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Article(id=1321170056222978180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169992024961657, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146153, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729958400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-27, revisedDate=1733414400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-06, acceptedDate=1739721600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-17, onlineDate=1792921087555, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921087555, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921087555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921087555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169992024961657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='385', pageEnd='512', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744214400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921072250, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921072250, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=500, endPage=504, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170057204445318, articleId=1321170056222978180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Dengue epidemic characteristics and vaccine research progress: a review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infectious disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes carrying the dengue virus (DENV). It is currently prevalent in over 100 tropical and subtropical countries and regions, and was listed by the WHO as one of the "Top Ten Global Health Threats" in 2019. DENV has four serotypes, all of which can cause dengue fever. Secondary infection with a different serotype often leads to more severe clinical symptoms, making dengue vaccine development challenging. Currently, there are no specific drugs for the treatment of dengue fever, and vaccine development remains the preferred strategic approach for prevention and control. This review summarizes the basic characteristics, epidemiological features, infection and immune responses, and current status of dengue vaccine development, and analyzes the challenges faced in dengue vaccine development, providing a reference for future dengue prevention and control and related research.

, authors=Jun LIU1, Yanju QIN2, Jiayun DING1, Ruiting TANG2, Qing XIE1, Jian KUANG1, Zhijian ZHOU1, authorsList=Jun LIU, Yanju QIN, Jiayun DING, Ruiting TANG, Qing XIE, Jian KUANG, Zhijian ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhijian ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHOU Zhijian, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170057670013063, articleId=1321170056222978180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=登革热流行特征及疫苗研究进展, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综　述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

登革热是一种通过伊蚊叮咬传播登革病毒（DENV）所引起的虫媒病毒性传染病，目前已在热带、亚热带100多个国家和地区流行，2019年被WHO列为“全球十大健康威胁”。DENV共有4种血清型，均可导致感染者罹患登革热，而且继发感染异种血清型DENV后往往导致更严重的临床症状，这也使得登革热疫苗研制困难重重。目前登革热治疗尚无特效药物，疫苗开发研制依然是防控登革热的首选战略手段。本文对登革热基本情况、流行特点、感染与免疫应答以及疫苗研制现状进行综述并分析登革热疫苗研制面临的困境，为后续登革热防控以及相关研究提供参考。

, authors=刘军1, 覃燕菊2, 丁家云1, 唐瑞婷2, 谢晴1, 匡健1, 周志坚1, *, *, authorsList=刘军, 覃燕菊, 丁家云, 唐瑞婷, 谢晴, 匡健, 周志坚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周志坚, authorNote=

刘军（1993—），助理研究员，硕士，研究方向：传染病预防与控制

, correspAuthorsNote=
周志坚，E-mail：
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刘军（1993—），助理研究员，硕士，研究方向：传染病预防与控制

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登革热流行特征及疫苗研究进展
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刘军 1 , 覃燕菊 2 , 丁家云 1 , 唐瑞婷 2 , 谢晴 1 , 匡健 1 , 周志坚 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综　述 2025,41(4): 500-504
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中国公共卫生 |综　述 2025 , 41 (4) : 500 -504
登革热流行特征及疫苗研究进展
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刘军1, 覃燕菊2, 丁家云1, 唐瑞婷2, 谢晴1, 匡健1, 周志坚1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1南部战区疾病预防控制中心生物安全科，广州 510507
  • 2广州医科大学公共卫生学院，广州 510000
通讯作者:
周志坚，E-mail：
作者简介:

刘军（1993—），助理研究员，硕士，研究方向：传染病预防与控制

Dengue epidemic characteristics and vaccine research progress: a review
Jun LIU1, Yanju QIN2, Jiayun DING1, Ruiting TANG2, Qing XIE1, Jian KUANG1, Zhijian ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Biosafety, Center for Disease Prevention and Control of the Southern Theatre Command of the PLA, Guangzhou 510507, China
  • 2School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
    • Corresponding Author:
    ZHOU Zhijian, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146153
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登革热是一种通过伊蚊叮咬传播登革病毒（DENV）所引起的虫媒病毒性传染病，目前已在热带、亚热带100多个国家和地区流行，2019年被WHO列为“全球十大健康威胁”。DENV共有4种血清型，均可导致感染者罹患登革热，而且继发感染异种血清型DENV后往往导致更严重的临床症状，这也使得登革热疫苗研制困难重重。目前登革热治疗尚无特效药物，疫苗开发研制依然是防控登革热的首选战略手段。本文对登革热基本情况、流行特点、感染与免疫应答以及疫苗研制现状进行综述并分析登革热疫苗研制面临的困境，为后续登革热防控以及相关研究提供参考。

登革热  /  疫苗  /  流行特征  /  免疫应答

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infectious disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes carrying the dengue virus (DENV). It is currently prevalent in over 100 tropical and subtropical countries and regions, and was listed by the WHO as one of the "Top Ten Global Health Threats" in 2019. DENV has four serotypes, all of which can cause dengue fever. Secondary infection with a different serotype often leads to more severe clinical symptoms, making dengue vaccine development challenging. Currently, there are no specific drugs for the treatment of dengue fever, and vaccine development remains the preferred strategic approach for prevention and control. This review summarizes the basic characteristics, epidemiological features, infection and immune responses, and current status of dengue vaccine development, and analyzes the challenges faced in dengue vaccine development, providing a reference for future dengue prevention and control and related research.

dengue fever  /  vaccine  /  epidemic characteristics  /  immune response
刘军, 覃燕菊, 丁家云, 唐瑞婷, 谢晴, 匡健, 周志坚. 登革热流行特征及疫苗研究进展. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (4) : 500 -504 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146153
Jun LIU, Yanju QIN, Jiayun DING, Ruiting TANG, Qing XIE, Jian KUANG, Zhijian ZHOU. Dengue epidemic characteristics and vaccine research progress: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (4) : 500 -504 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146153
正文
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登革热是一种由携带登革病毒（dengue virus, DENV）的白纹伊蚊或埃及伊蚊传播的急性病毒性传染病[1]，其病原体DENV属于RNA病毒且有4种血清型[2]，因此具有基因组变异快、环境耐受力强、各血清型之间免疫保护不完全且时间短等特性，人群普遍易感[3]。近年来，随着环境因素和人为活动的变化，登革热疫情持续升高，2023年全球累计报告500余万例感染病例以及5000多例因登革热死亡病例，接近历史最高水平[4]。由于尚无特异性治疗药物，临床上目前主要采用对症治疗和支持疗法，因此了解登革热流行特征并开发研制DENV疫苗是目前登革热防控最经济和有效的手段[5]。本文拟对登革热基本情况、流行特点、感染与免疫应答以及疫苗研制现状进行综述，旨在为登革热基础研究以及疫苗研发提供理论参考。
1　登革热概述
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1.1　登革病毒基因组
1943年，DENV被首次分离得到[6]，与黄热病病毒、西尼罗河病毒、日本脑炎病毒和森林脑炎病毒同属于黄病毒科黄病毒属，基因组约11 kb，由单股正链RNA形成一个开放阅读框，从5 '端开始依次编码3种结构蛋白（C、PrM和E）和7种非结构蛋白(NS1、NS2a、NS2b、NS3、NS4a、NS4b和NS5)，总体上形成一个直径约50 nm的近似球形[7]。其中，C基因编码DENV核衣壳蛋白，内部包裹并保护病毒基因组，外侧被具有脂双层结构的病毒包膜包被，包膜具有包膜刺突；E蛋白和PrM蛋白以跨膜蛋白形式存在于包膜脂双层。E蛋白是一个约55 kDa的糖蛋白，负责病毒附着、进入细胞，含丰富的中和抗原表位和血清特异性表位，因此也是登革热疫苗开发最重要的目标靶位[8]。非结构蛋白在病毒基因组复制、包装释放和免疫逃逸中发挥重要辅助作用[9]。
1.2　登革病毒血清型
目前根据E蛋白抗原性，可将自然界DENV分为4种血清型，即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ型[2]。不同型别登革病毒基因组约有65%的同源性，感染任何一种血清型均能导致登革热。但各型别DENV之间缺少交叉保护，可导致同时感染不同型别DENV或者同一患者多次感染现象的发生[10]。4种型别的DENV地区分布各异，上世纪70年代，部分地区如美洲、非洲只发现了Ⅰ、Ⅱ型DENV，但近年来，4种型别的DENV已经在全球广泛分布，并且在热带、亚热带地区频繁引起登革热疫情[11]。
1.3　登革热临床症状
登革热临床症状根据轻重程度可分为无症状感染、登革热、登革出血热和登革热休克综合征。大多数患者为无症状感染；登革热患者临床表现主要为发热、皮疹、头痛、骨骼肌肉疼痛等感冒样症状，为自限性疾病；若未及时治疗，登革热患者病情会快速发展到更严重阶段，表现为高热、凝血异常、血管通透性增加、大量血浆渗漏和出血、血小板计数低、严重的器官损伤及至休克等症状，此时若缺乏救治病死率可达30%，严重威胁患者生命[12]。
1.4　登革热流行特点
近年来，气候变化、城市化、废物处理不当、人员流动增加等环境和社会因素导致全球登革热疫情逐年上升[13–14]。工业化发展引起全球气候变暖，一方面，不仅加快蚊媒释放促性腺激素周期从而促进繁殖，还会增加叮咬的频率；另一方面，扩大了伊蚊生存繁殖的区域和潜在的易感人群，从而导致热带、亚热带、温带甚至寒带地区登革热发病率增加。城市化使得原本疏散居住的人群在城市相对集中生活，便于携带登革病毒的伊蚊在人群间叮咬传播DENV。废物的不适当处理，如废弃的轮胎或者容器在雨后往往会有积水，容易成为蚊媒的孳生地。另外，全球范围内人员往来日益密切，也会导致登革热直接或间接传播的几率大大增加。可以预见，登革热流行还将处于上升状态，登革热防控负担还会逐渐增加。
20世纪90年代前后，登革热主要以儿童感染为主，很少累及成年人。近年来，登革热患者年龄有增大的趋势。据统计，泰国登革热患者的平均年龄从1981年的8.1岁跃升到2017年的24.3岁[15]。虽不能排除人口统计方式对这一结论的影响，但是感染年龄增大已经成为登革热传播的新趋势。
登革热感染年龄增大必然导致感染人群范围扩大，包括但不限于孕产妇、基础疾病患者。有研究显示，孕产妇感染登革热后不仅更容易出现严重症状及并发症，还更容易引起胎儿窘迫、早产、流产等情况的发生[16]。另外，由于登革热感染年龄增大且肾病、心血管疾病等基础疾病患者多为中、高年龄段人群，上述基础疾病患者感染登革热或者登革热感染者罹患上述基础疾病的风险会在一定程度上增加[17]。
2　登革热感染与免疫应答
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2.1　先天性免疫应答
DENV进入人体后会在大约1周的潜伏期内不断完成感染、复制过程，噬淋巴特性引导其最先感染皮肤组织驻留树突状细胞如朗格汉斯细胞，受感染的朗格汉斯细胞随后经淋巴系统迁移到附近淋巴结并将DENV抗原提呈给B、T淋巴细胞以启动免疫应答。树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和肥大细胞均会参与先天性免疫应答，也是DENV攻击的首要靶标[18]。
机体中表达模式识别受体如Toll样受体（TLRs）、视黄酸诱导基因I（RIG-Ⅰ）、黑色素瘤分化相关基因5（MDA5）的免疫细胞在感染早期即可通过识别DENV病原体相关分子模式快速启动机体先天性免疫应答，分泌肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）、干扰素（IFN）、白细胞介素（IL）等细胞因子以及趋化因子和趋化因子配体，TNF的释放会上调内皮细胞上Eselectin黏附分子的表达，促进单核细胞在感染部位募集[19]。
目前已知有关DENV诱导先天免疫应答的分子机制是：RIG-I、MDA5对病毒基因组的识别会激活线粒体抗病毒信号，继而激活TANK结合激酶1和IκB kinase以磷酸化转录因子、干扰素调节因子3和干扰素调节因子7，从而诱导IFN产生。IFN随后与其受体IFN α/β结合会激活Janus激酶/信号转导器和转录激活剂途径以上调IFN刺激基因表达。另外，TLR3、TLR7识别DENV后会招募MyD88等接头蛋白，然后激活核因子kB通路产生I型IFN和促炎细胞因子，继而激活补体系统强化先天免疫应答[20]。
2.2　适应性免疫应答
当先天免疫应答难以完全消除感染时，就会通过抗原提呈过程激活适应性免疫应答，一方面，B淋巴细胞快速活化、增殖，形成能够产生特异性抗体的浆细胞，从而启动体液免疫；另一方面，T淋巴细胞快速增殖分化启动细胞免疫，CD4+T细胞辅助B淋巴细胞活化，CD8+T细胞形成细胞毒性T细胞攻击被DENV感染的细胞，从而共同维护机体免疫稳态。
体液免疫中，中和抗体或特异性抗体通过识别DENV表面关键靶点阻止病毒感染、复制以对机体形成保护作用。DENV初次感染会诱导机体产生高浓度中和抗体，从而对同源血清型DENV感染提供长期甚至终身保护，同时也会引起对异种血清型DENV的短期免疫，持续时间不超过半年[10]。然而，由于DENV在与宿主相互作用的过程中演变形成抗体依赖性增强、抗原变异、prM蛋白不完全成熟等机制，体液免疫应答在登革热进展为重症的过程中也扮演着重要角色[21]。
细胞免疫对机体清除病毒感染也十分重要。主要组织相容性复合体I类分子呈递病毒肽并被识别后，幼稚T细胞将增殖分化形成CD4+T和CD8+T细胞，通过促进IFN-γ产生以及细胞表面分子CD107a表达上调诱导DENV感染细胞的裂解[22]。
2.3　继发性感染
由于机体在首次感染登革热时产生的对异种型DENV交叉保护维持时间很短，患者初次感染后短时间内可继发感染DENV，然而由于DENV的抗体依赖性增强作用，继发性感染患者会面临更高的登革热重症风险[10]。通常，机体免疫系统清除病原感染时，除了增殖分化形成相应的效应细胞启动体液免疫和细胞免疫外，B、T淋巴细胞还会分化形成相应的记忆B、T细胞以长期储备对后续潜在感染的快速应答能力。然而当异种血清型DENV继发性感染时，DENV初次感染时产生的记忆细胞就会快速增殖分化形成浆细胞和细胞毒性T细胞中和、杀伤感染病原，此时记忆B细胞增殖分化形成的浆细胞所产生的抗体是特异性针对初次感染时的DENV，对继发性感染的异种血清型DENV只会产生交叉反应，导致抗体可能在非中和表位或者浓度低于中和终点时与病毒结合，因而呈现出的中和能力不强，一方面，反而有利于亚中和抗体与继发性感染的DENV形成复合物，通过与表达Fc-γ受体的细胞结合，促进DENV吸附进入宿主细胞，导致登革出血热、登革休克综合征等更严重的临床症状；另一方面，由于不能及时清除抗体与病毒免疫复合物，导致局部富集高浓度细胞因子，从而发生严重的炎症反应，损伤局部组织加剧临床症状[23]。另外，DENV初次感染时产生的记忆T细胞在异种血清型DENV继发感染时虽然也会被激活，但由于亲和力很低、杀伤力有限，T细胞无法完全清除异种血清型DENV，从而产生更多的TNF-α、IL-10等促炎细胞因子和趋化因子，不仅引发细胞因子风暴，还会损伤内皮细胞导致凝血障碍和血浆渗漏，加重疾病严重程度[22]。
3　疫苗研究进展
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3.1　减毒活疫苗
目前已有2种登革热四价减毒活疫苗获批上市，分别是CYD-TDV和TAK-003，另一种登革热四价减毒活疫苗TV003/TV005也处于研发领先水平。虽然均为四价减毒活疫苗，但上述3种疫苗在嵌合程度和基因组主干以及有效性和安全性方面存在差异。
CYD-TDV，商品名Dengvaxia®，由法国赛诺菲巴斯德公司研制，是以黄热病毒基因组作为基本骨架利用基因重组将黄热病毒PrM、E基因置换为减毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型DENV PrM、E基因得到的重组嵌合疫苗载体。该疫苗接种方案为3剂型，分别于第0、6、12月接种。该疫苗于2009年启动临床试验，2014年完成Ⅲ期随机试验，2015年在菲律宾、巴西和墨西哥等国获批上市，随后又被印尼、新加坡、泰国、巴拉圭等国家批准上市，既是世界上首个获批的登革热疫苗，也是唯一被多个国家批准使用的登革热疫苗[24]。但是在2017年菲律宾有十几例接种该疫苗的儿童出现登革热严重症状甚至死亡后，相关研究显示，该疫苗仅对有登革热感染史的人群起作用，对未曾感染登革热的人群不适用，甚至在接种该疫苗后存在感染后加重病情的风险[25]。因此，WHO推荐经检测已明确有既往登革热感染史的人群可以条件限制性接种该疫苗，以应对目前全球日益严峻的登革热疫情[26]。
TAK-003，也称Qdenga，由日本武田公司研制，是以活减毒Ⅱ型DENV作为基本骨架将Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型登革热病毒的PrM、E蛋白基因嵌合到该骨架中得到的重组嵌合疫苗载体，也是第2种被WHO预认证的登革热疫苗[27]。该疫苗2010年启动临床试验，2017年公布的Ⅱ期试验结果显示该疫苗对2～17岁青少年接种人群产生较好的免疫应答，且能维持18个月，2018年完成临床Ⅲ期试验，结果表明该疫苗免疫原性、安全性均为良好。它已被证明可以诱导针对所有DENV血清型的中和抗体滴度，并具有产生体液和细胞反应的能力[27]。鉴于CYD-TDV和TAK-003疫苗的上述临床试验结果，WHO推荐在登革热流行区域对6～45岁人群接种TAK-003疫苗。该疫苗接种方案为2剂型，加强针距首次接种时间为3个月[28]。
TV003/TV005，由美国国立卫生研究院过敏与传染病研究所研制，含有4种血清型减毒DENV目标基因。巴西于2016年启动TV003疫苗Ⅲ期临床试验，试验结果显示TV003疫苗仅在单次剂量后就能诱导人体对所有4种血清型DENV的中和抗体，且除皮疹外很少产生副反应，表明该疫苗免疫原性和安全性良好[29]。
3.2　重组亚单位疫苗
重组亚单位疫苗是一类包含病原体免疫原及其他辅助成分从而诱导机体产生免疫应答的疫苗，具有安全性好、易于制备以及能够诱发平衡的免疫应答等优点。V180是最有潜力的登革热重组亚单位疫苗，由美国默沙东公司在果蝇S2细胞中表达纯化4种血清型DENV E蛋白胞外区并将其与DENV NS1蛋白和SSCOPrMATRIXTPrM佐剂混合后研制而成，由于胞外区序列占E蛋白总长度约80%，因而V180也称为DNV-80E疫苗。给无登革热感染史的人群分别在第0、1、2、3月连续接种4剂次后可诱导产生针对4种血清型的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答，然而Ⅰ、Ⅱ型DENV中和抗体滴度总是高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ型DENV中和抗体，表明该疫苗诱导产生的体液免疫应答不均衡。该疫苗2012年正式启动临床试验，2014年完成临床Ⅰ期研究，后续进展鲜有报道[30]。
3.3　DNA疫苗
DNA疫苗本质是质粒DNA，因而具有稳定性强、易于储存运输、制备简单、感染风险低、适合量产、成本效益高等优点，同时也由于免疫原性低、需要佐剂辅助和多剂次接种等局限性而限制了临床应用。目前已进入临床试验的登革热DNA疫苗是美国海军医学研究中心研制的一种四价登革热疫苗，其原理是制备能表达各血清型DENV PrM和E蛋白基因的质粒，已于2010年完成Ⅰ期临床试验并验证了其安全性，然而由于较差的免疫原性导致该疫苗诱导的中和抗体反应不够强烈[31]。随后的研究采用阳离子脂质Vaxfectin®作为佐剂，以期增强疫苗的免疫原性，然而还是由于疫苗免疫原性较差难以产生对4种血清型DENV均衡的中和抗体[32]。
3.4　灭活疫苗
灭活疫苗通过加热等物理方法或者使用福尔马林等化学试剂将病原体灭活后免疫机体从而诱导机体产生对相应活性病原体的免疫应答。灭活疫苗存在两大特点，一是病毒被彻底灭活后安全性有保证，二是由于病毒灭活后可能破坏抗原表位或者病毒结构，导致灭活疫苗免疫原性不强[33]。英国葛兰素史克疫苗公司研制的四价登革热灭活疫苗DPIV也是通过使用福尔马林灭活DENV制备而成，目前已经完成的Ⅰ期临床试验结果表明该疫苗安全性良好，且能对各血清型DENV产生均衡的抗体反应，但是免疫原性不强。随后的试验采用佐剂AS01E和AS03B以增强DPIV疫苗的保护性，结果发现DPIV疫苗能够诱导良好的适应性免疫应答，并对受试者提供持久的保护力，虽然解决了免疫原性不强的问题，但增加了登革热疫苗的生产成本[34]。这也表明，灭活疫苗安全性优于其他类型疫苗，但是免疫原性不强，可能需要和其他类型疫苗联合使用以提高保护率。
4　总结与展望
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近年来登革热流行负担逐渐增大，尤其是中国、印度及东南亚等亚洲国家，可能原因包括但不限于缺乏对伊蚊病媒的控制措施、人们医疗保健投入不足、亚洲人群基因表达谱更容易感染DENV并发展为重症等[35]。然而迄今为止，人类尚未开发出特效药物用以治疗登革热，疫苗成为登革热防控应当优先考虑的战略手段。
一株成功的疫苗既要确保临床安全性，还要能够产生有效且强大的保护性免疫应答[36]。目前，登革热疫苗基础研究和临床应用充满挑战，主要有以下原因：首先是抗体依赖性增强导致登革热异源感染后症状往往加重。这是由于机体感染DENV后产生的抗体与异源血清型病毒具有交叉反应的潜力导致的，因而一株理想的登革热疫苗需要对4种血清型的DENV都能够产生中和活性强、均衡的特异性抗体[37]。其次是登革热疫苗还会与寨卡病毒、西尼罗河病毒、黄热病毒、日本脑炎病毒以及森林脑炎病毒具有交叉反应性。这是因为同属于黄病毒科的不同病毒之间病毒蛋白同源性很高，例如，寨卡病毒E蛋白与DENV E蛋白相似性>50%，因而在婴儿感染寨卡病毒后，母体产生的登革热特异性抗体也有可能使婴儿感染的致病性加重[38]。另外，动物模型缺乏也是制约登革热疫苗研发的重要因素。由于小鼠会产生先天性以及适应性免疫应答抵抗DENV感染，导致从临床样本中分离出的DENV感染小鼠后难以模拟登革热患者临床症状以及相关免疫学、生理学变化，因此传统小鼠模型很难适用于登革热疫苗临床评价，近年来越来越多的免疫缺陷小鼠品系以及非人灵长类动物模型被建立并在临床试验之前用于登革热疫苗有效性和安全性评价[39]。最后，疫苗研制经费支持、信任缺失以及疫苗副作用引起的恐惧也在一定程度上阻碍了登革热疫苗的研发进展[40]。尽管登革热疫苗研制困难重重，但是也取得了很多进展，例如已有两种重组嵌合疫苗获批上市，另一种候选重组嵌合疫苗已开展临床试验。在研制疫苗的同时，伊蚊媒介的防制也应该与时俱进。随着生物产业的快速发展，大力发展合成生物学、反向遗产学以及基因编辑等技术，在控制蚊媒种群繁殖、降低DENV在蚊媒体内复制方面取得进展。
综上所述，登革热基础研究以及疫苗的研制虽然充满挑战，但将始终是登革热防制的首选战略手段。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146153
  • 接收时间：2024-10-27
  • 首发时间：2026-10-25
  • 出版时间：2025-04-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-27
  • 修回日期：2024-12-06
  • 录用日期：2025-02-17
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    1南部战区疾病预防控制中心生物安全科，广州 510507
    2广州医科大学公共卫生学院，广州 510000

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周志坚，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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