Article(id=1321169952699167026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169924697993338, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145601, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722528000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-02, revisedDate=1732118400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-21, acceptedDate=1743436800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-01, onlineDate=1792921062874, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921062874, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921062874, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921062874, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169924697993338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='5', pageStart='513', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1746806400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921056198, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921056198, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=580, endPage=584, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169954418831667, articleId=1321169952699167026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Development of an index system for assessing multidimensional Ssocial deprivation among rural older adults in China: a Delphi study, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To develop an evaluation system for assessing multidimensional social deprivation among rural older adults in China, and to provide a measurement tool for understanding the current status of multidimensional social deprivation among this population.

Methods

A preliminary multidimensional social deprivation index system for rural older adults was developed through a literature review and expert panel discussions. Eighteen experts in related fields, selected for their expertise and experience, participated in a two-round Delphi consultation to refine and validate the index system. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to calculate the weights of the indicators at each level, with pairwise comparisons used to ensure consistency in the weighting process.

Results

he expert response rates for the two rounds of consultation were 100.0% and 94.1%, respectively. The coefficient of expert authority, reflecting the experts' credibility, was 0.872 and 0.856 for the two rounds. Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W) for expert opinions was 0.216 and 0.193 (all P < 0.05), indicating moderate agreement among the experts. After expert consultation, a multidimensional index of social deprivation for rural older adults was constructed, including seven first-level indicators and 37 second- level indicators. The experts′ scores for the importance of each indicator, on a 5- point Likert scale, were 4.46 ± 0.74 and 4.52 ± 0.74 in the two rounds of consultation, with coefficients of variation ranging from 0.05 to 0.27 and 0.00 to 0.24, respectively. In the constructed index system, the weights of the first-level indicators ranged from 0.087 1 to 0.213 0, and the weights of the second-level indicators ranged from 0.017 4 to 0.087 3.

Conclusions

The multidimensional index of social deprivation developed for the rural elderly population demonstrates robust scientific validity and reliability. This instrument provides a comprehensive measurement framework and quantitative basis for assessing multidimensional social deprivation in rural elderly communities, while also providing valuable reference points for subsequent research in this area.

, authors=Wenzhe QIN1, 2, Haifeng YANG1, 2, Lei LI1, 2, Lingzhong XU1, 2, authorsList=Wenzhe QIN, Haifeng YANG, Lei LI, Lingzhong XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lingzhong XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XU Lingzhong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169958856405324, articleId=1321169952699167026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系构建, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

构建契合农村老年人的多维社会剥夺评价指标体系,为了解当前中国农村老年人多维社会剥夺现状提供测量工具。

方法

通过文献研究法和专家小组讨论法初步确定农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系,遴选18名从事相关领域的专家进行两轮德尔菲专家咨询,应用层次分析法计算各级指标的权重。

结果

两轮咨询的专家积极系数分别为100.0%和94.1%,专家权威系数分别为0.872和0.856,专家意见的协调系数分别为0.216和0.193(均P<0.05),专家意见的协调性较好;经过专家咨询后建立了农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系,包括一级指标7个和二级指标37个,专家在2轮咨询中对各指标重要性的评分分别为(4.46±0.74)分和(4.52±0.74)分,变异系数分别为0.05~0.27和0.00~0.24;在构建的评价指标体系中,一级指标权重为0.087 1~0.213 0,二级指标权重为0.017 4~0.087 3。

结论

构建的农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系具有良好的科学性和可靠性,可为评估农村老年人多维社会剥夺提供测量内容和量化依据,为多维社会剥夺相关研究提供参考。

, authors=秦文哲1, 2, 杨海峰1, 2, 李蕾1, 2, 徐凌忠1, 2, *, *, authorsList=秦文哲, 杨海峰, 李蕾, 徐凌忠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐凌忠, authorNote=

秦文哲(1989—),副研究员,博士,研究方向:社会医学与卫生事业管理

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徐凌忠,E-mail:
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Terms and weights of seven primary and thirty-seven secondary indicators (including combined weights) for assessing multidimensional social deprivation among rural older adults in China

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一级指标权重二级指标权重综合权重
A 社会经济0.213 0A1 受教育年限0.030 40.006 5
A2 欠款(贷款)0.030 40.006 5
A3 积蓄(存款)0.030 40.006 5
A4 个人年收入0.030 40.006 5
A5 自评经济状况0.030 40.006 5
A6 生产性劳动0.030 40.006 5
A7 自评社会地位0.030 40.006 5
B 物质条件0.190 7B1 人均住房面积0.019 10.003 6
B2 交通工具0.019 10.003 6
B3 家庭电器0.019 10.003 6
B4 房屋产权0.019 10.003 6
B5 饮用水类型0.019 10.003 6
B6 卫生厕所0.019 10.003 6
B7 生活燃料0.019 10.003 6
B8 洗澡设施0.019 10.003 6
B9 垃圾处理0.019 10.003 6
B10 室内厨房0.019 10.003 6
C 社会保障0.174 6C1 基本医疗报销/商业医疗保险0.087 30.015 2
C2 养老保险0.087 30.015 2
D 社会交往0.098 6D1 社会参与0.024 70.002 4
D2 社会支持0.024 70.002 4
D3 社会网络0.024 70.002 4
D4 代际子女支持0.024 70.002 4
E 社会满意度0.105 1E1 公共服务资源充足程度0.021 00.002 2
E2 公共服务资源均衡程度0.021 00.002 2
E3 获取公共服务便利程度0.021 00.002 2
E4 公共服务的普惠程度0.021 00.002 2
E5 生活满意度0.021 00.002 2
F 卫生保健0.130 9F1 到达医疗机构时间0.026 20.003 4
F2 到基层就诊的等待时间0.026 20.003 4
F3 是否定期体检0.026 20.003 4
F4 医疗支出占比0.026 20.003 4
F5 因经济困难而放弃医疗0.026 20.003 4
G 信息能力0.087 1G1 智能手机使用0.017 40.001 5
G2 互联网使用频率0.017 40.001 5
G3 互联网信息判别能力0.017 40.001 5
G4 互联网使用功能0.017 40.001 5
), ArticleFig(id=1321169961083580790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169952699167026, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系及其权重

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一级指标权重二级指标权重综合权重
A 社会经济0.213 0A1 受教育年限0.030 40.006 5
A2 欠款(贷款)0.030 40.006 5
A3 积蓄(存款)0.030 40.006 5
A4 个人年收入0.030 40.006 5
A5 自评经济状况0.030 40.006 5
A6 生产性劳动0.030 40.006 5
A7 自评社会地位0.030 40.006 5
B 物质条件0.190 7B1 人均住房面积0.019 10.003 6
B2 交通工具0.019 10.003 6
B3 家庭电器0.019 10.003 6
B4 房屋产权0.019 10.003 6
B5 饮用水类型0.019 10.003 6
B6 卫生厕所0.019 10.003 6
B7 生活燃料0.019 10.003 6
B8 洗澡设施0.019 10.003 6
B9 垃圾处理0.019 10.003 6
B10 室内厨房0.019 10.003 6
C 社会保障0.174 6C1 基本医疗报销/商业医疗保险0.087 30.015 2
C2 养老保险0.087 30.015 2
D 社会交往0.098 6D1 社会参与0.024 70.002 4
D2 社会支持0.024 70.002 4
D3 社会网络0.024 70.002 4
D4 代际子女支持0.024 70.002 4
E 社会满意度0.105 1E1 公共服务资源充足程度0.021 00.002 2
E2 公共服务资源均衡程度0.021 00.002 2
E3 获取公共服务便利程度0.021 00.002 2
E4 公共服务的普惠程度0.021 00.002 2
E5 生活满意度0.021 00.002 2
F 卫生保健0.130 9F1 到达医疗机构时间0.026 20.003 4
F2 到基层就诊的等待时间0.026 20.003 4
F3 是否定期体检0.026 20.003 4
F4 医疗支出占比0.026 20.003 4
F5 因经济困难而放弃医疗0.026 20.003 4
G 信息能力0.087 1G1 智能手机使用0.017 40.001 5
G2 互联网使用频率0.017 40.001 5
G3 互联网信息判别能力0.017 40.001 5
G4 互联网使用功能0.017 40.001 5
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农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系构建
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秦文哲 1, 2 , 杨海峰 1, 2 , 李蕾 1, 2 , 徐凌忠 1, 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(5): 580-584
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (5) : 580 -584
农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系构建
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秦文哲1, 2, 杨海峰1, 2, 李蕾1, 2, 徐凌忠1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1山东大学齐鲁医学院公共卫生学院卫生管理与政策研究中心,济南 250012
  • 2国家卫生健康委员会卫生经济与政策研究重点实验室(山东大学),济南 250012
通讯作者:
徐凌忠,E-mail:
作者简介:

秦文哲(1989—),副研究员,博士,研究方向:社会医学与卫生事业管理

Development of an index system for assessing multidimensional Ssocial deprivation among rural older adults in China: a Delphi study
Wenzhe QIN1, 2, Haifeng YANG1, 2, Lei LI1, 2, Lingzhong XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
  • 2National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Ji'nan 250012, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    XU Lingzhong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145601
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目的

构建契合农村老年人的多维社会剥夺评价指标体系,为了解当前中国农村老年人多维社会剥夺现状提供测量工具。

方法

通过文献研究法和专家小组讨论法初步确定农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系,遴选18名从事相关领域的专家进行两轮德尔菲专家咨询,应用层次分析法计算各级指标的权重。

结果

两轮咨询的专家积极系数分别为100.0%和94.1%,专家权威系数分别为0.872和0.856,专家意见的协调系数分别为0.216和0.193(均P<0.05),专家意见的协调性较好;经过专家咨询后建立了农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系,包括一级指标7个和二级指标37个,专家在2轮咨询中对各指标重要性的评分分别为(4.46±0.74)分和(4.52±0.74)分,变异系数分别为0.05~0.27和0.00~0.24;在构建的评价指标体系中,一级指标权重为0.087 1~0.213 0,二级指标权重为0.017 4~0.087 3。

结论

构建的农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系具有良好的科学性和可靠性,可为评估农村老年人多维社会剥夺提供测量内容和量化依据,为多维社会剥夺相关研究提供参考。

多维社会剥夺  /  老年人  /  农村  /  评价指标体系  /  构建
Objective

To develop an evaluation system for assessing multidimensional social deprivation among rural older adults in China, and to provide a measurement tool for understanding the current status of multidimensional social deprivation among this population.

Methods

A preliminary multidimensional social deprivation index system for rural older adults was developed through a literature review and expert panel discussions. Eighteen experts in related fields, selected for their expertise and experience, participated in a two-round Delphi consultation to refine and validate the index system. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to calculate the weights of the indicators at each level, with pairwise comparisons used to ensure consistency in the weighting process.

Results

he expert response rates for the two rounds of consultation were 100.0% and 94.1%, respectively. The coefficient of expert authority, reflecting the experts' credibility, was 0.872 and 0.856 for the two rounds. Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W) for expert opinions was 0.216 and 0.193 (all P < 0.05), indicating moderate agreement among the experts. After expert consultation, a multidimensional index of social deprivation for rural older adults was constructed, including seven first-level indicators and 37 second- level indicators. The experts′ scores for the importance of each indicator, on a 5- point Likert scale, were 4.46 ± 0.74 and 4.52 ± 0.74 in the two rounds of consultation, with coefficients of variation ranging from 0.05 to 0.27 and 0.00 to 0.24, respectively. In the constructed index system, the weights of the first-level indicators ranged from 0.087 1 to 0.213 0, and the weights of the second-level indicators ranged from 0.017 4 to 0.087 3.

Conclusions

The multidimensional index of social deprivation developed for the rural elderly population demonstrates robust scientific validity and reliability. This instrument provides a comprehensive measurement framework and quantitative basis for assessing multidimensional social deprivation in rural elderly communities, while also providing valuable reference points for subsequent research in this area.

multidimensional social deprivation  /  older adults  /  rural area  /  evaluation index system  /  construction
秦文哲, 杨海峰, 李蕾, 徐凌忠. 农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系构建. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (5) : 580 -584 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145601
Wenzhe QIN, Haifeng YANG, Lei LI, Lingzhong XU. Development of an index system for assessing multidimensional Ssocial deprivation among rural older adults in China: a Delphi study[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (5) : 580 -584 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145601
人口老龄化是21世纪最为重要的社会趋势之一,《2023年度国家老龄事业发展公报》显示,截至2023年末,中国≥60周岁老年人口为29 697万人,占总人口数的21.1%,老年人口占比呈不断上升趋势[1]。研究表明,相较于其他人群,老年人群发挥的社会功能渐弱,社会隔离现象愈加凸显,获取社会资源的机会相对匮乏[2–3],这种多种社会资源的缺乏使得老年人更易陷入一种弱势状态,即“社会剥夺”。长期以来城乡间发展的不均衡、不充分以及农村地区老龄化程度的持续加深,使得农村地区成为老龄化社会治理的主战场,当“城乡相对性”与“群体相对性”问题叠加时,农村老年人成为了社会剥夺研究的重点对象。社会剥夺的概念最早来源于西方学术界关于贫困的概述,英国学者汤森特指出“贫困是一个被侵占被剥夺的过程”[4],而社会剥夺涉及收入、教育、健康、住房和公共物品等多个维度的缺失,既包含客观层面的物质缺失,也包括主观视角下的心理不平衡状态。随着研究的不断深入,学者们认为还应更深层次地关注到人们需求的多样化和多层次化,同时也应拓展思路,不断扩大对社会剥夺理论研究的范畴和边界,但是目前的研究多重视社会经济方面的剥夺,如社会经济地位、个体相对收入和居住环境等[5–6],较少将社会交往、卫生保健和个人能力等方面的剥夺与之结合起来,且并未深度研究农村老年人这一重点人群。因此,本研究立足于构建中国农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系的现实需要,于2023年5—8月遴选了18名从事相关领域的专家进行了2轮问卷咨询,旨在建立出一套更契合中国农村老年人的多维社会剥夺评价指标体系,为了解当前我国农村老年人多维社会剥夺现状提供测量工具。结果报告如下。
系统检索与梳理国内外数据库中有关社会剥夺理论及测量的相关文献[7–9],根据社会剥夺理论的定义与内涵并结合农村老年人基本情况,经内部专家小组讨论,初步形成包括社会经济、生活水平、社会保障、社会交往、主观福利、健康状况、卫生保健、信息能力8个一级指标及49个二级指标的农村老年人多维社会剥夺指标体系初步框架。由此形成调查问卷,进行德尔菲专家咨询。
共遴选出18名来自北京市、上海市、江苏省南京市、江苏省徐州市、浙江省杭州市、安徽省合肥市、山东省济南市和潍坊市的专家进行咨询,专家均为高等院校科研机构中从事卫生管理与卫生政策、卫生服务研究以及老年健康相关科研、教学等领域工作≥5年硕士及以上学历的中级及以上职称人员,并自愿参与本研究。本研究共进行两轮专家咨询,专家咨询表通过电子邮件形式发放给专家。在第1轮专家咨询结束后,整合咨询结果修改指标后进行第2轮专家咨询,同时向专家反馈第1轮专家咨询的结果,最后根据专家意见确定农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系。
采用Epi Data 3.1录入数据建立数据库,应用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行专家咨询结果的可靠性分析,采用层次分析法计算指标权重。本研究通过计算专家的积极系数、权威系数以及专家意见的协调程度和集中程度来检验专家咨询的可靠性。(1)专家积极系数:通过专家咨询问卷的回收率体现。一般当问卷回收率≥70%时可认为专家积极程度较高[10]。(2)专家权威系数($ {\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{r}} $):反映了专家在某研究领域的权威程度,由专家对评价内容的判断依据系数($ {\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{a}} $)和专家对问题的熟悉程度系数($ {\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{s}} $)2个因素决定。计算公式为$ {\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{r}}=({\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{a}}+{\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{s}})/2 $,一般认为$ {\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{r}} $取值>0.7,专家权威程度较好,结果可靠[10]。(3)专家意见的协调程度:采用肯德尔和谐系数(Kendall's W)表示,体现参与函询的专家对评价指标存在分歧大小的程度。W值范围为0~1,W值越大表明专家的意见越趋于一致[11]。(4)专家意见的集中程度:以各指标重要性评分的算数均数及变异系数($ {\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{v}} $)表示,均数越大,该指标的重要性越高;变异系数越小,则专家评价意见越集中[12]。(5)指标权重系数的计算:本研究采用层次分析法计算一级指标权重,并对二级指标进行等重赋权[13]。首先,根据最终形成的指标体系,采用Satty 1~9比例标度法[14]设计问卷,并邀请16名专家通过问卷对一级指标进行两两比较并打分,建立两两判断矩阵;其次,采用和积法对两两判断矩阵进行计算,并对计算结果进行一致性检验,得到一级指标的权重;最后,依次对一级指标下的二级指标进行等重赋权,得到所有二级指标的权重。
本研究遴选的18名专家中,男性12人(66.7%),女性6人(33.3%);年龄30~40岁10人(55.6%),41~60岁8人(44.4%);中级职称3人(16.7%),副高级职称7人(38.9%),正高级职称8人(44.4%);工作年限5~10年10人(55.6%),≥11年8人(44.4%);研究领域为卫生管理与卫生政策7人(38.9%),卫生服务7人(38.9%),老年健康4人(22.2%)。
第1轮专家咨询向遴选的18名专家发放问卷,回收问卷18份,专家积极系数为100.0%;第2轮专家咨询向17名专家再次发放问卷,回收问卷16份,专家积极系数为94.1%。
第1轮专家判断系数$ {C}_{a} $为0.933,熟悉程度系数$ {C}_{s} $为0.811,权威系数$ {C}_{r} $为0.872;第2轮专家判断系数$ {C}_{a} $为0.781,熟悉程度系数$ {C}_{s} $为0.931,权威系数$ {C}_{r} $为0.856。
2轮咨询的专家意见协调系数分别为0.216和0.193,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),专家意见的协调程度较好。
第1轮专家咨询的重要性评分均值为(4.46±0.74)分,其中一级指标为(4.62±0.65)分,二级指标为(4.44±0.75)分;变异系数为0.05~0.27,其中一级指标为0.09~0.22,二级指标为0.05~0.27;第2轮专家咨询的重要性评分均值为(4.52±0.74)分,其中一级指标为(4.59±0.70)分,二级指标为(4.50±0.75)分;变异系数为0.00~0.24,其中一级指标为0.09~0.22,二级指标为0.00~0.24。经过2轮专家咨询,指标重要性评分均值有所提高,专家分歧更小,意见更为一致。
根据专家咨询意见,首先删除重要性评分均值<3.50分或变异系数>0.25的指标,然后结合专家意见对现有指标进行增删和修改。第1轮专家咨询后,删除了一级指标“健康状况”及其所属8个二级指标以及“社会经济”“物质条件”和“社会满意度”3个一级指标所属的11个二级指标,并增加“社会交往”“社会满意度”和“信息能力”3个一级指标所属的7个二级指标;第2轮专家咨询后,一级指标和二级指标均无改动,最后确立了由7个一级指标和37个二级指标组成的农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系。
本研究遵循科学严谨的设计,按照指标体系构建的步骤与要求,通过文献研究法、专家小组讨论、德尔菲专家咨询法和层次分析法等一系列方法构建起契合农村老年人群特质的多维社会剥夺评价指标体系。在研究人群健康的社会决定因素领域,以上方法及步骤均已被广泛应用于构建评价指标体系,且具有良好的使用效果[15–16]。
在研究初期,经过广泛地查阅资料和小组讨论,力求指标池中条目的全面性与代表性。在德尔菲专家咨询过程中,本研究共遴选出18名从事卫生管理与卫生政策、卫生服务研究以及老年健康相关科研、教学等领域工作≥5年的中级及以上职称人员进行咨询,保证了专家咨询结果的可靠性。本研究两轮咨询的专家积极系数分别为100.0%和94.1%,均高于公认标准的70%[17],专家积极性较高;2轮咨询的专家权威系数分别为0.872和0.856(均>0.70),保证了专家咨询结果的权威性;2轮咨询的Kendall′s W值分别为0.216和0.193(均P<0.05),专家意见的协调性较好;第2轮专家咨询结束后,各一级指标和二级指标变异系数均<0.25,专家意见较为集中。
本研究最终构建的农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系共包括7个一级指标和37个二级指标。在一级指标中,社会经济的权重最高(0.213 0),物质条件次之(0.190 7)。社会经济、物质条件和卫生保健维度是有关社会剥夺的传统研究中通常包含的内容[18–19],本研究中社会保障权重居于第3位(0.174 6),社会保障维度参考了既往对中国农村老年人多维贫困的研究,考虑了是否参加医疗保险和养老保险对老年人社会剥夺状况的影响[20]。老年群体具有脆弱性,社会保障制度的不断优化和扩大覆盖能够帮助其有效抵御风险,纳入社会保障相关指标可以使多维社会剥夺测量更具全面性和敏感性[21],这与姜全保等[22]研究中应完善农村老年人基本养老与医疗保障体系建设的结果相符。社会交往维度则源于对社会剥夺基本概念中“缺乏参与娱乐以及家庭和社会活动等方面条件”的挖掘,并参考对“社会参与剥夺”的研究[23],选取了社会参与、社会支持、社会网络和子女代际支持4个指标来反映,能够将社会交往的亲友数量和互动频次综合起来考量。农村老年人社会交往维度剥夺程度的高低反映了其在放松身心、消遣时间上的安排是否合理,更表现其在家庭、社区乃至社会中所发挥的联结纽带作用如何,这与促进老年人高效社会融入、推动积极老龄化社会构建的理念不谋而合[24]。社会满意度的测量以主观感受为主,参考了2015年中国综合社会调查中对公共服务满意度的调查问题[25],同时还对生活满意度进行了测量,以反映个体对自身所拥有公共服务资源数量和质量的感知以及对生活抱有的态度和信心。居民幸福感和满意度越高,反映公共服务与政策越能深入人心,社会氛围越融洽和谐。此外,纳入对信息能力剥夺的测量是本研究的重要亮点,农村老年人普遍受教育程度低、主动搜索和处理信息能力不高、信息甄别能力较差[26],因此老年人数字鸿沟问题和数字适老化改造已成为老龄化社会关注的焦点问题之一[27]。与此同时,该指标的选取也与童露露等[28]研究中农村老年群体对信息的获取及利用能力明显不足导致其面临信息贫困的局面相一致。该指标综合了设备使用能力和使用频率、信息辨别能力以及使用功能,是老年人能否融入当下互联网社会、共享发展成果的重要判定标准之一。
综上所述,本研究构建的农村老年人多维社会剥夺评价指标体系具有科学性和可靠性,可为评估农村老年人多维社会剥夺提供测量内容和量化依据,为多维社会剥夺相关研究提供参考。

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2025年第41卷第5期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145601
  • 接收时间:2024-08-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-02
  • 修回日期:2024-11-21
  • 录用日期:2025-04-01
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    1山东大学齐鲁医学院公共卫生学院卫生管理与政策研究中心,济南 250012
    2国家卫生健康委员会卫生经济与政策研究重点实验室(山东大学),济南 250012

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徐凌忠,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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