools and 16 secondary schools in three cities in Henan Province on consecutive 5 days. The nutrient content of the food samples was determined by chemical analysis methods according to relevant national standards. The nutritional evaluation was conducted with reference to the "Nutritional Guidelines for Student Meals" and the "Dietary Nutrient Reference Intakes for Chinese Residents.

Results

The energy supply (kJ) of the samples for kindergarten, elementary school, and junior high school students was 1979.4, 2 665.2, and 3 056.0, respectively, with 67.5%, 50.0%, and 45.0% exceeding the recommended amount by 80%. Protein content (g) was 19.7, 25.6, and 28.2, respectively, with 92.5%, 85.0%, and 85.0% exceeding the recommended amount by 80%. Sodium content (mg) was 1 133.0, 1 488.4, and 1 825.2, respectively, all exceeding the recommended amount. Vitamin A content (μ g) was 50.0, 65.0, and 75.0, with 97.5%, 97.5%, and 100% of the samples being 60% below the recommended amount. Calcium content (mg) was 120.5, 140.9, and 130.5, with 67.5%, 65.0%, and 67.5% of the samples being 60% below the recommended amount; zinc content (mg) was 1. 3, 1.7, and 1.8, with 40.0%, 65.0%, and 67.5% of the samples being 60%below the recommended amount. The ratio of iron supply to the recommended amount was 117.5%, 103.6%, and 63.9%; while the selenium supply was 93.3%, 46.4%, and 28.3% of the recommended amount, respectively. There were significant differences in the compositional ratios of energy, protein, and selenium to the recommended amount among samples from kindergarten, elementary school, and junior high school (all P<0.05). The proportions of energy intake from protein were 18.4%, 15.3%, and 16.0% for the kindergarten, elementary school, and junior high school samples, respectively, which were slightly high. The proportions of energy intake from fat and carbohydrate were adequate.

Conclusions

The nutritional content of school lunches served in some kindergartens and schools in Henan province was unbalanced, and the content of some nutrients differed significantly from the recommended amount, suggesting that guidance on the nutritional balance of school lunches should be strengthened.

, authors=Lifeng ZHANG, Yongheng SU, Ruichun YANG, Xie WANG, Ruiling LIANG, authorsList=Lifeng ZHANG, Yongheng SU, Ruichun YANG, Xie WANG, Ruiling LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lifeng ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Lifeng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170598127059269, articleId=1321170595488842039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2021—2023年河南省部分学校自供午餐能量及营养供给状况调查, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解河南省部分学校自供午餐能量和营养供给状况,为提高学生餐营养质量提供科学依据和数据支持。

方法

于2021—2023年随机抽取周口市、安阳市、洛阳市48所学校连续5 d的成品学生餐240份(幼儿园、小学、中学各80份),采用化学分析法依据相关国家标准检测其营养成分含量,参考《学生餐营养指南》和《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》进行营养评价。

结果

幼儿园、小学、初中阶段学生午餐能量的供应量分别为1 979.4、2 665.2、3 056.0 kJ,高于推荐量80%的比例分别为67.5%、50.0%、45.0%;蛋白质供应量分别为19.7、25.6、28.2 g,高于推荐量80%的比例分别为92.5%、85.0%、85.0%;钠的供应量分别为1 133.0、1 488.4、1 825.2 mg,高于推荐量的比例均为100%;维生素A的供应量分别为50.0、65.0、75.0 μg,低于推荐量60%的比例分别为97.5%、97.5%、100%;钙供应量分别为120.5、140.9、130.5 mg,低于推荐量60%的比例分别为67.5%、65.0%、67.5%;锌的供应量分别为1.3、1.7、1.8 mg,低于推荐量60%的比例分别为40.0%、65.0%、67.5%;铁的供应量占推荐量的比例分别为117.5%、103.6%、63.9%,硒为93.3%、46.4%、28.3%。幼儿园、小学、初中阶段学生午餐能量、蛋白质、硒的供应量占推荐量的构成比差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。幼儿园、小学、初中学生午餐蛋白质供能比分别为18.4%、15.3%、16.0%,供能比略高;脂肪和碳水化合物的供能比适宜。

结论

河南省部分学校自供午餐营养供给不均衡,某些营养素供给量与推荐量差距较大。建议加强科学指导,均衡膳食。

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张利锋(1985—),副主任技师,硕士,研究方向:食品检验与分析

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张利锋,E-mail:
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Category-specific number of food items in school lunches served in 48 kindergartens/primary schools/secondary schools in three cities of Henan province, 2021–2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目幼儿园小学初中
谷薯类654
蔬菜类242326
水果类543
畜禽肉类432
鱼虾类420
蛋类211
奶及奶制品110
大豆类及其制品和坚果242
), ArticleFig(id=1321170600085799273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170595488842039, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同阶段学生午餐供给食物种类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目幼儿园小学初中
谷薯类654
蔬菜类242326
水果类543
畜禽肉类432
鱼虾类420
蛋类211
奶及奶制品110
大豆类及其制品和坚果242
), ArticleFig(id=1321170600148713834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170595488842039, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Differences between recommended and measured levels of energy and nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamin A, and five metal elements) in school lunches served in 48 kindergartens/primary schools/secondary schools in three cities of Henan province, 2021–2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能量和营养素幼儿园小学初中
推荐量 $ \overline{x} $/Mt/ZP值推荐量 $ \overline{x} $/Mt/ZP值推荐量 $ \overline{x} $/Mt/ZP值
能量/kJ2 1341 979.4 a–1.860.0713 3442 665.2 b–3.050.0023 8043 056.0 a–5.07<0.001
蛋白质/g1219.7 b4.99<0.0012025.6 a4.15<0.0012528.2 a2.30.027
脂肪/g—12.3 b———18.0 b———19.4 a——
碳水化合物/g4856.5 b4.300.5026091.4 b5.22<0.00160106.5 a7.94<0.001
膳食纤维/g83.2 b–3.270.00185.8 b–1.240.21485.0 b–1.190.236
维生素A/μg14450.0 b–6.25<0.00122065.0 b–6.25<0.00129075.0 b–6.25<0.001
钠/mg3601 133.0 a9.94<0.0015601 488.4 a10.32<0.0016401 825.2 b5.51<0.001
钙/mg320120.5 b–3.060.002340140.9 b–2.450.014380130.5 b–3.090.002
铁/mg44.7 b1.900.0585.65.8 a0.270.7927.24.6 b–1.400.162
锌/mg2.21.3 a–4.85<0.0013.21.7 b–9.98<0.0013.91.8 a–11.40<0.001
硒/μg1211.2 b–0.380.7062210.2 b–4.44<0.001246.8 b–5.13<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321170600211628395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170595488842039, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同阶段学生午餐能量和营养素供给情况及与推荐量比较

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能量和营养素幼儿园小学初中
推荐量 $ \overline{x} $/Mt/ZP值推荐量 $ \overline{x} $/Mt/ZP值推荐量 $ \overline{x} $/Mt/ZP值
能量/kJ2 1341 979.4 a–1.860.0713 3442 665.2 b–3.050.0023 8043 056.0 a–5.07<0.001
蛋白质/g1219.7 b4.99<0.0012025.6 a4.15<0.0012528.2 a2.30.027
脂肪/g—12.3 b———18.0 b———19.4 a——
碳水化合物/g4856.5 b4.300.5026091.4 b5.22<0.00160106.5 a7.94<0.001
膳食纤维/g83.2 b–3.270.00185.8 b–1.240.21485.0 b–1.190.236
维生素A/μg14450.0 b–6.25<0.00122065.0 b–6.25<0.00129075.0 b–6.25<0.001
钠/mg3601 133.0 a9.94<0.0015601 488.4 a10.32<0.0016401 825.2 b5.51<0.001
钙/mg320120.5 b–3.060.002340140.9 b–2.450.014380130.5 b–3.090.002
铁/mg44.7 b1.900.0585.65.8 a0.270.7927.24.6 b–1.400.162
锌/mg2.21.3 a–4.85<0.0013.21.7 b–9.98<0.0013.91.8 a–11.40<0.001
硒/μg1211.2 b–0.380.7062210.2 b–4.44<0.001246.8 b–5.13<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321170600303903084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170595488842039, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

National recommended intake-based proportions of energy and nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamin A, and five metal elements) in school lunches served in 48 kindergartens/primary schools/secondary schools in three cities of Henan province, 2021–2023

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能量和营养素幼儿园小学初中χ2值P值
<60%60%~80%~≥100%<60%60%~80%~≥100%<60%60%~80%~≥100%
能量0.032.535.032.52.547.530.020.015.040.027.517.512.580.048
蛋白质5.02.52.590.02.512.512.572.50.015.022.562.513.970.030
碳水化合物0.07.510.082.52.50.05.092.50.02.52.595.07.890.246
膳食纤维67.510.07.515.035.017.512.535.047.510.012.530.09.370.154
维生素A97.50.02.50.097.52.50.00.0100.00.00.00.04.021.000
钠0.00.00.0100.00.00.00.0100.00.00.00.0100.0
钙67.50.05.027.565.02.57.525.067.55.05.022.52.510.867
铁27.512.57.552.537.55.05.052.547.510.05.037.54.960.550
锌40.035.017.57.565.015.012.57.567.522.52.57.510.900.091
硒30.010.012.547.560.015.010.015.070.017.52.510.023.650.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321170600375206253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170595488842039, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同阶段学生午餐能量及营养素供给量占推荐量的构成比分布情况/%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能量和营养素幼儿园小学初中χ2值P值
<60%60%~80%~≥100%<60%60%~80%~≥100%<60%60%~80%~≥100%
能量0.032.535.032.52.547.530.020.015.040.027.517.512.580.048
蛋白质5.02.52.590.02.512.512.572.50.015.022.562.513.970.030
碳水化合物0.07.510.082.52.50.05.092.50.02.52.595.07.890.246
膳食纤维67.510.07.515.035.017.512.535.047.510.012.530.09.370.154
维生素A97.50.02.50.097.52.50.00.0100.00.00.00.04.021.000
钠0.00.00.0100.00.00.00.0100.00.00.00.0100.0
钙67.50.05.027.565.02.57.525.067.55.05.022.52.510.867
铁27.512.57.552.537.55.05.052.547.510.05.037.54.960.550
锌40.035.017.57.565.015.012.57.567.522.52.57.510.900.091
硒30.010.012.547.560.015.010.015.070.017.52.510.023.650.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321170600442315118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170595488842039, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Contribution ratio (%) and insufficient/adequate/excessive proportions (%) of energy from protein, fat, carbohydrate in school lunches served in 48 kindergartens/primary schools/secondary schools in three cities of Henan province, 2021–2023

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营养素幼儿园小学初中χ2值P值
平均供能比不足适量过量平均供能比不足适量过量平均供能比不足适量过量
蛋白质18.47.522.570.015.312.535.052.516.040.040.020.025.09<0.001
脂肪26.330.037.532.525.832.537.530.022.527.550.022.510.710.030
碳水化合物52.840.040.020.056.442.530.027.559.217.552.530.07.880.096
), ArticleFig(id=1321170600522006895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170595488842039, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同阶段学生午餐三大营养素供能比/%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养素幼儿园小学初中χ2值P值
平均供能比不足适量过量平均供能比不足适量过量平均供能比不足适量过量
蛋白质18.47.522.570.015.312.535.052.516.040.040.020.025.09<0.001
脂肪26.330.037.532.525.832.537.530.022.527.550.022.510.710.030
碳水化合物52.840.040.020.056.442.530.027.559.217.552.530.07.880.096
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2021—2023年河南省部分学校自供午餐能量及营养供给状况调查
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张利锋 *, * , 苏永恒 , 杨瑞春 , 王谢 , 梁瑞玲
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(2): 206-211
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (2) : 206 -211
2021—2023年河南省部分学校自供午餐能量及营养供给状况调查
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张利锋(1985—),副主任技师,硕士,研究方向:食品检验与分析

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张利锋*, * , 苏永恒, 杨瑞春, 王谢, 梁瑞玲
作者信息
  • 河南省疾病预防控制中心 河南省食品安全风险监测与评价重点实验室,郑州 450016
通讯作者:
张利锋,E-mail:
作者简介:

张利锋(1985—),副主任技师,硕士,研究方向:食品检验与分析

Energy and nutrient supply in school lunches served in selected kindergartens/schools in Henan province, 2021–2023: a cross-sectional survey
Lifeng ZHANG , Yongheng SU, Ruichun YANG, Xie WANG, Ruiling LIANG
Affiliations
  • Henan Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Assessment, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Lifeng, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144858
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目的

了解河南省部分学校自供午餐能量和营养供给状况,为提高学生餐营养质量提供科学依据和数据支持。

方法

于2021—2023年随机抽取周口市、安阳市、洛阳市48所学校连续5 d的成品学生餐240份(幼儿园、小学、中学各80份),采用化学分析法依据相关国家标准检测其营养成分含量,参考《学生餐营养指南》和《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》进行营养评价。

结果

幼儿园、小学、初中阶段学生午餐能量的供应量分别为1 979.4、2 665.2、3 056.0 kJ,高于推荐量80%的比例分别为67.5%、50.0%、45.0%;蛋白质供应量分别为19.7、25.6、28.2 g,高于推荐量80%的比例分别为92.5%、85.0%、85.0%;钠的供应量分别为1 133.0、1 488.4、1 825.2 mg,高于推荐量的比例均为100%;维生素A的供应量分别为50.0、65.0、75.0 μg,低于推荐量60%的比例分别为97.5%、97.5%、100%;钙供应量分别为120.5、140.9、130.5 mg,低于推荐量60%的比例分别为67.5%、65.0%、67.5%;锌的供应量分别为1.3、1.7、1.8 mg,低于推荐量60%的比例分别为40.0%、65.0%、67.5%;铁的供应量占推荐量的比例分别为117.5%、103.6%、63.9%,硒为93.3%、46.4%、28.3%。幼儿园、小学、初中阶段学生午餐能量、蛋白质、硒的供应量占推荐量的构成比差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。幼儿园、小学、初中学生午餐蛋白质供能比分别为18.4%、15.3%、16.0%,供能比略高;脂肪和碳水化合物的供能比适宜。

结论

河南省部分学校自供午餐营养供给不均衡,某些营养素供给量与推荐量差距较大。建议加强科学指导,均衡膳食。

学生午餐  /  营养状况  /  河南省
Objective

To assess the energy and nutrient content in school lunches served in kindergartens/schools in Henan province and to provide evidence for improving the nutritional quality of student meals.

Methods

From 2021 to 2023, a total of 240 school lunch food samples were randomly selected from 16 kindergartens, 16 primary schools and 16 secondary schools in three cities in Henan Province on consecutive 5 days. The nutrient content of the food samples was determined by chemical analysis methods according to relevant national standards. The nutritional evaluation was conducted with reference to the "Nutritional Guidelines for Student Meals" and the "Dietary Nutrient Reference Intakes for Chinese Residents.

Results

The energy supply (kJ) of the samples for kindergarten, elementary school, and junior high school students was 1979.4, 2 665.2, and 3 056.0, respectively, with 67.5%, 50.0%, and 45.0% exceeding the recommended amount by 80%. Protein content (g) was 19.7, 25.6, and 28.2, respectively, with 92.5%, 85.0%, and 85.0% exceeding the recommended amount by 80%. Sodium content (mg) was 1 133.0, 1 488.4, and 1 825.2, respectively, all exceeding the recommended amount. Vitamin A content (μ g) was 50.0, 65.0, and 75.0, with 97.5%, 97.5%, and 100% of the samples being 60% below the recommended amount. Calcium content (mg) was 120.5, 140.9, and 130.5, with 67.5%, 65.0%, and 67.5% of the samples being 60% below the recommended amount; zinc content (mg) was 1. 3, 1.7, and 1.8, with 40.0%, 65.0%, and 67.5% of the samples being 60%below the recommended amount. The ratio of iron supply to the recommended amount was 117.5%, 103.6%, and 63.9%; while the selenium supply was 93.3%, 46.4%, and 28.3% of the recommended amount, respectively. There were significant differences in the compositional ratios of energy, protein, and selenium to the recommended amount among samples from kindergarten, elementary school, and junior high school (all P<0.05). The proportions of energy intake from protein were 18.4%, 15.3%, and 16.0% for the kindergarten, elementary school, and junior high school samples, respectively, which were slightly high. The proportions of energy intake from fat and carbohydrate were adequate.

Conclusions

The nutritional content of school lunches served in some kindergartens and schools in Henan province was unbalanced, and the content of some nutrients differed significantly from the recommended amount, suggesting that guidance on the nutritional balance of school lunches should be strengthened.

school lunch  /  nutritional status  /  Henan province
张利锋, 苏永恒, 杨瑞春, 王谢, 梁瑞玲. 2021—2023年河南省部分学校自供午餐能量及营养供给状况调查. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (2) : 206 -211 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144858
Lifeng ZHANG, Yongheng SU, Ruichun YANG, Xie WANG, Ruiling LIANG. Energy and nutrient supply in school lunches served in selected kindergartens/schools in Henan province, 2021–2023: a cross-sectional survey[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (2) : 206 -211 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144858
儿童青少年的营养和健康水平是国家综合实力和社会文明进步程度的重要标志。学龄前儿童、中小学生正处于身体成长和智力发育的关键时期,膳食搭配合理、营养丰富均衡的校园学生餐是保证儿童青少年获得均衡膳食、促进身心健康的重要途径。为保证学生摄入营养均衡的午餐,据不完全统计,目前全球大约有90多个国家先后实施了学生餐供餐计划,尤其是欧美等国推广学生餐已有一二百年的历史,且取得显著成效,并逐步将其纳入国家主流政策体系[1]。我国自20世纪80年代末陆续开展学生餐供给工作,但受益面非常局限。1998年原国家卫生部颁布《学生午餐营养供给量》[2]行业标准,2017年6月国务院办公厅印发并实施的《国民营养计划》[3]明确学生餐营养行动。目前,为学生提供午餐的学校越来越多。但多项报道结果显示,学生午餐存在膳食结构不合理、营养不均衡等问题[4–5]。研究表明,营养不均衡不仅给学生的体格和智力发育带来不利影响,还能造成成年后慢性疾病的发生、发展[6]。《河南省人民政府办公厅关于印发河南省国民营养计划实施方案(2018—2030年)的通知》[7](豫政办〔2018〕70号)明确要求开展学生餐营养改善行动,提高学生餐营养质量,指导学生科学营养就餐,但相关研究却鲜有报道。为了解河南省部分学校自制午餐的营养供给状况,本研究于2021—2023年对周口市、安阳市、洛阳市的部分幼儿园、小学、初中的自供学生午餐进行营养监测与评价,为科学合理、因地因时制宜制定满足不同阶段在校学生营养需求的食谱指南和指导学生科学营养就餐提供数据支撑。
2021年以周口市、安阳市为试点地区,2022、2023年以周口市、安阳市、洛阳市为试点,每年每个地区随机抽取1个城区、1个县区,每个城区及县区均随机抽取幼儿园、小学、中学各1所,共抽取48所学校,其中幼儿园、小学和初中各16所,供餐形式为餐厅自供,类别为午餐,分析样品为学校连续5 d供应的成品学生餐,共240份,幼儿园、小学、中学各80份。
同类型学生餐样品采集3份,取其中1份检测,另外2份备检和留样。样品采集后经去壳去骨等处理后称重可食部分,然后用高速均浆机匀浆粉碎处理至颜色均一、无颗粒的胶体状为止。处理后的样品冷藏于冰箱待测。
水分的测定参照GB 5009.3—2016[8]、灰分的测定参照GB 5009.4—2016[9]、蛋白质的测定参照GB 5009.5—2016[10]、脂肪的测定参照GB 5009.6—2016[11] 、膳食纤维的测定参照GB 5009.88—2014[12]、维生素A 的测定参照GB 5009.82—2016[13]、钠、钙、铁、锌、硒的测定参照GB 5009.268—2016[14]。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的供能比及能量、碳水化合物的计算依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》(WS/T 578.1—2017)第1部分:宏量营养素[15]。公式如下:
$ \begin{aligned} & \text{能量}(\mathrm{kJ})=\text{蛋白质}(\mathrm{g})\times17+\text{碳水化合物}(\mathrm{g})\times \\ & 17+\text{脂肪}(\mathrm{g})\times37+\text{膳食纤维}(\mathrm{g})\times8\end{aligned} $
$ \begin{aligned} & \text{碳水化合物}(\mathrm{g}/100\ \mathrm{g})=100-(\text{水分+灰分+蛋白质+} \\ & \text{脂肪+膳食纤维})\end{aligned} $
$ \mathrm{供能比 = (供能营养素的供能量/食物总供能量)\times 100\text{%}} $
对采样和贮存过程进行全流程纸质记录和拍照记录。实验室检测采用空白样品、平行样品检测、标准物质再测、样品加标回收等质量控制措施。
小学及初中学生午餐能量及膳食营养供给量依据WS/T 554—2017《学生餐营养指南》[16]进行评价,幼儿园以《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》(2023版)[17]的推荐摄入量(RNI)为参考标准。由于所供午餐种类一致,幼儿园、小学、中学分别以4、9~11、12~14岁不同性别所需能量及营养素的中间值为标准推荐值。参考《学生餐营养指南》[16]中规定的三餐比例,以午餐提供的能量和营养素占全天总量的40%为评价标准。参考《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》(2023版)[17],将学生餐能量及营养素供应量占推荐摄入量的百分比,按<60%、60%~、80%~、≥100%分布进行分析。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的供能比分别以10%~15%、20%~30%、50%~65%为适量,低于推荐值即为不足,高于推荐值则为过量,对学生午餐的三大供能比进行评价。
采用SPSS 25.0软件对数据进行统计分析。用Kolmogorvo-Smirnov检验对能量及营养素数据进行正态性检验,采用均数(正态数据)或中位数(非正态数据)进行数据描述,采用t检验或秩和检验比较均数与推荐量、中位数与推荐量之间的差异,用卡方检验比较三大营养素供能比及能量和营养素供应量占推荐量的构成比的差异,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
幼儿园、小学、初中阶段学生午餐谷薯类的供应分别为6、5、4种,蔬菜类的供应分别为24、23、26种。总体来看,蛋类食物基本为鸡蛋,幼儿园偶有鹌鹑蛋;鱼虾类、奶及奶制品、大豆类及其制品和坚果的供应偏少。另外,本次调查发现初中午餐没有提供鱼虾类食物和奶及奶制品。
幼儿园、小学、初中阶段午餐能量供应量分别为1 979.4、2 665.2、3 056.0 kJ,占推荐量的比例分别为92.8%(1 979.4/2 134)、79.7%(2 665.2/3 344)、80.3%(3 056.0/3 804);蛋白质的供应量分别为19.7、25.6、28.2 g,占推荐量的比例分别为164.2%(19.7/12)、128.0%(25.6/20)、112.8%(28.2/25);维生素A的供应量占推荐量的比例分别为34.7%(50.0/144)、29.5%(65.0/220)、25.9%(75.0/290);钠的供应量占推荐量的比例分别为314.7%(1 133.0/360)、265.8%(1 488.4/560)、285.2%(1 825.2/640);钙的供应量占推荐量的比例分别为37.7%(120.5/320)、41.4%(140.9/340)、34.3%(130.5/380);锌的供应量占推荐量的比例分别为59.1%(1.3/2.2)、53.1%(1.7/3.2)、46.2%(1.8/3.9)。将幼儿园、小学、初中午餐能量和营养素供应量与推荐量进行对比,结果表明,幼儿园、小学、初中午餐蛋白质、钠的供应量均高于推荐量,维生素A、钙、锌的供应量均低于推荐量。小学、初中午餐能量、硒的供应量均低于推荐量,碳水化合物均高于推荐量。幼儿园午餐膳食纤维低于推荐量。以上差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
幼儿园、小学、初中阶段午餐能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物的供应量高于推荐量80%的比例分别为67.5%、50.0%、45.0%,92.5%、85.0%、85.0%,92.5%、97.5%、97.5%。维生素A的供应量低于推荐量60%的比例分别为97.5%、97.5%、100.0%,钠的供应量高于推荐量的比例均为100.0%,钙、锌、硒的供应量低于推荐量60%的比例分别为67.5%、65.0%、67.5%;40.0%、65.0%、67.5%和30.0%、60.0%、70.0%。经χ2检验,幼儿园、小学、初中午餐能量、蛋白质、硒的供应量占推荐量的构成比差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);幼儿园、小学阶段午餐膳食纤维、硒的供应量占推荐量的构成比差异均有统计学意义(χ2=8.64、11.27,均P<0.05);幼儿园、初中阶段午餐能量、蛋白质、锌、硒的供应量占推荐量的构成比差异均有统计学意义(χ2=8.47、13.96、8.40、19.67,均P<0.05)。
幼儿园、小学、初中阶段学生午餐蛋白质的平均供能比分别为18.4%、15.3%、16.0%,供能比偏高;脂肪、碳水化合物的供能比适宜。幼儿园、小学、初中午餐蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的供能比在适宜范围内的比例分别为22.5%、35.0%、40.0%,37.5%、37.5%、50.0%,40.0%、30.0%、52.5%。幼儿园、小学、初中午餐蛋白质供能比、脂肪供能比的构成比差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),小学、初中午餐碳水化合物供能比的构成比差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.67,P<0.05)。
校园学生午餐的食物种类、营养含量及烹饪方式是评价校园学生午餐质量的重要方面,是衡量学生是否满意的重要指标,也是评价学生营养状况能否得到改善的重要指标。本调查结果显示,幼儿园食物种类相对丰富,小学、初中午餐供应的食物种类多样化略显不足,这可能与幼儿园午餐供应起步较早、相关政策法律法规及指导文件比较全面有关。整体而言,学生午餐的谷薯类供应以米面等细粮为主,红薯、玉米等粗粮相对较少。蔬菜类基本能满足要求,但深绿色、红色、紫色等深色蔬菜的供应有待增加。禽畜肉类多为鸡肉、猪肉,牛羊肉的供应偏少,这与牛羊肉的价格相对较高有关。鱼虾类食物中鱼肉的供给偏少,可能与价格相对较贵和鱼刺的安全等有关。水果类、奶及奶制品、大豆类及其制品的供应严重不足,部分学校甚至不提供奶制品,这与上海市的调查结果相似[18]。另外,有些学校供应的食物种类相对单一,品种不够丰富,菜品重复性较高,不能做到食物互换、菜品调配。
大量研究表明,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物三大产能营养素摄入不足将对儿童青少年的生长发育造成不利影响,摄入过量则增加肥胖、高血压、心血管疾病的风险[19–20]。调查结果显示,幼儿园、小学、初中午餐脂肪和碳水化合物的供能比适宜,与浙江[21]、上海[22]等地调查的脂肪供能比偏高、碳水化合物供能比偏低不同。调查结果还显示,幼儿园、小学、初中蛋白质的供能比均偏高,供应量均超过推荐量,尤其是幼儿园的供应量占推荐量的比例达164.2%,远超《学生餐营养指南》[16]中蛋白质最高达推荐值的120%的规定。这可能是因为随着对健康知识和营养观念的认识加深,民众普遍意识到高脂肪饮食的危害,减少了肥肉或红肉的摄入,增加了粮谷类食物的摄入,但动物性食品的供应量仍超过推荐量,尤其是幼儿园的鱼禽肉蛋类食物供应比较丰富,过多摄入了动物性蛋白,从而增加了蛋白质的供能比[23]。全谷物加工简单,尤其是称为“超级谷物”的藜麦,富含蛋白质和膳食纤维。杂豆含有优质的蛋白质及丰富的膳食纤维、维生素和矿物质[24]。有研究发现每日摄入一定量的杂豆可以有效预防控制肥胖[25]。建议学生午餐增加全谷物和杂豆等富含植物性蛋白的食物供应量。
维生素A具有维持正常视觉功能及骨骼正常生长发育、促进免疫球蛋白的合成等重要生理功能,缺乏会导致儿童青少年免疫功能下降、生长发育迟缓、干眼症、夜盲症等症状。有关研究表明,我国中小城市小学生维生素A为轻度缺乏[26]。本次调查结果显示,幼儿园、小学、初中阶段学生午餐中维生素A的供应量占推荐量的比例分别为34.7%、29.5%、25.9%,供应量均低于推荐量。各地学生餐中维生素A的供应量普遍偏低,宁波市中小学食堂午餐中维生素A的供给量不足推荐量的60%[27],浙江省公立小学食堂午餐中维生素A的含量仅为推荐量的10%[4]。维生素A严重缺乏的原因一是动物肝脏、海产品、蛋类及深色蔬菜等富含维生素A的食物供应不足,二是烹饪过程中维生素A容易被氧化分解,尤其在高温条件下,与油脂接触时,氧化速度更快[28]。建议学校午餐增加富含维生素A的动物肝脏、胡萝卜等食物的供给,或者添加维生素A营养强化剂,科学改进烹饪方式,烹调以蒸、煮、炖、烩为主,尽量减少煎、炸等烹调方式。
矿物质元素是构成机体组织的重要成分,是维持人体正常生理功能不可缺少的物质。食物中的钠对维持人体正常的电解质平衡有非常重要的作用。现有研究证实高钠摄入可增加心血管疾病、导致血压升高、肾损害和脑卒中等疾病的发生风险[29]。本次调查结果,显示幼儿园、小学、初中阶段学生午餐钠的供应量占推荐量的比例分别为314.7%、265.8%、285.2%,供应量远高于推荐量。这可能是因为烹饪过程中增加盐的使用量及鸡精、味精、酱油、蚝油、豆瓣酱等含盐调味品的一起使用。WHO建议4~5岁儿童每日食盐摄入量<3 g,建议开展减盐工作,使用限盐勺,并减少调味品的使用,清淡饮食。钙是骨骼构成的重要物质,儿童青少年缺钙会导致大脑发育障碍,出现反应迟钝、多动、学习困难,甚至可以影响到大脑的成熟和智力[30–31]。本次调查中幼儿园、小学、初中午餐钙的供应量低于推荐量60%的比例分别为67.5%、65.0%、67.5%,整体供应量均低于推荐量的45%,与其他调查结果接近[32]。奶及奶制品、大豆及其制品等食物富含钙,其供应不足导致了钙的摄入量过低。建议学生午餐增加奶及奶制品、豆腐、豆皮、腐竹等豆类制品的供应。锌与儿童智力、视力、性发育密切相关,缺锌可引起生产发育迟缓、免疫功能下降等[33]。本次调查发现锌的供应不足,建议加强富含锌的海产品及水果的供应。
综上,本次调查为河南省部分幼儿园、小学、初中午餐能量及营养素的初步结果。结果表明学生午餐存在膳食结构不均衡,蛋白质供能比偏高,钠的供应量严重超标,维生素A及钙、锌的供应严重不足等问题。建议丰富食物种类,优化膳食结构,尤其增加动物肝脏、奶及奶制品、大豆及其制品、全谷物和杂豆、鱼虾贝类等食物的供应,同时控制食盐摄入量,开展减盐活动,改善烹饪方式,以均衡膳食,切实提高学生餐营养质量。同时需要指出的是本研究采用化学分析法检测学生午餐能量和营养素,考虑到了食物加工、烹饪过程中营养素的损失,能较可靠地得出营养素含量,因此,实际测定值和计算值往往低于称重法[34]。另外,本次调查选择的样品数量有限,后续将陆续扩大试点地区,增加样品量,进行餐厅自供与集中配送午餐差异等更详细的调查研究。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144858
  • 接收时间:2024-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-30
  • 修回日期:2024-10-28
  • 录用日期:2024-11-11
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    河南省疾病预防控制中心 河南省食品安全风险监测与评价重点实验室,郑州 450016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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