Article(id=1321169920822461350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169839390053177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727280000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-26, revisedDate=1737648000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-24, acceptedDate=1744300800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-11, onlineDate=1792921055273, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921055273, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921055273, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921055273, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169839390053177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='6', pageStart='641', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749484800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921035859, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921035859, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=764, endPage=768, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169921027982247, articleId=1321169920822461350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Research progress on the transmission and control of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in the environment: a review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) can cause various severe infectious diseases in humans, such as urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and neonatal sepsis. VRE is not only a significant risk factor for hospital-acquired infections but can also trigger severe environmental pollution and public health incidents. This article reviews the distribution and transmission routes of VRE in the environment. We summarize the environmental pollution control methods and clinical treatment of VRE infections. Not applicable. This review aims to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of VRE infections in the future.

, authors=Hui LI1, 2, Min JIN2, authorsList=Hui LI, Min JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Min JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
JIN Min, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169921451606952, articleId=1321169920822461350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=环境中耐万古霉素肠球菌传播及其控制研究进展, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)能够引起人类尿路感染、心内膜炎和新生儿败血症等多种严重的感染性疾病,不仅是医院获得性感染的重要危险因素,还可引发严重的环境污染公共卫生事件。本文主要概述了VRE在环境中的分布及其传播途径,并对其环境污染控制方法及其感染的临床治疗进行了总结,以期为今后防治VRE感染提供科学依据。

, authors=李慧1, 2, 金敏2, *, *, authorsList=李慧, 金敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=金敏, authorNote=

李慧(2000—),硕士,研究方向: 耐万古霉素肠球菌控制

, correspAuthorsNote=
金敏,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《中国公共卫生》编辑部 2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BhArLRJkDbL79g08hqKo0Q==, magXml=EE1WBjpXgZbAd5ZoBcHtaQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=HLuE6ILBGJmwFnQcOc8L3A==, pdfFileSize=409002, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=77T7ASy6E3r5VlGO60lFwA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1321169923427124144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321169923515204531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, authorId=1321169923427124144, language=EN, stringName=Hui LI, firstName=Hui, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
2Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin 300050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1321169923594896308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, authorId=1321169923427124144, language=CN, stringName=李慧, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1天津中医药大学研究生院,天津 301617
2军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050, bio={"content":"

李慧(2000—),硕士,研究方向: 耐万古霉素肠球菌控制

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

李慧(2000—),硕士,研究方向: 耐万古霉素肠球菌控制

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321169923255157673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923263546282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923255157673, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923267740587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923255157673, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1天津中医药大学研究生院,天津 301617)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321169923343238060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923351626669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923343238060, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin 300050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923364209582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923343238060, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050)])]), Author(id=1321169923662005174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jinminzh@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321169923758474168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, authorId=1321169923662005174, language=EN, stringName=Min JIN, firstName=Min, middleName=null, lastName=JIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin 300050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1321169923821388729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, authorId=1321169923662005174, language=CN, stringName=金敏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, *, address=2军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321169923343238060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923351626669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923343238060, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin 300050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923364209582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923343238060, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1321169923934634938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus), Keyword(id=1321169924010132411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=environment), Keyword(id=1321169924085629884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=transmission), Keyword(id=1321169924165321661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=control), Keyword(id=1321169924232430526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=耐万古霉素肠球菌), Keyword(id=1321169924307927999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=环境), Keyword(id=1321169924379231168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=传播), Keyword(id=1321169924446340033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=控制)], refs=[Reference(id=1321169924551197634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Iancu A V, Arbune M, Zaharia E A, et al. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus spp: a retrospective study in hospitals of Southeast Romania[J]. Applied Sciences, 2023, 13(6): 3866., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169924656055235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dalesandro B E, Pires M M. Immunotargeting of gram-positive pathogens via a cell wall binding tick antifreeze protein[J]. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2023, 66(1): 503-515., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169924731552708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kristensen S S, Oftedal T F, Røhr Å K, et al. The extracellular domain of site-2-metalloprotease RseP is important for sensitivity to bacteriocin EntK1[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2022, 298(11): 102593., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169924828021701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bhardwaj S, Mehra P, Dhanjal D S, et al. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance-flipsides of the same coin[J]. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2022, 28(28): 2312-2329., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169924899324870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis[J]. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2018, 18(3): 318-327., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169924979016647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cetinkaya Y, Falk P, Mayhall C G. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci[J]. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2000, 13(4): 686-707., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925041931208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gouel-Cheron A, Swihart B J, Warner S, et al. Epidemiology of ICU-onset bloodstream infection: prevalence, pathogens, and risk factors among 150, 948 ICU patients at 85 U. S. hospitals[J]. Critical Care Medicine, 2022, 50(12): 1725-1736., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925125817289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Goldstein R E R, Micallef S A, Gibbs S G, et al. Detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) at four U. S. wastewater treatment plants that provide effluent for reuse[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 466-467: 404-411., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925201314762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC reminds clinical laboratories and healthcare infection preventionists of their role in the search and containment of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)[R]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925268423627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=全国细菌耐药监测网. 2021年全国细菌耐药监测网急诊科细菌耐药监测报告[J]. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2023, 33(22): 3410-3416., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925331338188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jeong B, Jang H A, Lee J, et al. Proteolytic activity of DegP is required for the Burkholderia symbiont to persist in its host bean bug[J]. Microbiology Spectrum, 2023, 11(1): e0433022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925411029965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lebreton F, Valentino M D, Schaufler K, et al. Transferable vancomycin resistance in clade B commensal-type Enterococcus faecium[J]. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2018, 73(6): 1479-1486., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925478138830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sivaradjy M, Gunalan A, Priyadarshi K, et al. Increasing trend of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci bacteremia in a tertiary care hospital of South India: a three-year prospective study[J]. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 2021, 25(8): 881-885., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925553636303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=O’Driscoll T, Crank C W. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and optimal management[J]. Infection and Drug Resistance, 2015, 8: 217-230., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925620745168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sanderson H, Ortega-Polo R, Zaheer R, et al. Comparative genomics of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater treatment plants[J]. BMC Microbiology, 2020, 20(1): 20., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925683659729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nakipoğlu M, Yilmaz F, Icgen B. vanA gene harboring enterococcal and non-enterococcal isolates expressing high level vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance reservoired in surface waters[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2017, 98(5): 712-719., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925754962898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Enayati M, Sadeghi J, Nahaei M R, et al. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecium isolated from water samples[J]. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2015, 61(4): 339-345., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925817877459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wei L, Wu Q P, Zhang J M, et al. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Enterococcus faecalis isolates from mineral water and spring water in China[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2017, 8: 1109., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169925884986324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Savin M, Bierbaum G, Hammerl J A, et al. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial residues in wastewater and process water from German pig slaughterhouses and their receiving municipal wastewater treatment plants[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 727: 138788., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169927508181973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nishiyama M, Iguchi A, Suzuki Y. Identification of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis as vanC-type Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) from sewage and river water in the provincial city of Miyazaki, Japan[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2015, 50(1): 16-25., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169927575290838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Seong J U, Cha S B, Ryu K H, et al. Distribution characteristics and antibiotics resistance of Enterococcus spp. in Nakdong River[J]. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment, 2013, 46(3): 360-366., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169927646594007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Morris D, Galvin S, Boyle F, et al. Enterococcus faecium of the vanA genotype in rural drinking water, effluent, and the aqueous environment[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2012, 78(2): 596-598., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169927709508568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang S L, Wang H. Adsorption behavior of antibiotic in soil environment: a critical review[J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering, 2015, 9(4): 565-574., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169927776617433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rajendiran S, Veloo Y, Thahir S S A, et al. Resistance towards critically important antimicrobials among Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium in poultry farm environments in Selangor, Malaysia[J]. Antibiotics, 2022, 11(8): 1118., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169927843726298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Young S, Nayak B, Sun S, et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and bacterial community structure following a sewage spill into an aquatic environment[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2016, 82(18): 5653-5660., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169927910835163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Carey, S. A, Goldstein, R. E. R, Gibbs, S. G, et al. Occurrence of vancomycin-resistant and-susceptible Enterococcus spp. in reclaimed water used for spray irrigation[J]. Environmental Research, 2016, 147: 350-355., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169927977944028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Harwood V J, Brownell M, Perusek W, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater and chicken feces in the United States[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2001, 67(10): 4930-4933., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928070218717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie X Q, Chen B Y, Zhu S Q, et al. Comparative analysis of characteristics of antibiotic resistomes between Arctic soils and representative contaminated samples using metagenomic approaches[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2024, 469: 133943., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928133133278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Melese Z T, Mwalili S M, Orwa G O. Threshold dynamics of the transmission of antibiotic-resistant infections[J]. Biosystems, 2018, 171: 80-92., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928250573791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shamalov L, Heath M, Lynch E, et al. Timing and clinical risk factors for early acquisition of gut pathogen colonization with multidrug resistant organisms in the intensive care unit[J]. Gut Pathogens, 2024, 16(1): 10., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928342848480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheah A L Y, Cheng A C, Spelman D, et al. Mathematical modelling of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci transmission during passive surveillance and active surveillance with contact isolation highlights the need to identify and address the source of acquisition[J]. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2018, 18(1): 511., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928405763041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Novais C, Coque T M, Ferreira H, et al. Environmental contamination with vancomycin-resistant enterococci from hospital sewage in Portugal[J]. [J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2005, 71(6): 3364-3368., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928472871906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Girijan S K, Pillai D. Identification and characterization of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital wastewaters: evidence of horizontal spread of antimicrobial resistance[J]. Journal of Water and Health, 2021, 19(5): 785-795., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928556757987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Khader K, Thomas A, Huskins W C, et al. Effectiveness of contact precautions to prevent transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in intensive care units[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2021, 72(S1): S42-S49., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928628061156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mutters N T, Brooke R J, Frank U, et al. Low risk of apparent transmission of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci from bacteraemic patients to hospitalized contacts[J]. American Journal of Infection Control, 2013, 41(9): 778-781., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928699364325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang Y F, Lin Y S, Su L H, et al. Increasing trend of healthcare-associated infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE-fm) paralleling escalating community-acquired VRE-fm infections in a medical center implementing strict contact precautions: an epidemiologic and pathogenic genotype analysis and its implications[J]. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 2023, 56(5): 1045-1053., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928791639014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cremona A, Bordino V, Vicentini C, et al. Evaluating the trend of VRE carriages in health facilities: a retrospective study from 2019-2022[J]. Annali di Igiene: Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità, 2024, 36(1): 115-120., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928858747879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bender J K, Hermes J, Zabel L T, et al. Controlling an unprecedented outbreak with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Germany, October 2015 to November 2019[J]. Microorganisms, 2022, 10(8): 1603., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928930051048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Noble M A, Isaac-Renton J L, Bryce E A, et al. The toilet as a transmission vector of vancomycin-resistant enterococci[J]. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1998, 40(3): 237-241., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169928997159913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Byers K E, Durbin L J, Simonton B M, et al. Disinfection of hospital rooms contaminated with vancomycin-resistant Entemcocms faecium[J]. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1998, 19(4): 261-264., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169929060074474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lee A S, White E, Monahan L G, et al. Defining the role of the environment in the emergence and persistence of vanA vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) in an intensive care unit: a molecular epidemiological study[J]. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2018, 39(6): 668-675., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169929131377643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jackson S S, Harris A D, Magder L S, et al. Bacterial burden is associated with increased transmission to health care workers from patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus[J]. American Journal of Infection Control, 2019, 47(1): 13-17., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169929206875116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jain S, Clezy K, Mclaws M L. Safe removal of gloves from contact precautions: the role of hand hygiene[J]. American Journal of Infection Control, 2018, 46(7): 764-767., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169929290761197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kakimoto K, Nishiki S, Kaga Y, et al. Effectiveness of patient and staff cohorting to reduce the risk of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) acquisition: a retrospective cohort study during a VRE outbreak in Japan[J]. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2023, 134: 35-42., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169929357870062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cassone M, Wang J, Lansing B J, et al. Diversity and persistence of MRSA and VRE in skilled nursing facilities: environmental screening, whole-genome sequencing and development of a dispersion index[J]. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2023, 138: 8-18., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169929437561839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=El Haddad L, Hanson B M, Arias C A, et al. Emergence and transmission of daptomycin and vancomycin-resistant enterococci between patients and hospital rooms[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2021, 73(12): 2306-2313., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169929500476400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Di Pentima M C, Chan S, Briody C, et al. Driving forces of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis blood-stream infections in children[J]. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 2014, 3: 29., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169929563390961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gilbert E M, Zembower T R, Rhodes N J, et al. Factors contributing to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. horizontal transmission events: exploration of the role of antibacterial consumption[J]. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 2017, 89(1): 72-77., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169929668248562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou M J, Li J, Salmasian H, et al. The local hospital milieu and healthcare-associated vancomycin-resistant enterococcus acquisition[J]. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2019, 101(1): 69-75., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169929739551731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sundermann A J, Babiker A, Marsh J W, et al. Outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in interventional radiology: detection through whole-genome sequencing-based surveillance[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2020, 70(11): 2336-2343., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169929806660596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kitagawa H, Tadera K, Mori M, et al. The effect of pulsed-xenon ultraviolet disinfection on surfaces contaminated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in a Japanese hospital[J]. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 2021, 27(11): 1665-1668., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169933392790517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Azuma T, Usui M, Hayashi T. Inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wastewater by ozone-based advanced water treatment processes[J]. Antibiotics, 2022, 11(2): 210., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169933459899382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=53, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bong C, Choi J Y, Bae J, et al. Effectiveness of ozone generated by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor against multidrug-resistant pathogens and Clostridioides difficile spores[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12(1): 14118., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169933531202551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=54, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bhardwaj P, Islam M Z, Kim C, et al. ddcP, pstB, and excess D-lactate impact synergism between vancomycin and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecium 1, 231, 410[J]. PLoS One, 2021, 16(4): e0249631., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169933598311416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Alotaibi S M, Ayibiekea A, Pedersen A F, et al. Susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant and-sensitive Enterococcus faecium obtained from Danish hospitals to benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine and hydrogen peroxide biocides[J]. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2017, 66(12): 1744-1751., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169933678003193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dogan-Guner E M, Mohamed H, Orbey N, et al. Stabilization and controlled release of micro-encapsulated hydrogen peroxide for wound treatment applications[J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2019, 126(3): 965-972., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169933753500666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=El Haddad L, Angelidakis G, Clark J R, et al. Genomic and functional characterization of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci-specific bacteriophages in the Galleria mellonella wax moth larvae model[J]. Pharmaceutics, 2022, 14(8): 1591., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169933858358267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mutters N T, Werner G, Tacconelli E, et al. Vancomycin-resistente enterokokken: welche therapieoptionen gibt es?[J]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 2015, 140(1): 42-45., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169933938050044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Isenman H, Fisher D. Advances in prevention and treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection[J]. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 2016, 29(6): 577-582., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169934026130429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yim J, Smith J R, Rybak M J. Role of combination antimicrobial therapy for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections: review of the current evidence[J]. Pharmacotherapy, 2017, 37(5): 579-592., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169934101627902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=61, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=James R C, Pierce J G, Okano A, et al. Redesign of glycopeptide antibiotics: back to the future[J]. ACS Chemical Biology, 2012, 7(5): 797-804., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169934172931071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=62, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡焱, 王瑶, 何淞. 天然药用植物提取物抗耐万古霉素肠球菌的研究进展[J]. 临床合理用药杂志, 2021, 14(35): 179-181., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169934261011456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=63, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Werner G, Neumann B, Weber R E, et al. Thirty years of VRE in Germany-"expect the unexpected": the view from the National Reference Centre for staphylococci and enterococci[J]. Drug Resistance Updates, 2020, 53: 100732., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321169923255157673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923263546282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923255157673, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923267740587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923255157673, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1天津中医药大学研究生院,天津 301617)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321169923343238060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923351626669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923343238060, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin 300050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923364209582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923343238060, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050)])], figs=null, attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1319372848273391765, delFlag=0, nameCn=中国公共卫生, nameEn=Chinese Journal of Public Health, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1001-0580, eissn=null, cn=21-1234/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=/9FMdzA1g/v65YNirKDVig==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Chinese Journal of Public Health, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1792492599792, updatedTime=1792493958900, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=Z, firstLetterEn=Z, subjectCode=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=/9FMdzA1g/v65YNirKDVig==, picEn=o7Pdo4L3Nh8JnSoifp1bTw==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1319378548855517565, language=CN, name=中国公共卫生, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1792493958915, updatedTime=1792493958915, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://manu32.magtech.com.cn/JournalX_zgggws/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=http://manu32.magtech.com.cn/JournalX_zgggws/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=http://manu32.magtech.com.cn/JournalX_zgggws/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=http://manu32.magtech.com.cn/JournalX_zgggws/editorInChiefLogOn.action, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1319378548901654910, language=EN, name=Chinese Journal of Public Health, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1792493958926, updatedTime=1792493958926, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://manu32.magtech.com.cn/JournalX_zgggws/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=http://manu32.magtech.com.cn/JournalX_zgggws/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=http://manu32.magtech.com.cn/JournalX_zgggws/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=http://manu32.magtech.com.cn/JournalX_zgggws/editorInChiefLogOn.action, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1319373219989389464, websiteList=[Website(id=1319376331826119583, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1319373219989389464, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/CN, language=CN, createTime=1792493430334, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1792493702095, updateBy=18614031015, name=中国公共卫生-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=中国公共卫生, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1319377601878152017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331826119583, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1792493733138, updateTime=1792493733138, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377601857180494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331826119583, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1792493733133, updateTime=1792493733133, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377601907512148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331826119583, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1792493733145, updateTime=1792493733145, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377601844597581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331826119583, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/CN/file/pic?fileId=R1bpcFoY1/NiafORTvYzaA==, createTime=1792493733130, updateTime=1792493733130, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377601924289366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331826119583, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1792493733149, updateTime=1792493733149, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377601869763408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331826119583, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/CN/file/pic, createTime=1792493733136, updateTime=1792493733136, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377601915900757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331826119583, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1792493733147, updateTime=1792493733147, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377601861374799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331826119583, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1792493733134, updateTime=1792493733134, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377601886540626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331826119583, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1792493733140, updateTime=1792493733140, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377601899123539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331826119583, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1792493733143, updateTime=1792493733143, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1319376331910005684, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1319373219989389464, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/EN, language=EN, createTime=1792493430354, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1792493697553, updateBy=18614031015, name=中国公共卫生-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Chinese Journal of Public Health, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1319377562602689343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331910005684, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1792493723774, updateTime=1792493723774, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377562581717820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331910005684, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1792493723769, updateTime=1792493723769, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377562636243778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331910005684, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1792493723782, updateTime=1792493723782, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377562569134907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331910005684, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/EN/file/pic?fileId=R1bpcFoY1/NiafORTvYzaA==, createTime=1792493723766, updateTime=1792493723766, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377562648826692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331910005684, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1792493723785, updateTime=1792493723785, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377562594300734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331910005684, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/EN/file/pic, createTime=1792493723772, updateTime=1792493723772, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377562640438083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331910005684, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1792493723783, updateTime=1792493723783, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377562590106429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331910005684, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1792493723771, updateTime=1792493723771, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377562615272256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331910005684, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1792493723777, updateTime=1792493723777, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1319377562623660865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1319376331910005684, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1792493723779, updateTime=1792493723779, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=中国公共卫生, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.zgggws.com/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Chinese Journal of Public Health, journalPhotoCn=/9FMdzA1g/v65YNirKDVig==, journalPhotoEn=o7Pdo4L3Nh8JnSoifp1bTw==, journalFirstLetter=Z, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/CN/10.11847/zgggws1146038, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/EN/10.11847/zgggws1146038, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/CN/PDF/10.11847/zgggws1146038, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/EN/PDF/10.11847/zgggws1146038, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1749484800000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
环境中耐万古霉素肠球菌传播及其控制研究进展
收藏切换
PDF下载
李慧 1, 2 , 金敏 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综 述 2025,41(6): 764-768
收起
收藏切换
中国公共卫生 |综 述 2025 , 41 (6) : 764 -768
环境中耐万古霉素肠球菌传播及其控制研究进展
全屏
[Author(id=1321169923427124144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321169923515204531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, authorId=1321169923427124144, language=EN, stringName=Hui LI, firstName=Hui, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
2Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin 300050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1321169923594896308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, authorId=1321169923427124144, language=CN, stringName=李慧, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1天津中医药大学研究生院,天津 301617
2军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050, bio={"content":"

李慧(2000—),硕士,研究方向: 耐万古霉素肠球菌控制

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

李慧(2000—),硕士,研究方向: 耐万古霉素肠球菌控制

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321169923255157673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923263546282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923255157673, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923267740587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923255157673, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1天津中医药大学研究生院,天津 301617)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321169923343238060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923351626669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923343238060, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin 300050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923364209582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923343238060, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050)])]), Author(id=1321169923662005174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jinminzh@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321169923758474168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, authorId=1321169923662005174, language=EN, stringName=Min JIN, firstName=Min, middleName=null, lastName=JIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin 300050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1321169923821388729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, authorId=1321169923662005174, language=CN, stringName=金敏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, *, address=2军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321169923343238060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923351626669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923343238060, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin 300050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169923364209582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169920822461350, companyId=1321169923343238060, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050)])])]
李慧1, 2, 金敏2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1天津中医药大学研究生院,天津 301617
  • 2军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050
通讯作者:
金敏,E-mail:
作者简介:

李慧(2000—),硕士,研究方向: 耐万古霉素肠球菌控制

Research progress on the transmission and control of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in the environment: a review
Hui LI1, 2, Min JIN2
Affiliations
  • 1Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
  • 2Military Medical Sciences Academy, Tianjin 300050, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    JIN Min, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146038
文章导航
收藏切换

耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)能够引起人类尿路感染、心内膜炎和新生儿败血症等多种严重的感染性疾病,不仅是医院获得性感染的重要危险因素,还可引发严重的环境污染公共卫生事件。本文主要概述了VRE在环境中的分布及其传播途径,并对其环境污染控制方法及其感染的临床治疗进行了总结,以期为今后防治VRE感染提供科学依据。

耐万古霉素肠球菌  /  环境  /  传播  /  控制

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) can cause various severe infectious diseases in humans, such as urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and neonatal sepsis. VRE is not only a significant risk factor for hospital-acquired infections but can also trigger severe environmental pollution and public health incidents. This article reviews the distribution and transmission routes of VRE in the environment. We summarize the environmental pollution control methods and clinical treatment of VRE infections. Not applicable. This review aims to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of VRE infections in the future.

vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus  /  environment  /  transmission  /  control
李慧, 金敏. 环境中耐万古霉素肠球菌传播及其控制研究进展. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (6) : 764 -768 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146038
Hui LI, Min JIN. Research progress on the transmission and control of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in the environment: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (6) : 764 -768 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146038
肠球菌普遍存在于水体、土壤、人类及动物的胃肠道中,且对多种抗生素具有天然耐药性[1]。同时,肠球菌也是需氧革兰阳性球菌中仅次于葡萄球菌的医院内感染致病菌,可引起泌尿道感染、腹腔感染、盆腔炎等,严重时可导致脓毒症[2]。万古霉素是一种由东方链球菌产生的三环糖肽抗生素,主要用于治疗肠球菌引起的严重危及生命的感染[3]。20世纪80年代,英国报告了第一例耐万古霉素肠球菌(vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, VRE)感染病例,自此,VRE感染病例持续增加,并常导致危及生命的严重后果[4]。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)将VRE列为对人类健康造成严重等级威胁的病原菌[5]。VRE可在环境中长时间存在,为医院感染的主要致病菌,可通过患者、医护人员、医院环境、医疗器械等进行传播,对患者健康造成严重威胁,因此,应密切关注VRE在环境中,尤其是在医院环境中的污染。基于此,本文概述了环境中VRE的分布及其传播途径,并对目前环境中VRE污染控制方法及其感染的临床治疗进行了总结,以期为今后预防和控制VRE感染导致的疾病提供依据。
VRE作为一种医院感染的主要致病菌,已经引起医学界的广泛关注,且随着VRE感染带来的危害逐年增加,目前已成为临床治疗棘手的问题[6]。Gouel-Cheron等[7]调查了美国85家医院重症监护室(intensive care unit, ICU)患者感染的病原体,结果显示VRE感染位居前几位。美国疾病控制预防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC)已将VRE列为医院感染菌名录中的第二位[8–9]。我国2005年以前未见有VRE感染的报道,但2021年中国细菌耐药监测网(China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network, CHINET)的数据显示,我国屎肠球菌临床分离株对万古霉素耐药率为2.8%[10]。
VRE对万古霉素等常用抗生素具有天然耐药性,且能通过突变或接受外来遗传物质获得抗生素耐药性,因此,VRE比肠道菌群中的其他微生物更具有选择性优势[11]。另外,VRE还可将抗生素耐药基因转移至其他致病菌,由此产生危害更大的病原体[12],如万古霉素目前是治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)及耐青霉素肺炎链球菌(penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, PRSP)感染的唯一有效药物,但一旦VRE将万古霉素类耐药基因转移至MRSA和PRSP,将导致患者术后感染,引起菌血症及肺炎,造成无药可用。由于目前针对VRE感染的治疗方法有限,因此其严重威胁全球的公共健康[13]。
万古霉素可与肠球菌末端氨基酸残基D-丙氨酸-D-丙氨酸(D-Ala-D-Ala)相结合,进而阻碍肠球菌转糖基化及转肽化反应,并通过抑制细菌细胞壁的合成而杀灭肠球菌[14]。然而,肠球菌可通过染色体介导的天然耐药基因(如vanC基因)和肽聚糖的合成前体(LipidⅡ)末端氨基酸残基(D-Ala-D-Ala)突变成D–丙氨酸–D–乳酸(D-Ala-D-Lac)或D–丙氨酸–D–丝氨酸(D-Ala-D-Ser),从而使细菌对万古霉素的亲和力降低,产生耐药性。至目前,已鉴定出vanA、vanB、vanD、vanE、vanG、vanL、vanM和 vanN 8种相关耐药基因, 其中vanA和vanB基因表型在VRE中最为常见,可引起人类感染,vanA可将D-Ala-D-Ala末端替换为D-Ala-D-Lac(vanB机制尚未明确)。
工业、医疗、生活及水产养殖废水的排放是水环境中万古霉素的主要来源,易导致水体中VRE的产生。随着淡水资源的急剧减少,经过处理的城市污水或再生水被广泛用于农作物灌溉、地下水补给等,在其使用过程中或接触再生水的人可能会暴露于VRE,从而对其生命健康造成严重威胁[15];同时,在水环境下,VRE可以将抗性基因转移给其他细菌,促进抗生素耐药基因更广泛地传播[16]。Enayati M等[17]通过对15种不同来源水样中分离的粪肠球菌种类及其耐药性、毒力的研究,发现地表水和井水等天然水体中存在大量的VRE,且水是毒力肠球菌传播的重要来源;Wei L等[18]通过对我国天然泉水的研究,发现泉水中VRE的检出率高达32%。另外,有研究从城市污水处理的各个阶段均检出VRE [19];Nishiyama M等[20]从城市污水和河水样品中均分离出VRE,分离率达12%和24%,且分离株中检测出万古霉素耐药基因vanC1和vanC2/3;Seong J U等[21]研究发现,欧洲废水和河水中VRE分离株均为vanA表型;Morris D[22]从污水处理厂出水和农村饮用水中均检测到VRE。这些研究表明,VRE广泛存在于地表水、河水、灌溉水以及城市污水等水体环境中,可导致VRE传播至环境和人类社区,对人类构成潜在的健康风险。
用于农业施肥的污水处理厂产生的污泥和养殖场排放的粪便均有残留的万古霉素,可导致万古霉素进入土壤环境中;同时,残留的万古霉素也可通过雨水冲刷、地表径流及渗透等途径进入土壤中,最终导致土壤中VRE的产生,并对土壤自然生态系统产生负面影响[23]。Rajendiran S等[24]研究发现,马来西亚雪兰莪州28个家禽养殖场的土壤中含有大量VRE。另外,沉积物也是传播万古霉素耐药菌的一种介质,并最终影响人类健康,如,Young S等[25]在污水泄漏的沉积物中发现了高耐药性且含vanA的VRE;Carey S A[26]阐述在美国48个不同地点的废水处理厂中均检出VRE;Harwood V J等[27]发现在鸡粪沉积物中存在大量的VRE,且均具有vanC基因,该基因可导致肠球菌对万古霉素天然耐药。农业生产中长期施用的粪肥会导致稻田土壤中产生VRE,给人类健康带来了严重威胁[28]。
空气、土壤、水体等环境均可成为VRE储存及传播过程的介质[29]。空气可加快VRE的远距离传播,并通过降雪沉降到陆地系统,从而增加环境中VRE的传播风险[30]。在农牧业生产中,由于禽畜粪便的不当处理及粪肥的施用均可导致VRE直接排放至土壤环境中;同时,由于土壤对VRE的吸附是可逆的,降雨等又可使土壤中VRE的解吸并释放到水体中导致VRE向人类及动物的传播风险[31]。另外,医院污水是VRE传播的重要介质,如,Novais C等[32]从医院的污水样本和医院下游的杜罗河口样本中检测出了VRE,并通过基因克隆、Tn1546分型和毒力性状等分析,推断VRE的分离株来源于医院;Girijan S K等[33]从医院污水中分离出113株VRE,其中vanA和vanB检出率分别为46.5%和59.3%。这些研究均表明VRE可能通过环境介质传播并感染人类,造成人类严重的VRE感染性疾病[34]。
医院是VRE感染的多发区域,因此医院内感染是VRE传播的主要途径之一,由此对病人和医护人员的健康造成严重威胁;同时因患者自身免疫力的下降,也会使自身菌群失调而引起VRE机会性感染[35]。VRE能够在患者之间传播并在医院环境中持续存在,如,Tang Y F等[36]研究发现,在实施严禁接触预防措施后,医院内VRE感染仍呈上升趋势,且社区获得性VRE感染不断升级;2019—2022年,在意大利暴发SARS-CoV-2疫情期间,Cremona A等[37]发现意大利某医院患者的VRE携带率呈上升趋势;2015年10月—2019年11月,在德国南部发生一起VRE疫情,Bender J K等[38]通过流行病学调查和全基因组测序等,发现医院内VRE的传播以及VRE不断输入医院。
另外,VRE能够在医院的环境中定植,且可发生病房之间的水平传播和医护人员之间的接触传播,如:Noble M A等[39]报道一名老年患者在住进曾检测出VRE的重症监护室(ICU)后感染了VRE,因此认为该患者可能从医院环境中获得并感染了VRE;Byers K E等[40]研究发现,在对医院环境进行消毒后,16%的病房表面仍有VRE的定植,手部接触、穿戴鞋套的鞋子以及医院地板均可导致VRE的传播;Lee A S等[41]根据患者和环境中VRE分离株的全基因组测序结果及对VRE在ICU中出现和持续存在的传播动力学研究,证实VRE主要为克隆性暴发,具有复杂的传播动力学;Jackson S S等[42]研究发现,细菌负荷较高的ICU患者更有可能将VRE传播给医护人员;医护人员即使戴手套,也会发生VRE的定植[43];与不同护士照顾的患者相比,同一病房的患者较不同病房的患者获得VRE的感染风险可能高出6倍[44];一项对专业护理机构VRE分离株的多样性和关联性研究发现,尽管对房间进行了消毒处理,但VRE仍然呈现高趋势传播现象[45];El Haddad L[46]等比较了来自环境和免疫功能低下患者的VRE菌株,证实造血干细胞移植和白血病患者与其病房间环境存在高度相关的VRE,VRE是免疫功能低下患者发病和死亡的主要原因。
综上,VRE可在病房、医疗设备及医院的门把手等多个区域定植并污染病房内空气,且可在病房之间水平传播及医护人员之间接触传播[47]。医护人员在护理病人过程中,若忽视对VRE污染区域的消毒处理,再接触其他人员时,极易增加VRE向他人传播的风险[48–49]。因此,医院应加强对环境的清洁消毒,医护人员要严格执行卫生规范,对病人的医疗护理物品必须进行严格的消毒,以减少VRE的传播,降低医院内VRE交叉感染的风险。
目前针对 VRE环境污染的控制方法主要包括紫外线消毒、臭氧消毒、消毒剂消毒、新型消毒技术等。
紫外线消毒具有杀菌广谱性、消毒效率高、不产生消毒副产物等优点,目前已经广泛应用于环境消毒。VRE经紫外线照射后,核酸发生突变,不能进行正常复制和转移,使蛋白的合成受到影响,从而失去生长和繁殖能力,如,Sundermann A J等[50]用脉冲氙紫外线消毒后,在样品中未检测到VRE;Kitagawa H等[51]用紫外线对物体表面VRE消毒后,发现物体表面的VRE去除率为76.6%。
臭氧消毒具有杀菌彻底、广谱且无残留等特点,越来越多地被用于环境中VRE的灭活。臭氧通过与VRE细胞膜上的脂蛋白和脂多糖发生反应,改变细胞膜通透性,破坏VRE细胞膜组织,导致其死亡。Azuma T等[52]用臭氧处理废水10 min后,VRE灭活率 > 99.9%;Bong C等[53]等报道,用500 mg/L剂量的臭氧处理15 min,不锈钢、织物和木材表面的VRE减少>2 log,玻璃和塑料表面的VRE减少1~2 log。虽然臭氧消毒彻底、广谱,但目前臭氧消毒尚存在成本大、臭氧易分解等缺点。
目前常用于VRE的消毒剂有苯扎氯铵、氯己定和过氧化氢等。苯扎氯铵与水发生反应生成次氯酸进行灭菌;氯己定是一种氯己定盐溶液,其阳离子可附着在带负电荷的细胞包膜上,损害细胞质膜导致细胞裂解。过氧化氢能破坏VRE的酶系统,从而影响其代谢[54]。Alotaibi S M等[55]对从医院获得的37株VRE进行了苯扎氯铵、氯己定和过氧化氢的敏感性测试,结果发现8 mg/L苯扎氯铵可去除环境中89%的VRE,4 mg/L氯己定可去除95%的VRE,相比之下,较低浓度的过氧化氢可去除环境中99%的VRE。Dogan-Guner E M等[56]将H2O2微囊化置二氧化硅水凝胶中进行环境消毒,3 d内环境中检测不到VRE。
随着科学技术的进步,噬菌体、抗菌肽和聚合纳米颗粒等新型消毒技术有望在VRE环境污染控制中发挥重要作用。噬菌体是一种感染和裂解细菌的病毒,具有特异性预防和控制特定的细菌物种且不破坏宿主的微生物群等优点;抗菌肽具有广谱抗菌、可生物降解和稳定性好等优点;纳米颗粒比表面积大,可与VRE充分接触从而提升杀菌效率。El Haddad L等[57]分离的2种噬菌体可以有效根除环境中的VRE;Mutters N T等[58]研究发现,制备的纳米金材料Au@Van NPs对VRE具有抗菌活性。
目前用于治疗VRE感染的药物主要包括恶唑烷酮类的利奈唑胺、环脂肽类的达托霉素、甘氨酰环类的替加环素、脂糖肽类的特拉万星等[59]。利奈唑胺作为全合成的恶唑烷酮类药物,是临床上抗VRE感染最常用的药物,其与VRE 50S核糖体亚基上的23S核糖体部分结合,通过抑制VRE蛋白质的合成产生抗菌作用[60];达托霉素是一种环状脂肽类抗生素,其与钙离子形成复合物,破坏正在分裂细胞的细胞膜,形成多孔通道,导致细胞内离子的泄漏和VRE死亡,在VRE感染性心内膜炎等深层感染治疗中具有潜在优势;特拉万星、达巴万星和奥立万星等作为3种新型脂糖肽类抗生素,具有体外抗VRE活性,但这类药物会引起消化道反应,且影响凝血功能[61]。
另外,中药材具有抗菌效果好、毒性低且不易产生耐药性等优点,近年来成为抗VRE感染的研究热点。目前,多种中药已被证实具有较好的抗VRE感染效果,如雷公藤、甘草、海藻提取物等[62]。
近年,VRE感染呈不断上升趋势,尤其是医院内VRE感染[63],已成为医院内感染的重要病原菌之一,长时间住院、频繁使用抗生素、免疫抑制剂治疗以及长期使用护理设备等均为VRE感染的高危因素。目前,治疗VRE感染的特效药物较少,且VRE可将耐药基因转移给其他毒力更强的菌株,给临床治疗带来巨大困难。因此,今后应重点开发适用于环境VRE检测的快速、便捷、灵敏度高的检测技术,以应对日益严峻的VRE环境污染问题。vanB及其他基因的耐药机制还未完善,今后应进一步完善不同基因型VRE的耐药机制,为开发针对性新型抗VRE感染药物提供科学依据;还要急需开发新型抗菌材料或抗菌制剂,特别是对抗菌效果好、毒性低且不易产生耐药性的中药材的开发,探讨其作用机制;噬菌体、纳米材料等也是新型抗VRE感染技术的开发方向,从而缓解当前VRE传播的严峻局面。

参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
Iancu A V, Arbune M, Zaharia E A, et al. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus spp: a retrospective study in hospitals of Southeast Romania[J]. Applied Sciences, 2023, 13(6): 3866.
2
Dalesandro B E, Pires M M. Immunotargeting of gram-positive pathogens via a cell wall binding tick antifreeze protein[J]. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2023, 66(1): 503-515.
3
Kristensen S S, Oftedal T F, Røhr Å K, et al. The extracellular domain of site-2-metalloprotease RseP is important for sensitivity to bacteriocin EntK1[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2022, 298(11): 102593.
4
Bhardwaj S, Mehra P, Dhanjal D S, et al. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance-flipsides of the same coin[J]. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2022, 28(28): 2312-2329.
5
Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis[J]. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2018, 18(3): 318-327.
6
Cetinkaya Y, Falk P, Mayhall C G. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci[J]. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2000, 13(4): 686-707.
7
Gouel-Cheron A, Swihart B J, Warner S, et al. Epidemiology of ICU-onset bloodstream infection: prevalence, pathogens, and risk factors among 150, 948 ICU patients at 85 U. S. hospitals[J]. Critical Care Medicine, 2022, 50(12): 1725-1736.
8
Goldstein R E R, Micallef S A, Gibbs S G, et al. Detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) at four U. S. wastewater treatment plants that provide effluent for reuse[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 466-467: 404-411.
9
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC reminds clinical laboratories and healthcare infection preventionists of their role in the search and containment of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)[R]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
10
全国细菌耐药监测网. 2021年全国细菌耐药监测网急诊科细菌耐药监测报告[J]. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2023, 33(22): 3410-3416.
11
Jeong B, Jang H A, Lee J, et al. Proteolytic activity of DegP is required for the Burkholderia symbiont to persist in its host bean bug[J]. Microbiology Spectrum, 2023, 11(1): e0433022.
12
Lebreton F, Valentino M D, Schaufler K, et al. Transferable vancomycin resistance in clade B commensal-type Enterococcus faecium[J]. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2018, 73(6): 1479-1486.
13
Sivaradjy M, Gunalan A, Priyadarshi K, et al. Increasing trend of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci bacteremia in a tertiary care hospital of South India: a three-year prospective study[J]. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 2021, 25(8): 881-885.
14
O’Driscoll T, Crank C W. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and optimal management[J]. Infection and Drug Resistance, 2015, 8: 217-230.
15
Sanderson H, Ortega-Polo R, Zaheer R, et al. Comparative genomics of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater treatment plants[J]. BMC Microbiology, 2020, 20(1): 20.
16
Nakipoğlu M, Yilmaz F, Icgen B. vanA gene harboring enterococcal and non-enterococcal isolates expressing high level vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance reservoired in surface waters[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2017, 98(5): 712-719.
17
Enayati M, Sadeghi J, Nahaei M R, et al. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecium isolated from water samples[J]. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2015, 61(4): 339-345.
18
Wei L, Wu Q P, Zhang J M, et al. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Enterococcus faecalis isolates from mineral water and spring water in China[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2017, 8: 1109.
19
Savin M, Bierbaum G, Hammerl J A, et al. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial residues in wastewater and process water from German pig slaughterhouses and their receiving municipal wastewater treatment plants[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 727: 138788.
20
Nishiyama M, Iguchi A, Suzuki Y. Identification of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis as vanC-type Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) from sewage and river water in the provincial city of Miyazaki, Japan[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2015, 50(1): 16-25.
21
Seong J U, Cha S B, Ryu K H, et al. Distribution characteristics and antibiotics resistance of Enterococcus spp. in Nakdong River[J]. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment, 2013, 46(3): 360-366.
22
Morris D, Galvin S, Boyle F, et al. Enterococcus faecium of the vanA genotype in rural drinking water, effluent, and the aqueous environment[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2012, 78(2): 596-598.
23
Wang S L, Wang H. Adsorption behavior of antibiotic in soil environment: a critical review[J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering, 2015, 9(4): 565-574.
24
Rajendiran S, Veloo Y, Thahir S S A, et al. Resistance towards critically important antimicrobials among Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium in poultry farm environments in Selangor, Malaysia[J]. Antibiotics, 2022, 11(8): 1118.
25
Young S, Nayak B, Sun S, et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and bacterial community structure following a sewage spill into an aquatic environment[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2016, 82(18): 5653-5660.
26
Carey, S. A, Goldstein, R. E. R, Gibbs, S. G, et al. Occurrence of vancomycin-resistant and-susceptible Enterococcus spp. in reclaimed water used for spray irrigation[J]. Environmental Research, 2016, 147: 350-355.
27
Harwood V J, Brownell M, Perusek W, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater and chicken feces in the United States[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2001, 67(10): 4930-4933.
28
Xie X Q, Chen B Y, Zhu S Q, et al. Comparative analysis of characteristics of antibiotic resistomes between Arctic soils and representative contaminated samples using metagenomic approaches[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2024, 469: 133943.
29
Melese Z T, Mwalili S M, Orwa G O. Threshold dynamics of the transmission of antibiotic-resistant infections[J]. Biosystems, 2018, 171: 80-92.
30
Shamalov L, Heath M, Lynch E, et al. Timing and clinical risk factors for early acquisition of gut pathogen colonization with multidrug resistant organisms in the intensive care unit[J]. Gut Pathogens, 2024, 16(1): 10.
31
Cheah A L Y, Cheng A C, Spelman D, et al. Mathematical modelling of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci transmission during passive surveillance and active surveillance with contact isolation highlights the need to identify and address the source of acquisition[J]. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2018, 18(1): 511.
32
Novais C, Coque T M, Ferreira H, et al. Environmental contamination with vancomycin-resistant enterococci from hospital sewage in Portugal[J]. [J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2005, 71(6): 3364-3368.
33
Girijan S K, Pillai D. Identification and characterization of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital wastewaters: evidence of horizontal spread of antimicrobial resistance[J]. Journal of Water and Health, 2021, 19(5): 785-795.
34
Khader K, Thomas A, Huskins W C, et al. Effectiveness of contact precautions to prevent transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in intensive care units[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2021, 72(S1): S42-S49.
35
Mutters N T, Brooke R J, Frank U, et al. Low risk of apparent transmission of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci from bacteraemic patients to hospitalized contacts[J]. American Journal of Infection Control, 2013, 41(9): 778-781.
36
Tang Y F, Lin Y S, Su L H, et al. Increasing trend of healthcare-associated infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE-fm) paralleling escalating community-acquired VRE-fm infections in a medical center implementing strict contact precautions: an epidemiologic and pathogenic genotype analysis and its implications[J]. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 2023, 56(5): 1045-1053.
37
Cremona A, Bordino V, Vicentini C, et al. Evaluating the trend of VRE carriages in health facilities: a retrospective study from 2019-2022[J]. Annali di Igiene: Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità, 2024, 36(1): 115-120.
38
Bender J K, Hermes J, Zabel L T, et al. Controlling an unprecedented outbreak with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Germany, October 2015 to November 2019[J]. Microorganisms, 2022, 10(8): 1603.
39
Noble M A, Isaac-Renton J L, Bryce E A, et al. The toilet as a transmission vector of vancomycin-resistant enterococci[J]. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1998, 40(3): 237-241.
40
Byers K E, Durbin L J, Simonton B M, et al. Disinfection of hospital rooms contaminated with vancomycin-resistant Entemcocms faecium[J]. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1998, 19(4): 261-264.
41
Lee A S, White E, Monahan L G, et al. Defining the role of the environment in the emergence and persistence of vanA vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) in an intensive care unit: a molecular epidemiological study[J]. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2018, 39(6): 668-675.
42
Jackson S S, Harris A D, Magder L S, et al. Bacterial burden is associated with increased transmission to health care workers from patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus[J]. American Journal of Infection Control, 2019, 47(1): 13-17.
43
Jain S, Clezy K, Mclaws M L. Safe removal of gloves from contact precautions: the role of hand hygiene[J]. American Journal of Infection Control, 2018, 46(7): 764-767.
44
Kakimoto K, Nishiki S, Kaga Y, et al. Effectiveness of patient and staff cohorting to reduce the risk of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) acquisition: a retrospective cohort study during a VRE outbreak in Japan[J]. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2023, 134: 35-42.
45
Cassone M, Wang J, Lansing B J, et al. Diversity and persistence of MRSA and VRE in skilled nursing facilities: environmental screening, whole-genome sequencing and development of a dispersion index[J]. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2023, 138: 8-18.
46
El Haddad L, Hanson B M, Arias C A, et al. Emergence and transmission of daptomycin and vancomycin-resistant enterococci between patients and hospital rooms[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2021, 73(12): 2306-2313.
47
Di Pentima M C, Chan S, Briody C, et al. Driving forces of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis blood-stream infections in children[J]. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 2014, 3: 29.
48
Gilbert E M, Zembower T R, Rhodes N J, et al. Factors contributing to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. horizontal transmission events: exploration of the role of antibacterial consumption[J]. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 2017, 89(1): 72-77.
49
Zhou M J, Li J, Salmasian H, et al. The local hospital milieu and healthcare-associated vancomycin-resistant enterococcus acquisition[J]. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2019, 101(1): 69-75.
50
Sundermann A J, Babiker A, Marsh J W, et al. Outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in interventional radiology: detection through whole-genome sequencing-based surveillance[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2020, 70(11): 2336-2343.
51
Kitagawa H, Tadera K, Mori M, et al. The effect of pulsed-xenon ultraviolet disinfection on surfaces contaminated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in a Japanese hospital[J]. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 2021, 27(11): 1665-1668.
52
Azuma T, Usui M, Hayashi T. Inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wastewater by ozone-based advanced water treatment processes[J]. Antibiotics, 2022, 11(2): 210.
53
Bong C, Choi J Y, Bae J, et al. Effectiveness of ozone generated by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor against multidrug-resistant pathogens and Clostridioides difficile spores[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12(1): 14118.
54
Bhardwaj P, Islam M Z, Kim C, et al. ddcP, pstB, and excess D-lactate impact synergism between vancomycin and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecium 1, 231, 410[J]. PLoS One, 2021, 16(4): e0249631.
55
Alotaibi S M, Ayibiekea A, Pedersen A F, et al. Susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant and-sensitive Enterococcus faecium obtained from Danish hospitals to benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine and hydrogen peroxide biocides[J]. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2017, 66(12): 1744-1751.
56
Dogan-Guner E M, Mohamed H, Orbey N, et al. Stabilization and controlled release of micro-encapsulated hydrogen peroxide for wound treatment applications[J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2019, 126(3): 965-972.
57
El Haddad L, Angelidakis G, Clark J R, et al. Genomic and functional characterization of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci-specific bacteriophages in the Galleria mellonella wax moth larvae model[J]. Pharmaceutics, 2022, 14(8): 1591.
58
Mutters N T, Werner G, Tacconelli E, et al. Vancomycin-resistente enterokokken: welche therapieoptionen gibt es?[J]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 2015, 140(1): 42-45.
59
Isenman H, Fisher D. Advances in prevention and treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection[J]. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 2016, 29(6): 577-582.
60
Yim J, Smith J R, Rybak M J. Role of combination antimicrobial therapy for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections: review of the current evidence[J]. Pharmacotherapy, 2017, 37(5): 579-592.
61
James R C, Pierce J G, Okano A, et al. Redesign of glycopeptide antibiotics: back to the future[J]. ACS Chemical Biology, 2012, 7(5): 797-804.
62
胡焱, 王瑶, 何淞. 天然药用植物提取物抗耐万古霉素肠球菌的研究进展[J]. 临床合理用药杂志, 2021, 14(35): 179-181.
63
Werner G, Neumann B, Weber R E, et al. Thirty years of VRE in Germany-"expect the unexpected": the view from the National Reference Centre for staphylococci and enterococci[J]. Drug Resistance Updates, 2020, 53: 100732.
2025年第41卷第6期
PDF下载
84
30
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146038
  • 接收时间:2024-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-26
  • 修回日期:2025-01-24
  • 录用日期:2025-04-11
基金
作者信息
    1天津中医药大学研究生院,天津 301617
    2军事科学院军事医学研究院,天津 300050

通讯作者:

金敏,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgggws/CN/10.11847/zgggws1146038
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏