Article(id=1321170108953768492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321170080579301694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145410, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725206400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-02, revisedDate=1728403200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-09, acceptedDate=1731945600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-19, onlineDate=1792921100128, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921100128, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921100128, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921100128, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321170080579301694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736438400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921093363, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921093363, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=55, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170110673433133, articleId=1321170108953768492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=The correlation between early or late natural menopausal age and muscle mass percentage and bone mass percentage in postmenopausal women, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the correlation between early or late natural menopausal age and muscle mass percentage and bone mass percentage in postmenopausal women, and to provide a reference for health care of postmenopausal women.

Methods

A total of 2 059 naturally menopausal women were selected from the Guangzhou Chronic Disease Prospective Cohort Study of Middle-aged and Elderly People. Baseline survey data were collected from November 2017 to January 2020, including general demographic characteristics, female physiological data, and body composition indicators such as muscle mass percentage and bone mass. Generalized linear models were used for data analysis.

Results

The average age and average menopausal age of the participants were (59.1±5.1) years and (50.4±2.9) years, respectively. After adjusting for relevant confounding factors, compared with the normal menopausal age group, both the early menopausal age group (β=–1.02, 95%CI: –1.83 to –0.21) and the late menopausal age group (β=–0.75, 95% CI: –1.43 to –0.06) were associated with decreased muscle mass percentage (both P values <0.05). No association was found between early or late menopausal age and bone mass percentage.

Conclusions

Early or late natural menopause is associated with decreased muscle mass percentage in postmenopausal women, but not with bone mass percentage.

, authors=Jiaoling LUO1, Weisen ZHANG2, Zhihao CHAI1, Feng ZHU2, Tong ZHU2, Yali JIN2, Jing PAN2, Chaoqiang JIANG2, authorsList=Jiaoling LUO, Weisen ZHANG, Zhihao CHAI, Feng ZHU, Tong ZHU, Yali JIN, Jing PAN, Chaoqiang JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weisen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Weisen, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170111470350898, articleId=1321170108953768492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=绝经年龄与绝经后肌肉率和骨量占比关系, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析女性自然绝经年龄提前或延迟与绝经后肌肉率和骨量占比的相关性,为绝经后女性健康保健提供参考。

方法

从广州中老年人慢性病前瞻性队列研究中选取2059名自然绝经女性为研究对象,2017年11月—2020年1月基线调查收集一般人口特征指标和女性生理数据,测量肌肉率和骨量等体成分指标;采用广义线性模型进行数据分析。

结果

研究对象平均年龄和平均绝经年龄分别为(59.1±5.1)和(50.4±2.9)岁。调整相关混杂因素后,与绝经年龄正常组比,绝经年龄提前组(β=–1.02,95%CI=–1.83~–0.21)和延迟组(β=–0.75,95%CI=–1.43~–0.06)均与肌肉率减少相关(P值均<0.05)。未发现绝经年龄提前或延迟与骨量占比相关。

结论

自然绝经年龄提前或延迟与绝经后肌肉率减少相关,与骨量占比无关。

, authors=罗娇玲1, 张维森2, *, *, 柴智浩1, 朱峰2, 朱彤2, 靳雅丽2, 潘静2, 江朝强2, authorsList=罗娇玲, 张维森, 柴智浩, 朱峰, 朱彤, 靳雅丽, 潘静, 江朝强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张维森, authorNote=

罗娇玲(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:慢性非传染性疾病

, correspAuthorsNote=
张维森,E–mail:
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Comparison of general demographic characteristics of the study subjects in different natural menopausal age groups by marital status, education level, occupation, annual family income, smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habit, physical activity, age of menarche, number of children born

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变量自然绝经年龄/岁χ2值P值
≤45(n=120)46~54(n=1 762)≥55(n=177)
人数构成比/%人数构成比/%人数构成比/%
婚姻状况4.3660.113
 已婚10285.01 58790.115487.0
 单身1815.01759.92313.0
文化程度11.0770.086
 小学及以下1714.21317.4158.4
 初中1915.834219.42916.4
 高中6655.01 00256.99553.7
 大专及以上1815.028716.33821.5
职业14.0490.007
 手工作业5848.376243.26134.5
 非手工作业3226.747927.27039.5
 其他3025.052129.64626.0
家庭年收入/万元4.4000.355
 <7.05747.573541.78648.6
 ≥7.06251.71 01357.59050.8
 不确定10.8140.810.6
吸烟3.3550.500
 不吸烟11696.71 67094.816693.8
 戒烟32.5844.8116.2
 目前吸烟10.880.400.0
饮酒8.0870.088
 不饮酒8470.01 31074.311766.1
 戒酒2823.332618.54022.6
 目前饮酒86.71267.22011.3
饮食习惯5.6380.465
 没有什么限制5848.390651.48145.8
 多吃肉类54.2402.342.2
 多吃蔬菜水果4436.768338.87743.5
 特别饮食 a1310.81337.5158.5
体力活动4.1150.391
 低3125.842023.85430.5
 中8671.71 29673.611866.7
 高32.5462.652.8
初潮年龄/岁5.8200.444
 <132420.038621.93922.0
 13~168671.71 19467.811464.4
 >16108.31729.82111.9
 未知00.0100.631.7
生育孩子数/个4.3570.628
 097.51237.0105.7
 19680.01 37077.713978.5
 2119.220411.6179.6
 ≥343.3653.7116.2
), ArticleFig(id=1321170115916313194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170108953768492, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同自然绝经年龄组一般人口学特征比较

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变量自然绝经年龄/岁χ2值P值
≤45(n=120)46~54(n=1 762)≥55(n=177)
人数构成比/%人数构成比/%人数构成比/%
婚姻状况4.3660.113
 已婚10285.01 58790.115487.0
 单身1815.01759.92313.0
文化程度11.0770.086
 小学及以下1714.21317.4158.4
 初中1915.834219.42916.4
 高中6655.01 00256.99553.7
 大专及以上1815.028716.33821.5
职业14.0490.007
 手工作业5848.376243.26134.5
 非手工作业3226.747927.27039.5
 其他3025.052129.64626.0
家庭年收入/万元4.4000.355
 <7.05747.573541.78648.6
 ≥7.06251.71 01357.59050.8
 不确定10.8140.810.6
吸烟3.3550.500
 不吸烟11696.71 67094.816693.8
 戒烟32.5844.8116.2
 目前吸烟10.880.400.0
饮酒8.0870.088
 不饮酒8470.01 31074.311766.1
 戒酒2823.332618.54022.6
 目前饮酒86.71267.22011.3
饮食习惯5.6380.465
 没有什么限制5848.390651.48145.8
 多吃肉类54.2402.342.2
 多吃蔬菜水果4436.768338.87743.5
 特别饮食 a1310.81337.5158.5
体力活动4.1150.391
 低3125.842023.85430.5
 中8671.71 29673.611866.7
 高32.5462.652.8
初潮年龄/岁5.8200.444
 <132420.038621.93922.0
 13~168671.71 19467.811464.4
 >16108.31729.82111.9
 未知00.0100.631.7
生育孩子数/个4.3570.628
 097.51237.0105.7
 19680.01 37077.713978.5
 2119.220411.6179.6
 ≥343.3653.7116.2
), ArticleFig(id=1321170116000199275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170108953768492, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of intergroup differences in muscle rate and bone mass percentage for different demographic characteristics of the study subjects (analysis of variance)

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变量分类肌肉率/%骨量占比/%变量分类肌肉率/%骨量占比/%
婚姻状况已婚63.1±4.53.8±1.1饮酒不饮酒63.1±4.53.8±1.2
单身62.9±4.33.8±0.7戒酒62.9±4.43.8±0.6
F值0.3030.255目前饮酒63.1±4.23.8±0.3
P值0.5820.614F值0.6850.408
文化程度≤小学61.4±4.43.6±0.3P值0.5040.665
初中62.8±4.33.7±0.4饮食习惯没有什么限制63.2±4.43.9±1.4
高中63.1±4.43.8±1.4多吃肉类63.0±5.73.8±0.3
≥大专64.1±4.63.9±0.3多吃蔬菜水果62.9±4.43.8±0.4
F值14.5802.540特别饮食 a63.4±4.43.8±0.3
P值<0.0010.055F值1.2110.930
F值趋势检验40.0776.467P值0.3040.425
P值趋势检验<0.0010.011体力活动低63.4±4.33.8±0.3
职业手工作业63.0±4.43.8±0.5中62.9±4.53.8±1.2
非手工作业63.5±4.43.8±0.3高64.3±4.44.0±1.4
其他62.8±4.53.9±1.9F值3.7280.982
F值3.8651.179P值0.0240.375
P值0.0210.308F值趋势检验0.7331.306
家庭年收入/万元<7.063.0±4.43.8±1.2P值趋势检验0.3920.253
≥7.063.1±4.53.8±0.9初潮年龄/岁<1363.2±4.43.9±1.3
不确定62.7±4.03.8±0.313~1663.1±4.43.8±1.0
F值0.1490.020>1662.9±4.53.7±0.3
P值0.8620.980未知62.9±3.83.7±0.3
吸烟不吸烟63.1±4.43.8±1.1F值0.1750.570
戒烟62.4±4.63.7±0.3P值0.9130.635
目前吸烟64.7±5.13.8±0.3生育孩子数/个063.7±4.63.9±1.1
F值1.9140.247163.2±4.43.8±1.2
P值0.1480.781262.5±4.33.7±0.3
≥361.5±4.23.6±0.2
F值6.0591.625
P值<0.0010.182
F值趋势检验17.6894.829
P值趋势检验<0.0010.028
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研究对象不同人口学特征的肌肉率和骨量占比组间差异比较

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变量分类肌肉率/%骨量占比/%变量分类肌肉率/%骨量占比/%
婚姻状况已婚63.1±4.53.8±1.1饮酒不饮酒63.1±4.53.8±1.2
单身62.9±4.33.8±0.7戒酒62.9±4.43.8±0.6
F值0.3030.255目前饮酒63.1±4.23.8±0.3
P值0.5820.614F值0.6850.408
文化程度≤小学61.4±4.43.6±0.3P值0.5040.665
初中62.8±4.33.7±0.4饮食习惯没有什么限制63.2±4.43.9±1.4
高中63.1±4.43.8±1.4多吃肉类63.0±5.73.8±0.3
≥大专64.1±4.63.9±0.3多吃蔬菜水果62.9±4.43.8±0.4
F值14.5802.540特别饮食 a63.4±4.43.8±0.3
P值<0.0010.055F值1.2110.930
F值趋势检验40.0776.467P值0.3040.425
P值趋势检验<0.0010.011体力活动低63.4±4.33.8±0.3
职业手工作业63.0±4.43.8±0.5中62.9±4.53.8±1.2
非手工作业63.5±4.43.8±0.3高64.3±4.44.0±1.4
其他62.8±4.53.9±1.9F值3.7280.982
F值3.8651.179P值0.0240.375
P值0.0210.308F值趋势检验0.7331.306
家庭年收入/万元<7.063.0±4.43.8±1.2P值趋势检验0.3920.253
≥7.063.1±4.53.8±0.9初潮年龄/岁<1363.2±4.43.9±1.3
不确定62.7±4.03.8±0.313~1663.1±4.43.8±1.0
F值0.1490.020>1662.9±4.53.7±0.3
P值0.8620.980未知62.9±3.83.7±0.3
吸烟不吸烟63.1±4.43.8±1.1F值0.1750.570
戒烟62.4±4.63.7±0.3P值0.9130.635
目前吸烟64.7±5.13.8±0.3生育孩子数/个063.7±4.63.9±1.1
F值1.9140.247163.2±4.43.8±1.2
P值0.1480.781262.5±4.33.7±0.3
≥361.5±4.23.6±0.2
F值6.0591.625
P值<0.0010.182
F值趋势检验17.6894.829
P值趋势检验<0.0010.028
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Correlation between menopausal age and postmenopausal muscle ratio and bone mass percentage(generalized linear regression model)

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项目绝经年龄/岁对照组/岁肌肉率/%骨量占比/%
β值95%CIβ值95%CI
粗模型(未调整)≤4546~54–1.08–1.90~–0.26 a–0.09–0.29~0.11
≥55–0.86–1.54~–0.17 a–0.07–0.24~0.09
模型1≤4546~54–1.01–1.82~–0.20 a–0.08–0.28~0.12
≥55–0.76–1.44~–0.07 a–0.04–0.21~0.13
模型2≤4546~54–1.02–1.83~–0.21 a–0.09–0.28~0.11
≥55–0.75–1.43~–0.06 a–0.04–0.21~0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1321170116272829038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170108953768492, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

绝经年龄与绝经后肌肉率和骨量占比的相关性(广义线性回归模型)

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项目绝经年龄/岁对照组/岁肌肉率/%骨量占比/%
β值95%CIβ值95%CI
粗模型(未调整)≤4546~54–1.08–1.90~–0.26 a–0.09–0.29~0.11
≥55–0.86–1.54~–0.17 a–0.07–0.24~0.09
模型1≤4546~54–1.01–1.82~–0.20 a–0.08–0.28~0.12
≥55–0.76–1.44~–0.07 a–0.04–0.21~0.13
模型2≤4546~54–1.02–1.83~–0.21 a–0.09–0.28~0.11
≥55–0.75–1.43~–0.06 a–0.04–0.21~0.13
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绝经年龄与绝经后肌肉率和骨量占比关系
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罗娇玲 1 , 张维森 2, *, * , 柴智浩 1 , 朱峰 2 , 朱彤 2 , 靳雅丽 2 , 潘静 2 , 江朝强 2
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(1): 55-60
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (1) : 55 -60
绝经年龄与绝经后肌肉率和骨量占比关系
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罗娇玲1, 张维森2, *, * , 柴智浩1, 朱峰2, 朱彤2, 靳雅丽2, 潘静2, 江朝强2
作者信息
  • 1广州医科大学附属市十二人民医院分子流行病学研究室,广州 510620
  • 2广州市第十二人民医院广州生物库队列研究组,广州 510620
通讯作者:
张维森,E–mail:
作者简介:

罗娇玲(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:慢性非传染性疾病

The correlation between early or late natural menopausal age and muscle mass percentage and bone mass percentage in postmenopausal women
Jiaoling LUO1, Weisen ZHANG2 , Zhihao CHAI1, Feng ZHU2, Tong ZHU2, Yali JIN2, Jing PAN2, Chaoqiang JIANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Twelfth People's Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510620, China
  • 2Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Research Group, Guangzhou Twelfth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou 510620, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Weisen, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-01-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145410
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目的

分析女性自然绝经年龄提前或延迟与绝经后肌肉率和骨量占比的相关性,为绝经后女性健康保健提供参考。

方法

从广州中老年人慢性病前瞻性队列研究中选取2059名自然绝经女性为研究对象,2017年11月—2020年1月基线调查收集一般人口特征指标和女性生理数据,测量肌肉率和骨量等体成分指标;采用广义线性模型进行数据分析。

结果

研究对象平均年龄和平均绝经年龄分别为(59.1±5.1)和(50.4±2.9)岁。调整相关混杂因素后,与绝经年龄正常组比,绝经年龄提前组(β=–1.02,95%CI=–1.83~–0.21)和延迟组(β=–0.75,95%CI=–1.43~–0.06)均与肌肉率减少相关(P值均<0.05)。未发现绝经年龄提前或延迟与骨量占比相关。

结论

自然绝经年龄提前或延迟与绝经后肌肉率减少相关,与骨量占比无关。

绝经年龄  /  肌肉率  /  骨量占比  /  中老年妇女
Objective

To analyze the correlation between early or late natural menopausal age and muscle mass percentage and bone mass percentage in postmenopausal women, and to provide a reference for health care of postmenopausal women.

Methods

A total of 2 059 naturally menopausal women were selected from the Guangzhou Chronic Disease Prospective Cohort Study of Middle-aged and Elderly People. Baseline survey data were collected from November 2017 to January 2020, including general demographic characteristics, female physiological data, and body composition indicators such as muscle mass percentage and bone mass. Generalized linear models were used for data analysis.

Results

The average age and average menopausal age of the participants were (59.1±5.1) years and (50.4±2.9) years, respectively. After adjusting for relevant confounding factors, compared with the normal menopausal age group, both the early menopausal age group (β=–1.02, 95%CI: –1.83 to –0.21) and the late menopausal age group (β=–0.75, 95% CI: –1.43 to –0.06) were associated with decreased muscle mass percentage (both P values <0.05). No association was found between early or late menopausal age and bone mass percentage.

Conclusions

Early or late natural menopause is associated with decreased muscle mass percentage in postmenopausal women, but not with bone mass percentage.

menopausal age  /  muscle ratio  /  bone mass percentage  /  middle-aged and elderly women
罗娇玲, 张维森, 柴智浩, 朱峰, 朱彤, 靳雅丽, 潘静, 江朝强. 绝经年龄与绝经后肌肉率和骨量占比关系. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (1) : 55 -60 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145410
Jiaoling LUO, Weisen ZHANG, Zhihao CHAI, Feng ZHU, Tong ZHU, Yali JIN, Jing PAN, Chaoqiang JIANG. The correlation between early or late natural menopausal age and muscle mass percentage and bone mass percentage in postmenopausal women[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (1) : 55 -60 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145410
肌肉质量和骨量减少会造成中老年女性生活自理能力下降,导致跌倒、功能减退[1]、感染[2]和死亡[3]风险增加,带来沉重的经济和医疗负担。女性绝经与肌肉和骨代谢相关,研究发现,绝经后女性骨骼肌肉质量下降,骨质疏松、少肌症等疾病的发病率明显上升,超过20%的≥65岁健康女性肌肉质量下降,7.6%的人会出现肌力下降[4]。但国内外关于过早或过晚绝经与绝经后肌肉率和骨量占比的相关性研究报道甚少,来自西欧的研究仅发现过早绝经与少肌症或肌肉力量降低有关[5],未能进一步分析绝经年龄延迟与肌肉质量的相关性。为此,基于本研究团队开展的国家重点研发计划项目子课题“广州中老年人慢性病前瞻性队列研究”,利用其基线数据,在此前研究发现肌肉率与代谢综合征相关基础上[6],选择其中自然绝经后女性为研究对象,分析绝经年龄提前或延迟与肌肉率和骨量占比的关系,以期为绝经后女性健康保健提供参考。
研究对象来自2017年11月—2020年1月国家重点研发项目子课题“广州中老年人慢性病前瞻性队列研究”,该研究招募条件:广州户籍居民,年龄≥50岁,能自行前往项目单位,自愿参与免费体检和问卷调查,共新招募10 512名新成员,其中女性7 508人,自然绝经5 385人(排除有子宫、卵巢或乳腺切除史,以及性激素替代治疗史者)。有2 516人自然绝经女性测量了肌肉质量和骨量等体成分指标。本研究在排除了其中457名相关指标缺失者,最终将2 059名完成体成分测量的自然绝经≥50岁女性纳入最终分析。本研究经广州市第十二人民医院医学伦理委员会审查批准(批准号:2017002),所有研究对象了解研究内容,知情并同意参与。
(1)问卷调查:参考国家示范队列和广州生物库队列研究问卷,制定标准化的电子问卷。通过面对面方式进行调查。内容包括性别、年龄,婚姻状况、文化程度、职业及家庭年收入等社会经济状况,以及吸烟、饮酒、日常体力活动和饮食习惯等生活方式,同时调查女性生育和生理健康状况,包括绝经年龄、初潮年龄、生育孩子数、是否使用过激素替代治疗、妇科疾病史等。(2)体重和体成分测量采用日本TANITA百利达BC-567人体成分分析仪,读数精确至小数点后1位。
(1)自然绝经年龄分提前(≤45岁)、正常(46~54岁)和推迟(≥55岁)[7–8]。(2)肌肉率=肌肉质量(kg)/体重(kg)×100%。(3)骨量占比(%)=骨量(kg)/体重(kg)×100%。(4)职业划分将工人、农林牧渔劳动者、销售及服务行业人员归类为手工作业,将行政管理人员、专业技术人员、军人警察归类为非手工作业,家庭主妇、无职业者等列为其他职业[9]。(5)吸烟状态:不吸烟指以前或现在都不吸烟,戒烟指以前曾经吸烟但已戒烟超过1年,目前吸烟指平均每天吸烟超过1支且达1年以上[10]。(6)饮酒状态:不饮酒指以前或现在都不饮酒,戒酒指曾经饮酒但已经戒酒超过1年,目前饮酒指过去1年有饮酒行为[11]。(7)体力活动:采用简版国际体力活动问卷(IPAQ)[12],根据其过去7 d不同强度活动类型的活动天数和时间计算总的代谢能量值(MET),然后按3分类将体力活动MET划分为低、中、高3组。
采用 SPSS 28.0 软件进行分析,计数资料用例数、构成比表示,组间构成差异采用χ2检验。计量资料用$\bar x \pm s$表示,组间差异采用方差分析;分析调整相关混杂因素后自然绝经年龄提前或推迟与肌肉率和骨量占比的相关性采用广义线性模型,检验水准取α=0.05。
共纳入研究对象2 059人,平均年龄为(59.1 ±5.1)岁,平均绝经年龄为(50.4±2.9)岁。在自然绝经年龄各组中比较,仅职业构成的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其他指标包括婚姻状况、教育水平、家庭年收入吸烟、饮酒饮食习惯、体力活动、初潮年龄和生育孩子数的构成差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
不同文化程度、职业、体力活动和生育孩子数的肌肉率组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),而骨量占比组间比较差异无统计学意义。肌肉率和骨量占比均随文化程度的提高而增加,但肌肉率和骨量占比随生育孩子数的增加而减少(趋势检验P值均<0.05)。其他指标,包括婚姻状况、家庭年收入、吸烟、饮酒、饮食习惯和初潮年龄的肌肉率和骨量占比的组间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
调整年龄、社会经济状况(婚姻状况、文化程度、职业、家庭年收入)、生活方式(吸烟、饮酒、饮食习惯、体力活动)和初潮年龄、生育孩子数后,与自然绝经年龄正常比较,绝经年龄提前(β=–1.02, 95%CI=–1.83~–0.21)或延迟(β=–0.75,95%CI=–1.43~–0.06)均与肌肉率的减少相关(P值均<0.05),未发现绝经年龄提前或延迟与骨量占比有关。
本研究发现,绝经年龄提前或推迟均增加绝经后肌肉率减少的风险,与骨量占比无关联。有研究表明,绝经年龄提前与少肌症和肌肉力量差有关。一项对493名40~89岁西班牙女性的研究发现[13],45岁以前绝经的女性患肌肉减少症的概率更高;另一项对756名波兰女性的研究则发现[5],在50~70岁年龄段中,绝经年龄<50岁的受试者肌肉力量明显低于50岁以后绝经的受试者。以上研究均未能进一步分析绝经年龄延迟与肌肉质量或肌肉力量的相关性,这可能与研究对象来源不同以及人数较少等有关。Velez M P等[14]从国际老龄化流动性研究(IMIAS)中选取775名来自阿尔巴尼亚、巴西、哥伦比亚和加拿大的绝经后女性(65~74岁)进行回顾性队列研究,结果发现,绝经年龄过早者(<40岁)握力较低,绝经年龄延迟者(≥55岁)步行速度较快;研究进一步分析发现,仅发现阿尔巴尼亚和拉丁美洲妇女绝经年龄与握力有关,在阿尔巴尼亚妇女发现绝经年龄与步行速度有关,而在加拿大妇女中未观察到任何关联;研究提示,过早或过晚绝经不仅导致肌肉功能变差,也会使女性身体其他机能降低,继而影响其身体功能及生活质量。肌肉率减少意味着肌肉质量减少,肌肉质量减少可表现出握力降低,行走速度下降,因此,该研究结论与本研究结果类似。
绝经后女性卵巢功能逐渐衰退,而雌激素大部分由卵巢分泌,因此雌激素波动性下降,体内的促性腺激素波动性上升[15–16]。由于循环雌激素和黄体酮的减少,绝经后女性的性激素会发生显著变化[17–18],其身体成分如脂肪、肌肉、骨骼与肌肉力量也会发生变化,易出现脂肪增加、腹部脂肪堆积、肌肉质量减少和肌肉力量下降的情况[15, 19]。而17 β–雌二醇是肌肉能量通路的上游调节因子,绝经后卵巢功能的丧失导致17 β–雌二醇循环水平降低,骨骼肌肉质量下降,瘦体重减少[17]。骨骼肌减少症多数机制均与内脏肥胖有关[20],而绝经年龄提前或推迟均增加肥胖的风险。绝经年龄提前往往预示着卵巢早衰,雌激素接触时间缩短,低水平雌激素影响身体功能和肌肉质量,雌激素受体α较少或活性较低,交感神经系统激活棕色脂肪组织产热降低,抑制能量消耗和增加食欲,进而导致体脂增加,以及影响脂肪组织分布,有利于腹部脂肪的积累[21]。绝经年龄延迟与高雌激素水平有关,雌激素水平过高,会抑制人体肌细胞中基础代谢和胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖氧化,从而增加脂肪累积的风险[22– 23]。一些研究表明,脂肪细胞可以通过释放IL-6和TNF-α促进脂肪量的积累损害肌肉功能,从而导致骨骼肌减少症[24–25]。过早绝经可能与围生期病史、早期社会生殖结果和逆境以及成年期社会和健康状况不佳等因素有关[14]。此外,绝经年龄提前或延迟也可能与不良的饮食习惯或其他生育因素有关,如绝经年龄较晚可能与胎次增多[26]、肉类消费过多等有关[27],这些对女性肌肉质量也造成一定的间接影响。不过,自然绝经年龄提前与推迟与绝经后肌肉质量减少关联的机制仍有待进一步探究。
本研究选择来自社区常住居民为研究对象,样本量相对较大,且综合考虑了相关混杂因素并进行调整,研究结果较为客观全面。但研究也有不足。首先,通过问卷调查获取自然绝经年龄可能存在回忆偏倚,但女性绝经标志比较明显,一般来说记忆深刻,因此,导致回忆偏倚的可能性较小。其次,本研究利用队列基线数据进行横断面研究,无法得出因果关系结论,后续还需在前瞻性队列研究中加以验证。
综上所述,本研究发现自然绝经年龄提前或延迟均可增加绝经后中老年女性肌肉率减少风险,未发现与骨量占比减少相关。研究结果对促进绝经后妇女健康保健有积极的参考作用。绝经年龄提前或延迟的女性,建议采用饮食调节和适当运动等方式加以干预,尽早预防肌肉过早退化。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145410
  • 接收时间:2024-09-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-02
  • 修回日期:2024-10-09
  • 录用日期:2024-11-19
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    1广州医科大学附属市十二人民医院分子流行病学研究室,广州 510620
    2广州市第十二人民医院广州生物库队列研究组,广州 510620

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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