Article(id=1321169854128829012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169839390053177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1145343, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719763200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-01, revisedDate=1732982400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-01, acceptedDate=1745251200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-22, onlineDate=1792921039373, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792921039373, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792921039373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792921039373, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169839390053177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='6', pageStart='641', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749484800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792921035859, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921035859, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=648, endPage=654, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169854548259413, articleId=1321169854128829012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=A nomogram prediction model for the comorbidity risk of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city: a cross-sectional study, columnId=1321169841071969084, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report – Focusing on Child Health and Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To establish a nomogram prediction model for the comorbidity risk of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city, Jiangsu province, and to provide a scientific basis for the joint prevention and control of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among these students.

Methods

From September to October 2023, a stratified random sampling method was used to select 14 733 primary and secondary school students in urban and suburban areas of Nanjing city for questionnaire surveys and vision tests. A multifactorial unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to screen the influencing factors of myopia and neck and shoulder pain comorbidity among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city, and a nomogram prediction model was established. The Area Under Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve was used to evaluate the discrimination of the model, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and Calibration curve were used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the model.

Results

Among the 12 529 primary and secondary school students finally included in the analysis in Nanjing city, 3 040 had both myopia and neck and shoulder pain, with a comorbidity rate of 24.26%. Multifactorial unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that being in middle or high school, being female, often or always lying down or leaning to read books or electronic screens, continuous near-vision time ≥ 30 min, after-school homework time ≥ 2 h/d, screen time ≥ 2 h/d, and social jet lag > 2 h were risk factors for myopia and neck and shoulder pain comorbidity among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city. A healthy diet, outdoor breaks between classes, desk and chair height adjusted according to height, often or always keeping a distance of > 1 foot from books when reading and writing, outdoor activity time ≥ 1 h/d, and adequate sleep time were protective factors for myopia and neck and shoulder pain comorbidity among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city. A nomogram prediction model for the comorbidity risk of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city was established based on these 13 variables. The AUC of the model was 0.741 (95%CI: 0.732 - 0.751). The goodness of fit of the prediction model was good (χ2 = 3.933, P = 0.863), and the predicted values were basically consistent with the actual values, indicating that the model had a good predictive effect.

Conclusions

The nomogram prediction model for the comorbidity risk of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city established in this study has a good predictive effect and can provide a reference for the development of personalized intervention measures for myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students.

, authors=Juntong LI1, 2, Hui LIU1, Sheng YE1, Yue YANG1, Xuelei LU1, Li LIU1, 2, authorsList=Juntong LI, Hui LIU, Sheng YE, Yue YANG, Xuelei LU, Li LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIU Li, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169856100151902, articleId=1321169854128829012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险列线图预测模型建立, columnId=1321169841432679230, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道 —— 关注儿童健康成长, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

建立江苏省南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险的列线图预测模型,为中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛的共防共控提供科学依据。

方法

于2023年9—10月采用分层随机抽样方法在南京市城区和郊区共抽取14 733名中小学学生进行问卷调查和视力检查,应用多因素非条件logistic回归分析方法筛选南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患的影响因素建立列线图预测模型,通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)评价模型的区分度,采用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验和Calibration校准曲线评价模型的拟合度。

结果

南京市最终纳入分析的12 529名中小学学生中,近视和颈肩酸痛共患者3 040例,共患率为24.26%;多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,初高中学段、女生、经常或总是躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕、近距离持续用眼时间≥30 min、课后作业时间≥2 h/d、视屏时间≥2 h/d和社会时差>2 h是南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患的危险因素,健康饮食、课间休息活动场所在室外、课桌椅高度根据身高调整、读写时眼睛经常或总是距离书本>1尺、户外活动时间≥1 h/d和睡眠时间充足是南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患的保护因素;以此13个变量建立南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险列线图预测模型,模型的AUC为0.741(95%CI=0.732~0.751),预测模型的拟合度较好(χ2=3.933,P=0.863),且预测值与实际值基本一致,此模型具有较好的预测效果。

结论

本研究建立的南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险列线图预测模型具有较好的预测效果,可为中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛个性化干预措施的制定提供参考。

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李俊同(1997—),硕士在读,研究方向:儿童青少年健康

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刘黎,E-mail:
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Pain, 2024, 165(11): 2507-2516., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321169856305672799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169856309867104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, companyId=1321169856305672799, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169856318255713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, companyId=1321169856305672799, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京医科大学附属南京疾病预防控制中心,南京 210003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321169856381170274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169856389558883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, companyId=1321169856381170274, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169856397947492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, companyId=1321169856381170274, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南京医科大学公共卫生学院,南京 211166)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321169858969055889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Nomogram prediction model of the comorbidity risk of myopia and neck and shoulder pain in primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city, figureFileSmall=NdzBXHsYFi1ANmYMJC8pEg==, figureFileBig=s465c0IXqrY+prFZsI7CZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169859036164754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, language=CN, label=图1, caption=南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险列线图预测模型, figureFileSmall=NdzBXHsYFi1ANmYMJC8pEg==, figureFileBig=s465c0IXqrY+prFZsI7CZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169859233297043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=ROC curve of the nomogram prediction model, figureFileSmall=SUGcmFJw4wGhX1BpDrQFLQ==, figureFileBig=jG/DAR5XnLtnWQyibr6Ulw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169859325571732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, language=CN, label=图2, caption=列线图预测模型的ROC曲线, figureFileSmall=SUGcmFJw4wGhX1BpDrQFLQ==, figureFileBig=jG/DAR5XnLtnWQyibr6Ulw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169859413652117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Calibration curve of the nomogram prediction model, figureFileSmall=HyIZIE9J/QVC6a+l1V5jUQ==, figureFileBig=HUmS07gLV8iNSzrFt2TO0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169859480760982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, language=CN, label=图3, caption=列线图预测模型的Calibration校准曲线, figureFileSmall=HyIZIE9J/QVC6a+l1V5jUQ==, figureFileBig=HUmS07gLV8iNSzrFt2TO0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169859560452759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of the comorbidity of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students with different characteristics in Nanjing city

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分类调查人数近视和颈肩酸痛χ2值P值
共患数/例共患率/%
学段小学4 4984299.541 090.900<0.001
初中4 6551 20625.91
高中3 3761 40541.62
性别男生6 2921 19118.93195.759<0.001
女生6 2371 84929.65
健康饮食否11 1672 87325.73119.792<0.001
是1 36216712.26
课间休息活动场所室内10 3972 69725.9493.447<0.001
室外2 13234316.09
课桌椅高度根据身高调整否4 5731 42631.18187.624<0.001
是7 9561 61420.29
读写时眼睛距离书本>1尺从不或偶尔5 0701 58731.30229.556<0.001
经常或总是7 4591 45319.48
躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕从不或偶尔10 7002 30121.50303.627<0.001
经常或总是1 82973940.40
近距离持续用眼时间/min<304 94692318.66139.566<0.001
≥307 5832 11727.92
课后作业时间/(h/d)<27 2161 44520.02166.376<0.001
≥25 3131 59530.02
身体活动未达标10 5442 69325.5459.048<0.001
达标1 98534717.48
户外活动时间/(h/d)<13 12098531.57120.704<0.001
≥19 4092 05521.84
视屏时间/(h/d)<211 1222 58323.2258.233<0.001
≥21 40745732.48
睡眠时间不足10 4362 79626.79217.286<0.001
充足2 09324411.66
社会时差/h<15 07398819.48223.028<0.001
1~23 76483622.21
>23 6921 21632.94
), ArticleFig(id=1321169859631755928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

南京市不同特征中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分类调查人数近视和颈肩酸痛χ2值P值
共患数/例共患率/%
学段小学4 4984299.541 090.900<0.001
初中4 6551 20625.91
高中3 3761 40541.62
性别男生6 2921 19118.93195.759<0.001
女生6 2371 84929.65
健康饮食否11 1672 87325.73119.792<0.001
是1 36216712.26
课间休息活动场所室内10 3972 69725.9493.447<0.001
室外2 13234316.09
课桌椅高度根据身高调整否4 5731 42631.18187.624<0.001
是7 9561 61420.29
读写时眼睛距离书本>1尺从不或偶尔5 0701 58731.30229.556<0.001
经常或总是7 4591 45319.48
躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕从不或偶尔10 7002 30121.50303.627<0.001
经常或总是1 82973940.40
近距离持续用眼时间/min<304 94692318.66139.566<0.001
≥307 5832 11727.92
课后作业时间/(h/d)<27 2161 44520.02166.376<0.001
≥25 3131 59530.02
身体活动未达标10 5442 69325.5459.048<0.001
达标1 98534717.48
户外活动时间/(h/d)<13 12098531.57120.704<0.001
≥19 4092 05521.84
视屏时间/(h/d)<211 1222 58323.2258.233<0.001
≥21 40745732.48
睡眠时间不足10 4362 79626.79217.286<0.001
充足2 09324411.66
社会时差/h<15 07398819.48223.028<0.001
1~23 76483622.21
>23 6921 21632.94
), ArticleFig(id=1321169859703059097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Multifactorial logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of comorbidity of myopia and neck and shoulder pain in primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组β ${S_{\bar x}}$Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
学段初中小学1.0360.064265.153<0.0012.8172.488 ~3.193
高中1.4840.069461.194<0.0014.4123.856 ~5.056
性别女性男性0.5720.047149.275<0.0011.7721.617 ~1.943
健康饮食是否−0.4280.09122.076<0.0010.6520.544 ~0.777
课间休息活动场所室外室内−0.2510.06813.700<0.0010.7780.680 ~0.888
课桌椅高度根据身高调整是否−0.1650.04712.135<0.0010.8480.773 ~0.931
读写时眼睛距离书本>1尺经常或总是从不或偶尔−0.3420.04753.813<0.0010.7110.649 ~0.779
躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕经常或总是从不或偶尔0.4520.05959.459<0.0011.5711.400 ~1.762
近距离持续用眼时间/min≥30<300.1560.04910.0670.0021.1691.062 ~1.287
课后作业时间/(h/d)≥2<20.2050.04619.910<0.0011.2281.122 ~1.344
户外活动时间/(h/d)≥1<1−0.1770.05112.124<0.0010.8370.758 ~0.926
视屏时间/(h/d)≥2<20.1990.0678.7630.0031.2201.069 ~1.391
睡眠时间充足不足−0.4350.07732.045<0.0010.6480.556 ~0.751
社会时差/h1~2<1−0.0350.0570.3770.5390.9660.864 ~1.079
>20.1600.0558.4830.0041.1741.054 ~1.307
), ArticleFig(id=1321169859774362266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169854128829012, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患影响因素多因素非条件logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组β ${S_{\bar x}}$Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
学段初中小学1.0360.064265.153<0.0012.8172.488 ~3.193
高中1.4840.069461.194<0.0014.4123.856 ~5.056
性别女性男性0.5720.047149.275<0.0011.7721.617 ~1.943
健康饮食是否−0.4280.09122.076<0.0010.6520.544 ~0.777
课间休息活动场所室外室内−0.2510.06813.700<0.0010.7780.680 ~0.888
课桌椅高度根据身高调整是否−0.1650.04712.135<0.0010.8480.773 ~0.931
读写时眼睛距离书本>1尺经常或总是从不或偶尔−0.3420.04753.813<0.0010.7110.649 ~0.779
躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕经常或总是从不或偶尔0.4520.05959.459<0.0011.5711.400 ~1.762
近距离持续用眼时间/min≥30<300.1560.04910.0670.0021.1691.062 ~1.287
课后作业时间/(h/d)≥2<20.2050.04619.910<0.0011.2281.122 ~1.344
户外活动时间/(h/d)≥1<1−0.1770.05112.124<0.0010.8370.758 ~0.926
视屏时间/(h/d)≥2<20.1990.0678.7630.0031.2201.069 ~1.391
睡眠时间充足不足−0.4350.07732.045<0.0010.6480.556 ~0.751
社会时差/h1~2<1−0.0350.0570.3770.5390.9660.864 ~1.079
>20.1600.0558.4830.0041.1741.054 ~1.307
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南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险列线图预测模型建立
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李俊同 1, 2 , 刘辉 1 , 叶盛 1 , 杨月 1 , 卢雪蕾 1 , 刘黎 1, 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道 —— 关注儿童健康成长 2025,41(6): 648-654
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道 —— 关注儿童健康成长 2025 , 41 (6) : 648 -654
南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险列线图预测模型建立
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李俊同1, 2, 刘辉1, 叶盛1, 杨月1, 卢雪蕾1, 刘黎1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1南京医科大学附属南京疾病预防控制中心,南京 210003
  • 2南京医科大学公共卫生学院,南京 211166
通讯作者:
刘黎,E-mail:
作者简介:

李俊同(1997—),硕士在读,研究方向:儿童青少年健康

A nomogram prediction model for the comorbidity risk of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city: a cross-sectional study
Juntong LI1, 2, Hui LIU1, Sheng YE1, Yue YANG1, Xuelei LU1, Li LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210003, China
  • 2School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LIU Li, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145343
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目的

建立江苏省南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险的列线图预测模型,为中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛的共防共控提供科学依据。

方法

于2023年9—10月采用分层随机抽样方法在南京市城区和郊区共抽取14 733名中小学学生进行问卷调查和视力检查,应用多因素非条件logistic回归分析方法筛选南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患的影响因素建立列线图预测模型,通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)评价模型的区分度,采用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验和Calibration校准曲线评价模型的拟合度。

结果

南京市最终纳入分析的12 529名中小学学生中,近视和颈肩酸痛共患者3 040例,共患率为24.26%;多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,初高中学段、女生、经常或总是躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕、近距离持续用眼时间≥30 min、课后作业时间≥2 h/d、视屏时间≥2 h/d和社会时差>2 h是南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患的危险因素,健康饮食、课间休息活动场所在室外、课桌椅高度根据身高调整、读写时眼睛经常或总是距离书本>1尺、户外活动时间≥1 h/d和睡眠时间充足是南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患的保护因素;以此13个变量建立南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险列线图预测模型,模型的AUC为0.741(95%CI=0.732~0.751),预测模型的拟合度较好(χ2=3.933,P=0.863),且预测值与实际值基本一致,此模型具有较好的预测效果。

结论

本研究建立的南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险列线图预测模型具有较好的预测效果,可为中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛个性化干预措施的制定提供参考。

近视  /  颈肩酸痛  /  共患风险  /  中小学学生  /  列线图预测模型  /  南京市
Objective

To establish a nomogram prediction model for the comorbidity risk of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city, Jiangsu province, and to provide a scientific basis for the joint prevention and control of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among these students.

Methods

From September to October 2023, a stratified random sampling method was used to select 14 733 primary and secondary school students in urban and suburban areas of Nanjing city for questionnaire surveys and vision tests. A multifactorial unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to screen the influencing factors of myopia and neck and shoulder pain comorbidity among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city, and a nomogram prediction model was established. The Area Under Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve was used to evaluate the discrimination of the model, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and Calibration curve were used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the model.

Results

Among the 12 529 primary and secondary school students finally included in the analysis in Nanjing city, 3 040 had both myopia and neck and shoulder pain, with a comorbidity rate of 24.26%. Multifactorial unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that being in middle or high school, being female, often or always lying down or leaning to read books or electronic screens, continuous near-vision time ≥ 30 min, after-school homework time ≥ 2 h/d, screen time ≥ 2 h/d, and social jet lag > 2 h were risk factors for myopia and neck and shoulder pain comorbidity among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city. A healthy diet, outdoor breaks between classes, desk and chair height adjusted according to height, often or always keeping a distance of > 1 foot from books when reading and writing, outdoor activity time ≥ 1 h/d, and adequate sleep time were protective factors for myopia and neck and shoulder pain comorbidity among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city. A nomogram prediction model for the comorbidity risk of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city was established based on these 13 variables. The AUC of the model was 0.741 (95%CI: 0.732 - 0.751). The goodness of fit of the prediction model was good (χ2 = 3.933, P = 0.863), and the predicted values were basically consistent with the actual values, indicating that the model had a good predictive effect.

Conclusions

The nomogram prediction model for the comorbidity risk of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city established in this study has a good predictive effect and can provide a reference for the development of personalized intervention measures for myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students.

myopia  /  neck and shoulder pain  /  comorbidity risk  /  primary and secondary school students  /  nomogram prediction model  /  Nanjing city
李俊同, 刘辉, 叶盛, 杨月, 卢雪蕾, 刘黎. 南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险列线图预测模型建立. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (6) : 648 -654 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145343
Juntong LI, Hui LIU, Sheng YE, Yue YANG, Xuelei LU, Li LIU. A nomogram prediction model for the comorbidity risk of myopia and neck and shoulder pain among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing city: a cross-sectional study[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (6) : 648 -654 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1145343
多病是指个体同时患有≥2种疾病或健康问题,各种疾病或健康问题之间可以互不相关,也可以相互影响[1]。近年来,中国学生群体近视和颈肩酸痛健康问题已成为重要的公共卫生问题[2–3]。据报道,2005、2010、2014和2019年我国7~18岁学生的总近视率均呈上升趋势,分别为47.92%、55.05%、57.09%和60.08%[4],虽然近视可通过配戴眼镜或手术治疗等方式矫正,但高度近视或病理性近视可能导致永久性视力损害,包括青光眼、视网膜脱落和黄斑裂孔等,甚至失明[5–6]。颈肩酸痛作为一种肌肉骨骼疾病,在我国青少年颈肩酸痛的总患病率为23.7%[7]。这种慢性疼痛对青少年的身体功能和精神状况,包括学业成绩、睡眠质量、情绪(抑郁和焦虑)等均产生影响[8]。既往研究表明,肌肉骨骼疾病可能导致眼部发育的问题[9],儿童青少年视力问题(如未矫正的近视)与颈肩疼痛症状有关[10]。此外,近视患者患颈椎病的风险更高,而颈椎病又可能引起眼部不适,进而加剧近视的发展[11]。中小学学生正处于青春期,这一时期易养成不健康的生活行为,包括身体活动不足、久坐行为、饮食不良和睡眠不足等[12],这些行为均可导致或加剧包括近视、超重肥胖、血压偏高和颈肩腰背疼痛等一系列的健康问题[13–15]。因此,本研究于2023年9—10月采用分层随机抽样方法在南京市城区和郊区共抽取14 733名中小学学生进行问卷调查和视力检查,应用多因素非条件logistic回归分析方法筛选南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患的影响因素并建立列线图预测模型,旨在为中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛的共防共控提供科学依据。结果报告如下。
采用分层随机抽样方法,在南京市的每个城区(包括玄武区、秦淮区、建邺区、鼓楼区、栖霞区和雨花台区)各随机抽取2所小学、2所初中和2所高中,每个郊区(包括浦口区、江宁区、六合区、溧水区、高淳区和江北新区)各随机抽取2所小学、2所初中和1所高中;在抽中的各小学4~6年级、初中1~3年级和高中1~3年级的每个年级分别随机抽取约80人作为调查对象进行问卷调查和视力检查。本研究经南京市疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会审查批准(编号:PJ2023-A001-12),且均在调查前取得学生及其法定监护人的同意并签署了知情同意书。本次共调查14 733人,实际有效调查12 529人,有效应答率为85.04%。
(1)问卷调查:采用由中国疾病预防控制中心统一编制的学生健康状况及影响因素调查表,在经过统一培训的调查员使用统一指导语讲解本次调查的目的、意义和问卷填写要求后,由学生在学校机房使用“学生常见病和健康影响因素监测系统”进行网上问卷作答。内容包括学段、性别、是否健康饮食、课间休息活动场所、课桌椅高度是否根据身高调整、读写时眼睛距离书本>1尺(1尺≈0.3 m)情况、躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕情况、近距离持续用眼时间、课后作业时间、户外活动时间、视屏时间、睡眠时间是否充足、社会时差和颈肩酸痛情况等。其中,健康饮食指过去7 d从不喝含糖饮料、从不吃油炸食物、每天吃1次新鲜水果、每天吃2种蔬菜和每天都吃早餐[16];近距离持续用眼时间指在近距离持续用眼后多长时间休息一次眼睛(包括远眺、闭目或户外活动等)[13];身体活动达标指过去7 d均进行中高强度运动(即气喘吁吁或者心跳加快的运动,如跑步、篮球、足球、游泳、健身房内跳健身操和搬重物等)≥60 min/d[14]。睡眠时间的计算方法为(学习日平均每天睡眠时间×5+周末平均每天睡眠时间×2)/7,将小学生、初中生和高中生睡眠时间分别≥10 h/d、≥9 h/d和≥8 h/d定义为睡眠时间充足,反之为睡眠时间不足[17];社会时差为周末和工作日平均每天睡眠时间之差[18];颈肩酸痛是指学生自我报告在过去1个月内发生过颈肩部位的持续酸痛症状。(2)视力检查:包括远视力检查和屈光检测,该项检查的场所、器材、人员要求及检查方法等均按照《中小学生屈光不正筛查规范》的规定执行[19]。远视力检查统一使用5 m标准对数视力表;屈光检测在非睫状肌麻痹下使用验光仪进行,受检者每只眼睛均测量3次,取平均值,远视力检查结果≥5.0的学生也应进行屈光检测。筛查性近视判定标准为任意一眼裸眼远视力<5.0且非散瞳电脑验光计算的等效球镜度数(spherical equivalent,SE)<– 0.5 D[13],其中戴角膜塑形镜的学生不进行屈光检测,直接判定为近视。
应用R 4.2.1统计软件进行一般描述性分析、χ2检验和多因素非条件logistic回归分析,并基于多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果使用“rms”程序包建立南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险列线图预测模型。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC)评估列线图预测模型的区分度,采用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验和Calibration校准曲线评价模型的拟合度。检验水准为双侧检验α=0.05。
南京市最终纳入分析的12 529名中小学学生中,小学生4 498人(35.90%),初中生4 655人(37.15%),高中生3 376人(26.95%);男生6 292人(50.22%),女生6 237人(49.78%);不健康饮食11 167人(89.13%),健康饮食1 362人(10.87%);课间休息活动场所为室内10 397人(82.98%),室外2 132人(17.02%);课桌椅高度未根据身高调整4 573人(36.50%),根据身高调整7 956人(63.50%);读写时眼睛从不或偶尔距离书本>1尺5 070人(40.47%),经常或总是距离书本>1尺7 459人(59.53%);从不或偶尔躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕10 700人(85.40%),经常或总是躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕1 829人(14.60%);近距离持续用眼时间<30 min 4 946人(39.48%),≥30 min 7 583人(60.52%);课后作业时间<2 h/d 7 216人(57.59%),≥2 h/d 5 313人(42.41%);身体活动未达标10 544人(84.16%),达标1 985人(15.84%);户外活动时间<1 h/d 3 120人(24.90%),≥1 h/d 9 409人(75.10%);视屏时间 <2 h/d 11 122人(88.77%),≥2 h/d 1 407人(11.23%);睡眠时间不足10 436人(83.29%),充足2 093人(16.71%);社会时差<1 h 5 073人(40.49%),1~2 h 3 764人(30.04%),>2 h 3 692人(29.47%)。
南京市最终纳入分析的12 529名南京市中小学学生中,近视和颈肩酸痛共患者3 040例,共患率为24.26%。南京市不同特征中小学学生比较,不同学段、性别、课间休息活动场所、读写时眼睛距离书本>1尺情况、躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕情况、近距离持续用眼时间、课后作业时间、户外活动时间、视屏时间、社会时差以及是否健康饮食、课桌椅高度是否根据身高调整、身体活动是否达标、睡眠时间是否充足中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患率不同(均P<0.001)。
以南京市中小学学生是否近视和颈肩酸痛共患为因变量(0=非共患,1=共患),以学段、性别、是否健康饮食、课间休息活动场所、课桌椅高度是否根据身高调整、读写时眼睛距离书本>1尺情况、躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕情况、近距离持续用眼时间、课后作业时间、身体活动是否达标、户外活动时间、视屏时间、睡眠时间是否充足和社会时差共14个因素为自变量进行多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果显示,初高中学段、女生、经常或总是躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕、近距离持续用眼时间≥30 min、课后作业时间≥2 h/d、视屏时间≥2 h/d和社会时差>2 h是南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患的危险因素,健康饮食、课间休息活动场所在室外、课桌椅高度根据身高调整、读写时眼睛经常或总是距离书本>1尺、户外活动时间≥1 h/d和睡眠时间充足是南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患的保护因素。
将多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析出的13个南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患影响因素引入R 4.2.1软件,利用“rms”程序包建立列线图预测模型(图1)。根据列线图预测模型绘制ROC曲线(图2),AUC为0.741(95%CI=0.732~0.751),模型具有较好的拟合度;同时进行Hosmer-Lemeshow检验并绘制Calibration校准曲线(Bootstrap,1 000)评价模型的拟合效果(图3),结果显示近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险概率与实际概率一致,预测模型的预测效果较好(χ2=3.933,P= 0.863)。
近年来,中国儿童青少年常见病总体检出率呈上升趋势[1]。本研究对南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患情况进行分析,结果显示近视和颈肩酸痛的共患率为24.26%。其中,女生共患率高于男生(29.65%和18.93%),这可能与女生户外活动时间较少、视近活动较多、疼痛阈值较低和青春期激素变化等有关[17, 20];高中学段共患率(41.62%)高于初中(25.91%)和小学(9.54%),这可能与高年级学生学业负担重、不良用眼行为和身体活动缺乏等有关[21–22]。
儿童青少年常见病通常存在一些相同或相似的风险因素,若不进行干预,可能增加成年期或老年期的相关疾病负担[23]。本研究发现,健康饮食是南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患的保护因素。一项对中国儿童的调查发现,以肉类、奶制品、蔬菜和水果等为主的饮食模式与近视呈负相关,而以零食和含糖饮料为主的饮食模式与近视则呈正相关[24]。此外,每天摄入充足的蔬菜和水果有助于减少体内自由基的产生,从而减轻炎症反应,且富含优质蛋白、维生素D和钙的食物也有助于骨骼肌肉的健康[25]。本研究还发现,课桌椅高度是否根据身高调整、读写时眼睛距离书本>1尺情况、躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕情况、近距离持续用眼时间和课后作业时间均与南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患有关。刘焕楠等[13]研究表明,读写姿势和用眼行为是近视的主要影响因素;周丽等[15]研究表明长期保持低头和弯腰姿势会增加颈椎和肩部的压力,导致疼痛和不适,此外,这些不良姿势还会加重眼睛疲劳,进而加剧近视的发生发展[26]。
本研究结果显示,课间休息活动场所、户外活动时间和视屏时间与近视和颈肩酸痛共患风险亦存在关联。与既往研究[27–29]结果一致,户外活动时间不足和久坐行为(写作业、看手机和电视等)均是近视和颈肩酸痛的危险因素。一项上海的随机对照试验研究结果显示,增加6~9岁儿童的户外活动时间可降低近视发生率和延缓近视进展,尤其对非近视儿童[30]。另一项国内儿童队列研究发现,幼年时期电子设备的使用和低水平的户外活动与学龄前儿童后期近视的发展有关,户外活动可减弱电子屏幕使用对近视的负面影响[31]。一项中国多地区的横断面调查发现,使用电子设备>8 h/d高中生的颈肩酸痛患病率高于使用电子设备<4 h/d的高中生,且久坐时间和久坐频率与颈肩酸痛患病率有关[7];还有一项新加坡的前瞻性队列研究发现,青少年使用移动电子设备与1年后发生肌肉骨骼症状有关,但未发现其与视觉健康(视觉症状和近视)有关[9],这可能是因为久坐行为和静态坐姿可能导致肌肉紧张,从而引起肌肉酸痛[32]。由于不同研究中身体活动类型、强度和时间的差异,目前尚缺乏明确的证据证明儿童青少年身体活动与慢性疼痛之间的直接关联[33],但仍建议中小学学生每天适当参加体育活动以保持身心健康[34]。
本研究结果还显示睡眠时间不足和社会时差>2 h是近视和颈肩酸痛共患的危险因素。一项来自中国的横断面调查发现,学龄儿童青少年睡眠时间<7 h/d和社会时差≥1 h是近视的危险因素[35];Roman-Juan J等[36]研究表明睡眠不足和社会时差大的青少年往往有慢性疼痛症状。睡眠障碍与慢性疼痛可能相互影响,疼痛会影响入睡,而睡眠障碍会增加疼痛的敏感性[37]。此外,社会时差会导致生物节律紊乱,影响身体修复和恢复过程,从而导致疼痛敏感性增加和阈值降低[37–38]。因此,维持规律的睡眠时间表对预防近视和颈肩酸痛均具有重要意义。
本研究首次通过多因素非条件logistic回归分析筛选出影响南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共患的影响因素并建立了列线图预测模型,该预测模型的共患风险概率与实际观察的概率一致,具有较好的预测效果。通过使用该列线图预测模型可预测南京市中小学学生近视和颈肩酸痛共病患病风险,并基于预测结果调整生活行为习惯,可为制定学生个性化干预措施和相关部门的政策制定提供科学依据。但本研究仍存在一定的局限性:首先,本研究样本仅限于南京市的中小学学生,可能无法完全代表其他地区或不同社会经济背景下的学生群体;其次,颈肩酸痛症状由学生自我报告,未提供疼痛的持续时间和强度等详细信息;再次,学生的饮食行为、校内外用眼行为、睡眠和户外活动时间等均通过问卷自我报告,可能存在回忆偏倚且无法确定这些行为的时间顺序;最后,本研究未考虑学习压力、心理状况和家庭经济地位等因素。因此,在今后的研究中建议使用可穿戴设备来记录学生的行为数据(如户外活动时间、睡眠情况和近距离用眼行为),并开展多中心的前瞻性队列研究以验证近视和颈肩酸痛共患与相关因素之间的关系。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1145343
  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
  • 修回日期:2024-12-01
  • 录用日期:2025-04-22
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    1南京医科大学附属南京疾病预防控制中心,南京 210003
    2南京医科大学公共卫生学院,南京 211166

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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