Article(id=1321170467575157221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170430187130949, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1143951, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704297600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-04, revisedDate=1715875200000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-17, acceptedDate=1730995200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-08, onlineDate=1792921185629, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921185629, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921185629, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921185629, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170430187130949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='129', pageEnd='256', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739116800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921176716, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921176716, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=129, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170469252878822, articleId=1321170467575157221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Driving forces behind the development of the "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs and Six Diseases" strategy for chronic disease management in Shandong province: a multiple streams framework-based analysis, columnId=1321170430958882886, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report – "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs and Six Diseases" strategy for chronic disease management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study elucidates the evolutionary mechanism of the "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs (high blood pressure/glucose/lipids) and Six Diseases (coronary heart disease, stroke, renal lesions, retinal lesions, peripheral neuropathy, and peripheral vascular lesions)" strategy for chronic disease management to explore its future development direction. This study uses the multiple streams framework (MSF) to analyze the influencing factors of the policy changes in the "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs and Six Diseases" strategy and points out the necessity and rationality of this strategy. The study found that the emergence of chronic disease management problems, public sentiment, suggestions from experts and scholars, national governance philosophy, and the formulation of relevant policies all influence the development of chronic disease management policies. The effective confluence of the problem stream, policy stream, and political stream is the main reason for the emergence of the "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs and Six Diseases" strategy. Under the guidance of the MSF, the "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs and Six Diseases" strategy should be further optimized from the perspectives of problem, policy, and political perspectives and provide a reference for further improvement of chronic disease management policies.

, authors=Wenyu FAN1, 2, Yu ZHANG1, 2, Haipeng WANG1, 2, Cong QI3, Gaohui ZHANG3, Liangxia CHEN3, Xiaopang RAO4, Yang ZHAO5, 6, authorsList=Wenyu FAN, Yu ZHANG, Haipeng WANG, Cong QI, Gaohui ZHANG, Liangxia CHEN, Xiaopang RAO, Yang ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haipeng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Haipeng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170469949133290, articleId=1321170467575157221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=多源流理论视角下山东省“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策变迁动力分析, columnId=1321170469332570599, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道 —— “三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理模式, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

阐释“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策的变迁机制,以探寻其未来发展方向。本研究运用多源流理论模型分析“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策变迁的影响因素,指出“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策的必要性和合理性。研究发现,慢性病管理问题的产生、公众情绪、专家学者提出的建议以及国家执政理念和相关政策的制定都影响着慢性病管理政策的变迁。问题源流、政策源流和政治源流的有效汇合是“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策产生的主要原因。应以多源流理论模型为指导,从问题、政策、政治三个方面继续优化“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策,为慢性病管理相关政策的进一步完善提供参考。

, authors=范文瑜1, 2, 张玉1, 2, 王海鹏1, 2, *, *, 齐聪3, 张高辉3, 陈良侠3, 饶小胖4, 赵洋5, 6, authorsList=范文瑜, 张玉, 王海鹏, 齐聪, 张高辉, 陈良侠, 饶小胖, 赵洋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王海鹏, authorNote=

范文瑜(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:慢病管理与服务

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王海鹏,E-mail:
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多源流理论视角下山东省“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策变迁动力分析
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范文瑜 1, 2 , 张玉 1, 2 , 王海鹏 1, 2, *, * , 齐聪 3 , 张高辉 3 , 陈良侠 3 , 饶小胖 4 , 赵洋 5, 6
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道 —— “三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理模式 2025,41(2): 129-133
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道 —— “三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理模式 2025 , 41 (2) : 129 -133
多源流理论视角下山东省“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策变迁动力分析
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范文瑜(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:慢病管理与服务

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范文瑜(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:慢病管理与服务

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范文瑜1, 2, 张玉1, 2, 王海鹏1, 2, *, * , 齐聪3, 张高辉3, 陈良侠3, 饶小胖4, 赵洋5, 6
作者信息
  • 1山东大学齐鲁医学院公共卫生学院卫生管理与政策研究中心,济南 250012
  • 2国家卫生健康委员会卫生经济与政策研究重点实验室(山东大学),济南 250012
  • 3山东省疾病预防控制中心健康管理所,济南 250014
  • 4青岛市城阳区人民医院,青岛 266109
  • 5新南威尔士大学乔治全球健康研究院,悉尼 2050
  • 6墨尔本大学人口与全球健康学院,墨尔本 3010
通讯作者:
王海鹏,E-mail:
作者简介:

范文瑜(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:慢病管理与服务

Driving forces behind the development of the "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs and Six Diseases" strategy for chronic disease management in Shandong province: a multiple streams framework-based analysis
Wenyu FAN1, 2, Yu ZHANG1, 2, Haipeng WANG1, 2 , Cong QI3, Gaohui ZHANG3, Liangxia CHEN3, Xiaopang RAO4, Yang ZHAO5, 6
Affiliations
  • 1Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research of National Health Commission (Shandong University), Jinan 250012, China
  • 3Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China
  • 4Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 5George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2050, Australia
  • 6Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Haipeng, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1143951
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阐释“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策的变迁机制,以探寻其未来发展方向。本研究运用多源流理论模型分析“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策变迁的影响因素,指出“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策的必要性和合理性。研究发现,慢性病管理问题的产生、公众情绪、专家学者提出的建议以及国家执政理念和相关政策的制定都影响着慢性病管理政策的变迁。问题源流、政策源流和政治源流的有效汇合是“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策产生的主要原因。应以多源流理论模型为指导,从问题、政策、政治三个方面继续优化“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策,为慢性病管理相关政策的进一步完善提供参考。

多源流理论  /  “三高共管 六病同防”  /  慢性病管理

This study elucidates the evolutionary mechanism of the "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs (high blood pressure/glucose/lipids) and Six Diseases (coronary heart disease, stroke, renal lesions, retinal lesions, peripheral neuropathy, and peripheral vascular lesions)" strategy for chronic disease management to explore its future development direction. This study uses the multiple streams framework (MSF) to analyze the influencing factors of the policy changes in the "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs and Six Diseases" strategy and points out the necessity and rationality of this strategy. The study found that the emergence of chronic disease management problems, public sentiment, suggestions from experts and scholars, national governance philosophy, and the formulation of relevant policies all influence the development of chronic disease management policies. The effective confluence of the problem stream, policy stream, and political stream is the main reason for the emergence of the "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs and Six Diseases" strategy. Under the guidance of the MSF, the "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs and Six Diseases" strategy should be further optimized from the perspectives of problem, policy, and political perspectives and provide a reference for further improvement of chronic disease management policies.

multiple streams framework  /  "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs and Six Diseases" strategy  /  chronic disease management
范文瑜, 张玉, 王海鹏, 齐聪, 张高辉, 陈良侠, 饶小胖, 赵洋. 多源流理论视角下山东省“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策变迁动力分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (2) : 129 -133 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1143951
Wenyu FAN, Yu ZHANG, Haipeng WANG, Cong QI, Gaohui ZHANG, Liangxia CHEN, Xiaopang RAO, Yang ZHAO. Driving forces behind the development of the "Integrated Control and Prevention of Three Highs and Six Diseases" strategy for chronic disease management in Shandong province: a multiple streams framework-based analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (2) : 129 -133 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1143951
《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020年)》指出,2019年我国因慢性病导致的死亡人数占总死亡人数的88.5%,慢性病患病率仍呈上升趋势[1]。多重慢性病与功能下降、死亡风险增加和高额医疗费用高度相关,严重影响患者的生命质量[2],已成为威胁我国人民群众生命健康的重要公共卫生问题。2017年国务院办公厅发布的《中国防治慢性病中长期规划(2017—2025年)》强调要加强对慢性病的预防和控制,突出慢性病防治工作的综合性和社会性,提出构建自我为主、人际互助、社会支持、政府指导的健康管理模式[3]。随着慢性病管理政策的不断完善发展,我国慢性病管理取得了积极进展,在机构设置、政策制定、教育培训能力等方面取得了很大的成效[4],但仍存在着忽视慢性病前期管理、慢性病分级管理尚不规范、慢性病防控多部门合作不充分等问题。
高质量的慢性病管理是指多学科团队为患者提供协调服务,纳入患者自我管理,使用临床信息系统为慢性病患者提供持续的照料和支持[5]。2002年世界卫生组织提出慢性病创新照护框架,强调政府支持,培养全科医生,以慢性病患者为重点签约对象,并为其提供随访、健康教育等服务[6]。慢病管理模式的产生和发展为我国慢性病管理政策的制定与实施提供了指导。为进一步提升区域慢性病综合管理服务效果,2019年山东省卫生健康委提出了“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策[7]。该政策依托紧密型医共体,以医共体牵头医院为临床诊疗技术支持,以乡镇卫生院和社区卫生服务中心为联系纽带、以家庭医生团队为基础网底,对“高血压、高血糖、高血脂”及“冠心病、脑卒中、肾脏病变、眼底病变、周围神经病变、周围血管病变”提供三级协同、医防融合一体化服务,旨在实现“三高”患者全过程、全周期健康管理。青岛市城阳区作为“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策的先行试点区,已在相关疾病的防治上取得了良好的效果[8]。
现有研究多集中于各地慢性病管理政策的总结和实施困境探讨等方面,有学者认为我国慢性病管理政策基本完善,还可从政策时效、政策内容以及激励方式层面进一步改善[9],但也有学者认为我国慢性病管理政策缺乏系统性、慢性病管理医疗机构沟通机制尚不明确[4]。较少有研究探讨慢性病管理政策变迁的动力以及如何实现政策创新,多源流理论对政策变迁具有较强的解释力度。“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策的形成过程与多源流理论框架的内在逻辑高度契合,是问题流、政策流、政治流共同作用的结果。运用多源流理论对“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策进行分析,可以深入了解政策形成的全过程,分析影响政策出台的主要因素,为完善慢性病管理政策提供参考。
美国学者约翰·金登最早提出了多源流理论。多源流理论认为,在政策变迁中存在着3条不同的源流:问题源流、政策源流和政治源流。问题源流是指政策制定者面临的问题,指标变化和焦点事件引起决策者对问题的关注。指标可以用来评估问题的重要程度,并且可以用来了解某一问题发生的变化。焦点事件作为推动力可以引起人们对问题的关注[10]。政策源流是由关注某一领域问题的专业人员组成的政策共同体,针对某种情况制定技术可行、价值可接受的建议和政策方案。政策共同体内,有许多思想会在某个阶段以某种方式受到重视,最终成为政策方案的组成部分。政治源流由政党意识形态、公众情绪、利益集团间的竞争等因素构成,这些因素反映着政治形式与政治背景。在某个关键的时间点上,3条源流汇合到一起,问题就会被提上公共政策的议事日程,从而发生政策的变迁[11]。多源流理论聚焦于问题、政策、政治等外部环境对政策变迁的作用,已在医养结合[12]、医疗保障[13]、创新医疗技术支付[14]等卫生政策领域得到了广泛的应用。图1展示了“三高共管 六病同防”的慢性病管理政策多源流理论分析框架。
指标的变化引起了人们对慢性病管理问题的感知。《中国卫生健康统计年鉴2021》显示,2020年我国心血管死亡率仍居首位,高于肿瘤及其他疾病,死亡人数为458万[15]。研究资料证明,我国心脑血管疾病的主要危险因素是高血压、高血脂、高血糖等[9]。2018年抽样调查结果显示,山东省成人糖尿病患病率为10.3%,成人高血压患病率为27.6%[16]。在山东省三高发病率呈上升趋势的背景下,现有的慢性病管理政策难以适应严峻的慢性病发病现状,需要新的慢病管理政策对患者进行综合管理。
焦点事件促进了对慢性病管理问题的识别。在慢性病管理政策形成的过程中,关键政策的制定作为焦点事件引起了人们对慢性病管理政策变迁的思考。多重慢性病患者常面临着失能风险增加、死亡率上升等问题,卫生保健服务的利用率随着患病数量增加而增加[17]。因此多重慢性病患者需要更全面、连续性的医疗服务模式。多重慢性病患者对于医疗服务模式的特殊需求也引起了政府的重视。2017年国务院办公厅印发《中国防治慢性病长期规划(2017—2025年)》[3],将慢性病管理置于至关重要的位置,山东省结合本省实际,制定了《山东省防治慢性病中长期规划(2017—2025年)》,提出“到2020年,在全省基本建立慢性病防、治、管融合服务体系,主要慢性病危险因素监测与干预机制以县为单位实现全覆盖,慢性病防治政策措施进一步完善[18]。”山东省慢性病防治工作开启了新的篇章,“建立慢性病防、治、管融合服务体系”也成为“三高共管 六病同防”慢病管理政策设计的核心内涵。
中国慢性病防控体系建设面临很多挑战,存在相关政策制定滞后、慢性病防控多部门合作不充分、人才短缺等问题。形成以慢性病预防、管理为重点的政策支持环境还是一个难题[19]。基于慢性病防控存在的问题,2017年山东省卫生计生委提出《山东省“十三五”卫生与健康规划》,强调要实施慢性病综合防控,完善政府主导的慢性病综合防控协调机制,建立以基层为重点的慢性病防控体系[20]。2020年山东省卫生健康委提出《山东省基层医疗卫生服务能力提升行动三年规划》要求推进医防融合服务,推动形成上下贯通、医防融合的防病体系[21]。山东省相关卫生政策对慢性病管理不断提出更高的要求,推动了慢性病管理政策的变迁。
在政策源流中,专家学者的建议以及新的管理模式也为慢性病管理政策变迁奠定了基础。2016年,宁光院士和中国医师协会内分泌代谢科医师分会提出糖尿病管理标准化、一站式解决的新代谢病管理政策,建立了标准化代谢性疾病管理中心(National Metabolic Management Center,MMC)[22]。2019年,山东省青岛市城阳区人民医院将MMC与基层医疗机构结合建立了基层标准化代谢性疾病管理中心,旨在实现城阳区人民医院和城阳区域内8个社区卫生服务中心互联网对接,构建城阳区人民医院、社区卫生服务中心和诊所三级协同的慢性病管理模式。基层标准化代谢性疾病管理中心的建立促进了三级卫生机构间的互联互通,在县域内慢性病管理理念、机制、流程、技术等方面实现了创新,为城阳区推进慢性病管理积累了宝贵的经验,也成为“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策的雏形。
公众情绪可以反映普遍的价值取向和利益诉求,会对政府的决策产生影响。山东省主要慢性病发病率上升、患者人数增加,居民卫生服务需求和卫生服务利用增加,公众情绪增加。2018年山东省老年人多重慢性病的患病率高达20.36%[23],高患病率导致的劳动力损失为社会和家庭带来了巨大的经济负担,因病致贫、因病返贫问题突出,新的慢性病管理政策是否能为公众提供延续性、多样性的慢性病管理服务获得了公众的高度关注。
“人民健康优先”是我国卫生健康事业的核心价值,是中国共产党在卫生健康领域执政理念的集中体现。山东省政府贯彻落实“大卫生,大健康”的健康中国战略行动理念,把健康融入所有政策,推动“以治病为中心”向“以人民为中心”转变,从传统的疾病防治拓展到影响健康的各个领域。为降低慢性病死亡率,提高生活质量,山东省政府需要积极探索新的慢性病管理模式,进一步推进“基层首诊、双向转诊、上下联动、急慢分治”分级诊疗格局形成,助力实现健康中国战略[24]。山东省政府重视人民健康的执政理念以及“健康中国战略”的落实,是“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策提出的政治源流。
问题源流、政策源流、政治源流相对独立,当它们在某个关键时间点上汇合,政策问题就会提上议程。长期以来山东省慢性病发病率的上升趋势以及公众和媒体对慢病管理问题的关注汇成了慢病管理政策变迁的问题源流;众多专家学者对热点问题进行深入探讨与提议,山东省政府部门也相继出台《山东省“十三五”卫生与健康规划》等政策汇成了慢病管理政策变迁的政治源流;公众情绪的增加以及山东省政府“以人民为中心”的执政理念决定了政府在慢病管理政策制定中要充分考虑人民群众的迫切需要,解决群众急需解决的问题汇成了慢性病管理政策变迁的政治源流。问题源流、政策源流和政治源流的有效汇合推动了山东省慢病管理政策变迁,“三高共管 六病同防”慢病管理政策得以出台和落实。
山东省“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策为居民提供了连续、可及、以健康为中心的整合型卫生服务。通过建立高血压、高血糖、高血脂“预防–发现–诊断–治疗–转诊–随访–自我管理”的防治全链条,推动“三高”患者发现率、控制率、规范管理率、治疗率、有效转诊率、并发症评估和筛查率、患者满意度等指标明显提升,扩大了基本公共卫生服务成效。在日常生活中,通过对“三高”患者进行生活干预指导,包括营养干预、运动干预、心理干预、戒烟干预和睡眠干预等对“三高”患者的血压、血脂、血糖进行了很好的控制。
山东省“三高共管 六病同防”在试点过程中产生了新的问题,需要进一步地完善。部分“三高”患者年龄偏大、文化素质低,对自身病情及治疗方案的重要性认识不足,在政策实施过程中存在着病人转诊困难、配合度低、拒绝随访等现象;现阶段山东省基层医疗机构卫生人力总量不足,无法满足“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策提出的筛查、随访等卫生服务要求。同时,基层医疗队伍不稳定,人才培养难,能力提升慢,现有的基层医务人员无法满足“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策提出的具体工作要求;“三高共管 六病同防”政策实施过程中增加了医务人员的工作量,但尚未落实激励机制,导致医务人员的工作积极性降低、工作满意度下降,影响“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策的进一步实施;最后,现阶段“三高共管 六病同防”政策虽已打通了三高系统、家庭医生签约服务系统和基本公共卫生服务系统,但与医院信息系统(hospital information system,HIS)系统尚未形成点对点的连接,医务人员无法通过三高系统直接抓取患者在各医疗机构的就诊信息,这使得在诊疗过程中医务人员需要登录多个信息系统对患者的病情进行查看和记录,增加了医务人员的工作量以及病人的等候时间,导致双方的满意度均有所下降。
面对“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策在实施过程中存在的基层卫生人力不足等问题需要通过政策的引导,鼓励医学毕业生到基层工作,扩大基层卫生人力队伍;对现有的医务人员,要有计划地进行培训,通过建设基层名医工作站等形式引导更多优质资源下沉基层,提高基层慢性病综合服务能力;增加政府和社会的投资力度,提高基层卫生机构的工作条件,达到留住人才、吸引人才的目的[23]。山东省政府要完善激励政策,通过设置合理的绩效工资比重、提供培训和晋升的机会等形式激发医务人员的工作热情和满意度[25],提高医务人员参与“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策的积极性。要进一步完善信息化建设,加大信息化建设投资力度。通过政策引导各信息平台之间相互合作,力争做到不同卫生信息系统之间的互联互通,提高医务人员工作效率。
通过舆论引导和宣传提高公众和医务人员对“三高共管 六病同防”的认同感和配合度,推进“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理政策的有效落实。为提高公众对“三高共管 六病同防”的认知程度以及依从性,应发挥舆论引导作用,借助短视频平台强调“三高”疾病的严重性。医务人员也应通过编写健康宣教手册、微信公众号等方法在基层组织健康宣教,提高患者对“三高”及其预防和治疗措施的认识,激发患者依从治疗方案的积极性,保障“三高共管 六病同防”慢性病管理模式的有效开展。针对医务人员也要通过组织“三高共管”培训,开展线上线下的业务讲座,提高基层医务人员对“三高共管”规范、流程、标准、制度等的认识。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1143951
  • 接收时间:2024-01-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-04
  • 修回日期:2024-05-17
  • 录用日期:2024-11-08
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    1山东大学齐鲁医学院公共卫生学院卫生管理与政策研究中心,济南 250012
    2国家卫生健康委员会卫生经济与政策研究重点实验室(山东大学),济南 250012
    3山东省疾病预防控制中心健康管理所,济南 250014
    4青岛市城阳区人民医院,青岛 266109
    5新南威尔士大学乔治全球健康研究院,悉尼 2050
    6墨尔本大学人口与全球健康学院,墨尔本 3010

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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