Article(id=1321170050082525208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169992024961657, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145971, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730304000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-31, revisedDate=1731945600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-19, acceptedDate=1741881600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-14, onlineDate=1792921086092, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921086092, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921086092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921086092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169992024961657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='385', pageEnd='512', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744214400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921072250, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921072250, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=457, endPage=463, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170050267074585, articleId=1321170050082525208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Experiences, challenges, and strategies for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing city, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand and analyze the experiences and challenges of Beijing city in preventing and controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, providing references for improving the prevention and control practices and policy-making of infectious disease pandemics in megacities in the future.

Methods

From October 2023 to February 2024, 21 staff members from Beijing's health administrative departments, professional disease prevention and control institutions, medical and health institutions, professional public health institutions, and community health service centers were invited for key informant interviews. Thematic framework analysis was used to process and analyze the interview data.

Results

Through the analysis of 21 qualitative data sets, two major themes emerged: experiences and challenges in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing, covering 11 primary indicators and 39 secondary indicators. Specific aspects include the construction of a multi-level joint command and management system, improvement of the top-level design for public health emergencies, optimization of the medical and health service system, clarification of the four-party responsibility mechanism for infectious disease prevention and control, creation of a "specialist-led, specialist-community integrated" model, and improvement of the information transmission and communication mechanism. However, there were also challenges, such as the need to strengthen the connection between policy and system changes, the relatively lagging development of informatization, and deficiencies in epidemiological investigation, tracing, and close contact management.

Conclusions

The epidemic prevention and control in Beijing is of great significance. Relevant institutions or departments should pay attention to the effective connection between new and old iterations of policies and systems, improve the normalized infectious disease surveillance and early warning system, strengthen the construction of epidemiological investigation teams and the mechanism for switching between normal and emergency situations, and enhance the level of informatization.

, authors=Shuai DU, Ayan MAO, Wuqi QIU, authorsList=Shuai DU, Ayan MAO, Wuqi QIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wuqi QIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
QIU Wuqi, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170050862665756, articleId=1321170050082525208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=北京市新冠病毒感染疫情防控经验、问题及对策, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解并梳理北京市在新冠病毒感染疫情防控中的经验及问题,为日后完善超大型城市传染病大流行防控实践和政策制定提供参考与借鉴。

方法

于2023年10月—2024年2月,邀请北京市卫生行政主管部门、疾病预防控制专业技术机构、医疗卫生机构、专业公共卫生机构以及社区卫生服务中心的21名工作人员进行知情者访谈,并采用主题框架分析法对访谈资料进行处理与分析。

结果

通过对21份定性资料的梳理,形成北京市新冠病毒感染疫情防控经验与问题两大主题,涵盖11个一级指标、39个二级指标。具体内容包括构建多级联动指挥管理体系、完善公共卫生应急顶层设计、优化医疗卫生服务体系建设、明确传染病防控四方责任机制、打造“以专带群、专群结合”模式以及健全信息传递沟通机制等。但其中存在政策制度变化衔接有待加强、信息化发展相对滞后、流调溯源和密接管理不足等问题。

结论

北京市疫情防控意义重大,相关机构或部门应重视政策制度新旧迭代的有效衔接、健全常态化传染病监测预警体系、强化流调队伍建设与平急转换机制、提升信息化建设水平等。

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都率(1993— ),助理研究员,硕士,研究方向:公共卫生与卫生政策

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邱五七,E-mail:
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Basic characteristics of gender, age, professional title, Job category, Institutional level, participating in the frontline response to the epidemic among the participants (N=21)

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变量分类人数百分比/%
性别男性1361.90
女性838.10
年龄/岁<3000.00
30~501676.19
>50523.81
职称正高838.10
副高1047.62
中级314.28
初级00.00
职务类别行政管理类1152.38
专业技术类1047.62
机构层级市级838.10
区级628.57
街道(乡镇)733.33
参与一线抗疫是21100.00
否00.00
), ArticleFig(id=1321170054616567869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170050082525208, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

被访者基本特征情况(N=21)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类人数百分比/%
性别男性1361.90
女性838.10
年龄/岁<3000.00
30~501676.19
>50523.81
职称正高838.10
副高1047.62
中级314.28
初级00.00
职务类别行政管理类1152.38
专业技术类1047.62
机构层级市级838.10
区级628.57
街道(乡镇)733.33
参与一线抗疫是21100.00
否00.00
), ArticleFig(id=1321170054721425470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170050082525208, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Interview results of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control experience and challenges in Beijing city

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主题一级指标二级指标频次合计/次
经验1.疫情防控指挥体系1.1 工作领导小组18193
1.2 各专项工作小组6
1.3 组间协同配合4
1.4 扁平化治理2
1.5 各层级联动8
2.顶层设计与规划2.1 政策制定与发布10
2.2 行动纲领制定3
3.医疗卫生服务体系3.1 院前急救服务2
3.2 疾病预防与控制20
3.3 基层卫生医疗机构2
3.4 公共卫生服务13
4.四方责任4.1 联防联控12
4.2 政府责任2
4.3 机构或部门责任2
4.4 企事业单位责任2
4.5 个人责任2
5.专家参与5.1 专业团队5
5.2 医疗卫生专家4
5.3 公共卫生专家9
5.4 顾问团2
6.群众参与6.1 社区居民6
6.2 志愿者10
6.3 社会合力5
7.信息传递与沟通7.1 疫情信息15
7.2 信息系统与平台7
7.3 信息发布12
7.4 媒体10
存在问题8.政策衔接8.1 政策制定时间紧迫291
8.2 政策更新同步性的挑战2
8.3 决策制定与执行情况/效果问题6
9.信息化水平9.1 信息化技术水平不足19
9.2 信息平台建设还待完善7
9.3 数据挖掘能力欠缺10
9.4 信息孤岛13
9.5 信息共享机制不完善15
10.流调溯源10.1 流调滞后性3
10.2 流调对象不配合或隐瞒8
11.密接管理11.1 未遵守防控规定4
11.2 潜在病毒传播源2
), ArticleFig(id=1321170054805311551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170050082525208, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

北京市新冠病毒感染疫情防控经验与问题的访谈结果

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主题一级指标二级指标频次合计/次
经验1.疫情防控指挥体系1.1 工作领导小组18193
1.2 各专项工作小组6
1.3 组间协同配合4
1.4 扁平化治理2
1.5 各层级联动8
2.顶层设计与规划2.1 政策制定与发布10
2.2 行动纲领制定3
3.医疗卫生服务体系3.1 院前急救服务2
3.2 疾病预防与控制20
3.3 基层卫生医疗机构2
3.4 公共卫生服务13
4.四方责任4.1 联防联控12
4.2 政府责任2
4.3 机构或部门责任2
4.4 企事业单位责任2
4.5 个人责任2
5.专家参与5.1 专业团队5
5.2 医疗卫生专家4
5.3 公共卫生专家9
5.4 顾问团2
6.群众参与6.1 社区居民6
6.2 志愿者10
6.3 社会合力5
7.信息传递与沟通7.1 疫情信息15
7.2 信息系统与平台7
7.3 信息发布12
7.4 媒体10
存在问题8.政策衔接8.1 政策制定时间紧迫291
8.2 政策更新同步性的挑战2
8.3 决策制定与执行情况/效果问题6
9.信息化水平9.1 信息化技术水平不足19
9.2 信息平台建设还待完善7
9.3 数据挖掘能力欠缺10
9.4 信息孤岛13
9.5 信息共享机制不完善15
10.流调溯源10.1 流调滞后性3
10.2 流调对象不配合或隐瞒8
11.密接管理11.1 未遵守防控规定4
11.2 潜在病毒传播源2
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北京市新冠病毒感染疫情防控经验、问题及对策
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都率 , 毛阿燕 , 邱五七 *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(4): 457-463
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (4) : 457 -463
北京市新冠病毒感染疫情防控经验、问题及对策
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都率, 毛阿燕, 邱五七*, *
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院医学信息研究所公共卫生战略情报研究室,北京 100020
通讯作者:
邱五七,E-mail:
作者简介:

都率(1993— ),助理研究员,硕士,研究方向:公共卫生与卫生政策

Experiences, challenges, and strategies for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing city
Shuai DU, Ayan MAO, Wuqi QIU
Affiliations
  • Department of Public Health Strategy, Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100020, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    QIU Wuqi, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145971
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目的

了解并梳理北京市在新冠病毒感染疫情防控中的经验及问题,为日后完善超大型城市传染病大流行防控实践和政策制定提供参考与借鉴。

方法

于2023年10月—2024年2月,邀请北京市卫生行政主管部门、疾病预防控制专业技术机构、医疗卫生机构、专业公共卫生机构以及社区卫生服务中心的21名工作人员进行知情者访谈,并采用主题框架分析法对访谈资料进行处理与分析。

结果

通过对21份定性资料的梳理,形成北京市新冠病毒感染疫情防控经验与问题两大主题,涵盖11个一级指标、39个二级指标。具体内容包括构建多级联动指挥管理体系、完善公共卫生应急顶层设计、优化医疗卫生服务体系建设、明确传染病防控四方责任机制、打造“以专带群、专群结合”模式以及健全信息传递沟通机制等。但其中存在政策制度变化衔接有待加强、信息化发展相对滞后、流调溯源和密接管理不足等问题。

结论

北京市疫情防控意义重大,相关机构或部门应重视政策制度新旧迭代的有效衔接、健全常态化传染病监测预警体系、强化流调队伍建设与平急转换机制、提升信息化建设水平等。

新冠病毒感染疫情  /  防控  /  经验  /  问题  /  北京市
Objective

To understand and analyze the experiences and challenges of Beijing city in preventing and controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, providing references for improving the prevention and control practices and policy-making of infectious disease pandemics in megacities in the future.

Methods

From October 2023 to February 2024, 21 staff members from Beijing's health administrative departments, professional disease prevention and control institutions, medical and health institutions, professional public health institutions, and community health service centers were invited for key informant interviews. Thematic framework analysis was used to process and analyze the interview data.

Results

Through the analysis of 21 qualitative data sets, two major themes emerged: experiences and challenges in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing, covering 11 primary indicators and 39 secondary indicators. Specific aspects include the construction of a multi-level joint command and management system, improvement of the top-level design for public health emergencies, optimization of the medical and health service system, clarification of the four-party responsibility mechanism for infectious disease prevention and control, creation of a "specialist-led, specialist-community integrated" model, and improvement of the information transmission and communication mechanism. However, there were also challenges, such as the need to strengthen the connection between policy and system changes, the relatively lagging development of informatization, and deficiencies in epidemiological investigation, tracing, and close contact management.

Conclusions

The epidemic prevention and control in Beijing is of great significance. Relevant institutions or departments should pay attention to the effective connection between new and old iterations of policies and systems, improve the normalized infectious disease surveillance and early warning system, strengthen the construction of epidemiological investigation teams and the mechanism for switching between normal and emergency situations, and enhance the level of informatization.

COVID-19  /  prevention and control  /  experience  /  challenges  /  Beijing city
都率, 毛阿燕, 邱五七. 北京市新冠病毒感染疫情防控经验、问题及对策. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (4) : 457 -463 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145971
Shuai DU, Ayan MAO, Wuqi QIU. Experiences, challenges, and strategies for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing city[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (4) : 457 -463 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145971
北京作为中国首都,各国驻华外交机构、国际组织及政府部门和企事业单位众多,旅游、商务、文化等交流活动频繁,国内外航班、高铁等多种公共交通方式都在此汇集;且北京市人口规模庞大,常住人口已超过2 100万。这些因素共同增加了北京市在传染病大流行防控方面的风险,使其防控任务更为艰巨。近年新冠病毒感染疫情(COVID-19)大流行对北京市的医疗系统、经济发展和社会安定等方面都产生了影响[1–3]。对此政府和社会各界采取了一系列措施,减轻疫情带来的负面影响并逐步恢复城市的正常运转[4–6],尽管防疫举措有效遏制了疫情传播并保障了公共卫生安全,但在实施过程中也暴露出一些问题与不足。基于此背景,本研究于2023年10月—2024年2月对参与传染病防控的21名工作人员进行深度访谈,并采用主题框架分析法,梳理总结北京市在此次新冠病毒感染疫情防控中的经验与问题,为日后完善超大型城市防控实践和政策制定提供参考与借鉴。
于2023年10月—2024年2月,采用目的抽样法,邀请北京市卫生行政主管部门、疾病预防控制专业技术机构、医疗卫生机构、专业公共卫生机构以及社区卫生服务中心的相关负责人或业务骨干作为访谈对象。纳入标准:在本行业工作>5年,参与过COVID-19的疫情防控工作,对本研究感兴趣并自愿参加本次访谈。
根据文献[7–9],并围绕北京市疫情防控工作的经验做法、存在的问题短板等方面的内容设计访谈提纲。调查采用面对面访谈方式,在访谈提纲引导下鼓励受访者深入阐述观点和看法,使受访者能够结合自身专业知识并从工作实践的角度回答主访者提出的问题,保证访谈内容符合研究需要。
采用主题框架分析法对访谈资料进行处理分析。该方法以文本资料为依据,结合研究目的构建能够用于编码的主题类别,并对数据资料进行归纳分析[10]。即提取访谈资料的关键信息并对反复出现的内容进行标记,通过Excel 2016软件,由2名编码员进行编码管理与整合,总结凝练主题,形成研究结果。在编码可靠性方面,使用归类一致性系数(k)来衡量编码者之间的一致性,其计算公式为:k=2M/(N1+N2),其中M为2次编码相同的频次,N1和N2则分别对应2名编码员每人编码的总数。当k>0.5时,认为编码一致性符合研究的基本要求,结果可靠。
北京市的21名咨询访谈专家分别来自北京市卫生行政主管部门、疾病预防控制专业技术机构、医疗卫生机构、专业公共卫生机构以及社区卫生服务中心。被访者男性居多(61.90%);年龄主要集中在30~50岁(76.19%);业务职称以高级职称为主(85.72%);职务中行政管理者占52.38%,专业技术骨干占47.62%;被访专家在市、区、街道3级行政机构中分布相对均衡,分别占38.10%、28.57%和33.33%,具有良好的区域级别和专业范围代表性。所有被访专家均参与了新冠病毒感染疫情的防控工作。
2名编码员分别对访谈资料进行编码、归类工作。通过计算,本研究的k值为0.610 ,说明编码一致性较好,归类结果可信。最终形成的主题框架为新冠病毒感染疫情防控经验、存在问题等2部分,涵盖11个一级指标、39个二级指标。通过对访谈资料的深度剖析以及编码主题、提及频次的系统梳理,总结得出关于北京市新冠病毒感染疫情防控经验、存在问题的具体内容。
自2019年底新冠病毒感染疫情暴发后,北京市迅速地启动了突发公共卫生事件最高级别的一级响应机制。在此背景下,市委、市政府紧急组建了疫情防控工作领导小组,由市领导担任组长,承担总体决策、统筹协调等重要职责。领导小组实行24 h运作与每日例会制度,确保疫情信息即时分析与决策的高效制定。为全面应对疫情挑战,领导小组下设多个专项工作组,覆盖流调溯源、医疗保障、交通管控、物资供应、宣传舆论、高校疫情防控以及监督监察等多个关键领域。各工作组在领导小组统一指挥下,分工明确又紧密协作,形成防疫合力。与此同时,北京市各区级政府也迅速响应,成立对应工作小组,负责细化并执行本区域内的疫情防控措施,实现了疫情防控工作的精准化与本地化。区级小组与市级领导小组之间建立了高效的信息通报与协调机制,确保防疫政策和资源能够在全市范围内快速传递与优化配置。疫情后期,北京市进一步创新管理机制,在街道层面设立了“8 h涉疫风险人员应急处置指挥部”,即从发现涉疫风险人员相关信息开始,要在8 h内完成涉疫流调、信息传递、落地管控、隔离转运全流程的各项工作。这些“分指挥部”作为基层防疫的坚强堡垒,旨在更早地发现并隔离潜在感染源,遏制疫情大范围传播。这一创新举措强化了市-区-街道间的三级联动工作机制,提升了疫情防控的决策响应速度与执行效率。
为汲取疫情初期的经验教训,提升首都北京市突发公共卫生事件应对与处置能力,市委、市政府出台相关政策,并印发《加强首都公共卫生应急管理体系建设三年行动计划(2020—2022年)》,该计划作为一项具体而详实的行动纲领,旨在通过完善重大疫情防控的体制机制,加速推动首都公共卫生治理体系和治理能力的现代化进程。这一顶层设计涵盖了疫情防控工作的整体规划和战略部署,同时明确了统一的政策导向、法律法规框架以及指导原则等,为各级政府部门在疫情防控实践中提供了清晰的方向与遵循,保障各部门在应对疫情时能够步调一致,依据统一的指导方针和工作部署协同作战。
近年来,北京市始终将医疗卫生服务体系的发展置于重要战略地位。在院前急救服务方面,着重优化急救站点布局,增加其分布密度并推进站点设施更新;通过系统性培训与演练,提升院前医护人员紧急救援技能;此外,大力扩充急救车辆并配备先进的医疗设备,为应对突发公共卫生事件提供了快速响应机制。在医院救治能力方面,构建央地军地协同、平战结合的传染病救治网络,增设负压病房,确保不同情况的患者都能得到妥善救治。在疾病预防和控制方面,北京市积极响应国家战略部署,组建成立疾病预防控制局,并深化市疾控中心传染病疫情和突发公共卫生事件应急处置、实验室检验检测等核心能力建设。同时,北京市高度重视基层医疗卫生机构建设,通过专项财政投入和政策扶持,提升基层医疗卫生服务能力和水平,增强了全市公共卫生服务的可及性和整体效能。
在新冠病毒感染疫情期间,北京市深入落实属地、部门、单位、个人的四方责任,构建全方位、多层次的联防联控网络,以此为依托保障民众健康与安全。在属地责任履行方面,各级政府作为核心责任主体,发挥其统筹协调职能,负责辖区内疫情防控工作的规划与实施。部门责任方面,政府各有关部门依据职责分工,精准施策。对于单位责任,本市范围内的各类单位,包括机关、社会团体、企业事业单位等,均须建立健全防控责任制,完善管理制度,同时配备充足且必要的防护设施,为员工提供安全工作环境。此外,单位要加强宣传教育,督促员工严格执行卫生健康部门及行业主管部门的防控指导。在个人责任层面,个人作为疫情防控的最小单元和最终防线,应遵守政府发布的一系列防控措施、并自觉做好个人防护,积极配合社区组织开展的疫情排查工作等。各方责任明确且落实到位,为防控工作的全面开展提供了有力保障。
在疫情应对与处置中,逐步构建起“专业引领、群众响应参与”的协同模式。在此模式下,公卫、疾控、临床医疗等领域的专家根据疫情发展态势、病毒变异情况等因素,运用科学的研究方法和专业知识,制定科学合理的防控策略与方案,涵盖从日常防护措施到应急状态下的应对等多个维度。这些策略、方案为社区层面的防控工作以及群众自我防护行为提供了清晰的方向指引与操作指导。在防控策略具体实施过程中,专业人员深入社区、机关单位、企业等各类场所,进行现场指导和监督,并根据群众反馈及时调整优化防控措施,形成了强大的专家支持体系。此外,政府部门、社区组织通过宣传、号召等方式,广泛动员群众参与疫情防控工作,如发布志愿者招募信息,鼓励符合条件的群众积极报名,参与社区卡点值守、物资分发、信息排查、宣传教育等工作中。社区居民、志愿者等社会合力共同构成了防控工作的群众力量。
为确保疫情信息的时效性与透明度,一系列高效的信息传递与沟通机制得以优化完善。首先,构建起覆盖各级政府及职能部门的疫情信息专责体系,该体系专注于疫情数据的快速收集、整合与上报;同时依托数字平台与信息系统,运用现代信息技术手段,提高了信息流转速度。其次,政府积极发挥官方渠道的主导作用,将北京市卫生健康委员会的官方网站、微信公众号等作为疫情信息的权威发布平台。这些平台严格遵循信息发布的规范与标准,实时更新包括确诊病例数、无症状感染者数、密切接触者追踪情况等在内的疫情统计数据;同时全面、准确地传达最新防控政策,涵盖隔离措施、核酸检测要求、公共场所防控指引等内容;并发布具有针对性的指导建议,涉及个人防护、居家隔离注意事项、心理调适等方面,确保公众能够便捷、无障碍地获取最新且最准确的疫情资讯。此外,政府与专业机构协同合作,定期举办新闻发布会,直面媒体与公众的关注焦点,回应社会关切,有效增强了信息的透明度与公信力,稳定了社会情绪。
在疫情防控的严峻态势下,政府及相关部门面临快速响应与施策的巨大压力。这种紧急性使政策制定进程加快,同时也可能因时间紧迫而没有进行充分论证与细致规划,导致政策更新难以完全同步于疫情动态,出现衔接上的不连贯问题。疫情防控工作是一项复杂的系统工程,会牵涉多个职能部门。各部门间职责各异、利益交织,如何高效协调、平衡各方,成为影响整体防控效能的关键。因此政策制定部门与执行部门间的紧密配合尤为重要,任何沟通不畅或执行滞后,都可能削弱政策设计的初衷与效果,影响防控大局。如何在确保政策制定效率的同时,加强跨部门协作,优化决策与执行间的衔接机制,成为应急处置中亟待解决的重要课题。
北京市在信息化建设领域起步较早,但相较于国内外一些先进城市,发展相对滞后。首先人工智能、大数据等前沿技术应用深度不足,创新应用场景开发有限;其次面对海量的公共卫生数据,相关机构或部门的数据挖掘能力不足,无法充分挖掘并利用公共卫生数据的价值。此外,数据共享与应用机制不完善,缺乏协同治理平台;不同机构间的信息壁垒依然存在,并有数据传输速度受限、信息反馈机制渠道不畅以及信息安全等问题,一定程度上制约了信息化在城市治理、公共卫生服务等领域的效能发挥。
疫情高峰期,流调压力陡增。此高压态势致使部分病例的流调工作出现滞后,病毒传播链条信息模糊,为病毒在社区范围内的快速传播创造了条件。因医疗资源挤兑,部分密切接触者未能及时隔离与医学观察,或在隔离与自我监测期间未能严格遵守相关规定,增加病毒传播的风险,导致疫情进一步在社会面传播。此外,还存在部分公共场所或隔离场地对疫情防控政策执行不力的情况,诸如人员出入管理、环境消杀、防护措施落实等环节未能严格按照规定执行,这种状况极易导致疫情规模扩大,其负面影响也会随之加剧,对防控工作构成威胁。
北京市作为中国政治、文化、国际交往和科技创新中心,其疫情防控工作承载着非凡的意义与责任,不仅是国内衡量疫情防控成效的关键风向标,也是国际社会评估中国防疫策略效果的重要窗口。在此次新冠病毒感染疫情防控实践中,北京市积累了诸多宝贵经验:构建多级联动指挥管理体系,确保各项决策得以快速响应并高效执行,对比国外部分国家疫情处置或管理的混乱与迟缓,优势明显[11];同时,完善公共卫生应急管理顶层设计,明确法规框架与政策导向,为各部门协同开展防疫工作提供了坚实的基础;优化医疗卫生服务体系,从急救、救治到疾控全面提升服务能力,与部分发展中国家资源匮乏、应对疫情能力不足形成反差;明确四方责任机制,属地、部门、单位和个人共同构建联防联控网络,相比一些西方国家过度强调个人自由,更好地保障了民众健康;打造 “以专带群、专群结合” 模式,专家指导、群众参与,防疫合力强大;同时,构建信息专责体系,通过官方渠道及时准确发布信息,稳定了社会情绪。然而,北京市在防控过程中也暴露出一些问题:如政策制度更新有时因缺乏充分论证规划而难以及时同步疫情动态,跨部门协调存在不足;政府部门信息化发展滞后于国际发达国家或城市[12],数据挖掘与共享机制不完善,人工智能、大数据等前沿技术在公共卫生领域的应用深度和广度有待提升;在流调溯源、密接管理等方面,疫情高峰期存在流调滞后、密接人员隔离不及时、部分场所防控政策执行不力等情况,增加了病毒传播风险等。针对以上问题,北京市未来可从以下四方面优化、完善疫情防控工作,保障首都公共卫生安全:
一是重视疫情防控政策或制度新旧迭代的有效衔接。在政策或制度进行制修订之前,首先要明确更新的目的与背景,如国内外疫情形势的动态变化、病毒变异情况以及防控工作在实践过程中所产生的新需求等。其次,新的政策制度在制定过程中,需妥善处理与旧政策制度的关系。一方面,应充分继承旧政策制度在实践中所积累的有效经验;另一方面,要根据新的疫情形势,对政策内容进行科学合理的调整与优化,避免内容或要求出现大幅度的波动或反复,减少对公众生活和经济社会活动的干扰。政策或制度完成更新迭代后,须及时通过官方渠道开展广泛宣传,并针对政策中的关键条款和可能存在理解难度的问题,组织专家进行深入解读和讲解,帮助公众了解政策变化的具体内容,减少因公众对政策理解不当而导致的误解和抵触情绪。
二是健全常态化传染病监测预警体系建设。鉴于首都特殊的功能定位,北京市传染病监测预警体系建设需体现出高度的政治责任感,确保能够及时发现并应对可能影响国家政治稳定和安全的各类潜在风险。应以国际一流水平为目标,强化科技创新,融合大数据、云计算、人工智能等先进技术,多渠道监测布局,建立健全科学的风险评估和预警管理机制,全方位实现监测预警体系的智能化、信息化和网络化[13]。同时收集各方反馈信息,及时对预警监测和分析工作进行评估改进,切实提高预警监测的准确性和时效性。
三是强化流调队伍建设与平急转换机制。疫情期间组建的流调队伍可固化保留,使其处于常态化的准备状态。在此期间,该队伍应持续开展对各类传染病相关信息的收集与分析工作,定期组织系统性的演练和专业培训,确保队员具备扎实的专业知识和实践技能。当出现应急情况时,流调队伍能够依据预设的应急响应预案迅速集结,高效响应并立即开展行动。进一步完善平急转换机制,确保在应急状态下能够高效调配资源:如合理安排隔离设施的启用,确保符合传染病防控标准且满足不同隔离需求;根据疫情严重程度和发展趋势,灵活调整应对策略,包括流调范围的拓展、密切接触者判定标准的更新以及隔离措施的强化等,从源头上遏制传染病的传播与扩散。
四是提升疫情防控信息化建设。健全统一数据平台和通信网络,融通各级公共卫生机构、医疗机构、实验室及相关部门,实现数据联通,形成协同互动整体[14];并依托先进通信技术和传输协议,确保监测数据、检测结果等关键信息在各节点之间实现快速准确传输,提高公共卫生工作效率和响应速度。运用大数据分析、人工智能、决策分析优化等技术,分析海量监测数据和实验室检测结果,挖掘潜在规律和趋势,建立分析模型和算法,实现对疾病传播路径、疫情发展态势等情况的精准预测和有效预警,提高传染病智慧化防控水平[15–16]。此外,还应高度重视数据安全,健全信息安全保障机制,定期进行安全漏洞排查与风险评估,确保监测数据和实验室检测结果的安全性和保密性。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145971
  • 接收时间:2024-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-31
  • 修回日期:2024-11-19
  • 录用日期:2025-03-14
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    中国医学科学院医学信息研究所公共卫生战略情报研究室,北京 100020

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邱五七,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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