Article(id=1321170089131495734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169992024961657, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712678400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-10, revisedDate=1736784000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-14, acceptedDate=1739721600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-17, onlineDate=1792921095401, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921095401, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921095401, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921095401, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169992024961657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='385', pageEnd='512', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744214400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921072250, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921072250, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=494, endPage=499, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170089328628023, articleId=1321170089131495734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Optimization of norovirus concentration and infectivity detection methods in seawater, columnId=1320438104528376815, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Inspection technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To establish and optimize a simple and efficient norovirus concentration and detection technique for seawater samples from shellfish farming areas to address global food safety hazards and meet the needs of precise infectious disease prevention and control.

Methods

Using murine norovirus as the experimental subject, a nano-alumina ceramic filter-based enrichment technique was combined with a novel azido bromide propidium (PMAxx) nucleic acid dye and real-time quantitative PCR (PMAxx-qPCR) to detect viable viruses. Viruses were first enriched using a filter membrane, initially concentrated with Tralk eluent, and then further concentrated using PEG precipitation. The detection efficacy of this method was evaluated and compared with traditional cell culture techniques.

Results

With a 5 000-fold concentration, the recovery rate of this enrichment method reached 3.24%. Optimal detection of viable norovirus was achieved with a PMAxx dye concentration of 50 μmol, followed by 15 minutes of incubation in the dark, 10 minutes of light exposure, and then real-time quantitative PCR amplification.

Conclusions

The norovirus concentration and detection method established and optimized in this study significantly improved the recovery rate and detection accuracy of norovirus, which is of great significance for improving food safety testing and infectious disease prevention and control.

, authors=Dongwei LI1, 2, Hongxia MING1, Jiajie LI3, Jiannan LIN1, 4, Jingfeng FAN1, authorsList=Dongwei LI, Hongxia MING, Jiajie LI, Jiannan LIN, Jingfeng FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongxia MING, Jingfeng FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
MING Hongxia, E-mail:
FAN Jingfeng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170090196848956, articleId=1321170089131495734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=海水中诺如病毒富集与活病毒检测技术优化, columnId=1320438104696148977, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=检验技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

建立并优化一种针对贝类增养殖区海水样本的简单高效的诺如病毒富集和检测技术,以应对全球性食品安全隐患,并满足传染病精准防控的需求。

方法

以鼠诺如病毒为实验对象,采用基于纳米氧化铝陶瓷滤芯的富集技术,结合新型叠氮溴化丙啶(PMAxx)核酸染色剂和实时定量PCR(PMAxx-qPCR)技术检测活病毒。首先使用滤芯膜富集病毒,通过Tralk洗脱液初步浓缩,再利用PEG沉淀法二次浓缩。评价并比较本实验与传统的细胞培养技术检测效果。

结果

本富集方法在浓缩体积5 000倍的情况下,回收率可达到3.24%;PMAxx染色剂浓度50 μmol,避光孵育15 min、光照10 min后进行实时定量PCR扩增,检测诺如病毒活病毒效果最佳。

结论

本文建立并优化的诺如病毒富集和检测方法,显著提高了诺如病毒的回收率和检测准确性,对提升食品安全检测水平和传染病防控具有重要意义。

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李东蔚(1996—),博士在读,研究方向:海洋环境生态学、病原生物学

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明红霞,E-mail:
樊景凤,E-mail:
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注:a 光接触10 min实验组;b 光接触15 min实验组;c 光接触20 min实验组。

, figureFileSmall=244XXnFwhGmvd4mUBRN6fA==, figureFileBig=845kNWCFIz/u0VCpU6Wfag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170094860915058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170089131495734, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Quantitative results of the MNV-1 live virus staining experiment, figureFileSmall=5ENavZN582yy1QSiGEny7A==, figureFileBig=5oSHWhOAcZDIHAPiybjE2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170094944801139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170089131495734, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MNV-1活病毒染色实验的病毒定量结果图

注:a 光接触10 min 实验组;b 光接触15 min 实验组;c 光接触20 min 实验组。

, figureFileSmall=5ENavZN582yy1QSiGEny7A==, figureFileBig=5oSHWhOAcZDIHAPiybjE2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170095037075828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170089131495734, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of concentration methods different norovirus of in seawater

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洗脱液+抑制剂去除浓缩倍数拷贝数/μL方法回收率/%
TPB5 0001.150.01±0.00
TPB+三氯甲烷5 0002.050.01±0.00
TGBE5 0002.050.01±0.00
TGBE+三氯甲烷5 0002.630.01±0.00
Tralk5 000553.811.97±0.01
Tralk+三氯甲烷5 000910.383.24±0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1321170095125156213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170089131495734, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海水中不同诺如病毒富集方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
洗脱液+抑制剂去除浓缩倍数拷贝数/μL方法回收率/%
TPB5 0001.150.01±0.00
TPB+三氯甲烷5 0002.050.01±0.00
TGBE5 0002.050.01±0.00
TGBE+三氯甲烷5 0002.630.01±0.00
Tralk5 000553.811.97±0.01
Tralk+三氯甲烷5 000910.383.24±0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1321170095209042294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170089131495734, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of recovery rates of concentration methods norovirus of in seawater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
洗脱液+抑制剂去除浓缩倍数方法回收率/%
Tralk5 0001.97 ±0.001
Tralk+三氯甲烷5 0003.24 ±0.00
50021.3(Hamza I A等[26])
2 5004.80(De K A等[25])
5 0000.70 ±0.17(李慧莹[28])
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海水中诺如病毒富集方法回收率对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
洗脱液+抑制剂去除浓缩倍数方法回收率/%
Tralk5 0001.97 ±0.001
Tralk+三氯甲烷5 0003.24 ±0.00
50021.3(Hamza I A等[26])
2 5004.80(De K A等[25])
5 0000.70 ±0.17(李慧莹[28])
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海水中诺如病毒富集与活病毒检测技术优化
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李东蔚 1, 2 , 明红霞 1, *, * , 李嘉劼 3 , 林建楠 1, 4 , 樊景凤 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 检验技术 2025,41(4): 494-499
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中国公共卫生 |检验技术 2025 , 41 (4) : 494 -499
海水中诺如病毒富集与活病毒检测技术优化
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李东蔚1, 2, 明红霞1, *, * , 李嘉劼3, 林建楠1, 4, 樊景凤1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1国家海洋环境监测中心 国家生态环境保护近岸海域生态环境重点实验室,大连 116023
  • 2传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室 中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,北京 100052
  • 3悉尼大学理学院,悉尼 2007
  • 4上海海洋大学海洋生态与环境学院,上海 201306
通讯作者:
明红霞,E-mail:
樊景凤,E-mail:
作者简介:

李东蔚(1996—),博士在读,研究方向:海洋环境生态学、病原生物学

Optimization of norovirus concentration and infectivity detection methods in seawater
Dongwei LI1, 2, Hongxia MING1 , Jiajie LI3, Jiannan LIN1, 4, Jingfeng FAN1
Affiliations
  • 1State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
  • 3Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2007
  • 4College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    MING Hongxia, E-mail:
    FAN Jingfeng, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146003
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目的

建立并优化一种针对贝类增养殖区海水样本的简单高效的诺如病毒富集和检测技术,以应对全球性食品安全隐患,并满足传染病精准防控的需求。

方法

以鼠诺如病毒为实验对象,采用基于纳米氧化铝陶瓷滤芯的富集技术,结合新型叠氮溴化丙啶(PMAxx)核酸染色剂和实时定量PCR(PMAxx-qPCR)技术检测活病毒。首先使用滤芯膜富集病毒,通过Tralk洗脱液初步浓缩,再利用PEG沉淀法二次浓缩。评价并比较本实验与传统的细胞培养技术检测效果。

结果

本富集方法在浓缩体积5 000倍的情况下,回收率可达到3.24%;PMAxx染色剂浓度50 μmol,避光孵育15 min、光照10 min后进行实时定量PCR扩增,检测诺如病毒活病毒效果最佳。

结论

本文建立并优化的诺如病毒富集和检测方法,显著提高了诺如病毒的回收率和检测准确性,对提升食品安全检测水平和传染病防控具有重要意义。

病毒富集  /  鼠诺如病毒  /  海水  /  叠氮溴化丙核酸染色剂  /  病毒活性检测  /  RT-qPCR
Objective

To establish and optimize a simple and efficient norovirus concentration and detection technique for seawater samples from shellfish farming areas to address global food safety hazards and meet the needs of precise infectious disease prevention and control.

Methods

Using murine norovirus as the experimental subject, a nano-alumina ceramic filter-based enrichment technique was combined with a novel azido bromide propidium (PMAxx) nucleic acid dye and real-time quantitative PCR (PMAxx-qPCR) to detect viable viruses. Viruses were first enriched using a filter membrane, initially concentrated with Tralk eluent, and then further concentrated using PEG precipitation. The detection efficacy of this method was evaluated and compared with traditional cell culture techniques.

Results

With a 5 000-fold concentration, the recovery rate of this enrichment method reached 3.24%. Optimal detection of viable norovirus was achieved with a PMAxx dye concentration of 50 μmol, followed by 15 minutes of incubation in the dark, 10 minutes of light exposure, and then real-time quantitative PCR amplification.

Conclusions

The norovirus concentration and detection method established and optimized in this study significantly improved the recovery rate and detection accuracy of norovirus, which is of great significance for improving food safety testing and infectious disease prevention and control.

virus concentration  /  murine norovirus  /  seawater  /  propidium monoazide  /  virus viability assessment  /  RT-qPCR
李东蔚, 明红霞, 李嘉劼, 林建楠, 樊景凤. 海水中诺如病毒富集与活病毒检测技术优化. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (4) : 494 -499 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146003
Dongwei LI, Hongxia MING, Jiajie LI, Jiannan LIN, Jingfeng FAN. Optimization of norovirus concentration and infectivity detection methods in seawater[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (4) : 494 -499 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146003
诺如病毒是人类杯状病毒科(human calicivirus,HuCV)中诺如病毒属(Norovirus,NV)的一种无包膜单股正链RNA病毒,同时也是全球急性胃肠炎的最重要病因之一[1],常在幼儿、老年人和免疫功能低下的人群中出现重症[2]。在世界范围内,每年约有7万~20万名儿童死于诺如病毒感染,其中大部分疫情主要发生在发展中国家[3–4]。诺如病毒是美国、英国、澳大利亚、日本、中国等国家食源性病毒安全事故或突发公共卫生事件的主要病原体[5–10],随生活污水进入近岸海洋环境,贝类是其重要的传播载体,其可通过滤食将其富集在体内。由贝类传播的诺如病毒疾病已成为重要的公众健康问题。检测海水中诺如病毒的污染是疾病防控的重要手段。由于海水中诺如病毒含量较低且活性状态复杂,不仅需要高效的富集技术,还需要灵敏高效的活病毒筛选方法。然而,目前海水中病毒的主要富集技术,如膜吸附全身洗脱法[11]、絮凝沉淀法[12]、超速离心法[13]等,存在样品富集倍数小、操作难度大、实验时间长等问题[14–17]。富集后病毒检测一直以逆转录–实时荧光聚合酶链式反应作为“金标准”,但无法有效区分具有感染能力的活病毒与对人体无害的死病毒颗粒,因而通常会高估活病毒数量并造成严重的假阳性检测结果。虽然近年来研发的RT-ddPCR技术、RT-LAMP技术和RT-NASBA技术灵敏度可高达 100 ρg/1.5 g[18–20],但始终无法有效解决环境样品活病毒检测的问题,甚至导致活病毒检出率误差增大[21]。此外,目前绝大多数关于水源性诺如病毒的研究报道,是在流行病学事件发生以后的溯源检测[22–23],且检测结果与流行病学调查出入较大。鼠源诺如病毒(murine norovirus,MNV)是诺如病毒属的一种可体外培养的模型病毒,且与人类诺如病毒在生物学特性上具有一定的相似性,其培养和操作条件较为成熟,可有效用于开发和优化检测技术。基于上述背景和现有技术的不足,本研究以可体外培养的 MNV作为研究对象,开发一种能够高效富集海水中诺如病毒的技术,并准确检测富集后的活病毒,旨在提供更加可靠的监测数据,以支持海洋环境的健康管理和公共卫生策略的制定,减少海水传播的诺如病毒引发的疫情风险,提高海洋环境中病毒污染的防控能力。
将1 mL MNV病毒原液加入50 L高压蒸汽灭菌后的陈海水中,混合数分钟制备模拟水样。水体病毒浓缩前以含有次氯酸钠的蒸馏水进行采集器消毒30 min,然后使用硫代硫酸钠去氯15 min。采用 Biotroy 半自动微生物采集系统(北京创域源科技有限公司),调节水的流速为5~7 L/min;将制备好的50 L模拟水样过滤到纳米氧化铝陶瓷滤芯(VS2.5-5,北京创域源科技有限公司)上,将滤芯放入密封的样品保存袋中。分别配置加拿大健康中心推荐的TPB洗脱液(pH 9.0)、欧盟标准ISO/TS 15216-2[24]推荐的TGBE洗脱液(pH 9.5)和De KA[25]、Hamza I A等[26]报道的洗脱效果较好的Tralk洗脱液(pH 9.2),洗脱纳米氧化铝陶瓷滤芯上的病毒。连接洗脱装置,将500 mL洗脱液移入一个1 L烧杯中,对纳米氧化铝陶瓷滤芯进行第1次洗脱,静置15 min后颠倒过滤器 10次,打开蠕动泵以洗脱液流动冲洗过滤器30 min后收集洗脱液,然后使用500 mL新的洗脱液重复洗脱。调节洗脱液的pH至7.0。向已含病毒粒子的洗脱液中加入PEG-6000,终浓度13%。4 ℃过夜沉淀。之后,4 ℃、10 000 ×g离心30 min,轻倒并弃掉上清液,收集病毒沉淀。向每个离心管中添加 10 mL pH 7.2(±0.2)PBS缓冲液。使用移液枪反复吹打沉淀物,使沉淀重悬。向重悬液中加入等体积三氯甲烷,振荡混匀15 min,然后4 ℃、10 000 ×g离心20 min。分离出水相(上清液)。将浓缩的水相经过孔径为0.22 μm的滤器过滤,以除去细菌等非病毒物,放入–80 ℃冰箱储藏待用。取1 mL病毒原液(MNV-1)与病毒浓缩液进行RNA提取和RT-qPCR反应,计算病毒浓缩方法回收率。
参照增强型叠氮溴化丙啶(PMA)染色剂(PMAxx,美国Biotium公司)说明书建议的微生物通用染色方法为25 μmol、避光孵育10 min,PMA-Lite仪器光照15 min,分别对浓度、避光孵育时间和光触摸时间设置梯度,以 MNV-1病毒为研究对象,探索诺如病毒感染性病毒颗粒染色法的最佳条件。避光条件下,向500 μL海水样品中加入PMAxx(设置浓度梯度),同时加入2.5 μL Triton X-100(0.5%,北京索莱宝科技有限公司),振荡混匀,锡纸包裹避光孵育(设置时间梯度),放置在465~475 nm光照下(设置时间梯度,注意温度需维持在37 ℃以下),将处理后实验组样品分别测定滴度(TCID50)和丰度(RT-qPCR),对热灭活对照组进行RT-qPCR。具体梯度如下:配置浓度分别为 0、20、50、100、200、300 μmol 的 PMAxx-MNV 病毒样品,比较各浓度核酸染料对 MNV-1 RNA 扩增的抑制效果,确定最佳的核酸染料浓度;设置避光孵育时间分别为0、10、15和20 min,比较各避光孵育时间对MNV-1 RNA扩增的抑制效果,确定最佳的避光孵育时间;设置光照时间分别为 0、10、15和20 min,比较光接触时间对MNV-1 RNA扩增的抑制效果,确定最佳的光接触时间。每一实验组需设置病毒热灭活对照组,以辅助筛选最佳染色条件。病毒热灭活流程为:将添加Triton X-100并振荡混匀后的病毒原液放入90 ℃水浴锅中灭活2 min后,将离心管快速放入冰盒中降温待用。
采用RAW 264.7细胞培养鼠诺如病毒(MNV-1)。在37 ℃含5%CO2条件下,于无菌T25细胞培养瓶中,使用DMEM高糖细胞生长液(包含10%胎牛血清BAS和1%的青链霉素抗生素,美国thermo公司)传代培养RAW 264.7(ATCC TIB-71)细胞。将MNV-1病毒接种于RAW 264.7细胞中,在37 ℃含5% CO2的细胞培养箱内培养病毒。待RAW 264.7细胞病变(CPE)达90%时,将细胞培养瓶冻存于–80 ℃超低温冰箱,次日取出细胞培养瓶于室温融化,反复冻融3次后以5 mL移液管反复吹打细胞维持液,采用0.22 μm无菌滤膜(德国Meck公司)将细胞维持液过滤至50 mL离心管中备用。将生长状态良好的RAW 264.7细胞接种在96孔板中,接种病毒前在37 °C 5%CO2条件下培养至少2 h。连续制备10个梯度的MNV-1病毒稀释液,并分别纵向接种8个孔中(100 μL/孔),放置于37 °C 5% CO2细胞孵箱内培养,每24 h观察各稀释度的病变孔数并记录。根据Reed-Muench公式计算MNV-1的病毒滴度(TCID50)。
使用试剂盒QIAamp MinElute Virus Spin(德国Qiagen公司)提取鼠诺如病毒RNA,具体操作方法参照QIAGEN试剂盒说明书;使用试剂盒PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit (Perfect Real Time)(日本Takara公司)反转录鼠诺如病毒RNA,具体操作方法参照Takara试剂盒说明书,用于鼠诺如病毒的RT-qPCR检测。鼠诺如病毒的特异性引物为MNV F:5′-AACGCTAGCTACAGGCTT-3′,MNV R:5′-CAATCGGAGTTCTTCGTG-3′,探针为MNV P:FAM-CAGTCTGCGACGCCATTGAGAA-BHQ,目的片段约为159 bp[27]。提取鼠诺如病毒质粒,将提取的质粒以10倍梯度稀释,每个梯度设置3个平行,同时设置阴性对照,构建qPCR标准曲线。鼠诺如病毒的质粒浓度为3.20×102~3.20×108 copies/μL,线性关系良好,鼠诺如病毒的标准曲线为y= –3.438x+40.558(R2=0.997)。经优化,qPCR的反应体系为20 μL,包括10 μL Premix Ex Taq™(Probe qPCR、6.8 μL RNase-free Water、0.4 μL上游引物、0.4 μL下游引物、0.4 μL探针(日本Takara公司)。鼠诺如病毒的反应条件为95 ℃ 5 min,95 ℃ 15 s,>60 ℃ 40 s(荧光信号收集);重复40个循环。取1 mL病毒原液与病毒浓缩液,使用PMAxx最适终浓度和光接触处理,同时提取RNA,进行RT-qPCR反应,计算病毒浓缩方法回收率,同时做病毒滴度实验。
模拟海水样本富集后,使用RT-qPCR检测浓缩样品中 MNV-1的基因载量并计算回收率。Tralk洗脱液得到的 MNV-1最佳回收率为3.24%,明显高于其他2种洗脱液,而TPB的MNV-1洗脱效果与 TGBE 的基本相同,回收率均仅有0.01%。在抑制剂去除方面,三氯甲烷有显著效果,3种洗脱液经三氯甲烷处理后均可提升回收率。
分别设置PMAxx浓度梯度、避光孵育时间梯度和光接触时间梯度后,使用TCID50方法共检测46组MNV-1活病毒滴度。45组实验样品均检出鼠诺如病毒,病毒原液滴度为6 log TCID50,鼠诺如病毒的滴度范围为3.83~6.00 log TCID50,其中预处理条件为PMAxx浓度50 μmol,避光孵育时间15 min、光接触10 min;PMAxx浓度100 μmol,避光孵育时间15 min、光接触10 min;PMAxx浓度100 μmol,避光孵育时间20 min、光接触15 min的3个样本受PMAxx的毒性影响较小。
为筛选诺如病毒活病毒PMAxx染色法的最适条件,将MNV-1活病毒实验组设置了MNV-1热灭活对照组。使用RT-qPCR方法共检测了MNV-1活病毒实验组和MNV-1热灭活对照组的92组结果,包含了所设梯度的所有组合条件。实验所用的MNV-1活病毒原液定量丰度对数值为6.07。在90组实验样品中共检出鼠诺如病毒阳性样品60个,鼠诺如病毒的丰度范围为(1.26×100~1.01×106)copies/µl,其中预处理条件为PMAxx浓度50 μmol,避光孵育时间10 min、光接触10 min;PMAxx浓度50 μmol,避光孵育时间15 min、光接触10 min;PMAxx浓度100 μmol,避光孵育时间15 min、光接触15 min;PMAxx浓度200 μmol,避光孵育时间10 min、光接触20 min的4种条件下PMAxx结合效果较好。
依据实时荧光定量结果计算了方法的诺如病毒回收率,并与其他文献中的方法回收率比较。其中本海水中诺如病毒富集方法中仅使用Tralk洗脱液的最终回收率为1.97%,而同时使用Tralk洗脱液与三氯甲烷的最终回收率为3.24%。此外,本方法富集浓缩倍数为5 000倍,远高于大部分参考文献方法,而在同等浓缩倍数方法中回收效果最好。与实验室常用的活病毒检测方法——病毒滴度法比较,本研究使用的PMAxx-RT-qPCR法实验时间仅需2 h,且一次最多可处理24个样本。
本研究在纳米氧化铝陶瓷滤芯对病毒粒子高效截留的基础上(截留率99.9%),分别使用不同标准和文献推荐的病毒洗脱液配合聚乙二醇(PEG)沉淀法优化海水中诺如病毒的富集方法,结果表明,TPB和TGBE两种有机洗脱液与PEG沉淀法结合的病毒富集方法,其效果远低于Tralk洗脱液与PEG沉淀结合的方法。此外,以三氯甲烷作为PCR抑制去除剂可有效提高病毒的富集效率。在李慧莹等人[28]的研究基础上,通过将PEG-6000的用药剂量增加3%[29],将回收率提高了2.54%。国内外已报道过的病毒富集方法种类繁多,大致可分为沉淀法、聚乙二醇脱水透析法、聚合电解质法、膜吸附洗脱法和超滤法[30–32]。本方法是膜吸附–洗脱–絮凝沉淀–高速离心–抑制剂去除的组合方法,相对于单一的沉淀法、聚乙二醇脱水透析法和膜吸附洗脱法,本研究的富集方法可现场采集超大体积海水样品,无须搬运海水样品,单人即可完成样品的采集任务;相对于聚合电解质法,本法收集效率稳定,而聚合电解质法常因聚合物易分解干扰收集效率;相对于超滤法,本研究的富集方法利用电性捕获病毒粒子,不易堵塞,更适合野外复杂海水环境和大体积海水的病毒采集。此外,方法富集倍数高达5 000倍,使样品结果可靠性更高、更具有代表性。
PMAxx染色法是一种微生物活性筛选方法,多用于检测细菌和古菌[33–34],近年来已与RT-qPCR等多种分子生物学手段结合,逐步应用于活病原体的快速检测领域[35–38]。PMAxx是一种光反应染料,可以高度亲和力结合核酸[39–40],在可见光下光解后,PMAxx染料共价结合到核酸上[41],这种修饰的核酸不能通过PCR扩增[42–43]。PMAxx™染料会被活细胞的细胞膜排斥,无法穿透细胞膜[44]。因此,在活细胞和死细胞群中,只有细胞膜受损的死细胞对 DNA 修饰敏感[36,45],并在随后的PCR反应中发挥作用。与通过细胞培养确定活病毒滴度的方法相比,该方法具有检测时间短、效率高的优势;与传统的 RT-qPCR 技术相比,核酸嵌入剂的加入可极大降低来自死病毒的假阳性扩增信号,从而提高活病毒检测结果的准确度。
在诺如病毒活性筛选方法最适条件的研究中发现,46组MNV病毒实验组样品的TCID50病毒滴定结果中,PMAxx 50 μmol、避光孵育15 min、光接触10 min的染色条件对MNV活病毒具有最低限度的损伤。在定量结果中,热灭活处理 MNV(90 ℃、2 min)及其活病毒经不同浓度 PMAxx预处理的结果显示,PMAxx预处理对活病毒的影响较小(△丰度对数值<1),但抑制死病毒扩增信号的效果显著。比较各浓度核酸嵌入剂在降低假阳性信号方面的能力后,本实验选取50 μmol作为PMAxx的最佳预处理浓度。另外,热灭活对照组的数据表明,避光孵育时间超过10 min即可完全避免死病毒的检出(copies值未检出)。光活化PMAxx 10 min就能大幅抑制热灭活MNV的核酸扩增,这足够使体系内的游离 PMAxx 光解并与水形成羟胺,进而不影响活病毒的检测。综合以上结果,考虑到检测效率,将PMAxx浓度50 μmol室温下避光孵育病毒样品15 min、再光接触10 min作为PMAxx 的最佳预处理条件。
本研究通过优化海水中诺如病毒的富集方法,并结合活病毒检测技术PMAxx染色法,成功建立了一套高效的环境海水诺如病毒检测技术。研究中发现,采用Tralk洗脱液洗脱纳米氧化铝陶瓷滤芯,配合PEG沉淀法,能够有效地从大体积海水样本中回收诺如病毒颗粒,实现高达5 000倍的浓缩,有效地解决了超大体积海水中诺如病毒检测的难题。此外,PMAxx染色法在优化的预处理条件下,即PMAxx浓度为50 μmol,避光孵育15 min后进行10 min的光接触,能够显著提高有感染活性诺如病毒的检测准确率。本研究结果可为海产品安全风险分析及评估提供更准确的数据支持,对于提高食品安全检测水平和传染病防控具有重要意义。

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2025年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146003
  • 接收时间:2024-04-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-10
  • 修回日期:2025-01-14
  • 录用日期:2025-02-17
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    1国家海洋环境监测中心 国家生态环境保护近岸海域生态环境重点实验室,大连 116023
    2传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室 中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,北京 100052
    3悉尼大学理学院,悉尼 2007
    4上海海洋大学海洋生态与环境学院,上海 201306

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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