Article(id=1321169872478913056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169839390053177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145910, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=1734364800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-17, acceptedDate=1744300800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-11, onlineDate=1792921043748, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921043748, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921043748, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921043748, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169839390053177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='6', pageStart='641', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749484800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921035859, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921035859, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=716, endPage=721, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169872705405473, articleId=1321169872478913056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Correlation between behavioral and dietary factors and trends in esophageal cancer mortality in key rural areas of four Chinese provinces from 2008 to 2021: a surveillance data analysis, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the trends in esophageal cancer mortality and its influencing factors in key rural areas of four Chinese provinces from 2008 to 2021, and to explore the correlation between esophageal cancer mortality and behavioral and dietary factors, providing a reference for the prevention and control of esophageal cancer in rural China.

Methods

Based on the National Mortality Surveillance Database from 2008 to 2021 and data from three surveys on tumors and behavioral risk factors conducted in 2013, 2016, and 2019 among residents in key rural areas of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, and Henan provinces, Joinpoint 5.2.0 software was used to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and analyze the temporal trends of the age-standardized mortality rate of esophageal cancer in the Chinese population (referred to as the Chinese standardized mortality rate). The chi-square test for trend was used to analyze the temporal trends of behavioral and dietary factors. Panel models were established using Stata 16 software to analyze the correlation between behavioral and dietary factors and esophageal cancer mortality.

Results

The age-standardized mortality rates (per 100 000) of esophageal cancer in key rural areas of the four provinces from 2008 to 2021 were 40.55, 36.30, 33.99, 29.65, 27.74, 26.80, 25.11, 22.76, 22.81, 19.73, 18.95, 18.12, 17.53, and 15.19, respectively, showing a decreasing trend overall (AAPC = -6.76, P < 0.001), declining from 40.55/100 000 in 2008 to 15.19/100 000 in 2021. The results of the three surveys showed that the current smoking rate, drinking rate, dietary habits (fast eating, preference for salty tastes, preference for hot food, preference for dry and hard food), and the intake frequency of some foods (pickled and salted fish, chili peppers, meat, aquatic products, and soy products) all decreased in the key rural areas of the four provinces (P < 0.001). The rates of high body mass index (BMI), insufficient physical activity, and the intake frequency of some foods (rice and rice products, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, dairy products, and garlic) all increased (P < 0.001). Drinking rate (β = 0.51, P = 0.036), high BMI rate (β = 0.34, P = 0.041), intake frequency of pickled and fermented bean curd (β = 1.46, P = 0.010), and garlic intake frequency (β = 0.16, P = 0.025) were positively correlated with esophageal cancer mortality; while the intake frequency of rice and rice products (β = -0.21, P = 0.001), chili peppers (β = -0.35, P < 0.001) was negatively correlated with esophageal cancer mortality.

Conclusions

The age-standardized mortality rate of esophageal cancer in key rural areas of the four provinces in China showed a downward trend from 2008 to 2021. Drinking rate, high BMI rate, and the intake frequency of certain foods (pickled and fermented bean curd, garlic, rice and rice products, and chili peppers) were associated with esophageal cancer mortality.

, authors=Chuchu WEI1, Yarong HAN1, 2, Xiaoying YANG1, Xuefei FENG1, Xiangyi RUI1, Baohua WANG1, authorsList=Chuchu WEI, Yarong HAN, Xiaoying YANG, Xuefei FENG, Xiangyi RUI, Baohua WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baohua WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Baohua, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169873737204266, articleId=1321169872478913056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=中国4省农村重点地区2008—2021年食管癌死亡变化趋势及与居民行为饮食因素相关性, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析2008—2021年中国4省农村重点地区食管癌死亡及其影响因素的变化趋势,探讨食管癌死亡率与行为饮食因素的相关性,为我国农村食管癌防治提供参考。

方法

基于2008—2021年全国死因监测数据库及江苏、安徽、山东、河南4省农村重点地区居民2013、2016和2019年3次肿瘤及危险因素行为调查数据,采用Joinpoint 5.2.0软件计算平均年度变化百分比(AAPC),分析食管癌中国人口年龄标准化死亡率(简称中标死亡率)的时间变化趋势;采用趋势χ2检验分析行为饮食因素的时间变化趋势;采用Stata 16软件建立面板模型,分析行为饮食因素与食管癌死亡率的相关性。

结果

2008—2021年4省农村重点地区食管癌中标死亡率(1/10万)依次为40.55、36.30、33.99、29.65、27.74、26.80、25.11、22.76、22.81、19.73、18.95、18.12、17.53、15.19,整体呈下降趋势(AAPC= –6.76,P<0.001),从2008年的40.55/10万下降到2021年的15.19/10万。3次调查结果显示,4省农村重点地区的现在吸烟率、饮酒率、饮食习惯(进食快、口味偏咸、喜热烫食物、喜干硬食物)、部分食物摄入频率(咸菜咸鱼类、辣椒、肉类、水产品类、豆制品)均有所下降(P<0.001);高体质量指数(BMI)率、体力活动不足率、部分食物摄入频率(大米及其制品、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、奶制品、大蒜)均有所上升(P<0.001)。饮酒率(β=0.51,P=0.036)、高BMI率(β=0.34,P=0.041)、泡菜腐乳类(β=1.46,P=0.010)及大蒜的摄入频率(β=0.16,P=0.025)与食管癌死亡率呈正相关;大米及其制品的摄入频率(β= –0.21,P=0.001)辣椒的摄入频率(β= –0.35,P<0.001)与食管癌死亡率呈负相关。

结论

2008—2021年我国4省农村重点地区食管癌中标死亡率呈下降趋势,饮酒率、高BMI率、食物摄入频率(泡菜腐乳类、大蒜、大米及其制品、辣椒)与食管癌死亡率有关。

, authors=魏楚楚1, 韩亚蓉1, 2, 杨晓莹1, 冯雪菲1, 芮向依1, 王宝华1, *, *, authorsList=魏楚楚, 韩亚蓉, 杨晓莹, 冯雪菲, 芮向依, 王宝华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王宝华, authorNote=

魏楚楚(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生

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王宝华,E-mail:
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魏楚楚(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生

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Frontiers in Nutrition, 2021, 8: 670411., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321169880695554687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169872478913056, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ao Z M, Huang Z Y, Liu H. Spicy food and chili peppers and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review[J]. 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Comparison of behavioral and dietary habits of the surveyed population in 2013, 2016, and 2019

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行为饮食习惯2013年(N=10 093)2016年(N=10 074)2019年(N=20 741)Z值P值
人数构成比/%人数构成比/%人数构成比/%
现在吸烟2 88028.533 12831.055 59726.99–4.02<0.001
饮酒3 38633.553 75437.266 65132.07–4.10<0.001
高BMI4 03439.974 75547.209 97748.1012.68<0.001
体力活动不足5 12050.736 27062.2412 84961.9517.25<0.001
饮食习惯
 进食快1 98419.661 49214.813 20315.44–8.39<0.001
 口味偏咸1 96619.481 56715.553 45416.65–5.25<0.001
 喜热烫食物1 32213.109899.821 5447.44–15.97<0.001
 喜干硬食物8288.206126.081 4226.86–3.53<0.001
食物摄入频率(≥4次/周)
 大米及其制品7 38373.157 35473.0016 25478.3711.20<0.001
 油炸食品1811.792022.013741.80–0.180.858
 咸菜咸鱼类2 17021.501 63916.272 35111.34–23.74<0.001
 泡菜腐乳类1471.461241.232811.35–0.500.617
 烧烤烟熏类190.19160.16220.11–1.890.088
 霉变食物100.1050.05220.110.470.638
 大蒜类2 96529.382 41723.997 46736.0014.89<0.001
 辣椒5 27352.244 26042.299 96148.03–4.62<0.001
 茶2 84428.183 37233.475 91928.54–1.090.274
 咖啡450.45230.23860.410.090.929
 肉类2 24522.242 17921.633 66817.68–10.24<0.001
 水产品类5065.016176.128804.24–4.08<0.001
 新鲜蔬菜9 47393.869 18991.2219 53494.182.850.004
 新鲜水果3 15131.223 11030.877 95638.3613.85<0.001
 豆制品1 56115.471 40913.992 75413.28–5.11<0.001
 奶制品7787.717427.372 65312.7915.56<0.001
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2013、2016、2019年调查人群行为和饮食习惯情况比较

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行为饮食习惯2013年(N=10 093)2016年(N=10 074)2019年(N=20 741)Z值P值
人数构成比/%人数构成比/%人数构成比/%
现在吸烟2 88028.533 12831.055 59726.99–4.02<0.001
饮酒3 38633.553 75437.266 65132.07–4.10<0.001
高BMI4 03439.974 75547.209 97748.1012.68<0.001
体力活动不足5 12050.736 27062.2412 84961.9517.25<0.001
饮食习惯
 进食快1 98419.661 49214.813 20315.44–8.39<0.001
 口味偏咸1 96619.481 56715.553 45416.65–5.25<0.001
 喜热烫食物1 32213.109899.821 5447.44–15.97<0.001
 喜干硬食物8288.206126.081 4226.86–3.53<0.001
食物摄入频率(≥4次/周)
 大米及其制品7 38373.157 35473.0016 25478.3711.20<0.001
 油炸食品1811.792022.013741.80–0.180.858
 咸菜咸鱼类2 17021.501 63916.272 35111.34–23.74<0.001
 泡菜腐乳类1471.461241.232811.35–0.500.617
 烧烤烟熏类190.19160.16220.11–1.890.088
 霉变食物100.1050.05220.110.470.638
 大蒜类2 96529.382 41723.997 46736.0014.89<0.001
 辣椒5 27352.244 26042.299 96148.03–4.62<0.001
 茶2 84428.183 37233.475 91928.54–1.090.274
 咖啡450.45230.23860.410.090.929
 肉类2 24522.242 17921.633 66817.68–10.24<0.001
 水产品类5065.016176.128804.24–4.08<0.001
 新鲜蔬菜9 47393.869 18991.2219 53494.182.850.004
 新鲜水果3 15131.223 11030.877 95638.3613.85<0.001
 豆制品1 56115.471 40913.992 75413.28–5.11<0.001
 奶制品7787.717427.372 65312.7915.56<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321169876442530396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169872478913056, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Model selection

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检验效应模型总人群
统计量P值
OLS检验 a61.48<0.001
Hausman检验237.05<0.001
固定效应模型13.01<0.001
随机效应模型2 028.71<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321169876518027870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169872478913056, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型选择

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验效应模型总人群
统计量P值
OLS检验 a61.48<0.001
Hausman检验237.05<0.001
固定效应模型13.01<0.001
随机效应模型2 028.71<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321169876589331039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169872478913056, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Multifactorial correlation analysis of esophageal cancer mortality and behavioral and dietary factors in key rural areas of four provinces from 2008 to 2021

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变量β值95%CIt值P值
饮酒率0.510.03~0.992.130.036
高BMI率0.340.01~0.672.080.041
食物摄入频率(≥4次/周)
 大米及其制品–0.21–0.31~–0.12–4.710.001
 泡菜腐乳类1.460.37~2.562.650.010
 大蒜0.160.02~0.312.280.025
 辣椒–0.35–0.53~–0.17–3.87<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321169876664828512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169872478913056, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2008—2021年4省农村重点地区食管癌死亡与行为饮食因素多因素相关分析

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变量β值95%CIt值P值
饮酒率0.510.03~0.992.130.036
高BMI率0.340.01~0.672.080.041
食物摄入频率(≥4次/周)
 大米及其制品–0.21–0.31~–0.12–4.710.001
 泡菜腐乳类1.460.37~2.562.650.010
 大蒜0.160.02~0.312.280.025
 辣椒–0.35–0.53~–0.17–3.87<0.001
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中国4省农村重点地区2008—2021年食管癌死亡变化趋势及与居民行为饮食因素相关性
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魏楚楚 1 , 韩亚蓉 1, 2 , 杨晓莹 1 , 冯雪菲 1 , 芮向依 1 , 王宝华 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(6): 716-721
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (6) : 716 -721
中国4省农村重点地区2008—2021年食管癌死亡变化趋势及与居民行为饮食因素相关性
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魏楚楚1, 韩亚蓉1, 2, 杨晓莹1, 冯雪菲1, 芮向依1, 王宝华1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病预防控制中心,北京 100032
  • 2南通市疾病预防控制中心,南通 226000
通讯作者:
王宝华,E-mail:
作者简介:

魏楚楚(1999—),硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生

Correlation between behavioral and dietary factors and trends in esophageal cancer mortality in key rural areas of four Chinese provinces from 2008 to 2021: a surveillance data analysis
Chuchu WEI1, Yarong HAN1, 2, Xiaoying YANG1, Xuefei FENG1, Xiangyi RUI1, Baohua WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100032, China
  • 2Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong 226000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Baohua, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145910
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目的

分析2008—2021年中国4省农村重点地区食管癌死亡及其影响因素的变化趋势,探讨食管癌死亡率与行为饮食因素的相关性,为我国农村食管癌防治提供参考。

方法

基于2008—2021年全国死因监测数据库及江苏、安徽、山东、河南4省农村重点地区居民2013、2016和2019年3次肿瘤及危险因素行为调查数据,采用Joinpoint 5.2.0软件计算平均年度变化百分比(AAPC),分析食管癌中国人口年龄标准化死亡率(简称中标死亡率)的时间变化趋势;采用趋势χ2检验分析行为饮食因素的时间变化趋势;采用Stata 16软件建立面板模型,分析行为饮食因素与食管癌死亡率的相关性。

结果

2008—2021年4省农村重点地区食管癌中标死亡率(1/10万)依次为40.55、36.30、33.99、29.65、27.74、26.80、25.11、22.76、22.81、19.73、18.95、18.12、17.53、15.19,整体呈下降趋势(AAPC= –6.76,P<0.001),从2008年的40.55/10万下降到2021年的15.19/10万。3次调查结果显示,4省农村重点地区的现在吸烟率、饮酒率、饮食习惯(进食快、口味偏咸、喜热烫食物、喜干硬食物)、部分食物摄入频率(咸菜咸鱼类、辣椒、肉类、水产品类、豆制品)均有所下降(P<0.001);高体质量指数(BMI)率、体力活动不足率、部分食物摄入频率(大米及其制品、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、奶制品、大蒜)均有所上升(P<0.001)。饮酒率(β=0.51,P=0.036)、高BMI率(β=0.34,P=0.041)、泡菜腐乳类(β=1.46,P=0.010)及大蒜的摄入频率(β=0.16,P=0.025)与食管癌死亡率呈正相关;大米及其制品的摄入频率(β= –0.21,P=0.001)辣椒的摄入频率(β= –0.35,P<0.001)与食管癌死亡率呈负相关。

结论

2008—2021年我国4省农村重点地区食管癌中标死亡率呈下降趋势,饮酒率、高BMI率、食物摄入频率(泡菜腐乳类、大蒜、大米及其制品、辣椒)与食管癌死亡率有关。

食管癌  /  死亡率  /  行为饮食因素  /  相关性  /  农村居民
Objective

To analyze the trends in esophageal cancer mortality and its influencing factors in key rural areas of four Chinese provinces from 2008 to 2021, and to explore the correlation between esophageal cancer mortality and behavioral and dietary factors, providing a reference for the prevention and control of esophageal cancer in rural China.

Methods

Based on the National Mortality Surveillance Database from 2008 to 2021 and data from three surveys on tumors and behavioral risk factors conducted in 2013, 2016, and 2019 among residents in key rural areas of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, and Henan provinces, Joinpoint 5.2.0 software was used to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and analyze the temporal trends of the age-standardized mortality rate of esophageal cancer in the Chinese population (referred to as the Chinese standardized mortality rate). The chi-square test for trend was used to analyze the temporal trends of behavioral and dietary factors. Panel models were established using Stata 16 software to analyze the correlation between behavioral and dietary factors and esophageal cancer mortality.

Results

The age-standardized mortality rates (per 100 000) of esophageal cancer in key rural areas of the four provinces from 2008 to 2021 were 40.55, 36.30, 33.99, 29.65, 27.74, 26.80, 25.11, 22.76, 22.81, 19.73, 18.95, 18.12, 17.53, and 15.19, respectively, showing a decreasing trend overall (AAPC = -6.76, P < 0.001), declining from 40.55/100 000 in 2008 to 15.19/100 000 in 2021. The results of the three surveys showed that the current smoking rate, drinking rate, dietary habits (fast eating, preference for salty tastes, preference for hot food, preference for dry and hard food), and the intake frequency of some foods (pickled and salted fish, chili peppers, meat, aquatic products, and soy products) all decreased in the key rural areas of the four provinces (P < 0.001). The rates of high body mass index (BMI), insufficient physical activity, and the intake frequency of some foods (rice and rice products, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, dairy products, and garlic) all increased (P < 0.001). Drinking rate (β = 0.51, P = 0.036), high BMI rate (β = 0.34, P = 0.041), intake frequency of pickled and fermented bean curd (β = 1.46, P = 0.010), and garlic intake frequency (β = 0.16, P = 0.025) were positively correlated with esophageal cancer mortality; while the intake frequency of rice and rice products (β = -0.21, P = 0.001), chili peppers (β = -0.35, P < 0.001) was negatively correlated with esophageal cancer mortality.

Conclusions

The age-standardized mortality rate of esophageal cancer in key rural areas of the four provinces in China showed a downward trend from 2008 to 2021. Drinking rate, high BMI rate, and the intake frequency of certain foods (pickled and fermented bean curd, garlic, rice and rice products, and chili peppers) were associated with esophageal cancer mortality.

esophageal cancer  /  mortality  /  behavioral and dietary factors  /  correlation  /  rural residents
魏楚楚, 韩亚蓉, 杨晓莹, 冯雪菲, 芮向依, 王宝华. 中国4省农村重点地区2008—2021年食管癌死亡变化趋势及与居民行为饮食因素相关性. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (6) : 716 -721 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145910
Chuchu WEI, Yarong HAN, Xiaoying YANG, Xuefei FENG, Xiangyi RUI, Baohua WANG. Correlation between behavioral and dietary factors and trends in esophageal cancer mortality in key rural areas of four Chinese provinces from 2008 to 2021: a surveillance data analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (6) : 716 -721 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145910
食管癌是全球常见的恶性肿瘤之一[1],严重危害人类健康[2]。2022年中国有22.40万例食管癌新发病例,约占全球发病总数的44.74%,死亡18.75万例,约占全球死亡总数的42.13%,发病和死亡分别位居全国癌症的第7位和第5位[3]。20世纪70年代以来,江苏、安徽、山东、河南4省农村部分地区发现食管癌等消化道癌症高发问题[4],2007年经国务院批准全面启动了4省农村重点地区癌症综合防治工作[5]。本研究基于全国死因监测数据、重点地区2013、2016和2019年3次肿瘤及危险因素行为调查数据,综合探讨4省农村重点地区食管癌死亡率、居民行为饮食因素的变化趋势及其相关性,为评价该地区的食管癌防治效果、指导进一步开展我国农村地区的食管癌防控工作提供依据。
根据国家重点流域癌症综合防治工作确定,包括4省14县区:安徽省(灵璧县、蒙城县、寿县、颍东区、埇桥区)、河南省(扶沟县、罗山县、沈丘县和西平县)、江苏省(金湖县、射阳县和盱眙县)、山东省(巨野县和汶上县)。食管癌死亡数据来源于2008—2021年中国疾病预防控制中心(简称疾控中心)全国死因监测数据库。疾病分类采用国际疾病分类第10版(ICD-10)[6],食管癌编码为C15。本研究居民行为健康数据来源于2013、2016和2019年进行的居民肿瘤及危险因素行为调查。现场调查采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法[7],以≥18岁常住居民为研究对象。第1阶段采用随机抽样方法,每县随机抽取4个乡/镇;第2阶段采用整群抽样方法,各乡/镇抽取2个行政村/居委会;第3阶段用整群抽样方法,各行政村/居委会抽取2个村民/居民小组,每个小组抽50个居民户(2019年为100户),第4阶段选用随机抽样方法,在抽中的居民户中采用KISH表法随机抽取1人进行问卷调查。本次研究共获得有效问卷40 908份,2013年10 093份,2016年10 074份,2019年20 741份。本研究经中国疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会批准(批准文号:201519A,201519B),所有研究对象均签署知情同意书。
问卷在现有文献基础和咨询专家的基础上由课题组自行设计,由经过统一培训、考核合格的县区疾控中心工作人员通过面对面调查获得。问卷内容包括一般人口学特征、生活方式(现在吸烟、饮酒、饮食习惯、食物摄入)、身体活动水平、体格检查(身高、体重)等信息。调查前期组织专家论证调查方案及进行预调查,以进一步优化调查流程。现场调查由培训合格的专业人员执行,同时设立数据质控专员以确保数据质量[7]。全国死因监测数据由各地区的疾控中心承担,负责收集、汇总及核查居民的死亡信息,且每3年进行1次漏报调查。此外,定期与公安、民政部门进行数据核对,查缺补漏。研究地区死因编码准确率均>90%,且死者生前诊断单位由县(区)医院依据包括临床和/或病理报告确认[8]。
(1)中国人口年龄标准化死亡率(简称中标死亡率,age-standardized mortality rate by Chinese standard population, ASMRC):采用2020年全国普查数据[9]作为参照人口来标准化死亡率。(2)行为习惯指标:现在吸烟率、饮酒率指调查时及过去12个月有吸烟、饮酒行为的人数占该次调查总人数的比例。现在吸烟是指调查时及过去12个月里每日或偶尔有吸机制卷烟行为(每日吸烟是指每天吸烟>1支,偶尔吸烟指每周吸烟>4次但平均每天<1支);饮酒是指调查时及过去12个月内每周≥1次饮用各类含有乙醇成分>15 g饮料的行为。[10–12]; 高体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)率指BMI ≥ 24[10]的人数占该次调查总人数的比例;结合以往文献以及实际的调查结果[13],将体力活动不足率定义为1周内持续运动或体力活动>30 min的天数<4次的人数占该次调查总人数的比例。(3)饮食习惯指标:根据中国居民膳食指南[14],将每餐吃饭时间<15 min定义为“进食快”;参考中国居民膳食指南及以往调查结果[12],将每日盐摄入量>9 g的人群定义为“口味偏咸”;结合文献将喜热烫食物定义为调查期间喜欢吃温度>65 ℃的食物[15];喜干硬食物定义为喜吃干硬面包、坚果、硬饼干等。(4)食物摄入频率指标:食物种类包括大米及其制品、油炸食品、咸菜咸鱼类、泡菜腐乳类、烧烤烟熏类、霉变食物、大蒜类、辣椒、茶、咖啡、肉类、水产品类、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、豆制品、奶制品。食物摄入频率指摄入某一食物≥4次/周的人数占该次调查总人数的比例。
(1)中国人口年龄标准化死亡率(简称中标死亡率,age-standardized mortality rate by Chinese standard population, ASMRC):采用2020年全国普查数据[9]作为参照人口来标准化死亡率。(2)行为习惯指标:现在吸烟率、饮酒率指调查时及过去12个月有吸烟、饮酒行为的人数占该次调查总人数的比例。现在吸烟是指调查时及过去12个月里每日或偶尔有吸机制卷烟行为(每日吸烟是指每天吸烟>1支,偶尔吸烟指每周吸烟>4次但平均每天<1支);饮酒是指调查时及过去12个月内每周≥1次饮用各类含有乙醇成分>15 g饮料的行为。[10–12]; 高体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)率指BMI ≥ 24[10]的人数占该次调查总人数的比例;结合以往文献以及实际的调查结果[13],将体力活动不足率定义为1周内持续运动或体力活动>30 min的天数<4次的人数占该次调查总人数的比例。(3)饮食习惯指标:根据中国居民膳食指南[14],将每餐吃饭时间<15 min定义为“进食快”;参考中国居民膳食指南及以往调查结果[12],将每日盐摄入量>9 g的人群定义为“口味偏咸”;结合文献将喜热烫食物定义为调查期间喜欢吃温度>65 ℃的食物[15];喜干硬食物定义为喜吃干硬面包、坚果、硬饼干等。(4)食物摄入频率指标:食物种类包括大米及其制品、油炸食品、咸菜咸鱼类、泡菜腐乳类、烧烤烟熏类、霉变食物、大蒜类、辣椒、茶、咖啡、肉类、水产品类、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、豆制品、奶制品。食物摄入频率指摄入某一食物≥4次/周的人数占该次调查总人数的比例。
采用Joinpoint 5.2.0对数回归模型计算平均年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change, AAPC)评价死亡率的时间变化趋势。若AAPC>0且P<0.05,表明存在显著的上升趋势,若AAPC<0且P<0.05,表明存在显著的下降趋势。采用趋势χ2检验分析行为饮食因素时间变化趋势。本研究基于个人行为饮食习惯在短期(3~5年)内相对稳定的假设,对缺失年份的数据进行填补,采用2013年的数据估算2009—2012年的情况,2016年的数据估算2014—2015年,2019年的数据估算2017—2018年。同时,结合现有数据集的特点及影响因素产生影响的滞后期特点,本研究将食管癌死亡影响因素的滞后期设定为3年[7]。面板数据模型同时考虑了地区和时间2个维度问题[16]。本研究以2012—2021年食管癌死亡率为因变量,2009—2018年行为饮食因素为自变量,将数据整理成面板数据形式,采用Stata 16软件,构建多因素静态面板模型,分析各因素与食管癌死亡的关联情况。静态面板数据模型:
$ y_{it}=\alpha_i+\lambda_t+\beta_1A_{it}+\beta_2B_{it}+\beta_3C_{it}+\varepsilon_{it} $
其中,yit表示各县区不同年份的食管癌死亡率,$ {\alpha }_{i} $表示个体效应,$ {\lambda }_{t} $表示时间效应,Ait、Bit和Cit分别表示不同地区不同年份居民行为饮食指标,β为回归系数,可估计自变量与因变量的变化关系,$ {\varepsilon }_{it} $为模型误差项。在应用面板模型分析数据前,为避免“伪回归”,需要对数据进行单位根检验和协整检验。当单位根检验及协整检验结果均P<0.05时,表示面板数据平稳且存在截面相关,可使用面板模型进行分析。Hausman检验选用具体的数据分析模型,当结果P<0.05时,面板模型的固定效应有统计学意义,反之为随机效应模型。经检验模型误差项符合正态分布,结合检验结果,本研究选择固定效应模型进行分析。本研究选取检验水准α=0.05,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2008—2021年4省农村重点地区食管癌中标死亡率(1/10万)依次为40.55、36.30、33.99、29.65、27.74、26.80、25.11、22.76、22.81、19.73、18.95、18.12、17.53、15.19,2008—2011年研究地区食管癌中标死亡率下降速度较快(APC= –9.45,P<0.001),2012—2021年下降速度稍有放缓(APC= –6.26,P=0.002),调查年间整体呈下降趋势(AAPC= –6.76,P<0.001)。
4省农村重点地区的现在吸烟率、饮酒率均有所下降,而高BMI率、体力活动不足率则有所上升,且各率随年份变化差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。饮食习惯结果显示,进食快、口味偏咸、喜热烫食物及喜干硬食物的人群比例均有所下降,且随年份的变化差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。食物摄入情况结果表明,研究地区大米及其制品、大蒜、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、奶制品的摄入频率有所上升,咸菜咸鱼类、辣椒、肉类、水产品类、豆制品摄入频率有所下降,以上食物摄入频率随年份变化差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
单位根检验的结果表明,采用Im-Pesaran-Shin(IPS)法和Levin-Lin-Chu(LLC)法进行检验,均t<0且P<0.05,表明食管癌死亡率与其影响因素数据整体平稳。进一步进行协整检验,结果为P<0.001,表明食管癌死亡率与其影响因素之间存在协整关系,可选用面板数据进行分析。最小二乘法(ordinary least squares,OLS)检验结果显示,采用面板数据模型分析优于混合OLS模型(P<0.05)。同时,Hausman检验结果表明,固定效应模型优于随机效应模型(P<0.05)。因此,综合考量统计学检验结果以及本研究的独特数据特点,同时充分考虑时间与地区差异,本研究采用个体时点双固定效应进行多因素分析。
为评估多种影响因素对食管癌死亡的潜在作用,本研究以粗死亡率为因变量,将所有研究因素以及各地区的经济指标纳入面板数据模型中进行分析。多因素面板模型分析结果显示,饮酒率、高BMI率、泡菜腐乳类及大蒜摄入频率与食管癌死亡呈正相关(β>0,P<0.05);大米及其制品以及辣椒的摄入频率与食管癌死亡率呈负相关(β<0,P<0.05)。
本研究结果显示,2008—2021年我国4省农村重点地区食管癌中标死亡率呈显著下降趋势(AAPC= –6.76,P<0.001),这一趋势与国内外[3, 17]相关研究基本一致,表明食管癌防控工作在全球范围内取得了一定成效。深入探讨其成因时发现,随着当地经济的快速发展,居民生活环境的显著改善,诊疗技术的发展如筛查方法、诊断及治疗水平相继提高等,都在一定程度上减少了食管癌等慢性病的发病死亡风险[3, 18–19]。
居民行为和饮食习惯的积极转变,以及对身体健康的日益关注,一定程度上降低了食管癌死亡率[19]。在行为习惯方面,本研究结果显示,饮酒与食管癌死亡呈正相关关系。国内外多项研究表明饮酒会加速食管癌死亡的进展[20–21],Li P等[22]研究显示,酒精是食管癌已知的危险因素,全球超过20%的食管癌死亡可归因于酒精使用,可能与酒精的代谢物乙醛等作用于机体以及自由基生成增多等有关[23]。同时,本研究也提示高BMI与食管癌死亡呈正相关,与Rask-Andersen M[24]、Lee S等[25]研究结果一致,可能与其会影响机体代谢和激素的分泌有关[26]。因此要提高居民对酒精危害的认识,减少酒精的摄入,同时要加强锻炼,保持健康体重。
饮食摄入方面,本研究结果显示,泡菜腐乳类、大蒜摄入频率与食管癌死亡率呈正相关,大米及其制品、辣椒摄入频率与食管癌死亡呈负相关。泡菜和腐乳含有亚硝酸盐、苯并芘与其他多环芳烃类物质等对人体有害的化学物质,在长期大量摄入的情况下,可能增加食管癌死亡的风险[21, 27],与现有研究结论一致[21]。伍玥等[28]研究显示大蒜可减轻食管癌严重程度,可能与大蒜素可激活抑制食管癌细胞增殖的活性因子,促进癌细胞的凋亡相关,但大蒜摄入量要在体内达到足够浓度才能抑制食管癌的发生发展。本研究并未涉及对大蒜单次摄入量的调查,不确定居民总摄入量是否达到作用效果。大蒜与食管癌的死亡关系有待进一步探究。目前对碳水化合物与食管癌间的关联性尚不十分明确,在欧洲、亚洲、北美人群中发现碳水化合物与食管癌呈现负相关关系,而在南美洲则呈现正相关关系[29],Liu Y S等[30]研究表明,碳水化合物的高摄入量可能反映植物性食物摄入量较多,这可能是食管癌的保护因素。Ao Z M等[31]研究表明,食用辣椒可以降低癌症死亡率,可能与辣椒中含有的辣椒素[32]可以抑制食管癌细胞的增殖并促进其凋亡作用有关。因此在开展健康宣教工作中应倡导健康饮食方式,鼓励居民将健康理念落到实际行动中。
本研究基于面板模型,在控制个体异质性并降低多重共线性前提下,对癌症高发区食管癌死亡与行为饮食因素相关关系进行探讨,为其他地区癌症防控措施制定和实施提供参考。本研究也存在一定的局限性,首先本研究属于定性研究,缺少定量指标;其次本研究属于从群体水平的角度分析食管癌死亡与其影响因素的关系,属于生态学研究,难以确定食管癌与其影响因素的因果关系。考虑到上述因素影响,后续将在研究中增加定量指标加以进一步探讨及验证。
综上所述,2008—2021年我国4省农村重点地区食管癌中标死亡率呈下降趋势;行为饮食因素如饮酒、高BMI及食物摄入频率(泡菜腐乳类、大蒜、大米及其制品、辣椒)等与食管癌死亡率存在相关关系。提示研究地区要继续开展癌症防控工作,加强对居民行为和饮食习惯重视和干预,积极宣传并引导居民养成健康生活方式,积极锻炼身体,保持健康体重。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145910
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
  • 修回日期:2024-12-17
  • 录用日期:2025-04-11
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    1中国疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病预防控制中心,北京 100032
    2南通市疾病预防控制中心,南通 226000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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