Article(id=1321170511623730059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170430187130949, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1144247, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708358400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-20, revisedDate=1725897600000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-10, acceptedDate=1732118400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-21, onlineDate=1792921196131, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921196131, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921196131, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921196131, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170430187130949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='129', pageEnd='256', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739116800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921176716, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921176716, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=217, endPage=222, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170511820862348, articleId=1321170511623730059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Dietary cadmium exposure and associated health risks among residents of Chongqing city from 2012 to 2022: surveillance and survey data analysis, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the levels and potential health risks of dietary cadmium exposure among residents of Chongqing city from 2012 to 2022, and to provide a basis for regional decision-making on food safety.

Methods

The detection data from 2012 to 2022 on cadmium concentrations of 9 219 samples from 11 food categories, including rice and rice products, wheat and wheat products, other grains and grain products, leafy vegetables, root and tuber vegetables, legumes, other fresh vegetables, poultry, livestock, fruits, and eggs and egg products, were collected from the Chongqing Food Safety Risk Monitoring System. The cadmium content in food samples was detected by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy according to the national standard (GB 5009.15–2014) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry according to (GB 5009.268–2016). The limit of detection (LOD) for different food types ranged from 0.000 1 to 0.01 mg/kg, and the left-censored results were replaced by the middle bound (MB) and upper bound (UB) detections. Dietary survey data from 3 354 residents in 6 districts/counties of Chongqing city were also extracted from the three waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2011, 2015, and 2018. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate dietary cadmium exposure levels for Chongqing residents during three time periods: 2012–2014, 2015–2018, and 2019–2022. The health risks associated with these exposure levels were then assessed.

Results

Cadmium was detected in 5 143 (55.79%) of all samples at levels ranging from 0.015 6 to 0.024 7 mg/kg. For Chongqing residents during 2012–2014, 2015–2018, and 2019–2022, the estimated mean dietary cadmium intake (µg/kg bw/month) was 12.69, 13.47, and 11.19 with MB substitutions for the left-censored food sample measurements used in the estimates) and 12.87, 13.62, and 12.42 (with UB substitutions for the left-censored food sample measurements used in the estimates), respectively. All these values were below the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 25 µg/kg bw/month established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The estimated mean dietary cadmium intake (µg/kg bw/month) for the highly exposed population (95 th percentile) during 2012–2014, 2015–2018, and 2019–2022 was 40.53, 39.42, and 34.53 (with MB) and 40.47, 38.43, and 36.63 (with UB), respectively, which was 1.62, 1.58, and 1.38 times the PTMI. Rice and rice products were the main source of dietary cadmium exposure risk in all periods, contributing 52.45% (with MB) and 51.87% (with UB) of total dietary cadmium exposure in 2012–2014, 65.42% (with MB) and 62.13% (with UB) in 2015–2018, and 47.54% (with MB) and 42.88% (with UB) in 2019–2022. Leafy vegetables were the second largest contributor, accounting for 23.86% (with MB) and 23.39% (with UB) of total dietary cadmium exposure in 2012–2014, 15.12% (with MB) and 14.21% (with UB) in 2015–2018, and 29.98% (with MB) and 37.12% (with UB) in 2019–2022.

Conclusions

Dietary cadmium exposure among Chongqing residents from 2012 to 2022 was relatively low, posing a minimal health risk to the general population. However, the high-exposure population may face some health risks from dietary cadmium exposure. Rice and rice products, and leafy vegetables were identified as the main sources of risk from dietary cadmium exposure.

, authors=Mintao LI1, 2, Jiahui CHEN1, 2, Yijia LIU3, Jingrong CHEN2, Ping FENG2, Mei QIN2, Li CHENG2, Xiaoqin TANG2, Cheng LONG2, Ailin WU2, Jiao HUO1, 2, Xuemei LIAN1, authorsList=Mintao LI, Jiahui CHEN, Yijia LIU, Jingrong CHEN, Ping FENG, Mei QIN, Li CHENG, Xiaoqin TANG, Cheng LONG, Ailin WU, Jiao HUO, Xuemei LIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiao HUO, Xuemei LIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HUO Jiao, E-mail:
LIAN Xuemei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170514358416277, articleId=1321170511623730059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2012—2022年重庆市居民膳食镉暴露水平及其健康风险评估, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析2012—2022年重庆市居民膳食镉暴露水平及其可能的健康风险,为该地区的食品安全决策提供理论依据。

方法

收集重庆市食品安全风险监测系统2012—2022年化学污染物监测数据中大米及其制品、小麦及其制品、其他谷物及其制品、叶菜类蔬菜、块根和块茎类蔬菜、豆类蔬菜、其他新鲜蔬菜、禽肉、畜肉、水果、蛋及其制品11类共9219份食品样品的镉含量监测数据,结合2011—2018年中国健康与营养调查项目膳食重庆市调查数据,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法估计重庆市居民在2012—2014年、2015—2018年和2019—2022年3个时间段中膳食镉暴露水平,并评估其健康风险。

结果

重庆市2012—2022年11类9219份食品样本中,共检出5 143份含镉样本,镉的总检出率为55.79%,总检出水平为0.015 6~0.024 7 mg/kg。2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年3个时间段重庆市居民的膳食镉平均暴露水平分别为12.69、13.47、11.19 µg/kg bw/month(MB)和12.87、13.62、12.42 µg/kg bw/month(UB),均低于食品添加剂联合专家委员会提出的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)的25 µg/kg bw/month;2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年3个时间段高暴露水平人群(P95)的膳食镉平均暴露水平分别为40.53、39.42、34.53 µg/kg bw/month(MB)和40.47、38.43、36.63 µg/kg bw/month(UB),分别为PTMI的1.62、1.58、1.38倍。大米及其制品在不同时间段中均为膳食镉暴露风险的主要来源,2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年的贡献率分别为52.45%(MB)和51.87%(UB)、65.42%(MB)和62.13%(UB)、47.54%(MB)和42.88%(UB);其次是叶菜类蔬菜,2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年的贡献率分别为23.86%(MB)和23.39%(UB)、15.12%(MB)和14.21%(UB)、29.98%(MB)和37.12%(UB)。

结论

2012—2022年重庆市居民镉暴露水平较低,引起健康风险可能性不大,但高暴露水平人群可能通过膳食镉暴露引起一定健康风险,大米及其制品和叶菜类蔬菜均为膳食镉暴露风险的主要来源。

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李旻涛(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:食品安全风险评估

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霍娇,E-mail:
练雪梅,E-mail:
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Mean and 95th percentile of cadmium content (mg/kg) for 9 219 samples of 11 food categories collected in Chongqing city during 2012–14, 2015-18, and 2019–22, with middle bound (MB) and upper bound (UB) substitutions for the left-censored measurements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别2012—2014年2015—2018年2019—2022年
平均值
(MB)
平均值
(UB)
P95
(MB)
P95
(UB)
平均值
(MB)
平均值
(UB)
P95
(MB)
P95
(UB)
平均值
(MB)
平均值
(UB)
P95
(MB)
P95
(UB)
大米及其制品0.047 90.047 90.152 00.151 20.061 80.061 90.196 30.169 30.043 80.044 10.185 50.162 5
小麦及其制品0.012 80.012 90.045 70.044 50.021 60.021 70.069 80.046 40.014 50.014 70.065 10.044 2
其他谷物及其制品0.010 00.010 10.039 00.038 00.003 60.003 90.010 70.135 10.031 00.031 50.011 70.137 8
叶菜类蔬菜0.033 60.033 60.118 90.116 60.022 70.022 80.082 10.180 90.045 40.061 60.082 40.238 1
块根和块茎类蔬菜0.022 40.022 60.073 90.072 80.021 30.023 60.093 00.073 10.019 00.015 70.087 60.064 0
豆类蔬菜0.009 60.009 80.039 70.038 40.006 30.007 10.023 90.019 30.014 20.006 10.020 70.017 7
其他新鲜蔬菜0.013 60.013 90.050 40.050 60.016 10.062 10.014 20.048 60.011 00.011 40.053 90.046 4
畜肉0.007 00.010 80.030 80.040 10.001 20.002 10.002 40.007 60.002 70.003 60.003 40.010 2
禽肉0.008 20.008 30.018 70.026 90.001 50.002 50.003 30.008 10.002 90.003 90.004 80.011 0
水果0.006 80.006 90.025 80.025 40.003 70.005 00.014 40.008 00.002 70.003 40.014 30.010 3
蛋及其制品0.006 30.006 40.018 80.024 70.002 80.003 40.010 40.007 00.002 50.003 40.011 00.009 4
合计0.018 20.018 30.081 90.081 50.017 80.018 20.079 80.079 70.013 70.014 30.060 80.061 7
), ArticleFig(id=1321170520213664745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170511623730059, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重庆市2012—2022年不同时间段不同食物类别中镉含量/(mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别2012—2014年2015—2018年2019—2022年
平均值
(MB)
平均值
(UB)
P95
(MB)
P95
(UB)
平均值
(MB)
平均值
(UB)
P95
(MB)
P95
(UB)
平均值
(MB)
平均值
(UB)
P95
(MB)
P95
(UB)
大米及其制品0.047 90.047 90.152 00.151 20.061 80.061 90.196 30.169 30.043 80.044 10.185 50.162 5
小麦及其制品0.012 80.012 90.045 70.044 50.021 60.021 70.069 80.046 40.014 50.014 70.065 10.044 2
其他谷物及其制品0.010 00.010 10.039 00.038 00.003 60.003 90.010 70.135 10.031 00.031 50.011 70.137 8
叶菜类蔬菜0.033 60.033 60.118 90.116 60.022 70.022 80.082 10.180 90.045 40.061 60.082 40.238 1
块根和块茎类蔬菜0.022 40.022 60.073 90.072 80.021 30.023 60.093 00.073 10.019 00.015 70.087 60.064 0
豆类蔬菜0.009 60.009 80.039 70.038 40.006 30.007 10.023 90.019 30.014 20.006 10.020 70.017 7
其他新鲜蔬菜0.013 60.013 90.050 40.050 60.016 10.062 10.014 20.048 60.011 00.011 40.053 90.046 4
畜肉0.007 00.010 80.030 80.040 10.001 20.002 10.002 40.007 60.002 70.003 60.003 40.010 2
禽肉0.008 20.008 30.018 70.026 90.001 50.002 50.003 30.008 10.002 90.003 90.004 80.011 0
水果0.006 80.006 90.025 80.025 40.003 70.005 00.014 40.008 00.002 70.003 40.014 30.010 3
蛋及其制品0.006 30.006 40.018 80.024 70.002 80.003 40.010 40.007 00.002 50.003 40.011 00.009 4
合计0.018 20.018 30.081 90.081 50.017 80.018 20.079 80.079 70.013 70.014 30.060 80.061 7
), ArticleFig(id=1321170520289162218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170511623730059, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Contribution ratios (%) of 11 food categories to dietary cadmium intake of Chongqing city residents during 2012–14, 2015–18, and 2019–22, with MB ( three left columns) and UB (three right columns) substitutions for the left-censored food sample measurements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食物类别贡献率(MB/%)贡献率(UB/%)
2012—2014年2015—2018年2019—2022年2012—2014年2015—2018年2019—2022年
大米及其制品52.4565.4247.5451.8762.1342.88
小麦及其制品4.969.517.214.919.036.69
其他谷物及其制品0.510.162.010.500.161.84
叶菜类蔬菜23.8615.1229.9823.3914.2137.12
块根和块茎类蔬菜6.436.407.466.346.735.52
豆类蔬菜0.830.600.440.820.620.27
其他新鲜蔬菜5.430.563.195.445.163.03
畜肉2.760.341.334.080.871.66
禽肉0.870.070.220.770.190.27
水果1.320.810.351.320.590.40
蛋及其制品0.551.320.260.570.310.32
), ArticleFig(id=1321170520389825515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170511623730059, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2012—2022年各类食品对重庆市居民膳食镉暴露的贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食物类别贡献率(MB/%)贡献率(UB/%)
2012—2014年2015—2018年2019—2022年2012—2014年2015—2018年2019—2022年
大米及其制品52.4565.4247.5451.8762.1342.88
小麦及其制品4.969.517.214.919.036.69
其他谷物及其制品0.510.162.010.500.161.84
叶菜类蔬菜23.8615.1229.9823.3914.2137.12
块根和块茎类蔬菜6.436.407.466.346.735.52
豆类蔬菜0.830.600.440.820.620.27
其他新鲜蔬菜5.430.563.195.445.163.03
畜肉2.760.341.334.080.871.66
禽肉0.870.070.220.770.190.27
水果1.320.810.351.320.590.40
蛋及其制品0.551.320.260.570.310.32
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2012—2022年重庆市居民膳食镉暴露水平及其健康风险评估
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李旻涛 1, 2 , 陈佳辉 1, 2 , 刘怡佳 3 , 陈京蓉 2 , 冯萍 2 , 覃梅 2 , 程莉 2 , 唐晓琴 2 , 龙诚 2 , 吴艾琳 2 , 霍娇 1, 2, *, * , 练雪梅 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(2): 217-222
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (2) : 217 -222
2012—2022年重庆市居民膳食镉暴露水平及其健康风险评估
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李旻涛1, 2, 陈佳辉1, 2, 刘怡佳3, 陈京蓉2, 冯萍2, 覃梅2, 程莉2, 唐晓琴2, 龙诚2, 吴艾琳2, 霍娇1, 2, *, * , 练雪梅1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,重庆 400016
  • 2重庆市疾病预防控制中心,重庆 400042
  • 3四川省人民医院,成都 610000
通讯作者:
霍娇,E-mail:
练雪梅,E-mail:
作者简介:

李旻涛(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:食品安全风险评估

Dietary cadmium exposure and associated health risks among residents of Chongqing city from 2012 to 2022: surveillance and survey data analysis
Mintao LI1, 2, Jiahui CHEN1, 2, Yijia LIU3, Jingrong CHEN2, Ping FENG2, Mei QIN2, Li CHENG2, Xiaoqin TANG2, Cheng LONG2, Ailin WU2, Jiao HUO1, 2 , Xuemei LIAN1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
  • 2Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China
  • 3Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    HUO Jiao, E-mail:
    LIAN Xuemei, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144247
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目的

分析2012—2022年重庆市居民膳食镉暴露水平及其可能的健康风险,为该地区的食品安全决策提供理论依据。

方法

收集重庆市食品安全风险监测系统2012—2022年化学污染物监测数据中大米及其制品、小麦及其制品、其他谷物及其制品、叶菜类蔬菜、块根和块茎类蔬菜、豆类蔬菜、其他新鲜蔬菜、禽肉、畜肉、水果、蛋及其制品11类共9219份食品样品的镉含量监测数据,结合2011—2018年中国健康与营养调查项目膳食重庆市调查数据,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法估计重庆市居民在2012—2014年、2015—2018年和2019—2022年3个时间段中膳食镉暴露水平,并评估其健康风险。

结果

重庆市2012—2022年11类9219份食品样本中,共检出5 143份含镉样本,镉的总检出率为55.79%,总检出水平为0.015 6~0.024 7 mg/kg。2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年3个时间段重庆市居民的膳食镉平均暴露水平分别为12.69、13.47、11.19 µg/kg bw/month(MB)和12.87、13.62、12.42 µg/kg bw/month(UB),均低于食品添加剂联合专家委员会提出的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)的25 µg/kg bw/month;2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年3个时间段高暴露水平人群(P95)的膳食镉平均暴露水平分别为40.53、39.42、34.53 µg/kg bw/month(MB)和40.47、38.43、36.63 µg/kg bw/month(UB),分别为PTMI的1.62、1.58、1.38倍。大米及其制品在不同时间段中均为膳食镉暴露风险的主要来源,2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年的贡献率分别为52.45%(MB)和51.87%(UB)、65.42%(MB)和62.13%(UB)、47.54%(MB)和42.88%(UB);其次是叶菜类蔬菜,2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年的贡献率分别为23.86%(MB)和23.39%(UB)、15.12%(MB)和14.21%(UB)、29.98%(MB)和37.12%(UB)。

结论

2012—2022年重庆市居民镉暴露水平较低,引起健康风险可能性不大,但高暴露水平人群可能通过膳食镉暴露引起一定健康风险,大米及其制品和叶菜类蔬菜均为膳食镉暴露风险的主要来源。

镉  /  膳食暴露  /  概率评估  /  时间趋势
Objective

To analyze the levels and potential health risks of dietary cadmium exposure among residents of Chongqing city from 2012 to 2022, and to provide a basis for regional decision-making on food safety.

Methods

The detection data from 2012 to 2022 on cadmium concentrations of 9 219 samples from 11 food categories, including rice and rice products, wheat and wheat products, other grains and grain products, leafy vegetables, root and tuber vegetables, legumes, other fresh vegetables, poultry, livestock, fruits, and eggs and egg products, were collected from the Chongqing Food Safety Risk Monitoring System. The cadmium content in food samples was detected by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy according to the national standard (GB 5009.15–2014) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry according to (GB 5009.268–2016). The limit of detection (LOD) for different food types ranged from 0.000 1 to 0.01 mg/kg, and the left-censored results were replaced by the middle bound (MB) and upper bound (UB) detections. Dietary survey data from 3 354 residents in 6 districts/counties of Chongqing city were also extracted from the three waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2011, 2015, and 2018. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate dietary cadmium exposure levels for Chongqing residents during three time periods: 2012–2014, 2015–2018, and 2019–2022. The health risks associated with these exposure levels were then assessed.

Results

Cadmium was detected in 5 143 (55.79%) of all samples at levels ranging from 0.015 6 to 0.024 7 mg/kg. For Chongqing residents during 2012–2014, 2015–2018, and 2019–2022, the estimated mean dietary cadmium intake (µg/kg bw/month) was 12.69, 13.47, and 11.19 with MB substitutions for the left-censored food sample measurements used in the estimates) and 12.87, 13.62, and 12.42 (with UB substitutions for the left-censored food sample measurements used in the estimates), respectively. All these values were below the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 25 µg/kg bw/month established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The estimated mean dietary cadmium intake (µg/kg bw/month) for the highly exposed population (95 th percentile) during 2012–2014, 2015–2018, and 2019–2022 was 40.53, 39.42, and 34.53 (with MB) and 40.47, 38.43, and 36.63 (with UB), respectively, which was 1.62, 1.58, and 1.38 times the PTMI. Rice and rice products were the main source of dietary cadmium exposure risk in all periods, contributing 52.45% (with MB) and 51.87% (with UB) of total dietary cadmium exposure in 2012–2014, 65.42% (with MB) and 62.13% (with UB) in 2015–2018, and 47.54% (with MB) and 42.88% (with UB) in 2019–2022. Leafy vegetables were the second largest contributor, accounting for 23.86% (with MB) and 23.39% (with UB) of total dietary cadmium exposure in 2012–2014, 15.12% (with MB) and 14.21% (with UB) in 2015–2018, and 29.98% (with MB) and 37.12% (with UB) in 2019–2022.

Conclusions

Dietary cadmium exposure among Chongqing residents from 2012 to 2022 was relatively low, posing a minimal health risk to the general population. However, the high-exposure population may face some health risks from dietary cadmium exposure. Rice and rice products, and leafy vegetables were identified as the main sources of risk from dietary cadmium exposure.

cadmium  /  dietary exposure  /  probabilistic assessment  /  temporal trend
李旻涛, 陈佳辉, 刘怡佳, 陈京蓉, 冯萍, 覃梅, 程莉, 唐晓琴, 龙诚, 吴艾琳, 霍娇, 练雪梅. 2012—2022年重庆市居民膳食镉暴露水平及其健康风险评估. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (2) : 217 -222 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144247
Mintao LI, Jiahui CHEN, Yijia LIU, Jingrong CHEN, Ping FENG, Mei QIN, Li CHENG, Xiaoqin TANG, Cheng LONG, Ailin WU, Jiao HUO, Xuemei LIAN. Dietary cadmium exposure and associated health risks among residents of Chongqing city from 2012 to 2022: surveillance and survey data analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (2) : 217 -222 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144247
镉是一种具有全球公共卫生意义的环境污染物,同时也是一种毒性较高、具有一定蓄积性且在自然中广泛存在的重金属污染物,其作为人体非必需元素之一,在生物体中的半衰期较长,对人类和动物均可造成广泛的不良健康影响[1–2]。中国作为一个工业快速发展的国家,面临着较严重的环境镉污染问题,研究表明,除职业暴露者与吸烟者外,普通人群亦可能通过食品、水和空气等形式暴露于镉污染[3]。其中,食品暴露是最主要的暴露途径,环境镉直接或间接在动植物等农产品中蓄积,最终被人摄入导致健康危害[4]。近年研究表明,四川省部分污染地区膳食镉暴露水平可达到每月可耐受摄入量的2.56~5.42倍[5]。重庆市位于中国西南部,饮食模式在西南地区具有代表性,镉暴露水平及其健康风险研究对于西南地区乃至全国均具有重要的公共卫生学意义。为分析2012—2022年重庆市居民膳食镉暴露水平及其可能的健康风险,为该地区的食品安全决策提供理论依据,本研究收集重庆市食品安全风险监测系统2012—2022年化学污染物监测数据中大米及其制品、小麦及其制品、其他谷物及其制品、叶菜类蔬菜、块根和块茎类蔬菜、豆类蔬菜、其他新鲜蔬菜、禽肉、畜肉、水果、蛋及其制品11类共9219份食品样品的镉含量监测数据,结合2011—2018年中国健康与营养调查项目膳食重庆市调查数据,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法估计重庆市居民在2012—2014年、2015—2018年和2019—2022年3个时间段中膳食镉暴露水平,并评估其健康风险。结果报告如下。
镉含量数据来源于重庆市食品安全风险监测系统2012—2022年化学污染物监测数据中11类共9219份食品样品的镉含量监测数据,其中,大米及其制品1 070份、小麦及其制品1 045份、其他谷物及其制品362份、叶菜类蔬菜957份、块根和块茎类蔬菜492份、豆类蔬菜215份、其他新鲜蔬菜1 134份、禽肉670份、畜肉430份、水果1 513份、蛋及其制品1 331份,将所有样品按采样年限分为2012—2014年、2015—2018年和2019—2022年3个时间段。食品样品中镉含量均按照国家标准GB 5009.15—2014《食品中镉的测定》[6]中石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和 GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》[7]中电感耦合等离子质谱法进行检测,各类食品检测限(limit of detection,LOD)范围为0.000 1~0.01 mg/kg。食品消费数据来源于2011—2018年中国健康与营养调查项目中重庆市膳食调查数据,该调查采用多级分层随机抽样的方法分别于2011、2015和2018年对重庆市沙坪坝区、南岸区、大足区、奉节县、江津区和綦江区6个区县3 354名居民的饮食状况进行调查,内容包括性别、年龄、居住地和饮食情况等。
应用SPSS 22.0和@RISK 8.2软件进行统计分析。采用联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization,FAO/WHO)推荐的概率评估法估计镉暴露水平[8]。镉的暴露量以重庆市食品镉含量监测数据拟合分布乘以居民食品消费量数据拟合分布计算,使用蒙特卡罗模拟法进行100 000次模拟迭代,将2012—2022年食品中镉暴露平均水平分为2012—2014年、2015—2018年和2019—2022年3组,分别对应2011年、2015年和2018年的膳食消费量数据,计算个体每天每公斤体重的镉暴露量 (estimated daily intake,EDI),公式为:
$ \mathrm{E}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}= \frac{{\displaystyle\sum }_{\mathrm{i}=1}^{\mathrm{j}}\left({\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}}_{\mathrm{i}}\times {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{i}}\right)}{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{w}} $[9]。
其中,EDI为某个体每天每公斤体重镉的暴露水平,单位为µg/kg bw/day;j为食品组数,$ \mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}_i $为食品i组中镉的浓度,单位为µg/kg;$ \mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{t}_{\mathit{i}} $为第i类食品g/day的消耗量;bw是个人体重,单位为kg。本次评估采用暴露水平乘以每月平均天数(30 d)与健康指导值比较来评估居民健康风险,健康指导值使用联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织下的食品添加剂联合专家委员会(Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives,JECFA)在2010年制定并应用至今的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable monthly intake,PTMI)[10]。在其2010年的评估中,JECFA根据人群尿β2微球蛋白水平升高作为指示肾脏损伤的关键效应,使用毒代动力学模型计算与该阈值水平相对应的饮食暴露水平,将镉健康指导值修订为 25 µg/kg bw/month [10]。对于镉含量低于LOD的食品,参照欧洲食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority,EFSA)对于左删失数据的推荐处理方法,即替代法,使用中限(middle bound,MB)和上限(upper bound,UB)2种情况进行替代,其中MB设为1/2 LOD,UB设为LOD[11]。
重庆市2012—2022年11类9219份食品样本中,共检出5 143份含镉样本,镉的总检出率为55.79%,总检出水平为0.015 6~0.024 7 mg/kg。2012—2014年镉检出率最高的3类食品依次为大米及其制品[94.7%(198/209)]、叶菜类蔬菜[90.0%(352/391)]、块根和块茎类蔬菜[84.6%(77/91)],2015—2018年镉检出率最高的3类食品依次为大米及其制品[92.9%(196/211)]、小麦及其制品[86.9%(146/168)]、叶菜类蔬菜[83.4%(241/289)],2019—2022年镉检出率最高的3类食品依次为叶菜类蔬菜[79.8%(221/277)]、小麦及其制品[77.1%(436/566)]、大米及其制品[72.2%(469/650)]。2012—2014年和2015—2018年镉含量平均值和高暴露水平(P95)最高的3类食物均为大米及其制品、叶菜类蔬菜、块根和块茎类蔬菜,而2019—2022年镉含量平均值和高暴露水平(P95)最高的3类食物均为叶菜类蔬菜、大米及其制品、其他谷物及其制品。重庆市2012—2022年不同时间段不同食品类别中镉含量见表1。
重庆市居民2015—2018年的膳食镉平均暴露水平最高,其EDI为0.449 µg/kg bw/day(MB)和0.454 µg/kg bw/day(UB);其次是2012—2014年的膳食镉平均暴露水平,其EDI为0.423 µg/kg bw/day(MB)和0.429 µg/kg bw/day(UB),2019—2022年的膳食镉平均暴露水平最低,其EDI为0.373 µg/kg bw/day(MB)和0.414 µg/kg bw/day(UB)。重庆市居民2012—2014年、2015—2018年和2019—2022年膳食镉的平均暴露水平分别为12.69、13.47、11.19 µg/kg bw/month(MB)和12.87、13.62、12.42 µg/kg bw/month(UB),均低于JECFA制定的PTMI(25 μg/kg bw/month),分别为PTMI的0.50~0.51、0.54~0.55、0.45~0.50倍,不具有健康风险。2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年3个时间段高暴露水平人群(P95)的膳食镉平均暴露水平分别为1.351、1.314、1.151 µg/kg bw/day(MB)和1.349、1.281、1.221 µg/kg bw/day(UB),即高暴露水平人群(P95)的膳食镉平均暴露水平分别为40.53、39.42、34.53 µg/kg bw/month(MB)和40.47、38.43、36.63 µg/kg bw/month(UB),分别为PTMI的1.62、1.58、1.38倍,可能会对人体健康带来一定的风险。
各类含镉食品中,大米及其制品在重庆市2012—2014年、2015—2018年和2019—2022年的镉贡献率均为最高,其次为叶菜类蔬菜;2019—2022年大米及其制品对镉暴露的贡献率明显减少,而叶菜类蔬菜则对镉暴露的贡献率明显增加。MB和UB情况下,不同类别食品对重庆市居民膳食镉暴露的贡献率具体见表2。
本研究结果显示,重庆市2012—2022年11类9219份食品样本中,共检出5 143份含镉样本,镉的总检出率为55.79%,总检出水平为0.015 6~0.024 7 mg/kg;镉检出率最高的3类食品2012—2014年依次为大米及其制品(94.7%)、叶菜类蔬菜(90.0%)、块根和块茎类蔬菜(84.6%),2015—2018年依次为大米及其制品(92.9%)、小麦及其制品(86.9%)、叶菜类蔬菜(83.4%),2019—2022年依次为叶菜类蔬菜(79.8%)、小麦及其制品(77.1%)、大米及其制品(72.2%),提示重庆市居民膳食镉暴露以大米及其制品、叶菜类蔬菜、块根和块茎类蔬菜、小麦及其制品为主。本研究中,2012—2022年重庆市叶菜类蔬菜、块根和块茎类蔬菜镉含量均值分别为0.022 7~0.061 6和0.015 7~0.023 6 mg/kg,均高于Song Y等[12]报道的2011—2015年全国叶菜类蔬菜、块根和块茎类蔬菜镉含量均值的0.021和0.015 mg/kg,但其他类别食品镉含量均值均低于全国的平均值。重庆市2012—2022年各类食物镉含量均值(0.013 7~0.018 3 mg/kg)均低于江西省(0.051 mg/kg)[13]和陕西省(0.031 7 mg/kg)[14],但2012—2018年各类食物镉含量均值(0.017 8~0.018 3 mg/kg)高于广东省广州市2013—2015年各类食品的镉含量均值(0.015 9 mg/kg)[15]。
2012—2022年重庆市居民膳食镉平均暴露水平(包括MB/UB)存在一定波动,2015—2018年镉的暴露水平最高,而2019—2022年整体暴露水平最低。造成这一情况的原因可能是2015—2018年作为重庆市居民主食的大米及其制品和小麦及其制品的镉含量均值均为3个时间段中的最高水平。本研究结果显示,在2012—2014年、2015—2018年和2019—2022年的3个时间段中,居民膳食镉平均暴露水平均低于PTMI(分别为PTMI的0.50~0.51、0.54~0.55、0.45~0.50倍),提示重庆市居民膳食镉平均暴露水平下的健康风险较低,因此该种波动对平均暴露水平人群并不会造成实际健康影响。然而,重庆市膳食镉高暴露水平人群(P95)在3个时间段中的健康风险均超过了PTMI(分别为PTMI的1.62、1.58和1.38倍),说明膳食镉暴露对于重庆市高暴露人群(P95)可能会引发健康损伤风险。但值得关注的是,2012—2022年高暴露人群(P95)的膳食镉暴露水平逐渐降低,这可能与环境中镉本底水平的下降[16]导致大部分食品种类的镉含量均在2019—2022年明显降低有关。虽然高风险人群(P95)膳食镉暴露量的降低使其健康风险得到了一定程度的控制,但仍超过PTMI,依然需要持续加强镉等元素类污染物的治理和控制,并持续进行镉暴露风险的监测和评估。
本研究中,在MB和UB情况下,大米及其制品在不同时间段中均为重庆市居民膳食镉暴露风险贡献的主要来源,2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年的贡献率分别为52.45%(MB)和51.87%(UB)、65.42%(MB)和62.13%(UB)、47.54%(MB)和42.88%(UB);其次是叶菜类蔬菜,2012—2014年、2015—2018年、2019—2022年的贡献率分别为23.86%(MB)和23.39%(UB)、15.12%(MB)和14.21%(UB)、29.98%(MB)和37.12%(UB)。这可能是因为大米和叶菜类蔬菜均对元素镉具有较强的富集性,且中国居民饮食结构中大米和蔬菜是重要的组成部分[17–18]。
综上所述,本研究对重庆市居民2012—2022年的膳食镉暴露风险进行了全面评估,结果显示重庆市居民膳食镉平均暴露水平不存在健康风险,但高暴露水平人群(P95)仍存在较高健康风险,与国内其他地区对膳食镉健康风险的研究结果一致[9,12]。因此,对于膳食镉高暴露人群(P95)的相关风险控制措施亟待开展,且对环境中的镉污染仍需持续关注和开展治理工作。此外,居民在选择食品种类时还应注意饮食均衡,可通过减少摄入相关易富集的食品种类来降低膳食镉的暴露水平[19]。本研究选用了概率评估法,可在一定程度上保证分析结果的准确性,但研究仍存在一定的局限性。一方面是本研究虽纳入了11类食品,但仍缺少如菌类及其制品、调味料、鱼类等类别食品的相关数据,其中菌类及其制品属于镉检出率及含量均较高的食品[20],这可能会导致对膳食镉暴露健康风险的低估;另一方面是本研究中部分类别食品数据量较少(如2015—2018年的其他谷物及其制品数据),不能完全代表市场中该类食品的含量水平,这可能导致对膳食镉暴露健康风险的低估或高估。因此,今后对于膳食镉暴露水平以及健康风险的评估可进行更多高质量的长期随访调查作进一步研究。

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2025年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144247
  • 接收时间:2024-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-20
  • 修回日期:2024-09-10
  • 录用日期:2024-11-21
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    1重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,重庆 400016
    2重庆市疾病预防控制中心,重庆 400042
    3四川省人民医院,成都 610000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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