Article(id=1321169604714541785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169578152014376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1147364, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741536000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-10, revisedDate=1751990400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-09, acceptedDate=1754064000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-02, onlineDate=1792920979908, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792920979908, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792920979908, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792920979908, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169578152014376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='10', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760025600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792920973575, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792920973575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1246, endPage=1251, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169604962005722, articleId=1321169604714541785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Characterization and risk assessment of antibiotic contamination in drinking water in Ma′anshan city, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the status of antibiotic contamination in drinking water in Ma′anshan city, Anhui province and assess the ecological and human health risks of antibiotics, thus providing a scientific basis for drinking water management and antibiotic contamination control.

Methods

In 2024, 36 drinking water samples were collected. Solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to measure the concentrations of 13 antibiotics of 4 categories in source water, finished water, and tap water. Ecological and health risks were assessed for the detected antibiotics.

Results

A total of 7 antibiotics of 3 categories were detected, with the detection rates ranging from 0.00% to 75.00% and concentrations ranging from ND (not detected) to 43.70 ng/L. The antibiotic with the highest concentration was enrofloxacin (43.70 ng/L). The water treatment process demonstrated good removal efficiency for antibiotics, with a removal rate of 89.97%. Specifically, sulfamethoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine, and clarithromycin were completely removed (100.00%). In source water, sulfachloropyridazine and clarithromycin showed no ecological risk to three aquatic organisms, while sulfamethoxazole and enrofloxacin showed no ecological risk to invertebrates and fish but exhibited low-level ecological risk to algae. Under the premise of using the most sensitive species, algae, as an indicator, the combined toxicity of antibiotics posed a moderate ecological risk. Among the detected antibiotics, clarithromycin had the highest health risk quotient (RQH), which, however, was less than 1×10−2, indicating negligible health risks to people of all age groups. The combined effect of antibiotics showed the RQsum < 1×10−2, presenting an increasing-decreasing-increasing trend.

Conclusions

Antibiotic contamination in the drinking water in Ma′anshan is primarily dominated by enrofloxacin. The combined effect of antibiotics poses a moderate ecological risk.

, authors=Yanyan LI1, Mengmeng LI2, Changxin PEI2, Hao WEI1, Mengjuan YE1, Yan ZHOU1, authorsList=Yanyan LI, Mengmeng LI, Changxin PEI, Hao WEI, Mengjuan YE, Yan ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHOU Yan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169605905724127, articleId=1321169604714541785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2024年马鞍山市饮用水中抗生素污染特征及风险评估, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解安徽省马鞍山市饮用水抗生素污染状况,评估水中抗生素的生态风险和人群健康风险,为饮水卫生和抗生素污染治理提供科学依据。

方法

2024年采集36份饮用水样品,使用固相萃取—高效液相色谱—串联质谱联用技术检测水源水、出厂水和末梢水中4类13种抗生素浓度,对检出抗生素进行生态风险评估和健康风险评估。

结果

共检出3类7种抗生素,检出率为0.00 %~75.00%,检出浓度为ND~43.70 ng/L,检出浓度最高的抗生素是恩诺沙星(43.70 ng/L)。水处理工艺对抗生素的去除效果较好,去除率达89.97%,其中磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺氯哒嗪和克拉霉素的去除率均达到100.00%。水源水中磺胺氯哒嗪和克拉霉素对3种水生生物均未表现出生态风险,磺胺甲恶唑和恩诺沙星对无脊椎动物和鱼类未表现出生态风险,而对水藻表现出低水平的生态风险。在以最敏感物种水藻为指示生物的前提下,抗生素的复合毒性存在中等生态风险。饮用水单体抗生素克拉霉素的RQH最高,但<1×10−2,对不同年龄段人群的健康风险均可忽略不计。抗生素的联合作用对不同年龄段人群的健康风险RQsum<1×10−2,呈现先升高再降低再升高的趋势。

结论

马鞍山市饮用水抗生素污染以恩诺沙星为主,抗生素的联合作用存在中等生态风险。

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李艳艳(1997—),医师,硕士,研究方向:环境卫生风险评估

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周燕,E-mail:
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Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 731: 139128., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321169606157382368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169606165770977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, companyId=1321169606157382368, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Environmental and Occupational Health Center of Ma′anshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Ma′anshan Health Supervision Institute), Ma′anshan 243000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169606174159586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, companyId=1321169606157382368, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1马鞍山市疾病预防控制中心(马鞍山市卫生监督所)环境与职业健康中心,马鞍山 243000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321169606262239971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169606270628580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, companyId=1321169606262239971, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Microbial Laboratory Department of Ma′anshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Ma′anshan Health Supervision Institute), Ma′anshan 243000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169606279017189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, companyId=1321169606262239971, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2马鞍山市疾病预防控制中心(马鞍山市卫生监督所)理化检验科,马鞍山 243000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321169610829837072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Health risks of antibiotics detected in drinking water to different age groups in Ma′anshan city, figureFileSmall=QWLFuJBX7+/eH1nks/Sg5A==, figureFileBig=H7OmHZ8Z2o8eygDhXYIXxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169610909528849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=CN, label=图1, caption=马鞍山市饮用水检出抗生素对不同年龄段人群的健康风险, figureFileSmall=QWLFuJBX7+/eH1nks/Sg5A==, figureFileBig=H7OmHZ8Z2o8eygDhXYIXxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169611127632658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Health risks of combined antibiotics in drinking water to different age groups in Ma′anshan city, figureFileSmall=HR93PcXpJqxvMYVHW21ryg==, figureFileBig=BYpY/SAueOa6DJiijUq0mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169611207324435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=CN, label=图2, caption=马鞍山市饮用水抗生素对不同年龄段人群的联合健康风险, figureFileSmall=HR93PcXpJqxvMYVHW21ryg==, figureFileBig=BYpY/SAueOa6DJiijUq0mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169611303793428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

ADI of target antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素名称ADI[μg/(kg·d)]
磺胺甲恶唑[11]130
磺胺氯哒嗪[11]50
恩诺沙星[11]6.2
氧氟沙星[11]3.2
克拉霉素[12]0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1321169611396068117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目标抗生素的日均可接受量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素名称ADI[μg/(kg·d)]
磺胺甲恶唑[11]130
磺胺氯哒嗪[11]50
恩诺沙星[11]6.2
氧氟沙星[11]3.2
克拉霉素[12]0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1321169611479954198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

BW and DWI of different age groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄段BW/kgDWI/(L/d)
0~<3个月6.40.18
3~<6个月7.90.35
6~<9个月9.10.59
9~<12个月9.80.81
1~<2岁11.20.91
2~<3岁13.50.81
3~<4岁15.60.86
4~<5岁17.70.85
5~<6岁19.60.86
6~<9岁26.51.19
9~<12岁36.81.28
12~<15岁47.31.38
15~<18岁54.81.41
18~<45岁60.12.32
45~<60岁62.42.35
60~<80岁59.42.22
≥80岁54.31.90
), ArticleFig(id=1321169611568034583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同年龄段人群的人均体重及每日饮水量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄段BW/kgDWI/(L/d)
0~<3个月6.40.18
3~<6个月7.90.35
6~<9个月9.10.59
9~<12个月9.80.81
1~<2岁11.20.91
2~<3岁13.50.81
3~<4岁15.60.86
4~<5岁17.70.85
5~<6岁19.60.86
6~<9岁26.51.19
9~<12岁36.81.28
12~<15岁47.31.38
15~<18岁54.81.41
18~<45岁60.12.32
45~<60岁62.42.35
60~<80岁59.42.22
≥80岁54.31.90
), ArticleFig(id=1321169613237367576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Antibiotic detection results in drinking water of Ma′anshan city in 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素类别抗生素名称水源水(n=4)出厂水(n=8)末梢水(n=24)
检出浓度/(ng/L)检出率/%检出浓度/(ng/L)检出率/%检出浓度/(ng/L)检出率/%
磺胺类磺胺甲恶唑ND ~ 7.0975.00ND0.00ND ~ 5.534.17
甲氧苄啶ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
磺胺甲基嘧啶ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
磺胺氯哒嗪ND~3.7950.00ND0.00ND~3.164.17
喹诺酮类恩诺沙星ND~43.7025.00ND~10.4025.00ND~3.348.33
环丙沙星ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
氧氟沙星ND0.00ND~1.0212.50ND~1.7812.50
诺氟沙星ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
萘啶酸ND0.00ND~5.8625.00ND~5.0616.67
四环素类四环素ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
土霉素ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
大环内酯类替米考星ND0.00ND0.00ND~29.5029.17
克拉霉素ND ~ 3.7325.00ND0.00ND~3.424.17
), ArticleFig(id=1321169613359002393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2024年马鞍山市饮用水抗生素检出结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素类别抗生素名称水源水(n=4)出厂水(n=8)末梢水(n=24)
检出浓度/(ng/L)检出率/%检出浓度/(ng/L)检出率/%检出浓度/(ng/L)检出率/%
磺胺类磺胺甲恶唑ND ~ 7.0975.00ND0.00ND ~ 5.534.17
甲氧苄啶ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
磺胺甲基嘧啶ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
磺胺氯哒嗪ND~3.7950.00ND0.00ND~3.164.17
喹诺酮类恩诺沙星ND~43.7025.00ND~10.4025.00ND~3.348.33
环丙沙星ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
氧氟沙星ND0.00ND~1.0212.50ND~1.7812.50
诺氟沙星ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
萘啶酸ND0.00ND~5.8625.00ND~5.0616.67
四环素类四环素ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
土霉素ND0.00ND0.00ND0.00
大环内酯类替米考星ND0.00ND0.00ND~29.5029.17
克拉霉素ND ~ 3.7325.00ND0.00ND~3.424.17
), ArticleFig(id=1321169613472248602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Antibiotic removal rates from drinking water in Ma′anshan city

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素名称平均浓度/(ng/L)去除率/%
水源水出厂水
磺胺甲恶唑4.850.00100.00
磺胺氯哒嗪1.450.00100.00
恩诺沙星10.931.8583.07
克拉霉素0.930.00100.00
总计18.451.8589.97
), ArticleFig(id=1321169613564523291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

马鞍山市饮用水抗生素去除效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素名称平均浓度/(ng/L)去除率/%
水源水出厂水
磺胺甲恶唑4.850.00100.00
磺胺氯哒嗪1.450.00100.00
恩诺沙星10.931.8583.07
克拉霉素0.930.00100.00
总计18.451.8589.97
), ArticleFig(id=1321169613640020764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Ecological risks of four detected antibiotics in source water of Ma′anshan city

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素名称水藻无脊椎动物鱼类
PENC
(ng/L)
RQEPENC
(ng/L)
RQEPENC
(ng/L)
RQE
磺胺甲恶唑1504.73×10−2 a25 2002.81×10−4562 5001.26×10−5
磺胺氯哒嗪1 0003.79×10−328 0001.35×10−4789 0004.80×10−6
恩诺沙星4908.92×10−2 a357 9001.22×10−4454 0009.63×10−5
克拉霉素5007.46×10−356 0006.66×10−5
合计0.15 b—6.05×10−411.37×10−5
), ArticleFig(id=1321169613723906845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169604714541785, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

马鞍山市水源水4种检出抗生素的生态风险

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素名称水藻无脊椎动物鱼类
PENC
(ng/L)
RQEPENC
(ng/L)
RQEPENC
(ng/L)
RQE
磺胺甲恶唑1504.73×10−2 a25 2002.81×10−4562 5001.26×10−5
磺胺氯哒嗪1 0003.79×10−328 0001.35×10−4789 0004.80×10−6
恩诺沙星4908.92×10−2 a357 9001.22×10−4454 0009.63×10−5
克拉霉素5007.46×10−356 0006.66×10−5
合计0.15 b—6.05×10−411.37×10−5
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2024年马鞍山市饮用水中抗生素污染特征及风险评估
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李艳艳 1 , 李蒙蒙 2 , 裴昌鑫 2 , 魏昊 1 , 叶梦娟 1 , 周燕 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(10): 1246-1251
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (10) : 1246 -1251
2024年马鞍山市饮用水中抗生素污染特征及风险评估
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李艳艳1, 李蒙蒙2, 裴昌鑫2, 魏昊1, 叶梦娟1, 周燕1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1马鞍山市疾病预防控制中心(马鞍山市卫生监督所)环境与职业健康中心,马鞍山 243000
  • 2马鞍山市疾病预防控制中心(马鞍山市卫生监督所)理化检验科,马鞍山 243000
通讯作者:
周燕,E-mail:
作者简介:

李艳艳(1997—),医师,硕士,研究方向:环境卫生风险评估

Characterization and risk assessment of antibiotic contamination in drinking water in Ma′anshan city
Yanyan LI1, Mengmeng LI2, Changxin PEI2, Hao WEI1, Mengjuan YE1, Yan ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1Environmental and Occupational Health Center of Ma′anshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Ma′anshan Health Supervision Institute), Ma′anshan 243000, China
  • 2Microbial Laboratory Department of Ma′anshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Ma′anshan Health Supervision Institute), Ma′anshan 243000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHOU Yan, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147364
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目的

了解安徽省马鞍山市饮用水抗生素污染状况,评估水中抗生素的生态风险和人群健康风险,为饮水卫生和抗生素污染治理提供科学依据。

方法

2024年采集36份饮用水样品,使用固相萃取—高效液相色谱—串联质谱联用技术检测水源水、出厂水和末梢水中4类13种抗生素浓度,对检出抗生素进行生态风险评估和健康风险评估。

结果

共检出3类7种抗生素,检出率为0.00 %~75.00%,检出浓度为ND~43.70 ng/L,检出浓度最高的抗生素是恩诺沙星(43.70 ng/L)。水处理工艺对抗生素的去除效果较好,去除率达89.97%,其中磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺氯哒嗪和克拉霉素的去除率均达到100.00%。水源水中磺胺氯哒嗪和克拉霉素对3种水生生物均未表现出生态风险,磺胺甲恶唑和恩诺沙星对无脊椎动物和鱼类未表现出生态风险,而对水藻表现出低水平的生态风险。在以最敏感物种水藻为指示生物的前提下,抗生素的复合毒性存在中等生态风险。饮用水单体抗生素克拉霉素的RQH最高,但<1×10−2,对不同年龄段人群的健康风险均可忽略不计。抗生素的联合作用对不同年龄段人群的健康风险RQsum<1×10−2,呈现先升高再降低再升高的趋势。

结论

马鞍山市饮用水抗生素污染以恩诺沙星为主,抗生素的联合作用存在中等生态风险。

抗生素  /  饮用水  /  生态风险  /  健康风险  /  风险评估  /  马鞍山市
Objective

To understand the status of antibiotic contamination in drinking water in Ma′anshan city, Anhui province and assess the ecological and human health risks of antibiotics, thus providing a scientific basis for drinking water management and antibiotic contamination control.

Methods

In 2024, 36 drinking water samples were collected. Solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to measure the concentrations of 13 antibiotics of 4 categories in source water, finished water, and tap water. Ecological and health risks were assessed for the detected antibiotics.

Results

A total of 7 antibiotics of 3 categories were detected, with the detection rates ranging from 0.00% to 75.00% and concentrations ranging from ND (not detected) to 43.70 ng/L. The antibiotic with the highest concentration was enrofloxacin (43.70 ng/L). The water treatment process demonstrated good removal efficiency for antibiotics, with a removal rate of 89.97%. Specifically, sulfamethoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine, and clarithromycin were completely removed (100.00%). In source water, sulfachloropyridazine and clarithromycin showed no ecological risk to three aquatic organisms, while sulfamethoxazole and enrofloxacin showed no ecological risk to invertebrates and fish but exhibited low-level ecological risk to algae. Under the premise of using the most sensitive species, algae, as an indicator, the combined toxicity of antibiotics posed a moderate ecological risk. Among the detected antibiotics, clarithromycin had the highest health risk quotient (RQH), which, however, was less than 1×10−2, indicating negligible health risks to people of all age groups. The combined effect of antibiotics showed the RQsum < 1×10−2, presenting an increasing-decreasing-increasing trend.

Conclusions

Antibiotic contamination in the drinking water in Ma′anshan is primarily dominated by enrofloxacin. The combined effect of antibiotics poses a moderate ecological risk.

antibiotics  /  drinking water  /  ecological risk  /  health risk  /  assessment  /  Ma′anshan city
李艳艳, 李蒙蒙, 裴昌鑫, 魏昊, 叶梦娟, 周燕. 2024年马鞍山市饮用水中抗生素污染特征及风险评估. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (10) : 1246 -1251 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147364
Yanyan LI, Mengmeng LI, Changxin PEI, Hao WEI, Mengjuan YE, Yan ZHOU. Characterization and risk assessment of antibiotic contamination in drinking water in Ma′anshan city[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (10) : 1246 -1251 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147364
抗生素是一类广泛用于治疗人类和动物致病微生物感染的药物[1]。由于抗生素的大量生产和不合理使用,导致其在不同的环境介质中积累和扩散,而水环境被认为是其主要储存库[2]。已有研究显示,抗生素在水体中的残留不仅可以通过生物富集作用影响水生动植物的生长,进而由食物网和食物链影响人体健康,还可以通过诱导水环境产生耐药微生物和抗性基因来影响人体对抗菌药物的耐药性[3]。更有研究显示,生命早期摄入抗生素有可能增加肠道菌群紊乱和肥胖问题的风险[4]。我国是抗生素生产和使用大国,主要应用于农业和医疗行业[5]。为管控抗生素风险,我国于2023年首次将抗生素列入《重点管控新污染物》[6]名单。目前在我国主要流域的地表水以及水源水均有不同种类的抗生素检出,然而传统的生活饮用水处理工艺尚不能完全去除抗生素[2]。河南省曾在下辖17个地市的出厂水和末梢水中检出抗生素[7]。因此,开展水环境中抗生素污染状况监测并进行生态风险和健康风险评估对抗生素污染治理和人群健康保障有重要意义。安徽省马鞍山市地处长江中下游,以长江水作为主要水源,其抗生素污染状况与当地居民健康密切相关。本研究以安徽省马鞍山市长江水源水、出厂水和末梢水为采样对象,检测其抗生素残留量,并进一步对其可能导致的生态风险和人群健康风险进行评估,以期为长江区域水源水和马鞍山市饮用水中抗生素的风险治理提供科学依据。
分别于2024年3、5、9和11月在马鞍山市设置1个水源水、2个出厂水采样点和6个末梢水采样点采集水样。参照GB/T 5750.2—2023《生活饮用水标准检验方法 第 2 部分:水样的采集和保存》[8]进行样品采集和保存,采样时使用1 L棕色玻璃采样瓶,现场添加150 mg抗坏血酸,4 ℃以下避光低温保存,于48 h内完成检测。
5500+液相色谱质谱联用仪(AB SCIEX公司),Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱(500 mg/6 mL, Waters公司),全自动固相萃取仪(莱伯泰科公司),MFV-24智能氮吹仪(广州得泰科技有限公司)。甲醇、乙腈、甲酸(CNW公司);13种抗生素标准品:四环素、土霉素、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑、甲氧苄啶、磺胺氯哒嗪 、克拉霉素、萘啶酸、替米考星、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星(ANPEL公司)。4种抗生素内标物:恩诺沙星–d5、四环素–d6、替米考星–d3(ANPEL公司)、甲氧苄啶–13C3(阿尔塔科技有限公司)。
取适量13种抗生素标准溶液,配制成混合工作液,用甲醇稀释,浓度为1 000 ng/mL,−18 ℃避光保存。分别取内标溶液,用甲醇稀释,配制内标混合液,浓度为1 000 ng/mL,−18 ℃避光保存。
取500 mL水样,通过0.45 μm玻璃纤维滤膜过滤,加入1 000 ng/mL的内标混合液10 μL充分混匀,加入浓盐酸调节水pH约为2.0,再加入0.25 g EDTA。用HLB固相萃取柱富集净化:分别用5 mL甲醇和纯水活化平衡萃取柱,以6 mL/min速度将样品过柱,上样完成后用5 mL纯水淋洗去杂质,负压抽干柱中残留水分,干燥10 min后,用6 mL甲醇洗脱,35 ℃下用氮气吹至近干。取5%乙腈水溶液0.5 mL复溶,上机测定。
ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm × 100 mm,1.8 μm)进样体积:5 μL;柱温:40 ℃;流动相A:0.1%甲酸–水溶液,流动相B相:乙腈;流速:0.3 mL/min。
电喷雾离子源(ESI+),离子化电压为5500 V,离子源温度为550 ℃,气帘气为35 psi,喷撞气为9 psi,喷雾气为50 psi,辅助加热气为55 psi,同位素内标法结合多反应监测模式(MRM)。
通过与标准物质比对,根据抗生素的保留时间和特征离子确定待测组分;分别将测定的13种抗生素峰面积与对应的内标物质峰面积比值代入标准曲线,得到进样浓度,样品实际浓度由进样浓度除以浓缩倍数1 000得到。
采用外标法进行抗生素定量分析,为提升检测准确性,在1 L去离子水的空白样本中加入内标物质计算其回收率,加标浓度20 ng/L时回收率为83.36%~104.92%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.47%~8.68%;加标浓度100 ng/L时回收率为89.46%~110.32%,RSD为3.22%~8.84%。以信噪比S/N ≥ 3和S/N ≥ 10计算出方法的检测限和定量限分别为0.03~0.10 ng/L和0.10~0.30 ng/L。
使用欧盟风险评价技术指导文件中的风险熵值法(RQE)[9]对马鞍山市水源地中抗生素的生态风险进行评价。其公式如下:RQE=MEC/PNEC式中,MEC为抗生素的测量浓度(ng/L),为评估目标抗生素最大生态风险,以水源水中检出抗生素最大浓度计算;PNEC为抗生素的无效应浓度(ng/L)。以对水藻、无脊椎动物和鱼类等3种不同敏感度的水生生物的生态风险来评估马鞍山市水源水中抗生素的生态风险。文献检索3种水生生物的PENC值[10],计算得到的生态风险。当RQE<0.01为无风险;0.01≤RQE<0.1为低风险;0.1≤RQE<1为中等风险;RQE≥1为高风险。
使用基于日均可接受摄入量(ADI)的风险熵值(RQH)模型对马鞍山市饮水途径摄入抗生素的健康风险进行评估,其计算公式如下:RQH = MEC/DWEL式中,RQH是目标抗生素的健康风险熵;MEC是目标抗生素的实测浓度(μg/L),为评估目标抗生素的对人体的最大健康风险,以末梢水中检出抗生素的最大值计算;DWEL是饮水当量值(μg/L)。DWEL=(ADI×BW×HQ)/(DWI×AB×FOE),其中ADI是日均可接受量[μg/(kg·d)],参考已报道文献[11–12]得到,见表1;BW是人均体重(kg);HQ为最高风险,以1计,DWI是每日饮水量(L/d),AB是胃肠吸收率,以1计,FOE是暴露频率,以0.96计。不同年龄段人群的人均体重及每日饮水量参考中国人群暴露参数手册[13–14],见表2。美国环境保护署[15]认为当RQH<0.01时,表示抗生素带来的健康风险可忽略;0.01≤RQE<0.1表示抗生素带来的健康风险为低风险;0.1≤RQH<1表示抗生素带来的健康风险为中等风险,RQH≥1表示抗生素带来的健康风险为高风险。
使用Excel 2019软件绘制表格,Graph Prism 9软件绘制图片。抗生素去除率(%)=(水源水抗生素浓度–出厂水抗生素浓度)/水源水抗生素浓度×100%。
2024年采集的马鞍山市饮用水中,共检出3类7种抗生素,检出率为0.00%~ 75.00%,检出浓度为ND ~ 43.70 ng/L,检出浓度最高的抗生素为恩诺沙星。水源水、出厂水和末梢水中均检出恩诺沙星,均未检出甲氧苄啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、四环素和土霉素。水源水中抗生素浓度为ND~43.70 ng/L,检出浓度最大的抗生素是恩诺沙星。出厂水中抗生素浓度为ND~10.40 ng/L,检出浓度最高的抗生素是恩诺沙星。末梢水中抗生素浓度为ND~29.50 ng/L,检出浓度最高的抗生素是替米考星。
自来水厂通过混凝—沉淀—过滤—消毒工艺对水源水进行处理后,对水中抗生素的去除效果见表4。总体来看,水处理工艺对抗生素的去除效果较好,去除率达89.97%,其中磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺氯哒嗪和克拉霉素的去除率均达到100.00%。
生态风险显示,磺胺氯哒嗪和克拉霉素对3种水生生物均未表现出生态风险,磺胺甲恶唑和恩诺沙星对无脊椎动物和鱼类未表现出生态风险,而对水藻表现出低水平的生态风险。在以最敏感物种为指示生物的前提下,抗生素的复合毒性存在中等生态风险。
由于萘啶酸和替米考星缺乏可供参考的ADI值,暂不对其进行健康风险评估。马鞍山市饮用水单体抗生素的RQH均<1×10–2,对不同年龄段人群的健康风险均可忽略不计。克拉霉素的RQH最高,应密切关注其对人群的健康风险。饮用水中抗生素的联合风险RQsum均<1×10–2,对2岁前的人群风险逐渐增加,2~<18岁人群风险逐渐下降,>18岁的人群风险再次上升。
马鞍山市饮用水中共检出磺胺类、喹诺酮类和大环内酯类3类抗生素,与近年来国内的研究一致。如杭州市富春江水体[16]和南京市长江区域[17]曾报道在水体中检出磺胺类、喹诺酮类和大环内酯类抗生素。然而马鞍山市饮用水抗生素总体检出浓度为ND~43.70 ng/L,明显低于天津市[18](ND~349.00 ng/L)、南京市[19](ND~160.00 ng/L)等地。总体而言,国内各地区饮用水中抗生素的浓度处于痕量水平[20]。国内外研究表明,氯化消毒、反渗透、臭氧消毒、活性炭吸附等水处理工艺对抗生素有一定的去除作用[21]。本研究发现自来水厂通过混凝—沉淀—过滤—消毒工艺对水源水进行处理后,对水中抗生素的去除率达89.97%,磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺氯哒嗪和克拉霉素的去除率甚至可达100.00%,这与曲亚斌[22]对于南方5省自来水厂抗生素去除效果的研究一致。
本研究对马鞍山市水源水中抗生素进行生态风险评估发现,磺胺甲恶唑和恩诺沙星对水藻表现出低水平的生态风险,多种抗生素的复合毒性表现出中等生态风险,这与姚丽君[23]对于海南省饮用水源地的生态风险评估结果一致。此外,Guo X Y[24]和Zhang Y X[25]分别对长江口和北京市地表水抗生素的研究也显示,被检出部分磺胺类和四环素类抗生素具有中等生态风险。研究结果提示,即使抗生素浓度处于痕量水平,其联合作用仍然可能使微生物产生耐药性,对生态环境和人体健康产生威胁。在对人体健康风险进行评估时发现,无论是单体抗生素的作用还是多种抗生素的联合作用,对各年龄段人群的健康风险均可忽略不计。但本研究仍然提示,喹诺酮类抗生素是主要的健康风险因素,儿童的健康风险高于成人,9个月~2岁的儿童是主要的易感人群。与同饮长江水的南京市[19]研究结果相比,本研究得到的人群健康风险偏低,可能是抗生素使用量不同且马鞍山市相对南京市处于长江上游的原因导致。
综上所述,马鞍山市饮用水抗生素污染以喹诺酮类、磺胺类和大环内酯类为主,经过评估,水源水中抗生素联合作用会造成一定程度的生态风险,但对各年龄段的人群的健康风险可忽略不计。然而,随着抗生素使用量的增加以及生物蓄积和放大作用的累积,对于生态和人群健康的风险可能会加重,需要持续关注抗生素的生态风险和人群健康风险,特别是对于儿童的健康风险。

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2025年第41卷第10期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147364
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-10
  • 修回日期:2025-07-09
  • 录用日期:2025-08-02
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    1马鞍山市疾病预防控制中心(马鞍山市卫生监督所)环境与职业健康中心,马鞍山 243000
    2马鞍山市疾病预防控制中心(马鞍山市卫生监督所)理化检验科,马鞍山 243000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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