Article(id=1321170036866270020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169924697993338, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145913, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735056000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-25, revisedDate=1736265600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-08, acceptedDate=1745683200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-27, onlineDate=1792921082941, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921082941, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921082941, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921082941, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169924697993338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='5', pageStart='513', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1746806400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921056198, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921056198, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=627, endPage=635, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321170037071790917, articleId=1321170036866270020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Indoor environmental pollution and eye health: Pathogenic mechanisms and prevention and control measures, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Most people today spend a significant amount of time indoors. In addition to indoor pollutants, outdoor pollutants can also enter indoor spaces through human activities or air currents. As a critical category of environmental pollution, indoor pollutants pose serious risks to human health. Indoor pollutants vary widely and include particulate matter, dust, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can cause tear film abnormalities, keratitis, nonspecific or allergic conjunctivitis, and even retinal damage. This article examines the relationship between indoor pollutants and ocular damage by reviewing reports on pollutants and eye diseases in databases such as PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). It further analyzes the specific effects of various indoor pollutants on ocular tissues (e.g., tear film, cornea, conjunctiva, lens, and retina), summarizes their potential hazards and toxic mechanisms, and suggests effective strategies to mitigate the risks of ocular exposure.

, authors=Mei XIONG1, Hai LIU2, Ji YANG2, Zhaolai GUO1, Jingya LI1, Yabo BAO1, Ping XIANG1, authorsList=Mei XIONG, Hai LIU, Ji YANG, Zhaolai GUO, Jingya LI, Yabo BAO, Ping XIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ping XIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XIANG Ping, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321170039269606216, articleId=1321170036866270020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=室内环境污染与眼健康:致病机制与防控措施, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

现代人大部分时间都在室内度过,除了室内环境污染物释放以外,室外污染物也可随着人群或空气流动进入室内。室内污染,作为一种重要的环境污染类型,给人类健康带来严重威胁。室内污染物种类繁多,例如颗粒物、灰尘、二氧化硫和二氧化氮等。长期暴露于这些污染物环境中可能导致眼部疾病如泪膜异常、角膜炎、非特异性及过敏性结膜炎,甚至损伤视网膜健康。本文通过检索PubMed、Medline数据库、Google、Scholar和中国知网中关于污染物和眼部疾病的报告,探讨室内污染物与眼部损伤之间的相关性,详细分析各类室内污染物对眼组织(如泪膜、角膜、结膜、晶状体和视网膜)的具体影响。概述室内污染物对眼的潜在危害及其毒性效应机制,并提出有效降低眼暴露风险的策略。

, authors=熊梅1, 刘海2, 杨极2, 郭兆来1, 李靖娅1, 包亚博1, 向萍1, *, *, authorsList=熊梅, 刘海, 杨极, 郭兆来, 李靖娅, 包亚博, 向萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=向萍, authorNote=

熊梅(1997—),硕士,研究方向:环境与眼健康

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向萍,E-mail:
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熊梅(1997—),硕士,研究方向:环境与眼健康

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The effects of air pollutants on vegetation and the role of vegetation in reducing atmospheric pollution[J]. The Impact of Air pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources, 2011, 29: 241-280., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170054931137498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170036866270020, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=86, rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Montaluisa-Mantilla M S, García-Encina P, Lebrero R, et al. Botanical filters for the abatement of indoor air pollutants[J]. Chemosphere, 2023, 345: 140483., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170055002440667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170036866270020, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=87, rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lachowicz J I, Milia S, Jaremko M, et al. Cooking particulate matter: a systematic review on nanoparticle exposure in the indoor cooking environment[J]. Atmosphere, 2022, 14(1): 12., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170055220544476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170036866270020, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=88, rfOrder=88, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈仁超. 空气污染对我国典型城市人群结膜炎发病影响的研究[D]. 广州: 暨南大学, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170055287653341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170036866270020, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=89, rfOrder=89, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li H, Guo H, Zhai Z J. Evaluating the effectiveness of ventilation strategies in mitigating short-term and high-concentration indoor pollutants within a typical apartment building[J]. Building and Environment, 2025, 270: 112520., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170055346373598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170036866270020, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=90, rfOrder=90, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kumar A, Srivastava P K. Role of optimal screening and treatment on infectious diseases dynamics in presence of self-protection of susceptible[J]. Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, 2023, 31(1): 135-163., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170055421871071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170036866270020, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=91, rfOrder=91, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu B, Liu Y, Dou Y, et al. Study on the effect of an intermittent ventilation strategy on controlling formaldehyde concentrations in office rooms[J]. Atmosphere, 2022, 13(1): 102., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321170057045066720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170036866270020, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=92, rfOrder=92, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Torkmahalleh M A, Gorjinezhad S, Unluevcek H S, et al. Review of factors impacting emission/concentration of cooking generated particulate matter[J]. 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素材来源:www.freepik.com

, figureFileSmall=G9iTpZJnMiHrLb/+gsd1JQ==, figureFileBig=J/DZGDYHAxJs8qpJzhBFfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321170044319548288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170036866270020, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Selected indicators from China′s GB/T 18883—2022 Indoor Air Quality Standard

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序号指标分类指标计量单位要求备注
1物理性温度℃22~28夏季
16~24冬季
2湿度%40~80夏季
30~60冬季
3化学性臭氧(O3)mg/m3≤0.161 h平均
4二氧化氮(NO2)mg/m3≤0.201 h平均
5二氧化硫(SO2)mg/m3≤0.501 h平均
6二氧化碳(CO2)%a≤0.101 h平均
7一氧化碳(CO)mg/m3≤101 h平均
8甲醛(HCHO)mg/m3≤0.081 h平均
9可吸入颗粒物(PM10)mg/m3≤0.1024 h平均
10细颗粒物(PM2.5)mg/m3≤0.0524 h平均
), ArticleFig(id=1321170044416017281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170036866270020, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

我国室内空气质量标准(GB/T 18883—2022)

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序号指标分类指标计量单位要求备注
1物理性温度℃22~28夏季
16~24冬季
2湿度%40~80夏季
30~60冬季
3化学性臭氧(O3)mg/m3≤0.161 h平均
4二氧化氮(NO2)mg/m3≤0.201 h平均
5二氧化硫(SO2)mg/m3≤0.501 h平均
6二氧化碳(CO2)%a≤0.101 h平均
7一氧化碳(CO)mg/m3≤101 h平均
8甲醛(HCHO)mg/m3≤0.081 h平均
9可吸入颗粒物(PM10)mg/m3≤0.1024 h平均
10细颗粒物(PM2.5)mg/m3≤0.0524 h平均
), ArticleFig(id=1321170044487320450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170036866270020, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Summary of published studies on the toxic effects of some indoor pollutants on the tear film, cornea, conjunctiva, and retina

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损伤部位污染物类型毒性效应文献
泪膜SO2影响泪液pH值[22]
NO2降低了泪液的分泌,泪液渗透压降低[23]
PM10泪液量分泌减少和泪膜稳定性下降[24]
PM2.5PM2.5与泪液渗透压呈显著负相关[23]
烟草烟雾泪液蒸发率显著变化、泪膜破裂时间缩短
泪液炎性细胞因子和泪液脂质过氧化产物的增加
[25]
角膜甲醛角膜产生重度刺激,角膜损伤,涉及上皮,深层基质[26]
PM10角膜上皮细胞层增厚,表面微绒毛变短,以及数量减少[24]
PM2.5细胞活力下降、DNA损伤和细胞衰老[27]
灰尘细胞活力下降、氧化损伤、促炎反应和线粒体功能障碍[28–29]
烟草烟雾细胞凋亡、炎症因子表达[30]
结膜O3诱导结膜充血,炎性细胞因子的产生[31–32]
SO2、NO2破坏眼细胞的功能平衡[33]
烟草烟雾结膜杯状细胞减少[34]
视网膜PM2.5视网膜神经纤维层变薄、视网膜神经元变形
视网膜水肿,细胞凋亡,炎症细胞因子产生
[35–37]
CO视网膜中央血管堵塞,视网膜出血[38]
烟草烟雾炎症反应、促血管生成反应、相关凋亡基因表达、
诱导自噬损伤、细胞衰老
[38–39]
[40]
灰尘IL-6和IL-8炎症因子表达[41]
), ArticleFig(id=1321170044596372355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321170036866270020, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

室内污染对泪膜、角膜、结膜和视网膜研究情况统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤部位污染物类型毒性效应文献
泪膜SO2影响泪液pH值[22]
NO2降低了泪液的分泌,泪液渗透压降低[23]
PM10泪液量分泌减少和泪膜稳定性下降[24]
PM2.5PM2.5与泪液渗透压呈显著负相关[23]
烟草烟雾泪液蒸发率显著变化、泪膜破裂时间缩短
泪液炎性细胞因子和泪液脂质过氧化产物的增加
[25]
角膜甲醛角膜产生重度刺激,角膜损伤,涉及上皮,深层基质[26]
PM10角膜上皮细胞层增厚,表面微绒毛变短,以及数量减少[24]
PM2.5细胞活力下降、DNA损伤和细胞衰老[27]
灰尘细胞活力下降、氧化损伤、促炎反应和线粒体功能障碍[28–29]
烟草烟雾细胞凋亡、炎症因子表达[30]
结膜O3诱导结膜充血,炎性细胞因子的产生[31–32]
SO2、NO2破坏眼细胞的功能平衡[33]
烟草烟雾结膜杯状细胞减少[34]
视网膜PM2.5视网膜神经纤维层变薄、视网膜神经元变形
视网膜水肿,细胞凋亡,炎症细胞因子产生
[35–37]
CO视网膜中央血管堵塞,视网膜出血[38]
烟草烟雾炎症反应、促血管生成反应、相关凋亡基因表达、
诱导自噬损伤、细胞衰老
[38–39]
[40]
灰尘IL-6和IL-8炎症因子表达[41]
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室内环境污染与眼健康:致病机制与防控措施
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熊梅 1 , 刘海 2 , 杨极 2 , 郭兆来 1 , 李靖娅 1 , 包亚博 1 , 向萍 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综 述 2025,41(5): 627-635
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中国公共卫生 |综 述 2025 , 41 (5) : 627 -635
室内环境污染与眼健康:致病机制与防控措施
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熊梅1, 刘海2, 杨极2, 郭兆来1, 李靖娅1, 包亚博1, 向萍1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1西南林业大学生态与环境学院,昆明 6502243
  • 2云南大学附属医院/云南省眼科医院,昆明 650032
通讯作者:
向萍,E-mail:
作者简介:

熊梅(1997—),硕士,研究方向:环境与眼健康

Indoor environmental pollution and eye health: Pathogenic mechanisms and prevention and control measures
Mei XIONG1, Hai LIU2, Ji YANG2, Zhaolai GUO1, Jingya LI1, Yabo BAO1, Ping XIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 6502243, China
  • 2Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Eye Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    XIANG Ping, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145913
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现代人大部分时间都在室内度过,除了室内环境污染物释放以外,室外污染物也可随着人群或空气流动进入室内。室内污染,作为一种重要的环境污染类型,给人类健康带来严重威胁。室内污染物种类繁多,例如颗粒物、灰尘、二氧化硫和二氧化氮等。长期暴露于这些污染物环境中可能导致眼部疾病如泪膜异常、角膜炎、非特异性及过敏性结膜炎,甚至损伤视网膜健康。本文通过检索PubMed、Medline数据库、Google、Scholar和中国知网中关于污染物和眼部疾病的报告,探讨室内污染物与眼部损伤之间的相关性,详细分析各类室内污染物对眼组织(如泪膜、角膜、结膜、晶状体和视网膜)的具体影响。概述室内污染物对眼的潜在危害及其毒性效应机制,并提出有效降低眼暴露风险的策略。

室内污染物  /  眼健康  /  角膜炎  /  结膜炎  /  白内障  /  视网膜变化

Most people today spend a significant amount of time indoors. In addition to indoor pollutants, outdoor pollutants can also enter indoor spaces through human activities or air currents. As a critical category of environmental pollution, indoor pollutants pose serious risks to human health. Indoor pollutants vary widely and include particulate matter, dust, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can cause tear film abnormalities, keratitis, nonspecific or allergic conjunctivitis, and even retinal damage. This article examines the relationship between indoor pollutants and ocular damage by reviewing reports on pollutants and eye diseases in databases such as PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). It further analyzes the specific effects of various indoor pollutants on ocular tissues (e.g., tear film, cornea, conjunctiva, lens, and retina), summarizes their potential hazards and toxic mechanisms, and suggests effective strategies to mitigate the risks of ocular exposure.

indoor air pollutants  /  eye health  /  keratitis  /  conjunctivitis  /  cataract  /  retinal degeneration
熊梅, 刘海, 杨极, 郭兆来, 李靖娅, 包亚博, 向萍. 室内环境污染与眼健康:致病机制与防控措施. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (5) : 627 -635 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145913
Mei XIONG, Hai LIU, Ji YANG, Zhaolai GUO, Jingya LI, Yabo BAO, Ping XIANG. Indoor environmental pollution and eye health: Pathogenic mechanisms and prevention and control measures[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (5) : 627 -635 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145913
随着全球环境污染日益加剧,公众健康正面临着严峻威胁。在欧洲,2016年有超过50万人死于长期接触污染空气,其中因颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)41.2万人,二氧化氮(NO2)7.1万人,臭氧(O3)1.5万人[1]。鉴于居民每天有超过85%的时间在室内度过[2],室内污染问题愈发受到关注。据世界卫生组织报道,2020年室内空气污染导致的死亡人数约320万,其中32%的人死于缺血性心脏病,21%的人死于下呼吸道感染,23%的人死于中风,19%的人死于慢性阻塞性肺病,6%的人死于肺癌[3]。然而人们对于眼的影响关注度较少,眼部健康问题容易被忽略。
眼直接与外界环境接触,是最容易受到空气污染的器官之一,眼表健康问题是室内环境污染中较为常见问题[4]。眼组织主要包括眼睑皮肤、睑板腺、角膜、结膜、晶状体和视网膜等,其中位于最前端的主要包括角膜上皮层、结膜上皮层和覆盖于其表面的泪膜层。眼的每个组成部分,都在保护眼的内部结构免遭破坏。由于眼长期暴露在空气中,容易受到空气污染物、颗粒污染物、病原微生物等影响。室外污染物通过多种途径进入室内,种类众多的室内污染物会对人体健康产生影响,长期暴露于这种室内环境中也会对眼睛产生不良影响,包括直接刺激、氧化应激、眼部炎症、视觉功能障碍等。人们在室内的时间长于室外,且室内空气循环的过程中会将室外污染带入室内,长期暴露于有毒有害的污染物中,如气态污染物、颗粒物、灰尘等均会影响眼部健康。本文通过文献查阅探讨室内污染物与眼部损伤之间的相关性,分析各类室内污染物对眼组织(如泪膜、角膜、结膜、晶状体和视网膜)的具体影响,概述室内污染物对眼的潜在危害及其毒性效应,并提出有效降低眼暴露风险的策略。
人们室内生产活动会产生污染,如室内的生活家具和装修材料等释放甲醛、室内种植花草产生的花粉、吸烟所产生的烟草烟雾、室内灰尘、正常饮食起居可将沉降的细颗粒物扰动起来形成2次扬尘以及高脂肪和高含水量的烹饪也能产生更多的醛类等。室内污染物种类繁多,包括二氧化氮(nitrogen dioxide, NO2)、多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)、甲醛(formaldehyde, HCHO)、挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)、颗粒物和灰尘等主要污染物。其中,颗粒物的危害性尤为突出。室内颗粒物粒径范围主要为10~100 µm,形态多样,可作为载体富集更多污染物,如镉、汞等重金属元素[5]。
常见的室内气态污染物包括一氧化碳(carbon monoxide,CO)、二氧化硫(sulfur dioxide,SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、臭氧(ozone,O3)、甲醛(HCHO)、氮氧化物(nitrogen oxides,NOx)等以及室内和室外环境中存在的其他气体等。这些污染物有多种来源,包括汽车尾气和燃料(煤、液化石油气、天然气、柴草等)燃烧后排放、木材防腐剂、气溶胶喷雾剂、消毒剂、燃烧物、香烟烟雾,以及其他可能来源[6]。世界各国都根据国情制定了室内甲醛浓度最大限值与最大容许浓度,我国的室内空气质量标准中规定甲醛的安全浓度限值不大于0.08 mg/m3。室内空气中甲醛的主要来源是装修材料、家具、人造板材料和油漆等,尤其是在新装修的房子里,甲醛含量高[7]。室内外空气循环的过程中将SO2、NO2、O3等带入室内[8]。有研究中发现汽车轮胎磨损产生了大量挥发性多环芳烃等,并将其释放到大气中[9],并通过人们的活动和空气循环带入室内。室内多环芳烃的主要来源也包括燃烧煤和汽油取暖[10]。
非气态污染物是室内常见的一种污染物,如颗粒物、灰尘、烟草烟雾、花粉等。其中室内颗粒物尤为重要。室内颗粒物中含有重金属元素[11],不同元素致癌风险不同,室内颗粒物致癌风险和潜在生态风险远大于道路灰尘[12]。室内颗粒物大小分布广泛,形态不规则且表面较粗糙,使小颗粒物会聚集吸附和黏附在大颗粒物上,增加了室内污染物的危害风险。室内PM2.5来源于室外污染通过空气循环带入和室内活动产生,如室内吸烟释放出的颗粒物可以使室内PM2.5浓度瞬间升高至1 280 µg/m3,烹饪也可以使厨房内PM2.5上升至3 000 µg/m3,以及人们的正常饮食起居可将沉降在家具、床罩、地面等表面的细颗粒物扰动起来,形成二次扬尘,可使房间PM2.5浓度上升33%[13]。同时室内吸烟可使PM10、PM2.5浓度增加,且大于非吸烟家庭[14]。PM2.5由于其特殊的物理性质可以携带大量的有机化合物,如芳香烃类。PM10可能携带致敏物质,包括花粉、细菌、真菌孢子或灰尘以及金属或多环芳烃。
室内空气污染与室内吸烟、用油和高温烹饪、燃烧煤或生物质燃烧或取暖、使用杀虫剂以及植物花粉等有关。固体燃料和生物质燃料的使用,会产生大量的污染物[15]。如燃料的燃烧(如机动车衰竭和煤燃烧)中,会产生大量的有机物(如苯并芘(BaP)和多环芳烃),以及许多无机成分如硫酸盐、硝酸盐和重金属[16]。由于室内活动频繁、装修材料老化、室外污染物带入等会使室内污染物含量显著高于室外。烟草烟雾是尼古丁、CO、多环芳烃的重要来源,如BaP、NO,还含有各种重金属和有毒矿物元素,包括铅和镉[17]。室内污染物种类众多,不同污染物标准限值不同,我国室内空气质量标准中规定PM10≤0.10 mg/m3、PM2.5≤0.05 mg/m3等,具体情况见表1。
暴露于室内污染会增加眼部疾病的发病率。流行病学研究显示,空气污染是眼部疾病的关键原因之一,其中NO2、CO、O3、SO2、PM2.5和PM10与人群中结膜炎和干眼症的发病率有关[18–19]。当室内污染增加时,结膜炎患病率增加,其他眼部疾病就诊率上升[20]。长期暴露于污染环境也会增加临床角膜炎的严重程度、病毒载量和角膜炎症[21]。室内污染物是一个复杂的混合物,其中以PM、NO2、SO2、烟草烟雾等对眼的损伤尤为突出。
泪膜是角膜表面的一层泪液组织,其含有数千种成分,这些成分在抗菌防御、伤口修复和炎症反应中发挥着关键作用,以维持正常的眼表平衡。干眼症(dry eye disease,DED)是因泪液分泌低下或其他因素导致的泪液异常、泪膜稳定性丧失形成眼表损害,其病因较多,包括泪膜不稳定和高渗、眼表炎症和损伤以及神经感觉异常[42]。流行病学研究通过对门诊620例患者的资料进行统计分析,发现干眼症的患病率为12.26%[43]。在沈阳市的研究中,干眼症患病率为25.15%[44]。室内污染会引起泪膜变化,可能与干眼症有关。现有研究表明PM10会影响小鼠泪膜功能,导致泪液量分泌减少和泪膜稳定性下降[24]。动物实验中,测量泪膜破裂时间(tear film break up time, BUT)和用酚红棉线测量大鼠的泪液分泌量,在不同PM处理下大鼠的BUT显著降低以及泪液分泌量显著减少[45]。对于PM2.5、O3和SO2较高的暴露量会加重泪膜不稳定性,并恶化眼损伤,如刺激、发红、流泪以及眼表和泪膜异常[46]。
室内污染物会使泪液渗透压发生变化。泪液过度蒸发导致泪液渗透压升高是干眼症的主要病理机制。暴露于高浓度的PM2.5和NO2会降低泪膜的稳定性,影响泪液渗透压,PM2.5每增加10 µg/m3,则泪液渗透压会降低10.9 mOsm/kg;并且NO2污染物的水平越高,泪液渗透压越低[23]。此外,O3和NO2浓度的增加会降低泪液的分泌以及PM2.5的增加会降低泪液半月板高度,导致干眼症的风险增加。暴露于高水平的空气污染物(SO2除外)也会加重睑板腺功能障碍(meibomian gland dysfunction, MGD),并上调泪液炎症细胞因子浓度,如白细胞介素–6(interleukin-6, IL-6)、白细胞介–8(interleukin-8, IL-8)[47]。MGD 作为一种慢性炎症性疾病,会诱导大量免疫炎症细胞的浸润,这是导致干眼症发生的重要机制之一[48]。并且,眼睛不适可能是泪膜酸碱度(pH值)的变化引起的。Andres S等人[22]调查了SO2对100名受试者眼泪pH值的影响,空气污染影响泪液pH值,当大气SO2增加时,泪液pH值降低。
烟草烟雾含有多种有毒有害物质,包含大量的游离性活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)。暴露在足够浓度的烟草烟雾会导致泪膜稳定性下降、泪膜功能被破坏,改变眼表结构[30]。这与其他研究结果相一致[49]。烟草烟雾会使泪液溶菌酶浓度降低,从而减少泪液分泌[50]。即使短暂地暴露于烟草烟雾环境也会改变泪膜稳定性,导致泪液蒸发率升高,更严重的是在烟雾暴露24 h后,泪液己酰化赖氨酸和IL-6浓度显著升高,以及泪液炎性细胞因子和泪液脂质过氧化产物的增加[25]。因此,眼暴露于室内污染,会使泪膜发生变化,泪膜稳定性下降,进而导致干眼的形成。
角膜占眼球壁外层面积的1/6,位置特殊,容易受到室内污染物影响,引起角膜疾病的发生。如37%甲醛会对角膜产生重度刺激,会引起角膜损伤,涉及上皮,深层基质等[51]。对于PM10会损伤小鼠角膜上皮组织结构,使用PM10混悬液干预后发现小鼠角膜上皮细胞层增厚,角膜表面微绒毛变短,以及数量减少[24]。同时在不同PM处理下实验大鼠的角膜上皮细胞数量、角膜神经纤维长度减少,同时增加角膜基质层炎症细胞浸润[46]。PM2.5暴露使角膜荧光素染色增强,泪液分泌量减少[52],增加小鼠角膜上皮细胞的活性氧或活性氮以及炎症和氧化应激相关分子的产生。在细胞实验中,PM2.5可通过时间和剂量依赖的方式诱导人角膜上皮细胞(human comeal epithelial cells, HCE)损伤[53]。PM处理诱导炎症和氧化应激标志物信使核糖核酸(mRNA)表达的过程中,角膜中白细胞介素–1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosisfactor alpha, TNF-α)、肿瘤免疫治疗中干扰素–γ(interferon-γ, IFN-γ)和p-NF-κB p65水平显著升高[54],结膜和角膜中白细胞介素–18(interleukin-18, IL-18)、白细胞介素–22(interleukin-22, IL-22)、白细胞介素–23(interleukin-23, IL-23)和单核细胞趋化蛋白–1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1)水平升高[55],这些过程都会导致氧化应激升高。此外,Gao Z X等[26]发现暴露于PM2.5可诱发HCE的DNA损伤和细胞衰老。并且暴露于PM2.5会抑制角膜上皮细胞向受损区域的迁移,从而限制角膜伤口的愈合能力[56],PM2.5暴露后角膜上皮细胞线粒体功能障碍产生的ROS部分抑制抗炎蛋白Nrf2的表达,导致炎症蛋白P65及其下游分子活化[57],最终引起眼部炎症反应。但PM是一个复杂的混合物,包括有机和无机成分,不仅直径小还会吸附有毒元素,其毒性效应有待深入研究。
灰尘人工泪液提取液暴露人角膜上皮细胞24 h,会导致HCE形态发生变化,当浓度为1 280 μg/mL时,细胞活力降低,同时炎症因子如 IL-1β和TNF-α出现上调[58],还会刺激人角膜上皮并损害其组织学结构,这些因素都可能导致视力受损,最终失明。并且灰尘提取物还会诱导HCE细胞氧化损伤和细胞周期停滞[29],以及引起促炎反应和线粒体功能障碍[57]。短期接触烟草烟雾会改变兔眼角膜的生物力学性能,增加兔眼角膜弹性模量值,使角膜变硬[59],导致角膜内皮细胞密度降低,同时伴有与后弹力层相关的多种胶原蛋白和细胞外基质蛋白水平降低[60]。相比于短期暴露,长期暴露后角膜的损伤情况更为严重[30]。此外,室内烹饪产生的烟雾也会影响眼健康。Yan C等[61]的研究表明人们在进行室内烹饪时会产生反式–2,4–二烯醛(trans,trans-2,4-decadienal, tt-DDE),tt-DDE是烹饪油烟的一种成分,可诱导HCE的发生氧化应激和内质网应激。室内污染物对角膜的影响是多方面的,包括细胞活力变化、细胞凋亡、氧化应激等,都有可能导致角膜疾病的发生和发展。
结膜与外界环境直接接触,可保护眼睛免受外界有害物质的侵害,通过其众多血管、淋巴管和免疫细胞在维持眼部免疫防御和预防感染方面发挥着关键作用[62]。结膜炎是结膜的一种炎症,其特征是肿胀、发红、分泌物增多等,可导致干眼症、瘙痒、烧灼感,并可能威胁视力,严重时将会改变患者的生活。越来越多的证据表明,空气污染物会引起或加重非特异结膜炎(由多种细菌或病毒感染引起的结膜炎症反应)和过敏性结膜炎(过敏导致的结膜炎,指结膜受到过敏原刺激而出现的一种炎症反应)。现有研究表明,空气污染物水平与结膜炎门诊就诊次数的增加有关。当污染物O3和NO2浓度每增加16.4和11.47 µg/mL,非特异性结膜炎门诊和就诊频次分别增加2.5%和2.3%[20]。NO2、O3暴露量每增加10 µg/m3,过敏性结膜炎每周门诊就诊次数分别增加61和21次[31]。
过敏性结膜炎发病率(incidence of allergic conjunctivitis, IAC)与室内环境因素显著相关,其中IAC与PM2.5、PM10、NO2、CO、SO2、O3呈正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关[19]。O3会诱导结膜充血,伴有炎性细胞因子的产生[31],它是引发结膜炎疾病重要的空气污染物。室内空气污染中SO2和NO2,容易改变眼的内表皮细胞的酸性和碱性环境,破坏眼细胞的功能平衡,从而引起更大的结膜炎风险[33]。此外,NO2和O3也可以通过空气过敏原的化学修饰和随后增强的过敏反应间接诱导结膜炎症[32]。流行病学证据也显示,PM2.5是变应性结膜炎的原因之一,通过小鼠模型进一步证实,PM2.5诱导上眼睑结膜杯状细胞密度增加,结膜和睑板腺有广泛的嗜酸性粒细胞浸润[63]。烟草烟雾会对结膜产生刺激,使结膜杯状细胞密度减少[34]。Thamas J等[50]的研究用Cochet-Bonnet感觉计测量结膜和角膜敏感性发现长期暴露于烟雾环境中结膜和角膜敏感性降低。
空气污染物与过敏原的协同作用可显著影响过敏性结膜炎的临床特征,以花粉为代表的对过敏原的致敏是儿童过敏性结膜炎的原因[64],过敏原包括屋尘螨、动物皮屑、草花粉、树花粉等。在收集的眼泪中测量常见过敏原的特异性血清免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulin E, IgE),发现87.2%的眼泪液中特异性IgE呈阳性,其中屋尘螨是最常见的过敏原(86.0%),其次是猫(24.4%)和狗(7.0%)皮屑;树花粉和草花粉分别占4.7%和2.3%[13]。结膜炎在日本的流行率高达48.7%,主要由柏树和雪松花粉引起[65]。目前研究观察到类似的趋势由于过敏原种类和环境风险因素等差异,过敏性结膜炎的发病率在全球范围内都有所上升。
长期接触室内污染会影响晶状体,可能导致白内障等相关疾病。白内障是晶状体由于各种原因发生混浊导致视觉障碍的一种眼部疾病,占全球失明的33%[66]。目前的研究显示暴露于PM2.5、NO2、NOX后,未来进行白内障手术的风险会增加5%[67],当NO2浓度≥40 µg/m3,患白内障的风险增加50%[68]。氧化应激会引发蛋白质损伤、细胞凋亡和随后的白内障形成[69]。在以脂质过氧化的最终产物丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)可作为测量氧化应激的生物标志物,发现白内障患者的MDA明显高于对照组[70],说明空气污染引起的氧化应激与白内障的发病机制有直接相关。
室内吸烟、厨房烟雾暴露与白内障的发生呈正相关[71]。在家庭燃烧产生的污染造成的疾病负担调查中,白内障占1.8%[72],这可能是长期接触生物质燃料和固体燃料,燃料燃烧后会产生烟雾,有毒烟雾直接或间接影响晶状体引起损伤,使患白内障的风险增加。有研究表明香烟烟雾会导致实验大鼠晶状体湿重减轻,MDA含量显著增加,而非蛋白质巯基含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均显著降低,这些变化导致晶状体透明度受到破坏而发生白内障[73]。并且香烟烟雾暴露伴随高度糖化终末产物形成,晶状体上皮细胞发生组织形态学改变[74]。
视网膜是中枢神经系统的一部分,对环境污染的极其敏感。接触PM2.5会影响视网膜形态结构,导致视网膜神经纤维层变薄[35]和视网膜神经元变形[36],还会抑制细胞增殖并促进细胞凋亡,从而导致视网膜发育异常[75],进而影响视力。高浓度PM2.5会诱导小鼠释放视网膜炎性细胞因子,同时导致细胞凋亡分子的激活[36]。空气污染对视网膜微血管的影响,表现为小动脉和小静脉直径的变窄,并且视网膜微循环的血管直径变化与当天PM2.5暴露有关,PM2.5暴露量每增加10 µg/m3,视网膜小动脉变窄0.35 µm,小静脉变宽0.35 µm[76]。Gu Y等[37]的研究也表明PM2.5暴露会改变视网膜血管通透性、直径增加、视网膜水肿和炎症水平增加、并对血–视网膜内屏障造成损害。此外,在人视网膜色素上皮细胞中,眼部PM暴露可能通过诱导细胞内活性氧的产生、线粒体功能障碍和增强上皮–间质转化而中断完整的眼部功能[77]。
吸烟会引起视网膜的变化,使视网膜毛细血管丛密度降低[78]。首先,烟草中含有CO、尼古丁、醛类和酚类化合物等多种有害物质,其中CO导致视网膜中央血管堵塞,视网膜出血[38],当暴露水平达到8%会导致视网膜直径增加,视网膜血流量增加[79]。其次,小鼠暴露于不含尼古丁的电子烟环境中,视网膜色素上皮和脉络膜组织的炎症和血管生成反应明显,而含有尼古丁的电子烟蒸气甚至引起了更严重的炎症反应,炎症反应和促血管生成反应随着暴露时间的延长而增加[80]。香烟烟雾诱导的氧化应激,在暴露6个月后出现视网膜色素上皮凋亡和基底玻璃膜疣样沉积物[81]。在烟草烟雾中多环芳烃污染物BaP会引起人视网膜上皮细胞线粒体DNA损伤,增加溶酶体酶活性[82],可能与年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)有关。此外,暴露于烟草烟雾还会导致内质网应激和视网膜色素上皮细胞的损伤。Lee K等[39]发现当暴露于0.05%香烟烟雾提取物时视网膜神经节细胞凋亡的Bad、Bax、Bcl-2和Bcl-XL mRNA的表达显着增加,同时评估自噬时显着增加LC3B Ⅱ的表达。伴有诱导不溶性蛋白质组分中泛素化蛋白质的积累和诱导细胞衰老[40],这可能与AMD发病机制有关。然而,室内燃料燃烧产生的污染,也与白内障有关,如棉花燃烧产生的烟雾暴露,会使眼部血管的通透性增加,导致视网膜水肿[83]。室内灰尘中含有全氟辛酸会诱导视网膜色素上皮细胞分泌IL-6和IL-8,导致视网膜炎症[41]。
降低眼暴露健康风险的防控措施需要从日常生活、室内环境、行为习惯等多方面入手。
源头控制:室内人造板材是甲醛的来源之一,建议尽可能减少人造板材和各种不符合标准油漆的使用,选择低VOCs的环保建材。对于室内使用燃料进行烹饪、取暖和照明,如传统的固体燃料(稻草、煤和木材),建议尽可能地被清洁能源所取代,如天然气、甲烷和电力都是很好的清洁能源选择[84]。
环境优化:植被具有吸附粉尘和去除空气中的有害物质的不可替代的作用,建议室内使用空气净化设备或种植一些无花粉产生的植物可以降低室内的有害气体,以达到较好的室内空气质量[85–86]。
个人防护:建议日常的生活保持室内环境卫生清洁、增加通风频率[87]以及吸尘器的使用,定期清洁房间降低灰尘量。接触清洁剂、装修粉尘时佩戴密封护目镜等。在日常生活中人们需要注意低温高湿环境[88],建议使用加湿器和空调保持一定的湿度和较低的温度,减少眼部不适情况[89]。
预防干预:对易感人群采取保护措施是预防和治疗室内污染诱导的眼部疾病最有效的方法之一[90]。提高患者对于眼部疾病的认知,对于初期眼部不适的人群建议及时就医并根据医生的意见使用相应药物治疗。
行为改变:室内勤开窗,保持空气流通[91]。对于烹饪习惯,建议增加排风系统和空气净化设备的使用。并且在烹饪早期加入盐和胡椒粉也可以减少PM的排放[92]。同时避免室内吸烟以及不必要的燃烧行为。
室内污染物不仅源于建筑材料、燃烧产物等内部释放,还可通过空气流动或人员活动从室外渗入。作为威胁眼部健康的重要环境因素,室内污染物(如PM2.5、SO2、NO2、挥发性有机物等)长期暴露可引发多种眼部病变,包括泪膜稳定性破坏、角膜炎、过敏性结膜炎,甚至对视网膜的损伤。室内环境污染通过多途径威胁眼健康,需采取源头控制–环境优化–个体防护的三级防控体系。重点人群(儿童、老人、过敏者)应针对性强化干预,结合环境监测与医学评估,降低眼部疾病风险。
室内污染物引起的眼损伤的确切机制尚不完全清楚。虽然体外研究证实室内污染物暴露可增加炎症细胞因子的表达并引起眼表损伤,但目前的研究主要集中于眼表炎症与疾病机制等,未来的研究应探索室内污染物与眼之间更广泛的相互作用,包括其对眼部病理变化和全身健康之间相互作用的潜在影响,以确定共同的病理机制。
未来研究需进一步明确污染物阈值与慢性眼病的剂量–效应关系,以提高对暴露模式和眼部病理机制的理解,为制定室内空气质量标准提供依据。室内污染物成分复杂(含重金属、多环芳烃、颗粒物等),其来源与毒性组分的特异性关联难以解析。现有研究样本量小、结果不一致,且缺乏对室内污染物暴露途径(如角膜/结膜吸收)及多种污染物协同效应的系统分析。未来的研究可以采用更可靠的方法和更大的样本量来解决这些局限性,从而更清楚地了解室内污染对眼部健康的影响。
未来眼类器官模型的发展可以利用眼类器官模拟室内污染物暴露下的发育异常与疾病进展,推动精准药物测试与毒性评估。现有的研究对眼的研究重点在于污染物对眼的机制机理,对于相应药物治疗研究较少以及实际临床试验数据较少,这强调对新型药理学策略进行研究的必要性。期待未来的研究可以向室内污染物引起相应疾病的阻控、相应药物的研发(如消炎药、促进粘蛋白分泌的药物)等方向发展。

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2025年第41卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-25
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    1西南林业大学生态与环境学院,昆明 6502243
    2云南大学附属医院/云南省眼科医院,昆明 650032

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