Article(id=1321169578785354280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169578152014376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146738, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=1752163200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-11, acceptedDate=1754064000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-02, onlineDate=1792920973725, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792920973725, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792920973725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792920973725, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169578152014376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='10', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760025600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792920973575, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792920973575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1195, endPage=1202, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169579066372649, articleId=1321169578785354280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Spatial and temporal equity of health resources and service levels for medical treatment of infectious diseases in hospitals in China: based on Moran′s index and Gini coefficient, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the variation trends of health resources and service levels of infectious disease departments in hospitals in different regions of China from 2018 to 2022, thus providing evidence for optimizing resource allocation and improving the ability of medical institutions to prevent and control infectious diseases.

Methods

The national and provincial statistical data from China Statistical Yearbook (2023) and China Health Statistics Yearbook (2019 to 2023) were used to analyze the incidence of notifiable infectious diseases, the distribution of medical resources, and the provision of medical services in infectious diseases departments. The Lorentz curve, Gini coefficient, health resource density index, and Moran′s index were adopted to evaluate the spatial and temporal equity of health resources and service supply for infectious disease treatment in China from 2018 to 2022.

Results

From 2018 to 2022, the number of beds in infectious disease departments of hospitals in China increased by 30 000 and the number of practicing (assistant) physicians increased by 10 000, with compound growth rates of 5.25% and 15.91%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the overall growth rates of hospitals but still accounted for a low proportion in the overall hospitals. In 2022, the Gini coefficients of the number of beds in infectious disease department, the number of outpatients and emergency patients, and the number of discharged patients according to the population allocation were 0.153, 0.200, and 0.183, respectively, and those according to geographical allocation were 0.612, 0.717, and 0.639, respectively, indicating that population equity was better than geographical equity. From 2018 to 2022, the Moran′s index of the health resource density index of the three indicators ranged from 0.236 to 0.475, showing positive spatial autocorrelation and spatial clustering. The low-low clustering areas were mainly distributed in northwestern and southwestern China, the high-high clustering areas in eastern China, and the low-high clustering areas in Hebei, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi and other places near the high-high clustering areas.

Conclusion

The infectious disease departments of hospitals in China faced problems such as a low proportion of health resources, large disparity of resources and services among different regions, and agglomeration of areas with slow development. The capacity of medical institutions to prevent and control infectious diseases should be enhanced from three aspects: strengthening policy support and financial input, promoting the coordinated allocation of medical resources, and raising social awareness of prevention and control.

, authors=Rui MIN1, 2, Gaoyuan SHEN1, Yu SUN3, authorsList=Rui MIN, Gaoyuan SHEN, Yu SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SUN Yu, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169582702834234, articleId=1321169578785354280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=中国医院传染病医疗救治卫生资源及服务水平时空公平性分析:基于莫兰指数和基尼系数, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析2018—2022年全国各地区医院传染科卫生资源与服务水平变化趋势,为优化资源配置,提高医疗机构传染病防治能力提供证据支持。

方法

以《中国统计年鉴(2023)》和《中国卫生健康统计年鉴(2019—2023)》中全国和各省统计数据为基础,在分析法定传染病发病情况、传染病科医疗卫生资源分布和医疗服务提供情况基础上,基于洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数、卫生资源密度指数和莫兰指数评价2018—2022年我国传染病救治卫生资源及服务供给时空公平性。

结果

2018—2022年,全国医院传染科床位数增长3万张,执业(助理)医师数增长1万人,复合增长率分别为5.25%、15.91%,相较于医院总体水平增速明显,但在医院总体中占比仍较低。2022年,我国医院传染科床位数、门急诊人次数、出院人次数3项指标按人口配置的基尼系数为0.153、0.200、0.183,按地理面积配置的基尼系数为0.612、0.717、0.639,人口公平性优于地理公平性。2018—2022年,3项指标卫生资源密度指数的Moran′s I在0.236~0.475之间,呈现正空间自相关,存在空间聚集性。低–低聚集区主要分布于西北、西南地区,高–高聚集区主要为华东地区,低–高聚集区主要包括河北省、安徽省、湖北省、江西省等地,分布于高–高聚集区附近。

结论

我国医院传染科存在卫生资源总量占比较低、各地区资源及服务量差距较大、发展滞缓地区集聚分布的问题,应从加强政策支持及财政投入、促进医疗资源协调布局、提高社会防治意识3个方面提升医疗机构传染病防治能力。

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闵锐(1990—),副教授,博士,研究方向:健康政策与健康公平

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孙宇,E-mail:
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(2021-04-16)[2024-11-19]. https://www.waizi.org.cn/doc/92153.html., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321169583134847548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169583143236157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, companyId=1321169583134847548, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169583151624766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, companyId=1321169583134847548, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1华中科技大学公共卫生学院,武汉 430030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321169583239705151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169583248093760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, companyId=1321169583239705151, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169583256482369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, companyId=1321169583239705151, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2河南省医院管理研究院,郑州 450000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321169583457808962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169583470391875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, companyId=1321169583457808962, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Zhuhai People′s Hospital, Zhuhai 519099, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321169583478780484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, companyId=1321169583457808962, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3珠海市人民医院,珠海 519099)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321169587257848416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Incidence rate of class A and B infectious diseases and the number of patients in different regions of China, figureFileSmall=EFEBcx3thAMb4yczJUm7SA==, figureFileBig=2CnSIxYy+jK4pIxfF7/r9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169587350123105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=CN, label=图1, caption=我国各地区甲乙类传染病发病率与发病人次数分布情况, figureFileSmall=EFEBcx3thAMb4yczJUm7SA==, figureFileBig=2CnSIxYy+jK4pIxfF7/r9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169587580809826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Lorentz curves of health resources and service levels of infectious disease departments of hospitals in China in 2018, figureFileSmall=YQf0Q7RIBl4+HQkKZ085vw==, figureFileBig=hKhV7gA6//PCDL3BMaMcjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169587668890211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2018年我国医院传染科卫生资源及服务水平洛伦兹曲线, figureFileSmall=YQf0Q7RIBl4+HQkKZ085vw==, figureFileBig=hKhV7gA6//PCDL3BMaMcjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169587765359204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Lorentz curves of health resources and service levels of infectious disease departments of hospitals in China in 2022, figureFileSmall=Zx7yhuE6qkriGEx6wFjv/Q==, figureFileBig=lED76vIHZHE8GoQxflv3kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169587870216805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2022年全国医院传染科卫生资源及服务水平洛伦兹曲线, figureFileSmall=Zx7yhuE6qkriGEx6wFjv/Q==, figureFileBig=lED76vIHZHE8GoQxflv3kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169587954102886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Development status of health resource and service level indicators of infectious disease departments in hospitals throughout China from 2018 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份床位数/万张执业(助理)医师/万人门急诊人次数/万人次出院人次数/万人次
医院总体传染科医院总体传染科医院总体传染科医院总体传染科
2018年652.0013.20205.351.23349 547.804 779.9019 958.00324.60
2019年686.7013.60217.431.09375 265.605 322.2021 108.20346.00
2020年713.1014.30228.261.14323 176.205 554.6018 333.50246.40
2021年741.4014.70239.681.92378 156.206 971.9020 067.50259.20
2022年766.3016.20246.992.22371 508.207 244.7019 928.10271.60
复合增长率/%4.125.254.7215.911.5310.96–0.04–4.36
), ArticleFig(id=1321169588042183271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2018—2022年我国医院传染科卫生资源及服务水平指标发展状况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份床位数/万张执业(助理)医师/万人门急诊人次数/万人次出院人次数/万人次
医院总体传染科医院总体传染科医院总体传染科医院总体传染科
2018年652.0013.20205.351.23349 547.804 779.9019 958.00324.60
2019年686.7013.60217.431.09375 265.605 322.2021 108.20346.00
2020年713.1014.30228.261.14323 176.205 554.6018 333.50246.40
2021年741.4014.70239.681.92378 156.206 971.9020 067.50259.20
2022年766.3016.20246.992.22371 508.207 244.7019 928.10271.60
复合增长率/%4.125.254.7215.911.5310.96–0.04–4.36
), ArticleFig(id=1321169588142846568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Indicators of health resources and service levels of infectious disease departments in hospitals per 1 000 people and per square kilometer in 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区按人口配置按地理面积配置
床位数/
(张/千人)
门急诊人次数/
(人次/千人)
出院人次数/
(人次/千人)
床位数/
(张/km2)
门急诊人次数/
(人次/km2)
出院人次数/
(人次/km2)
总计0.1251.391.930.027.520.28
北京市0.10100.091.820.13133.292.42
天津市0.1051.061.310.1158.001.49
河北省0.1166.560.980.0426.160.38
山西省0.1031.771.040.027.060.23
内蒙古自治区0.2239.652.51<0.010.800.05
辽宁省0.1853.302.080.0515.110.59
吉林省0.1629.221.510.023.660.19
黑龙江省0.2222.071.970.011.450.13
上海市0.11145.253.060.42570.6312.04
江苏省0.1453.882.490.1142.801.98
浙江省0.08103.801.980.0567.061.28
安徽省0.1343.632.240.0619.080.98
福建省0.1246.731.360.0416.120.47
江西省0.1146.112.120.0312.510.57
山东省0.1042.511.450.0627.360.93
河南省0.0946.091.280.0627.250.76
湖北省0.1037.892.150.0311.910.68
湖南省0.1031.392.100.039.790.65
广东省0.1054.431.570.0738.341.10
广西壮族自治区0.1149.492.680.0210.510.57
海南省0.0819.571.530.025.680.44
重庆市0.0862.752.630.0324.471.03
四川省0.0740.611.590.017.000.27
贵州省0.1550.703.250.0311.100.71
云南省0.1567.783.200.028.070.38
西藏自治区0.2098.353.06<0.010.290.01
陕西省0.1135.471.240.026.820.24
甘肃省0.1226.691.610.011.560.09
青海省0.2454.964.09<0.010.450.03
宁夏回族自治区0.1344.092.290.014.830.25
新疆维吾尔自治区0.1733.282.87<0.010.520.04
), ArticleFig(id=1321169588222538345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2022年我国每千人口/每平方千米医院传染科卫生资源和服务水平指标情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区按人口配置按地理面积配置
床位数/
(张/千人)
门急诊人次数/
(人次/千人)
出院人次数/
(人次/千人)
床位数/
(张/km2)
门急诊人次数/
(人次/km2)
出院人次数/
(人次/km2)
总计0.1251.391.930.027.520.28
北京市0.10100.091.820.13133.292.42
天津市0.1051.061.310.1158.001.49
河北省0.1166.560.980.0426.160.38
山西省0.1031.771.040.027.060.23
内蒙古自治区0.2239.652.51<0.010.800.05
辽宁省0.1853.302.080.0515.110.59
吉林省0.1629.221.510.023.660.19
黑龙江省0.2222.071.970.011.450.13
上海市0.11145.253.060.42570.6312.04
江苏省0.1453.882.490.1142.801.98
浙江省0.08103.801.980.0567.061.28
安徽省0.1343.632.240.0619.080.98
福建省0.1246.731.360.0416.120.47
江西省0.1146.112.120.0312.510.57
山东省0.1042.511.450.0627.360.93
河南省0.0946.091.280.0627.250.76
湖北省0.1037.892.150.0311.910.68
湖南省0.1031.392.100.039.790.65
广东省0.1054.431.570.0738.341.10
广西壮族自治区0.1149.492.680.0210.510.57
海南省0.0819.571.530.025.680.44
重庆市0.0862.752.630.0324.471.03
四川省0.0740.611.590.017.000.27
贵州省0.1550.703.250.0311.100.71
云南省0.1567.783.200.028.070.38
西藏自治区0.2098.353.06<0.010.290.01
陕西省0.1135.471.240.026.820.24
甘肃省0.1226.691.610.011.560.09
青海省0.2454.964.09<0.010.450.03
宁夏回族自治区0.1344.092.290.014.830.25
新疆维吾尔自治区0.1733.282.87<0.010.520.04
), ArticleFig(id=1321169588319007338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Gini coefficients of health resources and service levels for infectious diseases in 2018 and 2022, China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标基尼系数
年份床位数门急诊人次数出院人次数
按人口配置2018年0.1770.2670.160
2022年0.1530.2000.183
按地理配置2018年0.6090.7220.634
2022年0.6120.7170.639
), ArticleFig(id=1321169588411282027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2018年与2022年我国传染病卫生资源和服务水平基尼系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标基尼系数
年份床位数门急诊人次数出院人次数
按人口配置2018年0.1770.2670.160
2022年0.1530.2000.183
按地理配置2018年0.6090.7220.634
2022年0.6120.7170.639
), ArticleFig(id=1321169588541305452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Global Moran′s Index of health resources and service levels in infectious disease departments of hospitals in China from 2018 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份床位数HRDI门急诊人次数HRDI出院人次数HRDI
Moran′s IZ值P值Moran′s IZ值P值Moran′s IZ值P值
2018年0.4644.477<0.0010.3573.791<0.0010.4754.587<0.001
2019年0.4133.941<0.0010.3523.696<0.0010.4284.286<0.001
2020年0.4194.048<0.0010.4034.103<0.0010.4664.840<0.001
2021年0.4104.017<0.0010.2543.494<0.0010.3954.346<0.001
2022年0.4194.282<0.0010.2363.533<0.0010.3074.165<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321169588646163053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2018—2022年我国医院传染科卫生资源及服务水平全局莫兰指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份床位数HRDI门急诊人次数HRDI出院人次数HRDI
Moran′s IZ值P值Moran′s IZ值P值Moran′s IZ值P值
2018年0.4644.477<0.0010.3573.791<0.0010.4754.587<0.001
2019年0.4133.941<0.0010.3523.696<0.0010.4284.286<0.001
2020年0.4194.048<0.0010.4034.103<0.0010.4664.840<0.001
2021年0.4104.017<0.0010.2543.494<0.0010.3954.346<0.001
2022年0.4194.282<0.0010.2363.533<0.0010.3074.165<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1321169588759409262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Local spatial autocorrelation of health resources and service levels of infectious disease departments of hospitals in China from 2018 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标年份高–高聚集高–低聚集低–高聚集低–低聚集
床位数2018山东省、河南省、安徽省、江苏省、
上海市、浙江省
无无新疆维吾尔自治区、甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区
2020山东省、河南省、安徽省、江苏省、
上海市、浙江省
无河北省、湖北省、
福建省
新疆维吾尔自治区、甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区
2022山东省、安徽省、江苏省、上海市无浙江省新疆维吾尔自治区、甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区、四川省
门急诊人次数2018江苏省、上海市、浙江省无河北省、山东省、安徽省新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、西藏自治区、四川省、重庆市
2020江苏省、上海市、浙江省无河北省、山东省、安徽省新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、西藏自治区
2022江苏省、上海市、浙江省无山东省、安徽省甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区
出院人次数2018山东省、河南省、湖北省、安徽省、
江苏省、上海市、浙江省
无河北省、江西省、
福建省
新疆维吾尔自治区、甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区
2020河南省、湖北省、江西省、安徽省、
江苏省、上海市、浙江省
无山东省、福建省新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、西藏自治区、
宁夏回族自治区
2022江苏省、上海市、浙江省、安徽省无福建省新疆维吾尔自治区、甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区
), ArticleFig(id=1321169588847489647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169578785354280, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2018—2022年我国医院传染科卫生资源及服务水平局部空间自相关分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标年份高–高聚集高–低聚集低–高聚集低–低聚集
床位数2018山东省、河南省、安徽省、江苏省、
上海市、浙江省
无无新疆维吾尔自治区、甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区
2020山东省、河南省、安徽省、江苏省、
上海市、浙江省
无河北省、湖北省、
福建省
新疆维吾尔自治区、甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区
2022山东省、安徽省、江苏省、上海市无浙江省新疆维吾尔自治区、甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区、四川省
门急诊人次数2018江苏省、上海市、浙江省无河北省、山东省、安徽省新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、西藏自治区、四川省、重庆市
2020江苏省、上海市、浙江省无河北省、山东省、安徽省新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、西藏自治区
2022江苏省、上海市、浙江省无山东省、安徽省甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区
出院人次数2018山东省、河南省、湖北省、安徽省、
江苏省、上海市、浙江省
无河北省、江西省、
福建省
新疆维吾尔自治区、甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区
2020河南省、湖北省、江西省、安徽省、
江苏省、上海市、浙江省
无山东省、福建省新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、西藏自治区、
宁夏回族自治区
2022江苏省、上海市、浙江省、安徽省无福建省新疆维吾尔自治区、甘肃省、青海省、西藏自治区
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中国医院传染病医疗救治卫生资源及服务水平时空公平性分析:基于莫兰指数和基尼系数
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闵锐 1, 2 , 申高源 1 , 孙宇 3, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2025,41(10): 1195-1202
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2025 , 41 (10) : 1195 -1202
中国医院传染病医疗救治卫生资源及服务水平时空公平性分析:基于莫兰指数和基尼系数
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闵锐1, 2, 申高源1, 孙宇3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学公共卫生学院,武汉 430030
  • 2河南省医院管理研究院,郑州 450000
  • 3珠海市人民医院,珠海 519099
通讯作者:
孙宇,E-mail:
作者简介:

闵锐(1990—),副教授,博士,研究方向:健康政策与健康公平

Spatial and temporal equity of health resources and service levels for medical treatment of infectious diseases in hospitals in China: based on Moran′s index and Gini coefficient
Rui MIN1, 2, Gaoyuan SHEN1, Yu SUN3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
  • 2Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • 3Zhuhai People′s Hospital, Zhuhai 519099, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SUN Yu, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146738
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目的

分析2018—2022年全国各地区医院传染科卫生资源与服务水平变化趋势,为优化资源配置,提高医疗机构传染病防治能力提供证据支持。

方法

以《中国统计年鉴(2023)》和《中国卫生健康统计年鉴(2019—2023)》中全国和各省统计数据为基础,在分析法定传染病发病情况、传染病科医疗卫生资源分布和医疗服务提供情况基础上,基于洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数、卫生资源密度指数和莫兰指数评价2018—2022年我国传染病救治卫生资源及服务供给时空公平性。

结果

2018—2022年,全国医院传染科床位数增长3万张,执业(助理)医师数增长1万人,复合增长率分别为5.25%、15.91%,相较于医院总体水平增速明显,但在医院总体中占比仍较低。2022年,我国医院传染科床位数、门急诊人次数、出院人次数3项指标按人口配置的基尼系数为0.153、0.200、0.183,按地理面积配置的基尼系数为0.612、0.717、0.639,人口公平性优于地理公平性。2018—2022年,3项指标卫生资源密度指数的Moran′s I在0.236~0.475之间,呈现正空间自相关,存在空间聚集性。低–低聚集区主要分布于西北、西南地区,高–高聚集区主要为华东地区,低–高聚集区主要包括河北省、安徽省、湖北省、江西省等地,分布于高–高聚集区附近。

结论

我国医院传染科存在卫生资源总量占比较低、各地区资源及服务量差距较大、发展滞缓地区集聚分布的问题,应从加强政策支持及财政投入、促进医疗资源协调布局、提高社会防治意识3个方面提升医疗机构传染病防治能力。

传染病救治  /  卫生资源  /  服务能力  /  公平性  /  空间分布
Objective

To analyze the variation trends of health resources and service levels of infectious disease departments in hospitals in different regions of China from 2018 to 2022, thus providing evidence for optimizing resource allocation and improving the ability of medical institutions to prevent and control infectious diseases.

Methods

The national and provincial statistical data from China Statistical Yearbook (2023) and China Health Statistics Yearbook (2019 to 2023) were used to analyze the incidence of notifiable infectious diseases, the distribution of medical resources, and the provision of medical services in infectious diseases departments. The Lorentz curve, Gini coefficient, health resource density index, and Moran′s index were adopted to evaluate the spatial and temporal equity of health resources and service supply for infectious disease treatment in China from 2018 to 2022.

Results

From 2018 to 2022, the number of beds in infectious disease departments of hospitals in China increased by 30 000 and the number of practicing (assistant) physicians increased by 10 000, with compound growth rates of 5.25% and 15.91%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the overall growth rates of hospitals but still accounted for a low proportion in the overall hospitals. In 2022, the Gini coefficients of the number of beds in infectious disease department, the number of outpatients and emergency patients, and the number of discharged patients according to the population allocation were 0.153, 0.200, and 0.183, respectively, and those according to geographical allocation were 0.612, 0.717, and 0.639, respectively, indicating that population equity was better than geographical equity. From 2018 to 2022, the Moran′s index of the health resource density index of the three indicators ranged from 0.236 to 0.475, showing positive spatial autocorrelation and spatial clustering. The low-low clustering areas were mainly distributed in northwestern and southwestern China, the high-high clustering areas in eastern China, and the low-high clustering areas in Hebei, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi and other places near the high-high clustering areas.

Conclusion

The infectious disease departments of hospitals in China faced problems such as a low proportion of health resources, large disparity of resources and services among different regions, and agglomeration of areas with slow development. The capacity of medical institutions to prevent and control infectious diseases should be enhanced from three aspects: strengthening policy support and financial input, promoting the coordinated allocation of medical resources, and raising social awareness of prevention and control.

treatment of infectious diseases  /  health resources  /  service capacity  /  equity  /  spatial distribution
闵锐, 申高源, 孙宇. 中国医院传染病医疗救治卫生资源及服务水平时空公平性分析:基于莫兰指数和基尼系数. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (10) : 1195 -1202 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146738
Rui MIN, Gaoyuan SHEN, Yu SUN. Spatial and temporal equity of health resources and service levels for medical treatment of infectious diseases in hospitals in China: based on Moran′s index and Gini coefficient[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (10) : 1195 -1202 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146738
2018—2023年,中国法定传染病报告发病率由559.41/10万增至1 326.84/10万,报告死亡率由1.68/10万增至1.91/10万[1–2],可见传染病仍然是威胁人民健康的主要因素。国务院在《关于推动疾病预防控制事业高质量发展的指导意见》[3]中指出,健全传染病防控体系依赖于疾控机构防控能力与医疗卫生机构救治能力的协同发展。公平性和合理性的医疗服务提供和资源配置是实现有效医疗救治、满足传染病多元化“防治筛管”需求的关键支撑。面对新发传染病涌现与已有传染病复发的局势[4],完善资源配置、提升服务水平是增强传染病防治能力的重要途径。2019年以来,疾控机构的卫生资源配置、人才队伍建设、服务能力现状[5–7]等问题得到广泛关注,而医院传染病救治能力的研究相对较少。与此同时,医院卫生资源与服务水平研究已进一步细化到科室层面[8–9]。本研究通过分析2018—2022年我国各地区医院传染科卫生资源与服务水平变化趋势,评价其时空公平性,以期为优化传染病医疗资源配置、提升传染病综合防治能力、健全公共卫生体系提供证据支持。
参照现有相关研究[10–11],本研究选取各地区每千人口/每平方千米医院传染科床位数、门急诊人次数、出院人次数3项指标评价医院传染科卫生资源与服务水平。其中各地区医院传染科床位数、门急诊人次数、出院人次数3项指标来源于国家卫生健康委员会公布的2018—2022年度中国卫生健康统计数据[12],2018年和2022年分别统计33 009和36 976家医院传染科数据;各地区年末人口、地理面积数据来源于《中国统计年鉴2023》[13]。本研究使用公开的宏观数据且不涉及人类受试者,因此不需要伦理审批。
根据医疗卫生资源的供需匹配关系,只有当医疗服务供给能够满足医疗服务需求时,会对医疗服务产生正向影响,确保服务均衡;反之,供给过多或不足均会造成负效应。特别是在传染病医疗服务中,考虑到传染病的公共传播性,对处于急性发作期的患者或新发病例,需要及时接受隔离治疗。因此,医疗服务基本由综合医院传染(感染)科和传染病专科医院提供。因此,本研究选择(1)服务需求指标:《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》将全国发病率较高、流行面较大、危害严重的急性和慢性传染病列为法定报告传染病,其中按社会影响程度划分等级。本研究选择甲乙类法定传染病发病人次数和发病率[14]反映各地区传染病相关的医疗服务需求。(2)服务供给指标:医疗机构床位数是评价医疗资源供给能力的重要指标,门急诊及住院服务提供情况是卫生机构服务能力的衡量指标。通常对医疗卫生服务供给公平性分析中要考虑人口公平性和地理公平性,因此,本研究以各行政区域年末人口数和地理面积,计算每千人口/每平方千米卫生资源拥有量和医疗服务开展情况进行描述。
洛伦兹曲线常用于分析和评价医疗卫生领域存在的医疗卫生资源分配不公平现象[15]。本研究将我国大陆地区31个省(自治区、直辖市)的每千人口卫生资源量/服务量及每平方千米卫生资源量/服务量按照从小到大排序,曲线X轴为省(自治区、直辖市)人口(或面积)的累计百分比,Y轴为省(自治区、直辖市)卫生资源量/服务量占全国卫生资源总量/服务总量的累计百分比。洛伦兹曲线越弯曲,代表卫生资源/服务配置不公平程度越高。同时根据洛伦兹曲线计算传染病卫生资源和服务水平的基尼系数,计算公式[16]为:
$ G={\sum} _{i=1}^{n}{W}_{i}{Y}_{i}+2{\sum} _{i=1}^{n}{W}_{i}\left(1-{V}_{i}\right)-1 。 $
G为基尼系数,n为地区数目,$ {W}_{i} $为各地区人口/地理面积占全国总人口/地理面积的百分比;$ {Y}_{i} $为各地区医院传染科资源量/服务量占全国传染科资源总量/服务总量的百分比;$ {V}_{i} $为各地区每千人/每平方千米传染科资源量/服务量从小到大排序的累计。基尼系数取值范围为[0,1],基尼系数越小,表示资源配置差异越小,公平性越高。国际上以0.4作为资源分配差距的“警戒线”[17]。
HRDI是一种基于人口与地理分布,评估特定区域卫生资源分布及可及性的指标,综合反映卫生资源的人口与地理分布水平[18],计算公式为:
$ \mathrm{HRDI} = \sqrt{\mathrm{每} \mathrm{千} \mathrm{人口} \mathrm{卫}\mathrm{生} \mathrm{资}\mathrm{源}\mathrm{量} \times \mathrm{每} \mathrm{平} \mathrm{方} \mathrm{千} \mathrm{米}\mathrm{卫}\mathrm{生}\mathrm{资}\mathrm{源}\mathrm{量}} $
为了消除人口及地理因素对各地区卫生资源及服务水平的影响,本研究拟计算各地区传染科卫生资源(床位数)和服务水平(门急诊人次数、出院人次数)3项指标的HRDI进行空间自相关分析。
分别用全局莫兰指数(Moran′s I)和局部空间自相关(local indicators of spatial association, LISA)聚集区地图表示全局空间自相关和局部空间自相关分析结果。全局莫兰指数的取值范围为[−1,1],全局Moran′s I为正值则表明存在空间正相关,越接近1,则资源空间分布聚集性越强;全局Moran′s I为负值则表明存在空间负相关,越接近−1,则资源空间分布离散性越强;全局Moran′s I为0,则表明资源分布不存在空间自相关性[19]。局部空间自相关根据LISA值及检验值(Z)可将局部空间关联模式分为高–高聚集模式(某地区指标值较高,且其周边地区的指标值也较高)、高–低聚集模式(某地区指标值较高,但其周边地区的指标值较低)、低–低聚集模式(某地区指标值较低,且其周边地区的指标值也较低)和低–高聚集模式(某地区指标值较低,但其周边地区的指标值较高)等4种类型[20]。
运用Excel 2016软件进行洛伦兹曲线的绘制与基尼系数的计算。运用Stata 18软件与ArcGIS 10.8进行传染病医疗机构卫生资源及服务水平空间自相关分析。检验水准为双侧α=0.05。
相较于2018年,2022年各地区甲乙类传染病发病率及发病人次数均有所降低。发病率排名前5位的省份由2018年的新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、海南省、西藏自治区、广东省,变为2022年的海南省、青海省、新疆维吾尔自治区、广东省、广西壮族自治区(图1a);发病人次数排名前5位的省份由2018年的广东省、河南省、湖南省、新疆维吾尔自治区、山东省,变为2022年的广东省、四川省、湖南省、安徽省、山东省(图1b)。
2018—2022年,传染科床位数与执业(助理)医师数分别增长3万张和1万人,复合增长率分别为5.25%、15.91%,医院传染科卫生资源量相较于医院总体增速明显;门急诊人次数增长2 464.8万人次,出院人次数减少53万人次,复合增长率分别为10.96%、−4.36%,医院传染科医疗服务量有所增加。2022年,传染科床位数和执业(助理)医师数在医院总体中占比分别为2.11%(16.2/766.3)、0.89%(2.2/247.0),卫生资源总量占比较低。
按人口密度计算,全国传染科床位数为0.12张/千人,资源量最高的青海省比资源量最低的四川省高出2倍;门急诊人次数为51.39人次/千人,服务量最高的上海市比服务量最低的海南省高出6倍;传染科出院人次数为1.93人次/千人,服务量最高的青海省比服务量最低的河北省高出3倍。按地理面积计算,全国传染科床位数为0.02张/km2,资源量最高的上海市比资源量最低的西藏自治区高出730倍;传染科门急诊人次数为7.52人次/km2,服务量最高的上海市比服务量最低的西藏自治区高出1 957倍;传染科出院人次数为0.28人次/km2,服务量最高的上海市比服务量最低的西藏自治区高出1 328倍。
如表3所示,3项指标按人口配置的基尼系数在0.153~0.267之间,<0.3,处于公平状态;按地理面积配置的基尼系数在0.609~0.722之间,均超过警戒线水平,存在不公平。2018年、2022年全国传染科卫生资源与服务水平按人口和地理面积绘制的洛伦兹曲线如图2和图3所示。相较于按人口配置的洛伦兹曲线,3项指标按地理面积配置的洛伦兹曲线均离绝对平均线较远,提示我国传染科卫生资源与服务水平在地理分布上公平性较差。
全局莫兰指数分析结果显示,2018—2022年我国传染科床位数HRDI的Moran′s I在0.410~0.464之间,门急诊人次数HRDI的Moran′s I在0.236~0.403之间,出院人次数HRDI的Moran′s I在0.307~0.475之间,均呈现正空间自相关,存在空间聚集性。
传染科床位数HRDI的LISA聚集区分析结果显示,2018—2022年,低–低聚集区主要分布在西北与西南地区,且范围有所扩大;高–高聚集区主要在华东地区,但范围有所减小,2022年主要分布在山东省、安徽省、江苏省、上海市;低–高聚集区分布不固定,呈现出河北省、湖北省、福建省→浙江省的变化趋势。传染科门急诊人次数HRDI的LISA聚集区分析结果显示,低–低聚集区主要分布在西北、西南地区,范围有所减小,2022年仅包括西藏自治区、青海省、甘肃省;高–高聚集区分布固定,主要在江苏省、上海市、浙江省;低–高聚集区主要分布在华北、华东地区,包括河北省、山东省和安徽省。传染科出院人次数HRDI的LISA聚集区分析结果显示,低–低聚集区主要分布在西北、西南地区,包括新疆维吾尔自治区、西藏自治区、青海省、甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区;高–高聚集区主要分布在华中地区、华东地区,范围有所减小;2022年仅包括安徽省、江苏省、上海市、浙江省;低–高聚集区分布不固定,2018年分布于河北省、江苏省、福建省;2022年仅为福建省。
2018—2023年,我国法定报告传染病发病率不断攀升,对国民健康水平造成不利影响,传染病防控工作仍是健康中国战略的重点之一,而医院传染科在防治传染病传播流行中发挥着关键作用。本研究发现,我国医院传染科存在卫生资源总量占比较低、各地区资源及服务量差距较大、发展滞缓地区集聚分布的问题。
2018—2022年,全国传染科床位数与执业(助理)医师数稳定增加,但在医院总体中的占比仅为2.11%和0.89%。表明医院传染科卫生资源量增速明显,但在医院总体中占比较低,与既往研究结果一致[21]。分析其原因,一方面是医院资源分配多依据科室绩效考核结果与学科发展前景,而传染科作为社会公益属性较强的科室其绩效在院内往往不占优势,存在人力及物力资源配置不足的现象,进而影响科室运行效率与学科长远发展。另一方面,传染病防治领域政策有待优化完善[22]、居民传染病防治素养较低[23]等因素也成为学科发展的外部阻碍因素。建议政府对医院传染病防治工作给予政策引导,落实“医疗机构传染病防控责任清单”以明确各级医院的公共卫生职责,积极推动传染病防控医防协同医防融合试点工作。同时,在各地区国家重大传染病基地建设过程中提供财政支持,完善基地的硬件设施配备、人才队伍建设,进而提高各地区医疗机构传染病防控能力。
全国各地区医院传染科人均资源量及服务量差距在2~6倍之间,地均资源量及服务量差距在730~1 957倍之间,青海省、西藏自治区等地的卫生资源及服务水平与全国首位的上海市相比差距较大,表明各地区医院传染科卫生资源及服务能力各异,与现有研究结果一致[24]。分析其原因,主要是东部地区聚集了大量优质医疗资源,影响患者就医选择,吸引更多外地患者到发达省份就医治疗[25]。此外,受城镇化建设影响,东部沿海地区、省会城市等经济较发达地区呈现出较高的人口聚集性,而人口密集增加了传染病传播的疾病风险,患病人数的快速增加也使人口密集的发达城市传染病相关医疗服务量快速上升。2022年,传染科床位数、门急诊人次数、出院人次数3项指标按人口配置的基尼系数都<0.2,处于公平状态;而按地理面积配置的基尼系数均>0.6,超过警戒线水平,提示我国医院传染科卫生资源与服务水平的人口公平性优于地理公平性,与相关研究结果一致[26]。分析其原因,主要是我国医疗资源多按地区人口数配置,而西部地区地域辽阔、人口分散,与人口集中分布的东部地区差距较大。建议有关政府部门综合考虑人口、地理、经济等方面因素,统筹资源配置总量与布局,在人口集中地区确保每个居民获得相应的卫生服务,在人口相对分散地区确保每个地区配置必要的医疗资源。同时,在人口聚集性较高的地区,在满足日常诊疗需求的同时,应根据人口流动特征推算备用床位等卫生资源,增加医院传染病医疗救治卫生资源的“弹性”储备,确保平战结合,迅速转化。此外,为提高西部地区医疗机构传染病防治能力,可以通过医联体、医共体建设促进优质医疗资源下沉和区域内资源共享,在综合医院改造或新建“平疫结合”区[27],实现快速转换以提升应急医疗救治能力,从而构建城市传染病救治网络。
2018—2022年,我国医院传染科资源量及服务量分布存在空间聚集性。西北地区、西南地区资源量与服务量均较低,且存在聚集现象,可能是由于西部地区整体医疗卫生资源供给能力不足和区域居民传染病健康素养较低[28]两方面原因所致。这与我国基本医疗资源分布情况类似[26],但是考虑到传染病的传播可能受人口迁移和季节性变化的影响,应通过各种形式弥合不同区域间的差距。一方面,政府部门、社会组织、卫生机构各方应进一步开展传染病防治宣传工作,提高社会及居民主动防治的意识及行为[29],构建起传染病防治的人群健康屏障。另一方面,应增加医院传染科及传染病医院卫生人财物资源配置,积极建设国家传染病区域医疗中心[30],助力传染病学科实现长远发展,提高传染病诊疗、健康管理服务水平。此外,华东地区人口密度高,聚集了大量优质医疗资源,医院传染科资源量与服务量均处于较高水平。江苏省、上海市、浙江省3地的数据互联互通平台、城市医联体建设更是进一步推动了医疗资源区域共享。为了进一步健全传染病防治网络,应发挥江浙沪等地的辐射带动作用,借助远程医疗、技术帮扶、对口支援、专科共建等形式,推动传染病专科优质医疗资源跨区域共建共享。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146738
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2025-07-11
  • 录用日期:2025-08-02
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    1华中科技大学公共卫生学院,武汉 430030
    2河南省医院管理研究院,郑州 450000
    3珠海市人民医院,珠海 519099

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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