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Article(id=1321170102460989801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169992024961657, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145671, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723478400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-13, revisedDate=1733068800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-02, acceptedDate=1739289600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-12, onlineDate=1792921098579, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921098579, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921098579, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921098579, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169992024961657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='385', pageEnd='512', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744214400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921072250, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921072250, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=443, endPage=451, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170102721036650, articleId=1321170102460989801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Dietary intake and prevalence of chronic disease comorbidity among adults aged 65 years and over in China in 2015, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To compare and analyze the regional differences in dietary and nutrient intake and the prevalence of chronic disease comorbidities among Chinese adults aged 65 years and over in 2015.

Methods

Data were collected from the 2015 China National Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance, with a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method across 298 monitoring sites in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China. A total of 35 873 individuals were included in the survey, with 14 214 participating in the dietary survey, categorized into seven regions of China (north China, northeast China, east China, central China, south China, southwest China, and northwest China). Dietary intake data were collected using a continuous 3-day 24-hour dietary recall combined with weighing methods. Food categories were classified according to the China Food Composition Table, and energy and nutrient intakes were calculated.

Results

Elderly people in south China had higher daily intakes of rice and rice products (245.2 g/d), fresh vegetables (277.0 g/d), livestock and poultry meat (130.7 g/d), fish and shrimp (37.8 g/d), protein (55.0 g/d), vitamin A (262.0 μg/d), vitamin B2 (0.7 mg/d), vitamin C (84.0 mg/d), zinc (9.5 mg/d), and selenium (37.4 mg/d). Elderly people in northwest China had higher daily intakes of wheat flour and wheat products (186.9 g/d), cooking salt (9.6 g/d), carbohydrates (248.5 g/d), vitamin B1 (0.8 mg/d), and vitamin E (53.7 mg/d). Older adults in north China had higher daily intakes of wheat flour and wheat products (184.3 g/d), whole grains and legumes (41.6 g/d), eggs (29.4 g/d), dairy (30.5 g/d), carbohydrates (241.6 g/d), dietary fiber (10.1 g/d), vitamin B1 (0.8 mg/d), and magnesium (254.2 mg/d). Older adults in east China had higher daily intakes of fresh vegetables (269.3 g/d), soybeans and nuts (18.3 g/d), dairy (25.2 g/d), fish and shrimp (37.6 g/d), protein (55.7 g/d), dietary fiber (9.7 g/d), vitamin A (280.4 μg/d), vitamin B2 (0.7 mg/d), vitamin C (82.7 mg/d), folate (166.6 μg/d), calcium (388.7 mg/d), potassium (1 449.3 mg/d), iron (18.6 mg/d), and selenium (37.3 mg/d). Older adults in northeast China had higher daily intakes of tubers (64.7 g/d), fresh fruit (62.0 g/d), and dairy (30.3 g/d). Older adults in central China had higher daily intakes of fresh vegetables (281.7 g/d), cooking salt (9.7 g/d), cooking oil (45.2 g/d), dietary fiber (9.6 g/d), vitamin C (78.3 mg/d), sodium (5 803.6 mg/d), and iron (19.0 mg/d). Older adults in southwest China had higher daily intakes of fresh vegetables (260.6 g/d), cooking oil (49.8 g/d), energy (1 821.5 kcal/d), fat (78.8 g/d), and zinc (9.4 mg/d). The prevalence rates of two and three chronic disease comorbidities among older adults were 24.7% and 20.6%, respectively. Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were observed across the seven regions in the prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension combined with neck or lumbar disease, hypertension combined with stomach disease, hypertension combined with diabetes and dyslipidemia, and hypertension combined with hyperuricemia and dyslipidemia.

Conclusions

Regional differences exist in the intake of major foods and dietary nutrients, as well as in the prevalence of certain chronic disease comorbidities, among elderly people in the seven regions of China in 2015.

, authors=Jiaxi LI1, Hongyun FANG1, 2, Weiyi GONG1, Pengfei WANG1, Xingxing WU1, Lei HUA1, Lahong JU1, 2, authorsList=Jiaxi LI, Hongyun FANG, Weiyi GONG, Pengfei WANG, Xingxing WU, Lei HUA, Lahong JU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lahong JU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
JU Lahong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170106835648905, articleId=1321170102460989801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2015年中国≥65岁老年人膳食摄入及慢性病共病流行现状, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

比较分析2015年中国≥65岁老年人膳食和营养素摄入状况以及慢性病共病流行情况的区域差异。

方法

采集2015年中国成人慢性病与营养监测的数据，以多阶段分层整群抽样法在我国31个省（自治区、直辖市）抽取298个监测点开展营养健康监测。按照中国7类地区（华北、东北、华东、华中、华南、西南、西北）划分方法，纳入调查对象共35 873人，参与膳食调查14 214人。采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法和称重法收集膳食摄入数据，按中国食物成分表划分食物种类并计算能量和营养素摄入量。

结果

华南地区老年人米及其制品（245.2 g/d）、新鲜蔬菜（277.0 g/d）、畜禽肉（130.7 g/d）、鱼虾类食物（37.8 g/d）、蛋白质（55.0 g/d）、维生素A（262.0 μg/d）、维生素B2（0.7 mg/d）、维生素C（84.0 mg/d）、锌（9.5 mg/d）和硒（37.4 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高；西北地区老年人面及其制品（186.9 g/d）、烹调盐（9.6 g/d）、碳水化合物（248.5 g/d）、维生素B1（0.8 mg/d）和维生素E（53.7 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高；华北地区老年人面及其制品（184.3 g/d）、全谷物及杂豆类（41.6 g/d）、蛋类（29.4 g/d）、奶类（30.5 g/d）、碳水化合物（241.6 g/d）、膳食纤维（10.1 g/d）、维生素B1（0.8 mg/d）和镁（254.2 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高；华东地区老年人新鲜蔬菜（269.3 g/d）、大豆及坚果 （18.3 g/d）、奶类（25.2 g/d）、鱼虾类（37.6 g/d）、蛋白质（55.7 g/d）、膳食纤维（9.7 g/d）、维生素A（280.4 μg/d）、维生素B2（0.7 mg/d）、维生素C（82.7 mg/d）、叶酸（166.6 μg/d）、钙（388.7 mg/d）、钾（1 449.3 mg/d）、铁（18.6 mg/d）和硒（37.3 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高；东北地区老年人薯类（64.7 g/d）、新鲜水果（62.0 g/d）和奶类（30.3 g/d）的日均摄入量较高；华中地区老年人新鲜蔬菜（281.7 g/d）、烹调盐（9.7 g/d）、烹调油（45.2 g/d）、膳食纤维（9.6 g/d）、维生素C（78.3 mg/d）、钠（5 803.6 mg/d）和铁（19.0 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高；西南地区老年人新鲜蔬菜（260.6 g/d）、烹调油（49.8 g/d）、能量（1 821.5 kcal/d）、脂肪（78.8 g/d）和锌（9.4 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高。老年人二元和三元慢性病共病患病率分别为24.7%和20.6%，高血压+颈腰部疾病、高血压+胃病、高血压+糖尿病+血脂异常、高血压+高尿酸血症+血脂异常等共病在7类地区间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。

结论

2015年我国7类地区老年人主要食物和膳食营养素摄入以及部分慢性病共病患病率存在区域性差异。

, authors=李佳玺1, 房红芸1, 2, 公维一1, 王鹏飞1, 伍星星1, 华蕾1, 琚腊红1, 2, *, *, authorsList=李佳玺, 房红芸, 公维一, 王鹏飞, 伍星星, 华蕾, 琚腊红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=琚腊红, authorNote=

李佳玺（2001—），硕士在读，研究方向：营养与健康流行病学

, correspAuthorsNote=
琚腊红，E-mail：
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李佳玺（2001—），硕士在读，研究方向：营养与健康流行病学

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李佳玺（2001—），硕士在读，研究方向：营养与健康流行病学

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Exposure and Health, 2021, 13(2): 219-227., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321170107070529930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170107078918539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, companyId=1321170107070529930, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170107087307148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, companyId=1321170107070529930, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所，北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321170107162804621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170107171193230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, companyId=1321170107162804621, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2NHC Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321170107179581839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, companyId=1321170107162804621, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2国家卫生健康委公共营养与健康重点实验室，北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321170111302582717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Number and composition of older adults surveyed in seven regions of China in 2015

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地理位置总样本量样本调查
人数构成比/%人数构成比/%
华中4 73513.21 74112.2
华北4 92213.71 74212.3
华东9 98527.84 25729.9
华南3 72310.41 55711.0
西北3 73610.41 73112.2
西南5 66515.81 96113.8
东北3 1078.71 2258.6
合计　35 873100.014 214100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1321170111390663102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2015年中国7类地区老年人调查人数及构成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地理位置总样本量样本调查
人数构成比/%人数构成比/%
华中4 73513.21 74112.2
华北4 92213.71 74212.3
华东9 98527.84 25729.9
华南3 72310.41 55711.0
西北3 73610.41 73112.2
西南5 66515.81 96113.8
东北3 1078.71 2258.6
合计　35 873100.014 214100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1321170111478743487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of average daily intake (g/d) of major foods among the elderly in seven regions of China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食物类型华中地区华北地区华东地区华南地区
$\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75）
米及其制品118.1±105.6100.0（33.3～200.0）66.5±62.350.0（18.3～100.0）190.2±112.2183.3（101.7～266.7）245.2±106.4233.3（166.7～300.0）
面及其制品144.8±132.0108.7（46.7～215.5）184.3±106.1167.6（106.7～241.8）73.0±87.644.0（0.0～102.9）31.5±44.514.3（0.0～50.0）
全谷物及杂豆类23.2±43.30.0（0.0～33.3）41.6±58.723.3（2.2～54.3）11.7±29.10.0（0.0～10.0）5.9±18.10.0（0.0～0.0）
薯类30.6±57.20.0（0.0～42.3）46.0±72.520.0（0.0～62.5）31.9±70.80.0（0.0～37.6）14.5±41.30.0（0.0～4.9）
新鲜蔬菜281.7±179.5246.0（156.7～366.7）221.0±142.7190.0（120.0～296.7）269.3±173.1237.7（150.0～350.0）277.0±149.7260.0（183.3～346.7）
新鲜水果23.6±55.40.0（0.0～24.7）39.8±75.70.0（0.0～50.7）36.2±66.60.0（0.0～51.3）32.8±61.40.0（0.0～49.3）
大豆及坚果类15.3±23.17.7（0.0～21.7）11.1±18.63.3（0.0～15.0）18.3±26.29.2（0.0～25.6）10.3±19.90.0（0.0～12.8）
畜禽肉66.0±68.649.3（16.7～93.3）50.8±57.733.3（0.0～75.0）84.2±74.068.0（33.3～116.7）130.7±78.3120.0（75.7～173.1）
蛋类23.4±28.116.1（0.0～35.2）29.4±30.820.0（0.0～48.4）24.9±28.116.7（0.0～38.3）16.1±22.35.0（0.0～26.7）
奶类16.6±75.90.0（0.0～0.0）30.5±74.90.0（0.0～0.0）25.2±75.60.0（0.0～0.0）12.6±74.90.0（0.0～0.0）
鱼虾类18.0±32.00.0（0.0～25.3）9.6±26.70.0（0.0～0.0）37.6±52.118.0（0.0～56.7）37.8±57.616.7（0.0～56.2）
烹调油45.2±33.837.9（24.2～56.9）34.7±28.727.8（16.0～44.0）39.5±28.433.3（21.2～49.6）36.4±26.530.4（19.8～45.3）
烹调盐9.7±5.18.8（6.2～12.4）8.9±5.17.7（5.1～11.6）8.0±4.67.1（4.8～10.2）8.5±4.97.6（4.9～10.8）
食物类型西北地区西南地区东北地区P值
$\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75）
米及其制品90.8±108.556.7（16.7～113.3）215.5±98.7200.0（145.0～270.0）132.9±91.7116.7（66.7～191.7）<0.000 1
面及其制品186.9±133.0168.0（94.7～256.0）45.1±50.533.3（0.0～72.0）104.0±90.783.6（35.2～150.0）<0.000 1
全谷物及杂豆类30.8±61.70.0（0.0～36.7）7.4±19.60.0（0.0～0.0）20.0±39.70.0（0.0～21.4）<0.000 1
薯类55.3±85.731.3（0.0～80.0）31.6±63.90.0（0.0～40.0）64.7±70.550.0（12.0～90.5）<0.000 1
新鲜蔬菜169.0±124.3149.5（80.0～233.3）260.6±161.4233.3（151.7～334.1）200.3±124.4178.5（115.0～250.7）<0.000 1
新鲜水果26.7±61.90.0（0.0～23.3）18.4±48.40.0（0.0～0.0）62.0±93.418.7（0.0～95.5）<0.000 1
大豆及坚果类5.9±14.40.0（0.0～5.8）9.3±18.30.0（0.0～11.5）14.8±21.87.0（0.0～21.2）<0.000 1
畜禽肉62.0±73.940.0（3.3～88.3）111.6±88.898.0（50.0～155.3）68.8±69.350.0（16.7～100.0）<0.000 1
蛋类12.5±22.20.0（0.0～18.3）13.1±21.20.0（0.0～20.0）25.2±26.918.3（0.0～37.5）<0.000 1
奶类27.1±81.10.0（0.0～0.0）15.0±96.20.0（0.0～0.0）30.3±94.00.0（0.0～0.0）<0.000 1
鱼虾类4.6±20.40.0（0.0～0.0）21.9±46.70.0（0.0～20.8）16.5±33.10.0（0.0～20.0）<0.000 1
烹调油39.8±32.532.3（19.5～50.7）49.8±39.140.3（24.3～63.8）36.7±31.330.0（17.6～45.4）<0.000 1
烹调盐9.6±6.28.3（5.4～12.4）8.7±5.27.5（5.0～11.1）7.7±4.66.5（4.3～9.8）<0.000 1
), ArticleFig(id=1321170111566823872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

我国7类地区老年人主要食物日均摄入量比较/（g/d）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食物类型华中地区华北地区华东地区华南地区
$\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75）
米及其制品118.1±105.6100.0（33.3～200.0）66.5±62.350.0（18.3～100.0）190.2±112.2183.3（101.7～266.7）245.2±106.4233.3（166.7～300.0）
面及其制品144.8±132.0108.7（46.7～215.5）184.3±106.1167.6（106.7～241.8）73.0±87.644.0（0.0～102.9）31.5±44.514.3（0.0～50.0）
全谷物及杂豆类23.2±43.30.0（0.0～33.3）41.6±58.723.3（2.2～54.3）11.7±29.10.0（0.0～10.0）5.9±18.10.0（0.0～0.0）
薯类30.6±57.20.0（0.0～42.3）46.0±72.520.0（0.0～62.5）31.9±70.80.0（0.0～37.6）14.5±41.30.0（0.0～4.9）
新鲜蔬菜281.7±179.5246.0（156.7～366.7）221.0±142.7190.0（120.0～296.7）269.3±173.1237.7（150.0～350.0）277.0±149.7260.0（183.3～346.7）
新鲜水果23.6±55.40.0（0.0～24.7）39.8±75.70.0（0.0～50.7）36.2±66.60.0（0.0～51.3）32.8±61.40.0（0.0～49.3）
大豆及坚果类15.3±23.17.7（0.0～21.7）11.1±18.63.3（0.0～15.0）18.3±26.29.2（0.0～25.6）10.3±19.90.0（0.0～12.8）
畜禽肉66.0±68.649.3（16.7～93.3）50.8±57.733.3（0.0～75.0）84.2±74.068.0（33.3～116.7）130.7±78.3120.0（75.7～173.1）
蛋类23.4±28.116.1（0.0～35.2）29.4±30.820.0（0.0～48.4）24.9±28.116.7（0.0～38.3）16.1±22.35.0（0.0～26.7）
奶类16.6±75.90.0（0.0～0.0）30.5±74.90.0（0.0～0.0）25.2±75.60.0（0.0～0.0）12.6±74.90.0（0.0～0.0）
鱼虾类18.0±32.00.0（0.0～25.3）9.6±26.70.0（0.0～0.0）37.6±52.118.0（0.0～56.7）37.8±57.616.7（0.0～56.2）
烹调油45.2±33.837.9（24.2～56.9）34.7±28.727.8（16.0～44.0）39.5±28.433.3（21.2～49.6）36.4±26.530.4（19.8～45.3）
烹调盐9.7±5.18.8（6.2～12.4）8.9±5.17.7（5.1～11.6）8.0±4.67.1（4.8～10.2）8.5±4.97.6（4.9～10.8）
食物类型西北地区西南地区东北地区P值
$\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75）
米及其制品90.8±108.556.7（16.7～113.3）215.5±98.7200.0（145.0～270.0）132.9±91.7116.7（66.7～191.7）<0.000 1
面及其制品186.9±133.0168.0（94.7～256.0）45.1±50.533.3（0.0～72.0）104.0±90.783.6（35.2～150.0）<0.000 1
全谷物及杂豆类30.8±61.70.0（0.0～36.7）7.4±19.60.0（0.0～0.0）20.0±39.70.0（0.0～21.4）<0.000 1
薯类55.3±85.731.3（0.0～80.0）31.6±63.90.0（0.0～40.0）64.7±70.550.0（12.0～90.5）<0.000 1
新鲜蔬菜169.0±124.3149.5（80.0～233.3）260.6±161.4233.3（151.7～334.1）200.3±124.4178.5（115.0～250.7）<0.000 1
新鲜水果26.7±61.90.0（0.0～23.3）18.4±48.40.0（0.0～0.0）62.0±93.418.7（0.0～95.5）<0.000 1
大豆及坚果类5.9±14.40.0（0.0～5.8）9.3±18.30.0（0.0～11.5）14.8±21.87.0（0.0～21.2）<0.000 1
畜禽肉62.0±73.940.0（3.3～88.3）111.6±88.898.0（50.0～155.3）68.8±69.350.0（16.7～100.0）<0.000 1
蛋类12.5±22.20.0（0.0～18.3）13.1±21.20.0（0.0～20.0）25.2±26.918.3（0.0～37.5）<0.000 1
奶类27.1±81.10.0（0.0～0.0）15.0±96.20.0（0.0～0.0）30.3±94.00.0（0.0～0.0）<0.000 1
鱼虾类4.6±20.40.0（0.0～0.0）21.9±46.70.0（0.0～20.8）16.5±33.10.0（0.0～20.0）<0.000 1
烹调油39.8±32.532.3（19.5～50.7）49.8±39.140.3（24.3～63.8）36.7±31.330.0（17.6～45.4）<0.000 1
烹调盐9.6±6.28.3（5.4～12.4）8.7±5.27.5（5.0～11.1）7.7±4.66.5（4.3～9.8）<0.000 1
), ArticleFig(id=1321170111671681473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Average daily intake of energy and nutrients in older adults in seven regions of China /(g/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能量及营养素华中地区华北地区华东地区华南地区
$ \bar x \pm s$M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75）
能量/（kcal/d）1 767.6±533.91 684.5（1 390.2～2053.6）1 645.4±524.51 546.6（1 269.0～1940.1）1 764.4±537.21 689.7（1 386.2～2063.7）1 702.3±535.91 616.7（1 323.9～1 975.0）
蛋白质/（g/d）50.3±17.946.9（37.5～59.9）48.9±17.745.9（36.2～57.5）55.7±21.552.0（40.1～66.9）55.0±19.352.0（41.3～64.9）
脂肪/（g/d）69.3±36.262.4（44.7～86.4）55.4±31.150.3（35.3～67.7）65.2±32.659.4（43.3～80.7）69.6±39.462.5（45.3～85.2）
碳水化合物/（g/d）238.5±86.4225.6（179.5～281.9）241.6±84.8225.4（182.7～290.0）238.9±82.8231.1（178.8～286.2）215.0±72.2207.1（163.1～254.5）
膳食纤维/（g/d）9.6±5.48.5（6.0～11.8）10.1±5.28.9（6.5～12.4）9.7±6.58.1（6.0～11.6）7.4±6.35.9（4.4～8.6）
维生素A/（μg/d）221.5±198.9178.7（94.2～294.3）194.6±374.4143.2（68.2～253.6）280.4±400.5218.5（125.0～357.8）262.0±223.5220.1（115.7～353.7）
维生素B1/（mg/d）0.7±0.30.7（0.5～0.9）0.8±0.30.69（0.5～0.9）0.7±0.30.6（0.5～0.8）0.7±0.30.6（0.5～0.9）
维生素B2/（mg/d）0.6±0.30.6（0.4～0.7）0.6±0.30.6（0.4～0.8）0.7±0.30.6（0.5～0.8）0.7±0.30.6（0.5～0.8）
维生素C/（mg/d）78.3±78.766.8（44.8～99.0）70.0±61.959.2（34.9～89.9）82.7±109.068.8（42.9～103.7）84.0±53.176.4（47.8～110.5）
维生素E/（mg/d）30.4±20.726.0（17.0～38.4）32.8±32.824.3（16.0～37.8）27.9±18.224.2（16.1～34.7）18.0±14.015.5（9.6～22.5）
叶酸/（μg/d）146.0±103.0127.8（89.2～177.7）131.9±88.7116.1（72.7～168.9）166.6±104.6146.8（100.5～207.1）116.0±100.9100.5（62.5～147.3）
钙/（mg/d）332.5±204.5292.3（218.9～398.1）318.9±177.3276.2（204.9～383.2）388.7±214.9345.8（243.5～482.0）310.3±184.3275.9（199.3～374.9）
钾/（mg/d）1 330.1±509.81 250.2（977.0～1577.4）1 397.1±575.81 278.3（976.6～1 693.1）1 449.3±613.51 336.7（1019.7～1745.1）1 289.5±517.71182.1（935.8～1527.8）
钠/（mg/d）5803.6±2774.45697.3（3780.8～7859.0）5524.0±2784.55298.3（3477.2～7563.9）5102.3±2464.14785.0（3321.5～6673.3）5356.7±2662.85079.5（3380.7～7128.3）
镁/（mg/d）238.7±103.4221.5（174.6～278.2）254.2±103.4234.9（182.1～303.8）243.3±91.3225.9（180.3～287.1）218.0±74.0202.7（165.4～258.3）
铁/（mg/d）19.0±15.716.6（13.7～20.9）17.4±7.315.9（12.4～20.4）18.6±8.516.8（13.5～21.4）16.9±6.715.6（12.6～19.6）
锌/（mg/d）8.7±3.08.3（6.7～10.3）7.7±2.87.2（5.7～9.1）9.2±3.28.7（7.0～10.8）9.5±2.99.2（7.5～11.0）
硒/（mg/d）32.9±17.330.2（21.8～40.5）34.9±16.532.2（23.5～42.5）37.3±23.931.8（22.1～45.6）37.4±21.832.9（22.7～45.5）
续表 3
Table 3 Continued
能量及营养素西北地区西南地区东北地区P值
$\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75）
能量/（kcal/d）1 638.2±580.81 531.7（1 236.5～1935.1）1 821.5±616.41725.8（1383.8～2112.8）1560.4±490.61486.5（1 220.2～1 799.7）<0.0001
蛋白质/（g/d）46.0±17.341.9（33.4～54.9）46.9±18.343.0（33.4～55.9）48.1±19.643.8（34.3～57.2）<0.0001
脂肪/（g/d）53.3±36.045.4（31.4～63.8）78.8±48.568.9（48.0～98.3）55.5±32.449.9（34.3～68.0）<0.0001
碳水化合物/（g/d）248.5±96.0234.7（181.4～298.5）232.9±85.1217.6（173.8～274.5）220.3±75.4207.5（167.3～260.3）<0.0001
膳食纤维/（g/d）8.9±4.87.9（6.1～10.9）8.3±5.76.8（4.9～9.8）9.3±6.27.9（5.6～11.0）<0.0001
维生素A/（μg/d）167.3±395.0110.7（46.2～203.4）219.4±198.3172.5（90.3～291.2）167.5±249.3121.0（57.9～219.6）<0.0001
维生素B1/（mg/d）0.8±0.40.7（0.5～0.9）0.7±0.30.6（0.5～0.8）0.6±0.30.6（0.4～0.8）<0.0001
维生素B2/（mg/d）0.5±0.20.5（0.4～0.6）0.6±0.40.5（0.4～0.7）0.6±0.40.5（0.4～0.7）<0.0001
维生素C/（mg/d）55.8±103.545.9（29.7～67.3）66.0±48.657.4（35.1～87.6）64.7±48.453.8（33.2～82.9）<0.0001
维生素E/（mg/d）53.7±83.829.2（18.0～54.8）27.2±24.920.8（11.3～35.9）36.7±25.731.1（20.2～46.3）<0.0001
叶酸/（μg/d）103.1±75.388.8（58.9～130.2）110.8±74.197.8（61.2～145.5）122.4±72.5108.3（70.8～157.1）<0.0001
钙/（mg/d）255.2±131.9228.5（160.8～312.6）268.1±150.7232.3（172.3～326.3）301.2±168.1261.2（187.8～366.9）<0.0001
钾/（mg/d）1263.0±442.81210.2（946.1～1498.1）1233.5±512.81138.0（875.2～1469.1）1300.6±537.71193.7（930.7～1553.8）<0.0001
钠/（mg/d）5390.8±2928.95255.9（3238.4～7489.6）5109.5±2811.34788.1（3041.6～6979.0）4763.3±2510.04282.0（2913.8～6246.9）<0.0001
镁/（mg/d）231.6±88.0214.8（169.5～279.5）213.4±81.1196.9（159.3～247.5）228.0±89.6209.4（169.0～267.3）<0.0001
铁/（mg/d）16.9±7.015.7（12.3～19.9）18.6±9.416.4（13.1～21.2）16.4±11.914.4（11.6～18.5）<0.0001
锌/（mg/d）7.4±2.96.8（5.4～8.8）9.4±5.48.4（6.8～10.2）8.0±3.17.4（6.0～9.3）<0.0001
硒/（mg/d）33.7±17.030.3（22.7～41.1）19.8±21.925.5（18.0～35.1）30.2±17.826.0（18.4～36.9）<0.0001
), ArticleFig(id=1321170111763956162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

我国7类地区老年人能量及营养素日均摄入量 /（g/d）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能量及营养素华中地区华北地区华东地区华南地区
$ \bar x \pm s$M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75）
能量/（kcal/d）1 767.6±533.91 684.5（1 390.2～2053.6）1 645.4±524.51 546.6（1 269.0～1940.1）1 764.4±537.21 689.7（1 386.2～2063.7）1 702.3±535.91 616.7（1 323.9～1 975.0）
蛋白质/（g/d）50.3±17.946.9（37.5～59.9）48.9±17.745.9（36.2～57.5）55.7±21.552.0（40.1～66.9）55.0±19.352.0（41.3～64.9）
脂肪/（g/d）69.3±36.262.4（44.7～86.4）55.4±31.150.3（35.3～67.7）65.2±32.659.4（43.3～80.7）69.6±39.462.5（45.3～85.2）
碳水化合物/（g/d）238.5±86.4225.6（179.5～281.9）241.6±84.8225.4（182.7～290.0）238.9±82.8231.1（178.8～286.2）215.0±72.2207.1（163.1～254.5）
膳食纤维/（g/d）9.6±5.48.5（6.0～11.8）10.1±5.28.9（6.5～12.4）9.7±6.58.1（6.0～11.6）7.4±6.35.9（4.4～8.6）
维生素A/（μg/d）221.5±198.9178.7（94.2～294.3）194.6±374.4143.2（68.2～253.6）280.4±400.5218.5（125.0～357.8）262.0±223.5220.1（115.7～353.7）
维生素B1/（mg/d）0.7±0.30.7（0.5～0.9）0.8±0.30.69（0.5～0.9）0.7±0.30.6（0.5～0.8）0.7±0.30.6（0.5～0.9）
维生素B2/（mg/d）0.6±0.30.6（0.4～0.7）0.6±0.30.6（0.4～0.8）0.7±0.30.6（0.5～0.8）0.7±0.30.6（0.5～0.8）
维生素C/（mg/d）78.3±78.766.8（44.8～99.0）70.0±61.959.2（34.9～89.9）82.7±109.068.8（42.9～103.7）84.0±53.176.4（47.8～110.5）
维生素E/（mg/d）30.4±20.726.0（17.0～38.4）32.8±32.824.3（16.0～37.8）27.9±18.224.2（16.1～34.7）18.0±14.015.5（9.6～22.5）
叶酸/（μg/d）146.0±103.0127.8（89.2～177.7）131.9±88.7116.1（72.7～168.9）166.6±104.6146.8（100.5～207.1）116.0±100.9100.5（62.5～147.3）
钙/（mg/d）332.5±204.5292.3（218.9～398.1）318.9±177.3276.2（204.9～383.2）388.7±214.9345.8（243.5～482.0）310.3±184.3275.9（199.3～374.9）
钾/（mg/d）1 330.1±509.81 250.2（977.0～1577.4）1 397.1±575.81 278.3（976.6～1 693.1）1 449.3±613.51 336.7（1019.7～1745.1）1 289.5±517.71182.1（935.8～1527.8）
钠/（mg/d）5803.6±2774.45697.3（3780.8～7859.0）5524.0±2784.55298.3（3477.2～7563.9）5102.3±2464.14785.0（3321.5～6673.3）5356.7±2662.85079.5（3380.7～7128.3）
镁/（mg/d）238.7±103.4221.5（174.6～278.2）254.2±103.4234.9（182.1～303.8）243.3±91.3225.9（180.3～287.1）218.0±74.0202.7（165.4～258.3）
铁/（mg/d）19.0±15.716.6（13.7～20.9）17.4±7.315.9（12.4～20.4）18.6±8.516.8（13.5～21.4）16.9±6.715.6（12.6～19.6）
锌/（mg/d）8.7±3.08.3（6.7～10.3）7.7±2.87.2（5.7～9.1）9.2±3.28.7（7.0～10.8）9.5±2.99.2（7.5～11.0）
硒/（mg/d）32.9±17.330.2（21.8～40.5）34.9±16.532.2（23.5～42.5）37.3±23.931.8（22.1～45.6）37.4±21.832.9（22.7～45.5）
续表 3
Table 3 Continued
能量及营养素西北地区西南地区东北地区P值
$\bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75） $ \bar x \pm s $M（P25～P75）
能量/（kcal/d）1 638.2±580.81 531.7（1 236.5～1935.1）1 821.5±616.41725.8（1383.8～2112.8）1560.4±490.61486.5（1 220.2～1 799.7）<0.0001
蛋白质/（g/d）46.0±17.341.9（33.4～54.9）46.9±18.343.0（33.4～55.9）48.1±19.643.8（34.3～57.2）<0.0001
脂肪/（g/d）53.3±36.045.4（31.4～63.8）78.8±48.568.9（48.0～98.3）55.5±32.449.9（34.3～68.0）<0.0001
碳水化合物/（g/d）248.5±96.0234.7（181.4～298.5）232.9±85.1217.6（173.8～274.5）220.3±75.4207.5（167.3～260.3）<0.0001
膳食纤维/（g/d）8.9±4.87.9（6.1～10.9）8.3±5.76.8（4.9～9.8）9.3±6.27.9（5.6～11.0）<0.0001
维生素A/（μg/d）167.3±395.0110.7（46.2～203.4）219.4±198.3172.5（90.3～291.2）167.5±249.3121.0（57.9～219.6）<0.0001
维生素B1/（mg/d）0.8±0.40.7（0.5～0.9）0.7±0.30.6（0.5～0.8）0.6±0.30.6（0.4～0.8）<0.0001
维生素B2/（mg/d）0.5±0.20.5（0.4～0.6）0.6±0.40.5（0.4～0.7）0.6±0.40.5（0.4～0.7）<0.0001
维生素C/（mg/d）55.8±103.545.9（29.7～67.3）66.0±48.657.4（35.1～87.6）64.7±48.453.8（33.2～82.9）<0.0001
维生素E/（mg/d）53.7±83.829.2（18.0～54.8）27.2±24.920.8（11.3～35.9）36.7±25.731.1（20.2～46.3）<0.0001
叶酸/（μg/d）103.1±75.388.8（58.9～130.2）110.8±74.197.8（61.2～145.5）122.4±72.5108.3（70.8～157.1）<0.0001
钙/（mg/d）255.2±131.9228.5（160.8～312.6）268.1±150.7232.3（172.3～326.3）301.2±168.1261.2（187.8～366.9）<0.0001
钾/（mg/d）1263.0±442.81210.2（946.1～1498.1）1233.5±512.81138.0（875.2～1469.1）1300.6±537.71193.7（930.7～1553.8）<0.0001
钠/（mg/d）5390.8±2928.95255.9（3238.4～7489.6）5109.5±2811.34788.1（3041.6～6979.0）4763.3±2510.04282.0（2913.8～6246.9）<0.0001
镁/（mg/d）231.6±88.0214.8（169.5～279.5）213.4±81.1196.9（159.3～247.5）228.0±89.6209.4（169.0～267.3）<0.0001
铁/（mg/d）16.9±7.015.7（12.3～19.9）18.6±9.416.4（13.1～21.2）16.4±11.914.4（11.6～18.5）<0.0001
锌/（mg/d）7.4±2.96.8（5.4～8.8）9.4±5.48.4（6.8～10.2）8.0±3.17.4（6.0～9.3）<0.0001
硒/（mg/d）33.7±17.030.3（22.7～41.1）19.8±21.925.5（18.0～35.1）30.2±17.826.0（18.4～36.9）<0.0001
), ArticleFig(id=1321170111856230851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of multimorbidity patterns of common chronic disease comorbidities among the elderly in seven regions of China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
慢性病组合模式华中地区华北地区华东地区华南地区西北地区西南地区东北地区合计P值
患病数/例加权率
（95%CI）/%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI）/%
二元组合
高血压+血脂异常19516.5（11.5～21.5）23020.6（15.5～25.7）42520.7（16.8～24.5）21922.8（17.6～28.1）18620.4（15.8～24.9）18314.3（11.1～17.5）15122.0（17.4～26.5）1 58919.2（17.3～21.2）0.1963
高血压+骨关节疾病898.0（6.0～10.0）959.2（6.7～11.6）2178.9（6.4～11.3）717.6（4.8～10.3）10010.7（7.9～13.4）18612.9（7.9～18.0）418.4（4.7～12.0）7999.3（8.1～10.6）0.1721
高血压+颈腰部疾病11513.1（9.9～16.2）1056.5（5.0～8.1）22410.0（7.4～12.7）688.4（5.1～11.7）698.0（5.6～10.4）976.7（4.4～9.1）535.2（3.0～7.4）7319.0（7.7～10.2）<0.0001
高血压+糖尿病714.9（3.0～6.8）878.6（5.6～11.6）1605.3（3.9～6.6）444.4（2.7～6.2）637.0（3.8～10.2）746.9（3.5～10.3）497.9（4.7～11.1）5486.1（5.1～7.0）0.3138
高血压+胃病684.8（2.9～6.5）423.8（2.0～5.7）1415.0（3.6～6.4）464.7（2.9～6.5）678.3（5.5～11.1）765.2（3.1～7.3）161.8（0.6～2.9）4564.8（4.0～5.5）0.0297
三元组合
高血压+骨关节疾病+颈腰部疾病838.2（5.5～10.8）737.6（4.2～10.9）1476.1（4.3～8.0）657.3（5.0～9.5）639.9（3.7～16.0）1279.5（6.8～12.1）294.3（2.5～6.1）5877.3（6.3～8.4）0.1578
高血压+糖尿病+血脂异常443.7（1.8～5.7）789.5（6.0～13.0）1456.7（5.0～8.3）537.7（4.8～10.6）506.3（3.6～8.9）312.4（1.0～3.7）487.4（4.2～10.6）4496.0（5.0～6.9）0.0011
高血压+血脂异常+骨关节疾病404.2（2.6～5.8）413.2（1.9～4.5）804.9（2.5～7.3）486.8（4.3～9.4）252.9（1.3～4.5）503.6（1.3～5.9）315.1（2.0～8.1）3154.5（3.5～5.5）0.4191
高血压+高尿酸血症+血脂异常374.7（2.0～7.5）191.5（0.7～2.3）1014.7（2.9～6.5）739.1（6.0～12.2）680.8（0.2～1.5）494.8（3.1～6.6）243.4（1.6～5.3）3174.4（3.5～5.3）<0.0001
高血压+血脂异常+颈腰部疾病485.8（4.0～7.6）524.4（2.5～6.4）784.0（2.9～5.0）405.2（2.3～8.2）343.6（1.6～5.6）352.8（1.5～4.1）335.3（3.2～7.4）3204.4（3.7～5.0）0.0956
), ArticleFig(id=1321170111956894148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170102460989801, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

我国7类地区老年人常见慢性病共病组合患病情况比较

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慢性病组合模式华中地区华北地区华东地区华南地区西北地区西南地区东北地区合计P值
患病数/例加权率
（95%CI）/%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI） /%		患病数/例加权率
（95%CI）/%
二元组合
高血压+血脂异常19516.5（11.5～21.5）23020.6（15.5～25.7）42520.7（16.8～24.5）21922.8（17.6～28.1）18620.4（15.8～24.9）18314.3（11.1～17.5）15122.0（17.4～26.5）1 58919.2（17.3～21.2）0.1963
高血压+骨关节疾病898.0（6.0～10.0）959.2（6.7～11.6）2178.9（6.4～11.3）717.6（4.8～10.3）10010.7（7.9～13.4）18612.9（7.9～18.0）418.4（4.7～12.0）7999.3（8.1～10.6）0.1721
高血压+颈腰部疾病11513.1（9.9～16.2）1056.5（5.0～8.1）22410.0（7.4～12.7）688.4（5.1～11.7）698.0（5.6～10.4）976.7（4.4～9.1）535.2（3.0～7.4）7319.0（7.7～10.2）<0.0001
高血压+糖尿病714.9（3.0～6.8）878.6（5.6～11.6）1605.3（3.9～6.6）444.4（2.7～6.2）637.0（3.8～10.2）746.9（3.5～10.3）497.9（4.7～11.1）5486.1（5.1～7.0）0.3138
高血压+胃病684.8（2.9～6.5）423.8（2.0～5.7）1415.0（3.6～6.4）464.7（2.9～6.5）678.3（5.5～11.1）765.2（3.1～7.3）161.8（0.6～2.9）4564.8（4.0～5.5）0.0297
三元组合
高血压+骨关节疾病+颈腰部疾病838.2（5.5～10.8）737.6（4.2～10.9）1476.1（4.3～8.0）657.3（5.0～9.5）639.9（3.7～16.0）1279.5（6.8～12.1）294.3（2.5～6.1）5877.3（6.3～8.4）0.1578
高血压+糖尿病+血脂异常443.7（1.8～5.7）789.5（6.0～13.0）1456.7（5.0～8.3）537.7（4.8～10.6）506.3（3.6～8.9）312.4（1.0～3.7）487.4（4.2～10.6）4496.0（5.0～6.9）0.0011
高血压+血脂异常+骨关节疾病404.2（2.6～5.8）413.2（1.9～4.5）804.9（2.5～7.3）486.8（4.3～9.4）252.9（1.3～4.5）503.6（1.3～5.9）315.1（2.0～8.1）3154.5（3.5～5.5）0.4191
高血压+高尿酸血症+血脂异常374.7（2.0～7.5）191.5（0.7～2.3）1014.7（2.9～6.5）739.1（6.0～12.2）680.8（0.2～1.5）494.8（3.1～6.6）243.4（1.6～5.3）3174.4（3.5～5.3）<0.0001
高血压+血脂异常+颈腰部疾病485.8（4.0～7.6）524.4（2.5～6.4）784.0（2.9～5.0）405.2（2.3～8.2）343.6（1.6～5.6）352.8（1.5～4.1）335.3（3.2～7.4）3204.4（3.7～5.0）0.0956
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2015年中国≥65岁老年人膳食摄入及慢性病共病流行现状
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李佳玺 1 , 房红芸 1, 2 , 公维一 1 , 王鹏飞 1 , 伍星星 1 , 华蕾 1 , 琚腊红 1, 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(4): 443-451
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (4) : 443 -451
2015年中国≥65岁老年人膳食摄入及慢性病共病流行现状
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李佳玺1, 房红芸1, 2, 公维一1, 王鹏飞1, 伍星星1, 华蕾1, 琚腊红1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所，北京 100050
  • 2国家卫生健康委公共营养与健康重点实验室，北京 100050
通讯作者:
琚腊红，E-mail：
作者简介:

李佳玺（2001—），硕士在读，研究方向：营养与健康流行病学

Dietary intake and prevalence of chronic disease comorbidity among adults aged 65 years and over in China in 2015
Jiaxi LI1, Hongyun FANG1, 2, Weiyi GONG1, Pengfei WANG1, Xingxing WU1, Lei HUA1, Lahong JU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2NHC Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, Beijing 100050, China
    • Corresponding Author:
    JU Lahong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145671
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摘要
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目的

比较分析2015年中国≥65岁老年人膳食和营养素摄入状况以及慢性病共病流行情况的区域差异。

方法

采集2015年中国成人慢性病与营养监测的数据，以多阶段分层整群抽样法在我国31个省（自治区、直辖市）抽取298个监测点开展营养健康监测。按照中国7类地区（华北、东北、华东、华中、华南、西南、西北）划分方法，纳入调查对象共35 873人，参与膳食调查14 214人。采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法和称重法收集膳食摄入数据，按中国食物成分表划分食物种类并计算能量和营养素摄入量。

结果

华南地区老年人米及其制品（245.2 g/d）、新鲜蔬菜（277.0 g/d）、畜禽肉（130.7 g/d）、鱼虾类食物（37.8 g/d）、蛋白质（55.0 g/d）、维生素A（262.0 μg/d）、维生素B2（0.7 mg/d）、维生素C（84.0 mg/d）、锌（9.5 mg/d）和硒（37.4 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高；西北地区老年人面及其制品（186.9 g/d）、烹调盐（9.6 g/d）、碳水化合物（248.5 g/d）、维生素B1（0.8 mg/d）和维生素E（53.7 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高；华北地区老年人面及其制品（184.3 g/d）、全谷物及杂豆类（41.6 g/d）、蛋类（29.4 g/d）、奶类（30.5 g/d）、碳水化合物（241.6 g/d）、膳食纤维（10.1 g/d）、维生素B1（0.8 mg/d）和镁（254.2 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高；华东地区老年人新鲜蔬菜（269.3 g/d）、大豆及坚果 （18.3 g/d）、奶类（25.2 g/d）、鱼虾类（37.6 g/d）、蛋白质（55.7 g/d）、膳食纤维（9.7 g/d）、维生素A（280.4 μg/d）、维生素B2（0.7 mg/d）、维生素C（82.7 mg/d）、叶酸（166.6 μg/d）、钙（388.7 mg/d）、钾（1 449.3 mg/d）、铁（18.6 mg/d）和硒（37.3 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高；东北地区老年人薯类（64.7 g/d）、新鲜水果（62.0 g/d）和奶类（30.3 g/d）的日均摄入量较高；华中地区老年人新鲜蔬菜（281.7 g/d）、烹调盐（9.7 g/d）、烹调油（45.2 g/d）、膳食纤维（9.6 g/d）、维生素C（78.3 mg/d）、钠（5 803.6 mg/d）和铁（19.0 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高；西南地区老年人新鲜蔬菜（260.6 g/d）、烹调油（49.8 g/d）、能量（1 821.5 kcal/d）、脂肪（78.8 g/d）和锌（9.4 mg/d）的日均摄入量较高。老年人二元和三元慢性病共病患病率分别为24.7%和20.6%，高血压+颈腰部疾病、高血压+胃病、高血压+糖尿病+血脂异常、高血压+高尿酸血症+血脂异常等共病在7类地区间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。

结论

2015年我国7类地区老年人主要食物和膳食营养素摄入以及部分慢性病共病患病率存在区域性差异。

老年人  /  膳食摄入  /  慢性病共病  /  中国
Objective

To compare and analyze the regional differences in dietary and nutrient intake and the prevalence of chronic disease comorbidities among Chinese adults aged 65 years and over in 2015.

Methods

Data were collected from the 2015 China National Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance, with a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method across 298 monitoring sites in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China. A total of 35 873 individuals were included in the survey, with 14 214 participating in the dietary survey, categorized into seven regions of China (north China, northeast China, east China, central China, south China, southwest China, and northwest China). Dietary intake data were collected using a continuous 3-day 24-hour dietary recall combined with weighing methods. Food categories were classified according to the China Food Composition Table, and energy and nutrient intakes were calculated.

Results

Elderly people in south China had higher daily intakes of rice and rice products (245.2 g/d), fresh vegetables (277.0 g/d), livestock and poultry meat (130.7 g/d), fish and shrimp (37.8 g/d), protein (55.0 g/d), vitamin A (262.0 μg/d), vitamin B2 (0.7 mg/d), vitamin C (84.0 mg/d), zinc (9.5 mg/d), and selenium (37.4 mg/d). Elderly people in northwest China had higher daily intakes of wheat flour and wheat products (186.9 g/d), cooking salt (9.6 g/d), carbohydrates (248.5 g/d), vitamin B1 (0.8 mg/d), and vitamin E (53.7 mg/d). Older adults in north China had higher daily intakes of wheat flour and wheat products (184.3 g/d), whole grains and legumes (41.6 g/d), eggs (29.4 g/d), dairy (30.5 g/d), carbohydrates (241.6 g/d), dietary fiber (10.1 g/d), vitamin B1 (0.8 mg/d), and magnesium (254.2 mg/d). Older adults in east China had higher daily intakes of fresh vegetables (269.3 g/d), soybeans and nuts (18.3 g/d), dairy (25.2 g/d), fish and shrimp (37.6 g/d), protein (55.7 g/d), dietary fiber (9.7 g/d), vitamin A (280.4 μg/d), vitamin B2 (0.7 mg/d), vitamin C (82.7 mg/d), folate (166.6 μg/d), calcium (388.7 mg/d), potassium (1 449.3 mg/d), iron (18.6 mg/d), and selenium (37.3 mg/d). Older adults in northeast China had higher daily intakes of tubers (64.7 g/d), fresh fruit (62.0 g/d), and dairy (30.3 g/d). Older adults in central China had higher daily intakes of fresh vegetables (281.7 g/d), cooking salt (9.7 g/d), cooking oil (45.2 g/d), dietary fiber (9.6 g/d), vitamin C (78.3 mg/d), sodium (5 803.6 mg/d), and iron (19.0 mg/d). Older adults in southwest China had higher daily intakes of fresh vegetables (260.6 g/d), cooking oil (49.8 g/d), energy (1 821.5 kcal/d), fat (78.8 g/d), and zinc (9.4 mg/d). The prevalence rates of two and three chronic disease comorbidities among older adults were 24.7% and 20.6%, respectively. Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were observed across the seven regions in the prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension combined with neck or lumbar disease, hypertension combined with stomach disease, hypertension combined with diabetes and dyslipidemia, and hypertension combined with hyperuricemia and dyslipidemia.

Conclusions

Regional differences exist in the intake of major foods and dietary nutrients, as well as in the prevalence of certain chronic disease comorbidities, among elderly people in the seven regions of China in 2015.

elderly people  /  dietary intake  /  chronic disease comorbidity  /  China
李佳玺, 房红芸, 公维一, 王鹏飞, 伍星星, 华蕾, 琚腊红. 2015年中国≥65岁老年人膳食摄入及慢性病共病流行现状. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (4) : 443 -451 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145671
Jiaxi LI, Hongyun FANG, Weiyi GONG, Pengfei WANG, Xingxing WU, Lei HUA, Lahong JU. Dietary intake and prevalence of chronic disease comorbidity among adults aged 65 years and over in China in 2015[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (4) : 443 -451 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145671
正文
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世界卫生组织将同一个体患2种或2种以上的慢性病称为慢性病共病[1]。Chowdhury S R 等[2]meta分析研究结果显示，全球≥60岁老年人慢性病共病患病率为51.0%，美国和加拿大≥65岁老年人慢性病共病患病率分别为76.2%和50.2%[3–4]，瑞典≥60岁老年人慢性病共病患病率为86.3%[5]。何莉等 [6] meta分析研究结果显示，我国≥60岁老年人慢性病共病患病率为27.6%～81.6%。慢性病具有病程长且久治不愈的特点，随着患者年龄增长极易出现“疾病堆积”现象。在全球老龄化进程下，慢性病共病的患病率不断上升，老年人慢性病共病已成为重要的公共卫生问题。不合理膳食是导致心血管疾病、2型糖尿病、各类癌症等多种慢性病发病风险升高的重要因素之一[7–9]。覃尔岱[10]和马志敏[11]通过文献汇总发现，不同区域居民膳食特征存在差异，易患慢性病的风险也存在区域差异。目前有关膳食摄入与慢性病关系地区差异研究较多 [12–13]，而膳食摄入与慢性病共病的分析鲜有研究。本研究利用具有全国代表性的2015年中国居民营养与健康状况监测数据，比较分析我国7类地区≥65岁老年人主要食物和营养素摄入状况以及慢性病共病流行情况的区域性差异，为我国不同地区老年人制定精准有效的区域性膳食改善措施提供数据支持。
1　资料与方法
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1.1　数据来源
数据来自2015年中国成人慢性病与营养监测数据，采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法，在31省（自治区、直辖市）的298个监测点随机选取≥18岁常住居民，具体抽样方案和纳入排除标准详见参考文献[14]。经过数据清理，排除个人问卷数据、实验室检测数据、体格检查基本信息相关变量缺失1 494人，最终35 873名≥65岁老年人纳入分析，其中14 214人参与了膳食调查。本项目已通过中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所伦理审查会审批（No.201519-B），研究对象均签署知情同意书。
1.2　调查内容与方法
2015年中国成人慢性病与营养监测调查内容包括询问调查、膳食调查、身体测量和实验室检查等内容，具体内容见既往文献[14]。调查员由具备医学专业背景通过统一培训并考核合格的监测点工作人员组成。膳食调查采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法和称重记录法。调查员入户采取面对面询问方式收集被调查对象连续3 d（2个工作日、1个休息日）的24 h膳食摄入情况，同时以食物称称重记录家庭连续3 d食用油和盐等主要调味品的消费量及3 d家庭用餐人次数的记录。家庭和个人慢性病相关信息通过询问调查获取，身体测量严格按照中华人民共和国行业标准《人群健康监测人体测量方法：WS/T 424—2013》要求执行[15]，采集所有调查对象在清晨空腹状态下的静脉血 8 mL，由实验室按照国家标准统一检测血液指标。
1.3　相关指标定义
1.3.1　地区划分
根据中国行政区划及地理区划分为7个区域。华北地区包括北京市、天津市、河北省、山西省、内蒙古自治区；东北地区包括黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省；华东地区包括上海市、江苏省、浙江省、安徽省、江西省、山东省、福建省；华中地区包括河南省、湖北省、湖南省；华南地区包括广东省、广西壮族自治区、海南省；西南地区包括重庆市、四川省、贵州省、云南省、西藏自治区；西北地区包括陕西省、甘肃省、青海省、宁夏回族自治区和新疆维吾尔自治区。
1.3.2　膳食营养摄入
参照中国食物成分表中的食物分类[16–17]，将食物划分为米及其制品、面及其制品、全谷物及杂豆类、薯类、新鲜蔬菜（新鲜蔬菜和菌藻类）、新鲜水果、大豆及坚果类、奶类、畜禽肉（畜肉、禽肉及动物内脏）、蛋类、鱼虾类、烹调油和烹调盐共13类；依据中国食物成分表中各种食物的能量和营养素含量计算调查对象的能量及营养素日均摄入量。
1.3.3　慢性病共病
本研究将高血压、肥胖、糖尿病、血脂异常、高尿酸血症、冠心病、脑卒中、肺部疾病、骨关节疾病、颈腰部疾病、胃病、肾脏疾病、恶性肿瘤共13种慢性病纳入慢性病共病范围。高血压的判定标准为：现场血压测量收缩压≥140 mmHg 和（或）舒张压≥90 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 3 kPa）或近2周服用过抗高血压药物或曾被乡镇卫生院/社区卫生服务中心或以上级别医疗机构诊断为高血压患者[18]。体质量指数（body mass index，BMI）≥28.0判定为肥胖患者[19]。糖尿病的判定标准为：曾被诊断为糖尿病患者或实验室检测空腹血糖≥7 mmol/L或糖化血红蛋白≥6.5%或服用过降糖药物或注射胰岛素[20]。血脂异常判定标准为：曾被医生诊断为血脂异常或实验室检测TC≥6.2 mmoL/L、LDL-C≥4.1 mmoL/L、HDL-C<1.0 mmoL/L和TG≥2.3 mmoL/L这4项指标中一项异常即可判定为血脂异常或服用药物控制血脂[21]。高尿酸血症结合实验室检测空腹血尿酸水平>420 μmol/L判定[22]。其他纳入研究的慢性病的确定为自我报告经医疗机构诊断为该疾病。
1.4　统计分析
数据由项目组设计的数据管理信息平台统一录入，采用SAS 9.4软件清理数据和统计学分析。采用$\bar x \pm s $、中位数和四分位数间距描述计量资料，各项数据均为非正态分布，以非参数秩和检验进行统计学分析、Kruskal-Wallis检验和DSCF法对7类地区进行两两比较。以患病人数和加权率描述慢性病共病患病率，使用PROC SURVEYFREQ程序进行统计分析，采用χ2检验比较。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
2　结　果
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2.1　基本情况（表1）
共纳入35 873名≥65岁老年人，其中14 214人参与膳食调查。总调查人群和膳食调查人群占比均以华东地区最高、东北地区最低，7类地区间样本构成比比较差异具有统计学意义（均P<0.01）。
2.2　主要食物摄入状况（表2）
7类地区的 13类主要食物日均摄入量比较差异具有统计学意义（均P<0.000 1）。以7类地区老年人主要食物的日均摄入量最高地区为对照两两比较，米及其制品的日均摄入量在华南地区（245.2 g/d）较高（P<0.01）；面及其制品的日均摄入量在华北地区（184.3 g/d）和西北地区（186.9 g/d）较高，两地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.981 7）；全谷物及杂豆类的日均摄入量在华北地区（41.6 g/d）较高（P<0.000 1）；薯类的日均摄入量在东北地区（64.7 g/d）较高（P<0.000 1）；新鲜蔬菜的日均摄入量在华中（281.7 g/d）、华东（269.3 g/d）、华南（277.0 g/d）和西南地区（260.6 g/d）较高，华中地区与华东地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.112 0），华中地区与华南地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.835 8），华中地区与西南地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.057 9）；新鲜水果的日均摄入量在东北地区（62.0 g/d）较高（P<0.001）；大豆及坚果类的日均摄入量在华东地区（18.3 g/d）较高（P<0.01）；畜禽肉的日均摄入量在华南地区（130.7 g/d）较高（P<0.005）；蛋类的日均摄入量在华北地区（29.4 g/d）较高（P<0.01）；奶类的日均摄入量在华北（30.5 g/d）、华东（25.2 g/d）和东北地区（30.3 g/d）较高，华北地区与华东地区差异无统计学意义（P=0.623 6），华北地区与东北地区差异无统计学意义（P=0.998 7）；鱼虾类食物的日均摄入量在华东地区（37.6 g/d）和华南地区（37.8 g/d）较高，两地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.999 6）；烹调油的日均摄入量在西南地区（49.8 g/d）和华中地区（45.2 g/d）较高，两地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.947 4）；烹调盐的日均摄入量在华中地区（9.7 g/d）和西北地区（9.6 g/d）较高，两地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.964 1）。
2.3　能量及营养素摄入状况（表3）
7类地区老年人能量和营养素的日均摄入量中，能量和营养素的日均摄入量在7类地区间比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.000 1）。以7类地区老年人能量和营养素的日均摄入量最高地区为对照两两比较，老年人能量（1 821.5 kcal/d）和脂肪（78.8 g/d）的日均摄入量在西南地区较高（P<0.05）；蛋白质的日均摄入量在华东地区（55.7 g/d）和华南地区（55.0 g/d）较高，两地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.904 9）；碳水化合物的日均摄入量在华北地区（241.6 g/d）和西北地区（248.5 g/d）较高，两地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.257 4）；膳食纤维的日均摄入量在华北（10.1 g/d）、华东（9.7 g/d）和华中地区（9.6 g/d）较高，华北地区与华东地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.456 2），华北地区与华中地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.328 8）；维生素A的日均摄入量在华东地区（280.4 μg/d）和华南地区（262.0 μg/d）较高，两地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.463 2）；维生素B1的日均摄入量在华北地区和西北地区较高，均为0.8 mg/d（P=0.925 0）；维生素B2的日均摄入量在华东和华南地区较高，均为0.7 mg/d（P=0.996 6）；维生素C的日均摄入量在华南（84.0 mg/d）、华东（82.7 mg/d）和华中地区（78.3 mg/d）较高，华南地区与华东地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.998 7），华南地区与华中地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.430 9）；维生素E的日均摄入量在西北地区（53.7 g/d）较高（P<0.000 1）；叶酸（166.6 μg/d）、钙（388.7 mg/d）和钾（1 449.3 mg/d）的日均摄入量均在华东地区较高（P<0.01）；钠的日均摄入量在华中地区（5 803.6 mg/d）较高（P<0.05）；镁的日均摄入量在华北地区（254.2 mg/d）较高（P<0.000 5）；铁的日均摄入量在华中地区（19.0 mg/d）和华东地区（18.6 mg/d）较高，两地区间比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.802 9）；锌的日均摄入量在华南地区（9.5 mg/d）和西南地区（9.4 mg/d）较高，两地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.713 6）；硒的日均摄入量在华东地区（37.3 mg/d）和华南地区（37.4 mg/d）较高，两地区比较差异无统计学意义（P=1.000 0）。
2.4　慢性病共病流行情况（表4）
7类地区老年人患二元[24.7%（95%CI，23.7%～25.7%）]和三元[20.6%（95%CI，19.7%～22.9%）]慢性病共病现象较为常见。二元慢性病共病组合前5位的分别为高血压+血脂异常（19.2%）、高血压+骨关节疾病（9.3%）、高血压+颈腰部疾病（9.0%）、高血压+糖尿病（6.1%）、高血压+胃病（4.8%）；三元慢性病共病组合前5位分别为高血压+骨关节疾病+颈腰部疾病（7.3%）、高血压+糖尿病+血脂异常（6.0%）、高血压+血脂异常+骨关节疾病（4.5%）、高血压+高尿酸血症+血脂异常（4.4%）、高血压+血脂异常+颈腰部疾病（4.4%）。高血压+颈腰部疾病（P<0.0001）、高血压+胃病（P=0.0297）、高血压+糖尿病+血脂异常（P=0.001 1）、高血压+高尿酸血症+血脂异常（P<0.0001）4种共病情况在7类地区间比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
3　讨　论
收起
本研究发现华南、华东和西南地区老年人主要以米及其制品为主；华北和西北地区老年人主要以面及其制品为主；华中和东北地区老年人米和面及其制品消费相对均衡，与我国不同区域地理环境及居民的饮食习惯不同有关[23–24]。华北地区老年人蛋类食物摄入量高于其他地区，可能与该地区是我国主要禽类养殖区有关[25]。华南和华东地区老年人鱼虾类食物摄入量高于其他地区，可能与华南和华东地区属于沿海地区有关。华东地区老年人大豆及坚果类食物的摄入量高于其他地区，可能与该地区拥有我国以大豆制品加工和蛋白质综合利用为主的企业有关[26]。华中和华南地区老年人新鲜蔬菜摄入量较高，西北和东北地区则摄入量较低，可能与不同地理位置的自然条件有关[27]；我国南部地区年降雨量大、气候温热湿润，四季温差较小、生长期长，常年可以种植蔬菜，而北方在冬季气候比较寒冷，不适宜农作物的生长。华中、西南和西北地区烹调油和烹调盐的日均摄入量较高，可能与当地居民喜欢食辛辣食物有关，辛辣食物的制作往往伴随着高油高盐[28]。提示我国不同区域由于地理位置、气候条件和饮食习惯的不同，其主要食物摄入存在区域性差异。
本研究发现我国7类地区老年人烹调盐日均摄入量均超过推荐值6 g/d[29]，钠盐摄入过多是导致老年人各类慢性病共病构成中均包含高血压这一疾病的主要原因[30]。此外，我国7类地区老年人烹调油日均摄入量均超过推荐值25～30 g/d[29]，提示我国老年人偏向于高油高盐饮食，此类饮食是引起高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病等疾病患病风险增加的最主要因素[31]。因此高血压+血脂异常（9.2%）、高血压+糖尿病（6.1%）和高血压+糖尿病+血脂异常（6.0%）在我国老年人群中较为常见。此外，高血压+骨关节疾病、高血压+颈腰部疾病、高血压+骨关节疾病+颈腰部疾病也是我国老年人常见的慢性病共病。除了高盐饮食导致高血压在老年慢性病共病组合中常见外，老年人随着年龄的增长而骨骼脆性增加以及肌肉流失，易发生骨折、活动受限以及腰间盘突出等不良健康结局[32]。补充蛋白质、钙、钾、叶酸和膳食纤维等营养素是预防肌肉减少症和改善老年人身体机能的有效策略[33]。而我国7类地区老年人蛋白质、钙、钾、叶酸、维生素C和膳食纤维等营养素摄入量均低于《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量 2013版》（DRIs）推荐摄入量[34]，因此，推荐老年人增加富含蛋白质、钙等营养素的奶类和大豆类等食物的摄入，以提高骨骼密度并预防骨质疏松 [35–36]，增加富含膳食纤维和多种维生素的新鲜蔬果的摄入以降低机体血胆固醇并抗氧化 [29,35]。建议老年人增加新鲜蔬果、鱼虾类、奶类、蛋类及大豆类食物的摄入，继续加强“减油减盐”宣传教育，培养清淡饮食习惯。
老年人慢性病共病状况差异受该地区食物和营养素摄入影响[37–38]。本研究发现，老年人高血压+颈腰部疾病、高血压+胃病、高血压+糖尿病+血脂异常和高血压+高尿酸血症+血脂异常存在区域性差异（P<0.05）。老年人高血压+颈腰部疾病患病率在华中地区较高，可能是该地区老年人钠摄入量高以及老年人口比重逐年上升进而导致颈椎病、腰肌劳损等老年常见疾病的发病率也随之上升所致[39]；老年人高血压+胃病在西北地区较高，可能与当地老年人偏好的加工肉制品和烟酒类食物会损伤胃黏膜、增加胃癌等疾病患病风险有关[40]。除烹调油和烹调盐外，居民对辛辣食物的偏好程度与高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常均呈现负相关。华中和西南地区老年人高血压+糖尿病+血脂异常共病患病率较低，与当地居民喜食辛辣食物相关[41]；华南地区高血压+血脂异常+高尿酸血症患病率较高，可能与该地区老年人多吃海鲜、大米和猪肉的饮食特点相关，而研究显示此类饮食模式与高尿酸血症呈正相关[42]。
本研究尚有不足，采用3 d 24 h膳食回顾和称重记录法获取食物及营养素的日均摄入量只能反映调查期间的情况，缺乏长期代表性。调查对象可能存在一定的回忆偏倚造成消费记录遗漏。
综上所述，我国7类地区老年人主要食物和膳食营养素摄入存在区域差异，高血压+颈腰部疾病、高血压+胃病、高血压+糖尿病+血脂异常和高血压+血脂异常+高尿酸血症存在区域性差异。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145671
  • 接收时间：2024-08-13
  • 首发时间：2026-10-25
  • 出版时间：2025-04-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-13
  • 修回日期：2024-12-02
  • 录用日期：2025-02-12
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    1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所，北京 100050
    2国家卫生健康委公共营养与健康重点实验室，北京 100050

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琚腊红，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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