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Article(id=1321170489955963565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170430187130949, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1144982, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725811200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-09, revisedDate=1726588800000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-18, acceptedDate=1732032000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-20, onlineDate=1792921190966, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921190966, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921190966, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921190966, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170430187130949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='129', pageEnd='256', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739116800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921176716, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921176716, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=246, endPage=249, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170491608519342, articleId=1321170489955963565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Progress in the use of chatbots in HIV/AIDS prevention and control: a review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of mobile health, chatbots have emerged as a promising intervention tool in HIV/AIDS prevention and control. This review examines the classification and technical principles of chatbots and their applications in HIV/AIDS education and prevention, HIV testing and counseling, and HIV/AIDS treatment and care. The paper also analyzes current opportunities and challenges, with the aim of providing a reference for the development and application of chatbots in China′s HIV/AIDS prevention and control efforts.

, authors=Haitao HUANG1, Ling TU1, Liao ZHANG1, Di GAO2, Lei GUO2, Hong CHEN1, authorsList=Haitao HUANG, Ling TU, Liao ZHANG, Di GAO, Lei GUO, Hong CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CHEN Hong, E-mail:
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随着移动医疗的快速发展，聊天机器人作为一种新兴的健康干预工具，在艾滋病防治领域展现出较大的应用潜力。本文对聊天机器人的分类、技术原理及其在艾滋病宣传教育与预防、艾滋病病毒检测与咨询和艾滋病治疗与关怀等方面的应用进行综述，并分析目前的机遇与挑战，旨在为聊天机器人在我国艾滋病防治领域的发展和应用提供参考。

, authors=黄海涛1, 涂伶1, 张辽1, 高迪2, 郭磊2, 陈红1, *, *, authorsList=黄海涛, 涂伶, 张辽, 高迪, 郭磊, 陈红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈红, authorNote=

黄海涛（1998—），博士在读，研究方向：艾滋病防护

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈红，E-mail：
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黄海涛（1998—），博士在读，研究方向：艾滋病防护

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黄海涛（1998—），博士在读，研究方向：艾滋病防护

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聊天机器人在艾滋病防治领域应用研究进展
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黄海涛 1 , 涂伶 1 , 张辽 1 , 高迪 2 , 郭磊 2 , 陈红 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综　述 2025,41(2): 246-249
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中国公共卫生 |综　述 2025 , 41 (2) : 246 -249
聊天机器人在艾滋病防治领域应用研究进展
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黄海涛1, 涂伶1, 张辽1, 高迪2, 郭磊2, 陈红1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1四川大学华西医院护理部/四川大学华西护理学院，成都 610041
  • 2电子科技大学计算机科学与工程学院，成都 611731
通讯作者:
陈红，E-mail：
作者简介:

黄海涛（1998—），博士在读，研究方向：艾滋病防护

Progress in the use of chatbots in HIV/AIDS prevention and control: a review
Haitao HUANG1, Ling TU1, Liao ZHANG1, Di GAO2, Lei GUO2, Hong CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Nursing, West China Hospital/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
    • Corresponding Author:
    CHEN Hong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144982
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摘要
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随着移动医疗的快速发展，聊天机器人作为一种新兴的健康干预工具，在艾滋病防治领域展现出较大的应用潜力。本文对聊天机器人的分类、技术原理及其在艾滋病宣传教育与预防、艾滋病病毒检测与咨询和艾滋病治疗与关怀等方面的应用进行综述，并分析目前的机遇与挑战，旨在为聊天机器人在我国艾滋病防治领域的发展和应用提供参考。

聊天机器人  /  艾滋病  /  防治  /  文献综述

With the rapid development of mobile health, chatbots have emerged as a promising intervention tool in HIV/AIDS prevention and control. This review examines the classification and technical principles of chatbots and their applications in HIV/AIDS education and prevention, HIV testing and counseling, and HIV/AIDS treatment and care. The paper also analyzes current opportunities and challenges, with the aim of providing a reference for the development and application of chatbots in China′s HIV/AIDS prevention and control efforts.

chatbot  /  AIDS  /  prevention and control  /  literature review
黄海涛, 涂伶, 张辽, 高迪, 郭磊, 陈红. 聊天机器人在艾滋病防治领域应用研究进展. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (2) : 246 -249 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144982
Haitao HUANG, Ling TU, Liao ZHANG, Di GAO, Lei GUO, Hong CHEN. Progress in the use of chatbots in HIV/AIDS prevention and control: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (2) : 246 -249 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1144982
正文
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据联合国艾滋病规划署（Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS）统计数据显示，截至2022年底，全球现存HIV感染者达到3900万，其中仅2022年新发病例数就达到130万，死于艾滋病相关疾病者63万[1]。作为全球最重要的公共卫生问题之一，艾滋病仍严重威胁人类健康与社会经济发展[1]。尽管抗逆转录病毒疗法（antiretroviral therapy, ART）显著改善了HIV/AIDS患者的生存状况，但预防新发感染、消除社会歧视、确保HIV/AIDS患者依从治疗仍是当前防控工作的重点[2]。聊天机器人（chatbot）又被称为会话代理或虚拟助理，是一种通过文本、语音或两者结合的形式来模拟人类对话并根据用户的语言进行完整交互的计算机程序[3]。近些年随着移动医疗的快速发展，聊天机器人作为一种新型的健康干预工具，以其便捷、高效和及时的特点，在国外艾滋病防治领域得到较多应用并取得了较好的效果[4]。相比于国外，聊天机器人在我国艾滋病防治领域的应用研究起步较晚，应用较少。因此，本文旨在综述聊天机器人在艾滋病宣传教育与预防、艾滋病毒检测与咨询以及艾滋病治疗与关怀等方面的应用研究现状并探讨当前应用中存在的问题与挑战，以期为进一步推动聊天机器人在我国艾滋病防治领域的应用提供一定参考。
1　聊天机器人概述
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1.1　聊天机器人分类
根据分类标准的不同，聊天机器人可被分为任务导向型聊天机器人（task-oriented chatbots）和闲聊型聊天机器人（non-task-oriented chatbots），以及检索式聊天机器人（retrieval-based chatbots）和生成式聊天机器人（generative-chatbots）[5]。
1.1.1　任务导向型与闲聊型
根据功能的不同，聊天机器人可分为任务导向型聊天机器人和闲聊型聊天机器人[5]。任务导向型聊天机器人的核心职能是传递信息，通过信息传达和反馈机制实现互动式人机对话。它通常在特定的、封闭的专业知识范畴内运作，主要执行知识问答和任务执行类对话任务。由于其对话内容较为固定且易于编程，任务导向型聊天机器人在社会生活各领域已得到广泛应用[5]。闲聊型聊天机器人的设计宗旨是与用户进行有意义的自然多轮对话，与任务导向型不同，闲聊型聊天机器人主要是为了满足用户的情感互动体验以及社交和陪伴需求。因涉及的领域更大，用户意图表达往往含蓄而复杂，所以该类型的聊天机器人目前在开发上仍面临较大挑战[5]。
1.1.2　检索式与生成式
根据对话生成技术的不同，聊天机器人可分为检索式聊天机器人和生成式聊天机器人[5]。检索式聊天机器人依赖于预先构建的数据库，通过规则驱动的模式匹配或较为复杂的深度学习算法来挑选最合适的回复，但并不创造全新的回答[5]。而生成式聊天机器人则是通过将大量人类真实语料输入深度学习模型中进行特征提取与特征学习，生成全新的、针对用户问题的回复。此外，生成式聊天机器人还能参考对话历史，维持对话的连贯性和上下文相关性，其设计宗旨为提供个性化且满足用户需求的交互体验[6]。
1.2　聊天机器人的技术原理
聊天机器人的技术原理主要涉及自然语言处理（natural language processing, NLP）、机器学习、深度学习等多个领域[6]。对于任务导向型和检索式聊天机器人，重点在于从预定义的数据集或知识库中检索和提供相关信息，主要涉及文本匹配和排序学习等技术[7]；而闲聊型和生成式聊天机器人通过使用深度学习技术如循环神经网络（recurrent neural network, RNN）、长短期记忆网络（long short-term memory, LSTM）或Transformer等，来理解和生成更自然、流畅的对话[6]。
2　聊天机器人在艾滋病防治领域的应用场景
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2.1　艾滋病宣传教育和预防
宣传教育是艾滋病防治的重要手段之一[8]。作为一种新兴的健康教育工具，聊天机器人以其高效、便捷、个性化的特点，突破传统健康教育方式的局限，在艾滋病防治过程中发挥着独特效果。Rahman R等[9]研究者对交互式聊天机器人Adolescent Bot在协助孟加拉国250名青少年寻求生殖和性健康信息方面的效果进行了研究。结果显示，Adolescent Bot能满足大多数青少年在生殖与性健康方面的查询需求，并可有效纠正HIV相关的错误认知。Wang H等人[10]采用三角互证（triangulation）法对人工智能聊天机器人SnehAI对提升印度年轻人性健康知识水平的效果进行了评估。结果表明，研究对象的性健康知识水平显著提升。SnehAI成功将自己塑造成为一个值得信赖的“朋友和导师”，其提供的回答既有趣味又具有教育意义，有效提升了用户体验。聊天机器人能够营造一个私密、无偏见且安全的环境，促进对隐私话题（例如安全性行为）的讨论，并提供准确及时的信息资源，进而有效降低性传播疾病的发生风险[11]。美国的一项研究显示，聊天机器人Tabatha-YYC在16～24岁的性少数青年群体中具有高度的可接受性，可以显著改善性少数群体的心理健康水平并降低其感染艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病的风险[12]。此外，聊天机器人对提升高危人群的暴露前预防（pre-exposure prophylaxis, PrEP）启用率也有显著效果[4]。巴西的一项研究显示，跨性别聊天机器人Amanda Selfie可以与青少年男男性行为者（men who have sex with men, MSM）和青春期变性女性在性别认同、性经历、艾滋病毒和PrEP等话题上进行清晰、客观的交流，并有助于PrEP启用率的增加[13]。Darien K等[14]研究者亦指出，聊天机器人能够提供高质量的PrEP信息。对于那些不愿直接与医生面对面沟通的高风险群体而言，聊天机器人是提升他们PrEP使用率的有效手段之一[14]。
2.2　HIV检测与咨询
由于艾滋病长期以来在社会中遭受的污名和排斥，许多潜在患者因担忧遭受歧视以及隐私泄露的风险，往往对寻求面对面的专业咨询和HIV检测持谨慎态度[15]。聊天机器人可通过匿名交互的方式，为用户提供安全、私密的咨询空间，使其在不暴露身份的情况下获取专业的医疗建议和支持[16]。联合国教科文组织曾与VKontakte合作为东欧和中亚地区的年轻人开发了一款名为Eli的聊天机器人[17]。Eli在对话中能够向用户解释，为何有性行为的年轻人需要接受HIV检测，包括检测的地点与方式，并强调若检测结果为HIV阳性，应立即启动ART治疗的重要性[17]。由于其提供的信息准确、实用且易于获取，Eli在年轻人中受到广泛欢迎。Cheah M H等人[18]设计的聊天机器人Haris，通过为MSM群体提供免费的HIV自检试剂盒，并推荐接受PrEP咨询的当地诊所（MSM友好），有效提升了该群体对此类健康服务的接纳度。荷兰性病艾滋病协会2017年推出聊天机器人Advies.chat，旨在为那些怀疑自己可能感染或其他性传播疾病的个体提供一个匿名且可靠的在线咨询平台。通过与Advies.chat对话的方式，用户不仅可以获得专业的建议，还能得到关于性病自我检测的指导，从而确保在保持匿名的同时，获得及时且安全的帮助[19]。相较于与人交流，聊天机器人在互动过程中展现出的“非评判性”特质，使得人们更倾向于向聊天机器人透露敏感信息[20]。Ntinga X[21]的研究也发现了类似结果：在与聊天机器人Nolwazi_bot互动的过程中，约1/5的参与者完成了HIV检测并呈阳性。多数参与者表示，Nolwazi_bot带来的HIV检测体验比人类咨询师好很多[21]。国内也有用于艾滋病毒检测和咨询的类似应用。例如，搜狗AI医疗中心曾于2019年推出搜狗艾滋病AI自测机器人[22]。这款“机器人”能够通过模拟医生问诊的形式与用户互动，在收集到用户回答的信息后，为用户生成个性化的艾滋病评测报告，从而判断用户是否具有感染风险，并提供详细的解释及就诊建议。
2.3　艾滋病治疗与关怀
尽管ART的出现显著延长了HIV/AIDS患者的生存期，但在治疗过程中患者仍面临服药依从性差和心理压力过大等挑战[23–24]。聊天机器人作为一种便捷、个性化的辅助工具，在艾滋病防治与关怀中发挥着重要作用。Koh M C等[25]考察了生成式人工智能ChatGPT在ART治疗中的潜在作用。结果发现，ChatGPT可作为ART治疗咨询中的辅助工具，对于改善HIV/AIDS患者服药依从性和总体结局有显著影响。然而，研究者也同时指出，在某些特定情况下，ChatGPT所提供的建议未能充分考虑到个体的独特情况和需求[25]。Kizito S[26]也注意到生成式聊天机器人在艾滋病防治工作中的影响，提出以ChatGPT为代表的生成式聊天机器人，在改善资源匮乏地区青少年HIV/AIDS患者服药依从性和心理健康方面展现出巨大潜力。Vita团队[27]开发的Doctor Apollo聊天机器人，集检查预约、报告查询、用药提醒和随访等功能于一体，对HIV/AIDS患者的长期管理显示出明显益处。通过实时、个性化的信息支持，聊天机器人能够及时发现并处理HIV/AIDS患者在治疗过程中可能遇到的难题，从而有效提升疾病管理的整体效果[28]。Swendeman D等人[29]针对印度HIV/AIDS患者设计的交互式语音对话系统，综合了医疗相关辅导（包括服药依从性和症状管理）、健康促进（涵盖饮食、锻炼和卫生）以及心理健康支持（如减压和情绪改善策略），在研究对象中展现了良好的应用成效。此外，基于短信息文本的聊天机器人在提升HIV/AIDS患者治疗依从性的方面也效果明显[30–32]。由此可见，聊天机器人在艾滋病治疗与关怀中的应用为提高患者的生活质量和治疗效果带来了新的机遇，有望成为艾滋病治疗与关怀领域的重要工具。
3　挑战与展望
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3.1　技术方面
尽管聊天机器人在自然语言处理与理解方面取得了显著进步，但是对于复杂、情绪化或模糊的用户提问，机器人可能难以准确理解并给予恰当回应[20]。其次，艾滋病防治领域涉及的专业知识复杂，如何将专业知识与聊天机器人技术相结合，实现个性化干预策略，也是当前亟待解决的问题[25]。建议未来的聊天机器人设计中，进一步深化机器学习和自然语言处理技术的应用，提高语义理解能力；此外，构建艾滋病防治专业知识库，将专业知识与聊天机器人的对话管理模块相结合以提供准确、科学的信息和建议；最后，可考虑结合用户画像和大数据分析，并引入多模态交互设计，以实现针对不同用户的个性化干预策略，从而有效提升艾滋病的防治效果。
3.2　伦理方面
对隐私和敏感信息泄露的担忧是潜在用户不愿使用聊天机器人进行HIV话题相关互动的主要障碍之一[33]。因此，在聊天机器人未来的应用过程中，应强化隐私保护机制、提供透明的隐私政策以及特定情境下的匿名选择，从而构建全方位、多层次的数据保护体系，以提升用户信任度与使用意愿。
3.3　效果评价方面
尽管聊天机器人在艾滋病防治工作中已初步展现出积极成效，并得到较高的用户接纳度，但当前相关研究多局限于小样本群体，尚欠缺多中心、大样本的随机对照试验。对于聊天机器人在信息精确性、干预效果以及使用安全性等核心维度上的利弊仍缺乏共识[34]。未来研究应致力于开展多中心、大样本的随机对照试验，以揭示聊天机器人在艾滋病防治中的真实效果，同时对聊天机器人的信息精确性和使用安全性进行综合评估，以建立广泛共识和指导方针，为聊天机器人在艾滋病防治领域的应用提供更加科学的依据和规范
4　小　结
收起
聊天机器人作为一种新兴的健康干预工具，在提升HIV健康知识水平、引导行为改变、促进检测和治疗，以及改善HIV/AIDS患者的长期管理方面具有重要意义。当前，多数聊天机器人系统在艾滋病防治中的应用仍处于研发、试验和评估阶段，面临的技术、伦理和效果评价问题仍亟须解决。例如，难以回答复杂和模糊的问题，对隐私问题的担忧，以及缺少大样本的随机对照试验等。因此，未来研究者仍需不断探讨和完善聊天机器人在艾滋病防治领域中的应用，同时不断优化其设计与功能，为聊天机器人在我国艾滋病防治领域发挥更大的作用提供参考。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1144982
  • 接收时间：2024-09-09
  • 首发时间：2026-10-25
  • 出版时间：2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-09
  • 修回日期：2024-09-18
  • 录用日期：2024-11-20
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    1四川大学华西医院护理部/四川大学华西护理学院，成都 610041
    2电子科技大学计算机科学与工程学院，成都 611731

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