Article(id=1321170577935683874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170520196895605, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1144390, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710086400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-11, revisedDate=1725811200000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-09, acceptedDate=1739116800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-10, onlineDate=1792921211942, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921211942, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921211942, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921211942, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170520196895605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='257', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741536000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921198175, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921198175, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=333, endPage=339, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170578166370595, articleId=1321170577935683874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Malnutrition and related factors among syphilis-exposed uninfected infants and young children in Hunan province from 2018 to 2020, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the prevalence of malnutrition among syphilis-exposed uninfected (SEU) infants and young children in Hunan province and explore its related factors.

Methods

A total of 5 404 infants and young children born to mothers infected with syphilis, registered in the Hunan Provincial Management Information System for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B from January 2018 to December 2020, were included in this study. These children were followed up regularly until 18 months of age. Data collected included maternal demographic characteristics, gestational and delivery information, syphilis infection and treatment status, infant birth information, infant prophylactic medication use, syphilis testing results, and length and weight measurements at different follow-up time points (3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months of age). Malnutrition among SEU infants and young children was assessed based on the WHO 2006 Child Growth Standards. Generalized estimating equations were used to fit logistic regression models to analyze the related factors.

Results

The prevalence of malnutrition among SEU infants and young children at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months of age was 7.5% (403/5 404), 6.1% (309/5 092), 4.2%(193/4 554), 3.8% (148/3 928), and 3.7% (125/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of stunting was 5.2% (280/5 404), 4.7% (241/5 092), 3.3% (149/4 554), 3.0% (116/3 928), and 2.8% (95/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of underweight was 2.5% (135/5 404), 1.2% (62/5 092), 0.9%(40/4 554), 0.4% (15/3 928), and 0.4% (12/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of wasting was 2.0% (107/5 404), 1.2% (62/5 092), 0.9% (42/4 554), 0.8% (32/3 928), and 0.9% (30/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition was higher in younger SEU infants and children. Maternal first antenatal care visit at ≥28 weeks of gestation (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj]=1.63, 95%CI: 1.27–2.09), low birth weight (ORadj=2.35, 95%CI: 1.77–3.13), and preterm birth (ORadj=1.83, 95%CI: 1.45–2.31) were risk factors for malnutrition in SEU infants and young children. Maternal standard syphilis treatment during pregnancy (ORadj0.78, 95%CI: 0.62–0.97) and female sex of the child (ORadj=0.62, 95%CI: 0.53–0.71) were protective factors against malnutrition.

Conclusions

The prevalence of malnutrition among SEU infants and young children was relatively low. Late first antenatal care visit (≥28 weeks), standard syphilis treatment during pregnancy, low birth weight, preterm birth, and female sex were factors influencing malnutrition in SEU infants and young children.

, authors=Huixia LI1, 2, Juan XIAO1, Danfeng TAN1, Shan YUAN1, Guangwen HUANG1, Ying TU3, Min YANG1, Jie GAO1, authorsList=Huixia LI, Juan XIAO, Danfeng TAN, Shan YUAN, Guangwen HUANG, Ying TU, Min YANG, Jie GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huixia LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LI Huixia, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170578808099110, articleId=1321170577935683874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2018—2020年湖南省梅毒暴露未感染婴幼儿营养不良状况及影响因素分析, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解湖南省梅毒暴露未感染(SEU)婴幼儿营养不良发生状况并探讨其相关影响因素。

方法

以2018年1月—2020年12月湖南省预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播管理信息系统登记的5 404名梅毒感染母亲所生婴幼儿为研究对象,定期随访至18月龄,收集母亲的人口学特征、妊娠分娩、梅毒感染和治疗情况、婴幼儿出生情况、婴幼儿预防性用药、梅毒检测和不同随访时点(3、6、9、12、18月龄)的身长、体重等信息,根据WHO 2006的儿童生长发育标准评估SEU婴幼儿营养不良状况,并采用广义估计方程拟合logistic回归模型分析其相关影响因素。

结果

SEU婴幼儿在3、6、9、12和18月龄的营养不良发生率分别为7.5%(403/5 404)、6.1%(309/5 092)、4.2%(193/4 554)、3.8%(148/3 928)和3.7%(125/3 348),生长迟缓率分别为5.2%(280/5 404)、4.7%(241/5 092)、3.3%(149/4 554)、3.0%(116/3 928)和2.8%(95/3 348),低体重率分别为2.5%(135/5 404)、1.2%(62/5 092)、0.9%(40/4 554)、0.4%(15/3 928)和0.4%(12/3 348),消瘦率分别为2.0%(107/5 404)、1.2%(62/5 092)、0.9%(42/4 554)、0.8%(32/3 928)和0.9%(30/3 348)。SEU婴幼儿月龄越小,其营养不良发生率越高。母亲首次产前检查孕周≥28周[调整后的比值比(ORadj)=1.63,95%CI=1.27~2.09]、低出生体重(ORadj=2.35,95%CI=1.77~3.13)和早产(ORadj=1.83,95%CI=1.45~2.31)是SEU婴幼儿营养不良的危险因素;母亲孕期梅毒规范治疗(ORadj=0.78,95%CI=0.62~0.97)和女童(ORadj=0.62,95%CI=0.53~0.71)是SEU婴幼儿营养不良的保护因素。

结论

SEU婴幼儿营养不良发生率较低,母亲首次产前检查时间晚(≥28周)、孕期梅毒规范治疗、低出生体重、早产和女童是SEU婴幼儿营养不良的影响因素。

, authors=李辉霞1, 2, *, *, 肖娟1, 谭丹凤1, 袁姗1, 黄广文1, 涂颖3, 杨敏1, 高洁1, authorsList=李辉霞, 肖娟, 谭丹凤, 袁姗, 黄广文, 涂颖, 杨敏, 高洁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李辉霞, authorNote=

李辉霞(1984—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播

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李辉霞,E-mail:
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李辉霞(1984—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播

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Differences in risk factors associated with single and multiple concurrent forms of undernutrition (stunting, wasting or underweight) among children under 5 in Bangladesh: a nationally representative cross-sectional study[J]. BMJ Open, 2021, 11(12): e052814., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170872937853470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170577935683874, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Thahir A I A, Li M, Holmes A, et al. Exploring factors associated with stunting in 6-month-old children: a population-based cohort study in Sulawesi, Indonesia[J]. Nutrients, 2023, 15(15): 3420., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170873009156639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170577935683874, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张亚钦, 武华红, 宗心南, 等. 中国九城市七岁以下儿童生长迟缓影响因素的调查[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2021, 59(9): 743-751., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170873197900320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170577935683874, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bian C R, Qin Z Q, Zhang J Y, et al. Analysis of adverse pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with syphilis and maternal-infant serological association in Changzhou, China, 2015–2019[J]. Stem Cells International, 2022, 2022: 9673850., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170873265009185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170577935683874, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao J, Chen X, Yang M, et al. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and associated risk factors among pregnant women with syphilis during 2013–2018 in Hunan, China[J]. Frontiers in Medicine, 2023, 10: 1207248., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170873340506658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170577935683874, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Elmighrabi N F, Fleming C A K, Agho KE. Wasting and underweight in northern African children: findings from multiple-indicator cluster surveys, 2014–2018[J]. 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Prevalence of malnutrition of syphilis-exposed uninfected infants and young children at different follow-up time points by month of age

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
随访时间/月龄随访人数生长迟缓低体重消瘦营养不良
人数发生率/%人数发生率/%人数发生率/%人数发生率/%
354042805.21352.51072.04037.5
650922414.7621.2621.23096.1
945541493.3400.9420.91934.2
1239281163.0150.4320.81483.8
183 348952.8120.4300.91253.7
), ArticleFig(id=1321170868164735491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170577935683874, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SEU婴幼儿不同月龄随访时间点营养不良发生情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
随访时间/月龄随访人数生长迟缓低体重消瘦营养不良
人数发生率/%人数发生率/%人数发生率/%人数发生率/%
354042805.21352.51072.04037.5
650922414.7621.2621.23096.1
945541493.3400.9420.91934.2
1239281163.0150.4320.81483.8
183 348952.8120.4300.91253.7
), ArticleFig(id=1321170868252815876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170577935683874, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Univariate analysis of malnutrition at different follow-up time points in syphilis-exposed uninfected infants and young children by mother′s age, nationality,educatin,occupation, maternal pregnancy complications/complications, gestational week of the mother′s first prenatal visit (weeks), stage of maternal syphilis, maternal syphilis treatment, the mother tested the non-treponema pallidum antigen titer before delivery, infant sex, birth weight (g), premature birth or not, infant preventive treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素3月龄6月龄9月龄12月龄18月龄
人数发生率/%人数发生率/%人数发生率/%人数发生率/%人数发生率/%
母亲年龄/岁
 ≤20219.6105.152.8 a53.253.4
 21~25847.9636.3414.5 a313.7304.1
 26~301407.71176.6774.9 a574.2443.8
 31~35876.1705.4534.6 a394.0253.2
 >35718.2495.9172.3 a162.6214.1
母亲民族
 汉族3457.42545.81664.31263.91124.2 b
 少数民族587.9557.6273.9223.2132.0 b
母亲文化程度
 小学及以下307.3256.8133.962.2124.8
 初中2147.41615.81044.1833.7653.3
 高中1267.31036.5654.6484.2424.4
 大学及以上338.7205.5113.6114.162.9
母亲职业
 农民1498.01216.9714.5563.9513.8 a
 家务及待业1876.91395.5863.8673.6503.5 a
 商业/餐饮服务业189.2168.4117.586.598.1 a
 机关事业专技人员1710.0106.564.264.976.4 a
 其他326.7235.0194.7112.882.3 a
母亲妊娠并发症/合并症
 是446.2253.8 b213.9153.5206.1 a
 否3597.62846.4 b1724.31333.81053.5 a
母亲首次产前检查孕周/周
  1~122647.12015.7 b1214.0 a883.4 a843.9
 13~271077.8786.0 b514.1 a444.2 a323.4
 ≥283210.83010.8 b217.4 a166.3 a93.7
母亲梅毒分期
 隐性梅毒2727.02125.81384.31033.9 a904.3
 Ⅰ~Ⅲ期227.6134.6134.9156.9 a73.4
 不详1098.9847.3423.8302.8 a282.7
母亲梅毒治疗情况
 未治疗398.6389.1 b297.4 b246.1 a112.8
 非规范治疗987.9897.5 b484.5 b444.2 a464.5
 规范治疗2667.21825.2 b1163.8 b803.2 a683.5
母亲分娩前非梅试验滴度
 阴性1137.6886.1 b514.2484.6464.6
 <1:82447.21755.5 b1123.9773.2653.4
 ≥1:8468.8469.3 b306.2234.9143.2
婴幼儿性别
 男性2649.3 b1927.2 b1144.8 a1004.9 b684.0
 女性1395.4 b1174.8 b793.6 a482.6 b573.5
出生体重/g
 <2 5004422.1 b3317.0 b2212.0 b127.6 a96.5
 2 500~3 9993357.0 b2585.7 b1583.9 b1293.7 a1083.6
 ≥4 000246.2 b184.9 b134.3 b72.6 a83.3
是否早产
 是5917.1 b4713.9 b247.8 b156.4 a167.1 b
 否3446.8 b2625.5 b1694.0 b1333.6 a1093.5 b
婴幼儿预防性治疗
 是3407.32485.7 b1503.9 b1153.51043.8
 否638.6618.3 b436.1 b334.9213.8
合计4037.53096.11934.21483.81253.7
), ArticleFig(id=1321170868349284869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170577935683874, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

梅毒暴露未感染婴幼儿不同月龄随访时间点的营养不良单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素3月龄6月龄9月龄12月龄18月龄
人数发生率/%人数发生率/%人数发生率/%人数发生率/%人数发生率/%
母亲年龄/岁
 ≤20219.6105.152.8 a53.253.4
 21~25847.9636.3414.5 a313.7304.1
 26~301407.71176.6774.9 a574.2443.8
 31~35876.1705.4534.6 a394.0253.2
 >35718.2495.9172.3 a162.6214.1
母亲民族
 汉族3457.42545.81664.31263.91124.2 b
 少数民族587.9557.6273.9223.2132.0 b
母亲文化程度
 小学及以下307.3256.8133.962.2124.8
 初中2147.41615.81044.1833.7653.3
 高中1267.31036.5654.6484.2424.4
 大学及以上338.7205.5113.6114.162.9
母亲职业
 农民1498.01216.9714.5563.9513.8 a
 家务及待业1876.91395.5863.8673.6503.5 a
 商业/餐饮服务业189.2168.4117.586.598.1 a
 机关事业专技人员1710.0106.564.264.976.4 a
 其他326.7235.0194.7112.882.3 a
母亲妊娠并发症/合并症
 是446.2253.8 b213.9153.5206.1 a
 否3597.62846.4 b1724.31333.81053.5 a
母亲首次产前检查孕周/周
  1~122647.12015.7 b1214.0 a883.4 a843.9
 13~271077.8786.0 b514.1 a444.2 a323.4
 ≥283210.83010.8 b217.4 a166.3 a93.7
母亲梅毒分期
 隐性梅毒2727.02125.81384.31033.9 a904.3
 Ⅰ~Ⅲ期227.6134.6134.9156.9 a73.4
 不详1098.9847.3423.8302.8 a282.7
母亲梅毒治疗情况
 未治疗398.6389.1 b297.4 b246.1 a112.8
 非规范治疗987.9897.5 b484.5 b444.2 a464.5
 规范治疗2667.21825.2 b1163.8 b803.2 a683.5
母亲分娩前非梅试验滴度
 阴性1137.6886.1 b514.2484.6464.6
 <1:82447.21755.5 b1123.9773.2653.4
 ≥1:8468.8469.3 b306.2234.9143.2
婴幼儿性别
 男性2649.3 b1927.2 b1144.8 a1004.9 b684.0
 女性1395.4 b1174.8 b793.6 a482.6 b573.5
出生体重/g
 <2 5004422.1 b3317.0 b2212.0 b127.6 a96.5
 2 500~3 9993357.0 b2585.7 b1583.9 b1293.7 a1083.6
 ≥4 000246.2 b184.9 b134.3 b72.6 a83.3
是否早产
 是5917.1 b4713.9 b247.8 b156.4 a167.1 b
 否3446.8 b2625.5 b1694.0 b1333.6 a1093.5 b
婴幼儿预防性治疗
 是3407.32485.7 b1503.9 b1153.51043.8
 否638.6618.3 b436.1 b334.9213.8
合计4037.53096.11934.21483.81253.7
), ArticleFig(id=1321170868487696902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170577935683874, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Multifactorial analysis of malnutrition in syphilis-exposed uninfected infants and young children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值ORadj95%CIP值
母亲首次产前检查孕周/周13~271~120.050.080.371.050.89~1.240.542
≥280.490.1314.511.631.27~2.09<0.001
母亲梅毒治疗情况非规范治疗未治疗–0.120.130.800.890.69~1.150.373
规范治疗–0.250.124.100.780.62~0.970.043
婴幼儿性别为女性男性–0.490.0742.920.620.53~0.71<0.001
出生体重/g<2 5002 500~3 9990.860.1534.222.351.77~3.13<0.001
≥4 000–0.160.141.220.850.64~1.130.270
早产否0.600.1225.281.831.45~2.31<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321170868575777287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170577935683874, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

梅毒暴露未感染婴幼儿营养不良多因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值ORadj95%CIP值
母亲首次产前检查孕周/周13~271~120.050.080.371.050.89~1.240.542
≥280.490.1314.511.631.27~2.09<0.001
母亲梅毒治疗情况非规范治疗未治疗–0.120.130.800.890.69~1.150.373
规范治疗–0.250.124.100.780.62~0.970.043
婴幼儿性别为女性男性–0.490.0742.920.620.53~0.71<0.001
出生体重/g<2 5002 500~3 9990.860.1534.222.351.77~3.13<0.001
≥4 000–0.160.141.220.850.64~1.130.270
早产否0.600.1225.281.831.45~2.31<0.001
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2018—2020年湖南省梅毒暴露未感染婴幼儿营养不良状况及影响因素分析
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李辉霞 1, 2, *, * , 肖娟 1 , 谭丹凤 1 , 袁姗 1 , 黄广文 1 , 涂颖 3 , 杨敏 1 , 高洁 1
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(3): 333-339
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (3) : 333 -339
2018—2020年湖南省梅毒暴露未感染婴幼儿营养不良状况及影响因素分析
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李辉霞(1984—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播

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李辉霞1, 2, *, * , 肖娟1, 谭丹凤1, 袁姗1, 黄广文1, 涂颖3, 杨敏1, 高洁1
作者信息
  • 1湖南省妇幼保健院儿童保健科,长沙 410008
  • 2湖南省母源性新生儿疾病临床医学研究中心,长沙 410008
  • 3中南大学湘雅公共卫生学院,长沙 410008
通讯作者:
李辉霞,E-mail:
作者简介:

李辉霞(1984—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播

Malnutrition and related factors among syphilis-exposed uninfected infants and young children in Hunan province from 2018 to 2020
Huixia LI1, 2 , Juan XIAO1, Danfeng TAN1, Shan YUAN1, Guangwen HUANG1, Ying TU3, Min YANG1, Jie GAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Child Health Care, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China
  • 2Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Newborn Diseases of Maternal Origins, Changsha 410008, China
  • 3Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health, Changsha 410008, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LI Huixia, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144390
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目的

了解湖南省梅毒暴露未感染(SEU)婴幼儿营养不良发生状况并探讨其相关影响因素。

方法

以2018年1月—2020年12月湖南省预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播管理信息系统登记的5 404名梅毒感染母亲所生婴幼儿为研究对象,定期随访至18月龄,收集母亲的人口学特征、妊娠分娩、梅毒感染和治疗情况、婴幼儿出生情况、婴幼儿预防性用药、梅毒检测和不同随访时点(3、6、9、12、18月龄)的身长、体重等信息,根据WHO 2006的儿童生长发育标准评估SEU婴幼儿营养不良状况,并采用广义估计方程拟合logistic回归模型分析其相关影响因素。

结果

SEU婴幼儿在3、6、9、12和18月龄的营养不良发生率分别为7.5%(403/5 404)、6.1%(309/5 092)、4.2%(193/4 554)、3.8%(148/3 928)和3.7%(125/3 348),生长迟缓率分别为5.2%(280/5 404)、4.7%(241/5 092)、3.3%(149/4 554)、3.0%(116/3 928)和2.8%(95/3 348),低体重率分别为2.5%(135/5 404)、1.2%(62/5 092)、0.9%(40/4 554)、0.4%(15/3 928)和0.4%(12/3 348),消瘦率分别为2.0%(107/5 404)、1.2%(62/5 092)、0.9%(42/4 554)、0.8%(32/3 928)和0.9%(30/3 348)。SEU婴幼儿月龄越小,其营养不良发生率越高。母亲首次产前检查孕周≥28周[调整后的比值比(ORadj)=1.63,95%CI=1.27~2.09]、低出生体重(ORadj=2.35,95%CI=1.77~3.13)和早产(ORadj=1.83,95%CI=1.45~2.31)是SEU婴幼儿营养不良的危险因素;母亲孕期梅毒规范治疗(ORadj=0.78,95%CI=0.62~0.97)和女童(ORadj=0.62,95%CI=0.53~0.71)是SEU婴幼儿营养不良的保护因素。

结论

SEU婴幼儿营养不良发生率较低,母亲首次产前检查时间晚(≥28周)、孕期梅毒规范治疗、低出生体重、早产和女童是SEU婴幼儿营养不良的影响因素。

梅毒暴露未感染  /  婴幼儿  /  营养不良  /  相关因素  /  湖南省
Objective

To investigate the prevalence of malnutrition among syphilis-exposed uninfected (SEU) infants and young children in Hunan province and explore its related factors.

Methods

A total of 5 404 infants and young children born to mothers infected with syphilis, registered in the Hunan Provincial Management Information System for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B from January 2018 to December 2020, were included in this study. These children were followed up regularly until 18 months of age. Data collected included maternal demographic characteristics, gestational and delivery information, syphilis infection and treatment status, infant birth information, infant prophylactic medication use, syphilis testing results, and length and weight measurements at different follow-up time points (3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months of age). Malnutrition among SEU infants and young children was assessed based on the WHO 2006 Child Growth Standards. Generalized estimating equations were used to fit logistic regression models to analyze the related factors.

Results

The prevalence of malnutrition among SEU infants and young children at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months of age was 7.5% (403/5 404), 6.1% (309/5 092), 4.2%(193/4 554), 3.8% (148/3 928), and 3.7% (125/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of stunting was 5.2% (280/5 404), 4.7% (241/5 092), 3.3% (149/4 554), 3.0% (116/3 928), and 2.8% (95/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of underweight was 2.5% (135/5 404), 1.2% (62/5 092), 0.9%(40/4 554), 0.4% (15/3 928), and 0.4% (12/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of wasting was 2.0% (107/5 404), 1.2% (62/5 092), 0.9% (42/4 554), 0.8% (32/3 928), and 0.9% (30/3 348), respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition was higher in younger SEU infants and children. Maternal first antenatal care visit at ≥28 weeks of gestation (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj]=1.63, 95%CI: 1.27–2.09), low birth weight (ORadj=2.35, 95%CI: 1.77–3.13), and preterm birth (ORadj=1.83, 95%CI: 1.45–2.31) were risk factors for malnutrition in SEU infants and young children. Maternal standard syphilis treatment during pregnancy (ORadj0.78, 95%CI: 0.62–0.97) and female sex of the child (ORadj=0.62, 95%CI: 0.53–0.71) were protective factors against malnutrition.

Conclusions

The prevalence of malnutrition among SEU infants and young children was relatively low. Late first antenatal care visit (≥28 weeks), standard syphilis treatment during pregnancy, low birth weight, preterm birth, and female sex were factors influencing malnutrition in SEU infants and young children.

syphilis-exposed uninfected (SEU)  /  infants and young children  /  malnutrition  /  related factors  /  Hunan province
李辉霞, 肖娟, 谭丹凤, 袁姗, 黄广文, 涂颖, 杨敏, 高洁. 2018—2020年湖南省梅毒暴露未感染婴幼儿营养不良状况及影响因素分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (3) : 333 -339 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144390
Huixia LI, Juan XIAO, Danfeng TAN, Shan YUAN, Guangwen HUANG, Ying TU, Min YANG, Jie GAO. Malnutrition and related factors among syphilis-exposed uninfected infants and young children in Hunan province from 2018 to 2020[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (3) : 333 -339 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144390
文献报道2018—2020年我国孕妇梅毒感染率为0.2%~0.4%,且存在明显的地区差异[1–3]。妊娠梅毒未经治疗或治疗不规范可导致严重的不良妊娠结局,如自然流产、死胎死产、早产、低出生体重、新生儿死亡和先天梅毒等[4]。为消除梅毒母婴传播,改善梅毒感染母亲妊娠结局,国家卫生健康委在全国范围内广泛实施预防梅毒母婴传播项目并取得了显著效果,先天梅毒报告发病率从2011年的79.1/10万活产下降至2020年的11.9/10万活产[5]。随着预防梅毒母婴传播项目的成功实施,先天梅毒患儿数量明显下降,梅毒暴露未感染(syphilis-exposed uninfected, SEU)婴幼儿的数量显著增加。SEU婴幼儿的健康问题已经成为梅毒防治过程中的一项重要公共卫生问题。营养状况是反映婴幼儿健康的重要指标。目前,有关妊娠梅毒对婴幼儿健康影响的研究更多关注不良妊娠结局和先天梅毒的发生[6–8],而SEU婴幼儿营养状况的相关研究有限,仅报告了SEU婴幼儿的身长、体重等体格发育水平,而未深入分析其生长迟缓、低体重和消瘦等营养不良水平和影响因素,对于母亲孕期梅毒感染、治疗以及婴幼儿出生后本身的预防性治疗等干预措施对婴幼儿营养状况的影响也尚不明确[9]。本研究利用2018—2020年湖南省预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播管理信息系统登记资料,对SEU婴幼儿随访数据进行分析,动态了解SEU婴幼儿生命早期的营养不良状况,并进一步探索其影响因素,为改善我国SEU婴幼儿健康水平提供参考依据。
以2018年1月—2020年12月湖南省预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播管理信息系统登记的梅毒感染母亲所生婴幼儿为研究对象,从出生定期随访至18月龄。纳入标准:(1)本省常住婴幼儿;(2)婴幼儿出生日期为2018年1月1日—2020年12月31日;(3)单胎分娩婴幼儿。排除标准:(1)诊断先天梅毒婴幼儿;(2)随访过程中死亡婴幼儿。共报告梅毒感染母亲所生婴幼儿5670人,排除外省流动婴幼儿106人,双胎分娩婴幼儿98人,先天梅毒婴幼儿55人,随访过程中因重症肺炎、意外窒息、严重出生缺陷等导致婴幼儿死亡7人,最终5 404名SEU婴幼儿纳入研究。5 404人婴幼儿中,在3、6、9、12和18月龄的随访人数分别为5 404人、5 092人、4 554人、3 928人和3 348人,随访率分别为100.0%、94.2%、84.3%、72.7%和62.0%。本研究方案通过了湖南省妇幼保健院医学伦理委员会的审核批准(审批号:2020-48)。因本研究是对预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播管理信息系统登记资料的回顾性分析,医学伦理委员会批准本研究免除知情同意。
由全省各区县级妇幼保健机构的妇幼保健医生采用国家预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播工作实施方案统一编制的调查问卷[10]对梅毒感染母亲进行面对面询问调查,调查内容包括母亲的年龄、民族、文化程度、职业等社会人口学特征,妊娠并发症/合并症、首次产前检查孕周、分娩孕周等妊娠分娩情况,梅毒分期、梅毒治疗药物和疗程、分娩前非梅毒螺旋体血清学试验滴度等梅毒感染和治疗情况,婴幼儿性别、出生体重、预防性治疗、各随访时点的梅毒血清学检测结果以及身长和体重等。将梅毒感染母亲所生婴幼儿纳入专案管理,分别于出生时、3、6、9、12和18月龄进行梅毒血清学检测和体格测量,体格测量指标包括身长和体重。使用卧式婴幼儿精密体检仪测量婴幼儿的身长和体重,身长精确度为0.1 cm,体重精确度为0.05 kg。梅毒感染母亲和婴幼儿出生时的相关信息收集在母亲住院分娩期间完成,而婴幼儿后续月龄的感染状况监测和体格测量则是梅毒感染母亲或其他家长带婴幼儿至当地区县级妇幼保健机构儿童保健门诊进行随访。
(1)梅毒感染:所有母亲初次接受孕产期保健时即采用梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验进行梅毒筛查,筛查结果为阳性者需用非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验进行复检,若复检结果仍为阳性则确定感染梅毒[10]。(2)梅毒分期分为隐性梅毒、一期梅毒、二期梅毒和三期梅毒,具体分期标准见国家2018版梅毒诊断标准[11]。(3)梅毒治疗:母亲一旦确定感染梅毒,立即开始治疗,推荐治疗药物为青霉素,若没有青霉素或青霉素过敏者采用红霉素或头孢曲松替代治疗。本研究中的梅毒治疗情况分为未治疗、非规范治疗和规范治疗3组。规范治疗是指孕期进行2个疗程的足量青霉素治疗,2个疗程间隔2周以上,同时第2个疗程在孕晚期进行并完成;非规范治疗是指孕期未接受全程、足量的青霉素治疗,或接受非青霉素治疗,或在分娩前1个月才进行抗梅毒治疗[10]。(4)分娩前非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验定量检测结果滴度分为阴性、<1:8(低滴度水平)和≥1:8(高滴度水平)3个等级[4]。非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验定量检测是作为梅毒治疗效果评价和诊断所生婴幼儿先天梅毒的依据,滴度水平越低表明治疗效果越好。
梅毒感染母亲所生婴幼儿是否需要预防性治疗需根据母亲孕期治疗情况和出生时非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验检测结果来综合判断。以下2种情况的婴幼儿均需要进行预防性治疗[10]:(1)母亲孕期未接受规范性治疗,包括孕期未接受全程、足量的青霉素治疗,或接受非青霉素治疗,或在分娩前1个月内才进行抗梅毒治疗的母亲所生婴幼儿;(2)母亲孕期接受过规范性治疗,但出生时非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验阳性、滴度不高于母亲分娩前滴度4倍的婴幼儿。预防性治疗药物为苄星青霉素,剂量为5万单位/千克体重,1次肌内注射。
本研究依据梅毒血清学检测结果来评估婴幼儿的感染状况[10],符合以下任何一项即可诊断为先天梅毒:(1)出生时非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验阳性,滴度≥母亲分娩前滴度的4倍,且梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验阳性;(2)出生时尚不能诊断先天梅毒,任一次随访中非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验由阴转阳或滴度上升且梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验阳性;(3)18月龄前不能诊断先天梅毒,18月龄后梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验仍阳性。
(1)母亲年龄为分娩该婴幼儿时的实足年龄[12];(2)妊娠并发症/合并症包括妊娠合并中重度贫血、妊娠高血压疾病、妊娠合并糖尿病、妊娠合并心脏病、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症、妊娠合并病毒性肝炎等[13];(3)出生体重分为低出生体重(<2 500 g)、正常出生体重(2 500~3 999 g)和巨大儿(≥4 000 g)3组[14];(4)分娩孕周<37周为早产[14]。
诊断婴幼儿营养不良的基本测量指标为身长和体重。采用WHO推荐的Z评分法对婴幼儿体格生长进行评估。采用WHO 2006年儿童体格生长标准[15],分别计算身长/年龄Z评分(length for age z score, LAZ),体重/年龄Z评分(weight for age z score, WAZ)和体重/身长Z评分(weight for length z score, WLZ)。LAZ<–2为生长迟缓, WAZ<–2为低体重,WLZ<–2为消瘦。生长迟缓、低体重和消瘦3项指标可同时存在,也可仅符合其中一项,只要符合一项即可诊断蛋白质–能量营养不良(简称“营养不良”)。
对区县级妇幼保健机构的调查员进行统一培训和考核,考核合格后方可参与调查工作。调查过程中,质控员对调查问卷进行审核,对于空项、填写不符合逻辑的数据及时追查原因并进行纠正。调查完成后,及时录入预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播管理信息系统。项目组将定期对管理信息系统中的数据进行抽查审核,对有问题的数据将反馈至区县级妇幼保健机构进行原始问卷核查及修改。
采用SPSS 25.0软件进行分析。采用χ2检验进行不同月龄婴幼儿营养不良发生率的单因素分析。以梅毒感染母亲所生婴幼儿是否患有营养不良为因变量(0=否,1=是),以单因素分析有统计学意义的因素为自变量,采用广义估计方程拟合logistic回归进行多因素分析,探讨SEU婴幼儿营养不良的相关因素,并计算相应的ORadj和95%CI。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
SEU婴幼儿在3、6、9、12和18月龄的营养不良发生率分别为7.5%、6.1%、4.2%、3.8%和3.7%,生长迟缓率分别为5.2%、4.7%、3.3%、3.0%,低体重率分别为2.5%、1.2%、0.9%、0.4%和0.4%,消瘦率分别为2.0%、1.2%、0.9%、0.8%和0.9%。SEU婴幼儿月龄越小,其营养不良发生率越高。
母亲年龄对9月龄婴幼儿的营养不良有影响,母亲民族和职业对18月龄婴幼儿的营养不良有影响,母亲妊娠并发症/合并症对6月龄和18月龄婴幼儿的营养不良有影响,母亲首次产前检查时间和梅毒治疗情况对6月龄、9月龄和12月龄婴幼儿的营养不良有影响,母亲梅毒分期对12月龄婴幼儿的营养不良有影响,母亲分娩前非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验滴度水平对6月龄婴幼儿的营养不良有影响,婴幼儿性别和出生体重对3月龄、6月龄、9月龄和12月龄婴幼儿的营养不良有影响,早产对各月龄婴幼儿的营养不良均有影响,婴幼儿预防性治疗对6月龄和9月龄婴幼儿的营养不良有影响。
以梅毒感染母亲所生婴幼儿是否发生营养不良为因变量(0=否,1=是),母亲年龄、民族、职业、妊娠合并症/并发症、首次产前检查孕周、梅毒分期、梅毒治疗情况、分娩前非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清学试验滴度、婴幼儿性别、出生体重、早产和出生后预防性治疗12个变量为自变量纳入广义估计方程拟合logistic回归。结果显示,母亲首次产前检查孕周≥28周(ORadj=1.63,95%CI=1.27~2.09)、低出生体重(ORadj=2.35,95%CI=1.77~3.13)和早产(ORadj=1.83,95%CI=1.45~2.31)是SEU婴幼儿营养不良的危险因素;母亲孕期梅毒规范治疗(ORadj=0.78,95%CI=0.62~0.97)和女童(ORadj=0.62,95%CI=0.53~0.71)是SEU婴幼儿营养不良的保护因素。
本研究中SEU婴幼儿月龄越小,其营养不良发生率越高,其中3月龄的生长迟缓率、低体重率、消瘦率和营养不良发生率分别为5.2%、2.5%、2.0%和7.5%。国内一项横断面研究显示,2岁以下婴幼儿生长迟缓率、低体重率和消瘦率分别为5.4%、2.7%和2.2%[16]。SEU婴幼儿的营养不良发生率与未暴露未感染正常婴幼儿相接近[16–17],这亦与浙江省一项前瞻性队列研究发现的SEU婴幼儿在3、6、9、12、18月龄的平均体重和身长均与未暴露婴幼儿相似的研究结果一致[9]。但本研究SEU婴幼儿的营养不良发生率明显低于HIV暴露未感染婴幼儿[18–20]。有研究发现HIV暴露未感染婴儿在3月龄的营养不良发生率高达14.3%,远高于项目组以往研究报告的7.5%[18]。津巴布韦一项前瞻性队列研究显示4月龄HIV暴露未感染婴儿生长迟缓率、低体重率和消瘦率分别为28.85%、3.85%和3.85%[20],明显高于本研究6月龄婴儿的4.7%、1.2%和1.2%。可能的原因是母亲一旦发现HIV感染需终身抗病毒治疗,疗程长,且抗病毒药物治疗具有较高的不良反应发生率,如恶心、呕吐、肝肾功能损害、骨髓抑制等,这将增加HIV感染母亲所生儿童营养不良的发生风险[21];而梅毒感染母亲的治疗药物是青霉素,疗程较短,对胎儿相对安全,营养不良发生率低。
既往研究已表明低出生体重和早产是儿童营养不良的危险因素[22–24]。国内一项观察性研究显示早产或低出生体重儿童的生长迟缓发生风险是正常儿童的2.27倍[24]。本研究也发现低出生体重和早产是SEU婴幼儿营养不良最重要的影响因素,低出生体重婴幼儿发生营养不良的风险是正常出生体重婴幼儿的2.35倍,早产儿发生营养不良的风险是足月儿的1.83倍。早产/低出生体重儿其各脏器功能发育尚不成熟,如吸吮、吞咽功能不完善,消化吸收能力差,易出现喂养困难;此外,自身免疫力较低,易发生呼吸道和消化道感染,继而导致生长发育落后。
本研究发现母亲梅毒规范治疗是SEU婴幼儿营养不良的保护因素。以往研究表明妊娠梅毒未治疗或非规范治疗将增加早产、低出生体重和小于胎龄儿等不良妊娠结局的发生风险[25–26]。而早产儿、低出生体重儿和小于胎龄儿本身就存在宫内营养不良,尽管出生后呈现一定程度的追赶生长,若追赶不良则易出现生后营养不良。而梅毒规范治疗可有效遏制梅毒的母婴传播,大幅减少不良妊娠结局的发生,进而改善胎儿的宫内营养状况。同时,本研究还发现母亲首次产前检查孕周≥28周是SEU婴幼儿营养不良的危险因素。这是因为首次产前检查时间是决定妊娠梅毒患者能否完成规范治疗的决定因素。妊娠梅毒规范治疗需要在孕期完成2个疗程的足量青霉素治疗,每个疗程需要15 d或3周,2个疗程之间至少需间隔2周[10]。因此,孕晚期尤其是产时才进行首次产前检查者很难完成2个疗程的梅毒治疗,进而影响到梅毒感染母亲的妊娠结局。
本研究发现SEU婴幼儿的营养不良发生率存在性别差异,女童发生营养不良的风险是男童的0.62倍,这与既往的研究结果一致[27]。北非一项研究显示,与男童相比,女童患消瘦和低体重的风险将降低10%~20%[27]。这是由于不同性别间儿童生长发育存在差异所致,一般而言男童的生长发育速度稍快于女童,对营养物质的需求高于女童。
本研究存在的局限性。首先,SEU婴幼儿体格发育影响因素众多,本研究未探讨父母遗传(身高和体型)、膳食和家庭养育环境等因素所造成的影响。其次,婴幼儿在9、12和18月龄的随访率较低,均<90%,这使得研究结果可能存在偏差。一方面是由于部分婴幼儿在6月龄后已经排除梅毒感染,按照国家方案要求明确感染状况即可停止随访,即使开展了随访也无法再将随访数据提交至管理信息系统[10];另一方面,婴幼儿存在流动现象,随着随访时间的延长,随访难度增加。此外,本研究缺乏梅毒未暴露未感染的正常婴幼儿作为对照,因此,无法明确梅毒暴露本身对婴幼儿营养状况的影响及其程度,有待后续进一步的前瞻性队列研究来验证。
综上所述,SEU婴幼儿营养不良发生率较低,母亲首次产前检查时间晚(≥28周)、孕期梅毒规范治疗、低出生体重、早产和女童是SEU婴幼儿营养不良的影响因素。母亲需进一步做好产前保健,尽早开展梅毒检测和治疗,可有效降低出生体重和早产的发生,改善妊娠结局,从而进一步改善婴幼儿生后营养状况。

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2025年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144390
  • 接收时间:2024-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-11
  • 修回日期:2024-09-09
  • 录用日期:2025-02-10
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    1湖南省妇幼保健院儿童保健科,长沙 410008
    2湖南省母源性新生儿疾病临床医学研究中心,长沙 410008
    3中南大学湘雅公共卫生学院,长沙 410008

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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