Article(id=1321169571378221069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169495406785472, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1147056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739980800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-20, revisedDate=1745251200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-22, acceptedDate=1751990400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineDate=1792920971959, onlineDateStr=2026-10-25, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792920971959, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792920971959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792920971959, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321169495406785472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2025', volume='41', issue='11', pageStart='1281', pageEnd='1408', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762704000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792920953847, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793011176900, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321547918390178721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169495406785472, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321547918390178722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1321169495406785472, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1345, endPage=1351, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321169571592130575, articleId=1321169571378221069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials and influencing factors among permanent residents aged 18 years and older in Zhoushan city: a cross-sectional study, columnId=1321169511030571850, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report—Vaccine Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials among permanent residents aged 18 years and older in Zhoushan city, Zhejiang province, and to analyze its influencing factors, so as to provide a reference for further improving residents' willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials.

Methods

From August to November 2024, 623 permanent residents aged 18 years and older were selected from two counties (districts) in Zhoushan city using a convenience sampling method. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information on socio-demographics, awareness of vaccine clinical trials, willingness to participate, and motivations. The willingness rate was calculated with the direct standardization method. Non-parametric tests were taken to analyze data between groups, and ordered logistic regression models were used to analyze the influencing factors of willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials.

Results

A total of 623 valid questionnaires were included. Eighty-one participants (13.00%) were willing to participate, 336 (53.93%) were conditionally willing to participate, and 206 (33.07%) were unwilling to participate. The standardized rate of willingness or conditional willingness to participate was 64.56%. Statistical differences were found between groups based on gender (Z = –2.883), occupation (Z = –2.282), awareness of vaccine clinical trials (Z = –5.731), and previous experience as a clinical trial participant (Z = –3.683) (all P < 0.05). Age group was correlated with willingness to participate (Rs = 0.092, P < 0.05). Ordered logistic regression analysis showed that gender, age, awareness, and previous experience as a clinical trial participant were influencing factors for willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials.

Conclusions

Male gender, age ≥ 60 years, low awareness, and lack of experience in clinical trials were associated with lower willingness to participate. It is recommended to objectively guide potential participants while improving their awareness, strengthen and improve the participant protection mechanism, and appropriately highlight altruistic motives to increase the actual enrollment rate.

, authors=Menglu YU1, Chen YUAN1, Jufei CHEN2, Yongfen ZHUGE3, Haitao SUN4, Zhiping WANG5, Xinyu LIU5, Yafei HAN3, An TANG1, authorsList=Menglu YU, Chen YUAN, Jufei CHEN, Yongfen ZHUGE, Haitao SUN, Zhiping WANG, Xinyu LIU, Yafei HAN, An TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=An TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
TANG An, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321169574544920601, articleId=1321169571378221069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=舟山市18周岁及以上常住居民疫苗临床试验参与意愿及影响因素分析, columnId=1321169511231898444, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——疫苗研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

调查浙江省舟山市18周岁及以上常住居民疫苗临床试验参与意愿并分析其影响因素,为进一步提高居民疫苗临床试验参与意愿提供参考依据。

方法

2024年8—11月,采用方便抽样的方法抽取舟山市2个县(区)623名18周岁及以上常住居民为调查对象。通过问卷调查收集社会人口学信息、疫苗临床试验认知情况、参与意愿及动机等情况,采取直接标准化法标准化计算参与意愿率,以非参数检验分析组间资料、有序logistic回归模型分析疫苗临床试验参与意愿的影响因素。

结果

共纳入623份有效问卷,81人(13.00%)愿意参与,336人(53.93%)视情况愿意参与,206人(33.07%)不愿意参与,标准化计算后愿意或视情况愿意参与率为64.56%;不同性别(Z= –2.883)、职业(Z= –2.282)、疫苗临床试验认知情况(Z= –5.731)以及是否有作为受试者参与临床试验的经历(Z= –3.683)比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。年龄组与参与意愿呈相关关系(Rs=0.092,P<0.05);有序logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、认知情况以及是否有作为受试者参与临床试验的经历是疫苗临床试验参与意愿的影响因素。

结论

男性、年龄≥60周岁、低认知程度和无参与临床试验的经历与较低的参与意愿有关。建议在提高认知水平的同时对潜在受试者加以客观引导,强化并健全受试者保护机制,适当突出利他主义动机,以提高实际入组率。

, authors=俞梦璐1, 袁辰1, 陈菊飞2, 诸葛永芬3, 孙海涛4, 王志平5, 刘馨瑜5, 韩亚飞3, 唐安1, *, *, authorsList=俞梦璐, 袁辰, 陈菊飞, 诸葛永芬, 孙海涛, 王志平, 刘馨瑜, 韩亚飞, 唐安, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=唐安, authorNote=

俞梦璐(1994—),主管医师,硕士,研究方向:免疫规划与疫苗针对性疾病防控

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唐安,E-mail:
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俞梦璐(1994—),主管医师,硕士,研究方向:免疫规划与疫苗针对性疾病防控

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ArticleFig(id=1321169582249857129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169571378221069, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Distribution of motivations for unwillingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials, figureFileSmall=5Ot7JEj8sJkg/R1SX03olw==, figureFileBig=EfrPZlFtJgaxGiXQIwmqog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169582337937514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169571378221069, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不愿意参与疫苗临床试验的动机分布, figureFileSmall=5Ot7JEj8sJkg/R1SX03olw==, figureFileBig=EfrPZlFtJgaxGiXQIwmqog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321169582446989419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169571378221069, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Awareness of each item in vaccine clinical trials

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条目正确认知人数正确认知率/%
疫苗临床试验对医学发展有重要意义53085.07
与所有的疫苗一样,临床试验用的疫苗也有可能出现不良反应53085.07
参加疫苗临床试验需要签署知情同意书52884.75
若参加疫苗临床试验,医生会事先告知参加疫苗临床试验的风险和受益51482.50
参加疫苗临床试验需进行一系列体格检查,符合条件的才可进行后续流程51382.34
研究人员会对参与者的个人信息保密50380.74
疫苗临床试验对个人疾病预防有重要意义50280.58
由于个体差异,部分接种试验疫苗的参与者可能不能获得满意的预防效果50080.26
疫苗临床试验需在完成动物实验评价之后,才允许申请进行人体临床试验48177.21
开展疫苗临床试验需要伦理委员会审查45973.68
发生与试验相关的损害时,受试者会得到妥善的医疗处理和相应的补偿45873.52
您如何理解疫苗临床试验的风险与获益44270.95
参与者有权在试验的任意阶段退出试验43970.47
我国有疫苗临床试验相关的法律法规41766.93
参与疫苗临床试验会有交通费和误工费等补助35757.30
), ArticleFig(id=1321169582543458412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169571378221069, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

疫苗临床试验各条目认知情况

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条目正确认知人数正确认知率/%
疫苗临床试验对医学发展有重要意义53085.07
与所有的疫苗一样,临床试验用的疫苗也有可能出现不良反应53085.07
参加疫苗临床试验需要签署知情同意书52884.75
若参加疫苗临床试验,医生会事先告知参加疫苗临床试验的风险和受益51482.50
参加疫苗临床试验需进行一系列体格检查,符合条件的才可进行后续流程51382.34
研究人员会对参与者的个人信息保密50380.74
疫苗临床试验对个人疾病预防有重要意义50280.58
由于个体差异,部分接种试验疫苗的参与者可能不能获得满意的预防效果50080.26
疫苗临床试验需在完成动物实验评价之后,才允许申请进行人体临床试验48177.21
开展疫苗临床试验需要伦理委员会审查45973.68
发生与试验相关的损害时,受试者会得到妥善的医疗处理和相应的补偿45873.52
您如何理解疫苗临床试验的风险与获益44270.95
参与者有权在试验的任意阶段退出试验43970.47
我国有疫苗临床试验相关的法律法规41766.93
参与疫苗临床试验会有交通费和误工费等补助35757.30
), ArticleFig(id=1321169582627344493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169571378221069, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of basic characteristics of research subjects with different willingness to participate

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基本情况分类愿意/人数视情况愿意/人数不愿意/人数统计量值P值
性别Z= –2.8830.004
男性2710192
女性54235114
年龄/周岁Rs=0.092a0.022
18~<4557286144
45~<60174133
≥607929
民族Z= –1.6180.106
汉族79327205
其他民族291
文化程度Rs= –0.012a0.764
初中及以下173042
高中/中专6339
本科/大专49213124
研究生及以上96031
职业Z= –2.2820.022
卫生技术人员206328
非卫生技术人员61273178
婚姻状况Z= –1.1470.252
在婚49202135
其他(未婚/离异/丧偶等)3213471
是否单一医疗保险Z= –1.4420.149
单一77309185
两种及以上42721
家庭人均年收入/万元Rs=0.001a0.978
<2113221
2~<5157342
5~<10239368
10~<15227838
≥15106037
是否有从事医疗卫生行业的亲友Z= –1.7440.081
是4117288
否40164118
认知情况Z= –5.731<0.001
低认知组23146129
高认知组5819077
作为受试者参与临床试验的经历Z= –3.683<0.001
有9162
无72320204
), ArticleFig(id=1321169582723813486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169571378221069, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究对象参与意愿基本情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本情况分类愿意/人数视情况愿意/人数不愿意/人数统计量值P值
性别Z= –2.8830.004
男性2710192
女性54235114
年龄/周岁Rs=0.092a0.022
18~<4557286144
45~<60174133
≥607929
民族Z= –1.6180.106
汉族79327205
其他民族291
文化程度Rs= –0.012a0.764
初中及以下173042
高中/中专6339
本科/大专49213124
研究生及以上96031
职业Z= –2.2820.022
卫生技术人员206328
非卫生技术人员61273178
婚姻状况Z= –1.1470.252
在婚49202135
其他(未婚/离异/丧偶等)3213471
是否单一医疗保险Z= –1.4420.149
单一77309185
两种及以上42721
家庭人均年收入/万元Rs=0.001a0.978
<2113221
2~<5157342
5~<10239368
10~<15227838
≥15106037
是否有从事医疗卫生行业的亲友Z= –1.7440.081
是4117288
否40164118
认知情况Z= –5.731<0.001
低认知组23146129
高认知组5819077
作为受试者参与临床试验的经历Z= –3.683<0.001
有9162
无72320204
), ArticleFig(id=1321169582828671087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169571378221069, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Ordered logistic regression analysis of factors influencing willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials

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变量比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
性别男性女性0.3720.1694.8690.0271.4511.043~2.018
年龄/周岁18~<45≥60−0.6660.3294.0940.0430.5140.270~0.979
45~<60−0.9120.3716.0270.0140.4020.194~0.832
认知情况低认知高认知0.8110.17820.703<0.0012.2501.587~3.190
作为受试者参与临床试验的经历无有1.2910.39210.820<0.0013.6361.685~7.846
), ArticleFig(id=1321169582908362864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1321169571378221069, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

疫苗临床试验参与意愿影响因素的有序logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组β $ S_{\overline{x}} $Wald χ2值P值OR值95%CI
性别男性女性0.3720.1694.8690.0271.4511.043~2.018
年龄/周岁18~<45≥60−0.6660.3294.0940.0430.5140.270~0.979
45~<60−0.9120.3716.0270.0140.4020.194~0.832
认知情况低认知高认知0.8110.17820.703<0.0012.2501.587~3.190
作为受试者参与临床试验的经历无有1.2910.39210.820<0.0013.6361.685~7.846
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舟山市18周岁及以上常住居民疫苗临床试验参与意愿及影响因素分析
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俞梦璐 1 , 袁辰 1 , 陈菊飞 2 , 诸葛永芬 3 , 孙海涛 4 , 王志平 5 , 刘馨瑜 5 , 韩亚飞 3 , 唐安 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——疫苗研究 2025,41(11): 1345-1351
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——疫苗研究 2025 , 41 (11) : 1345 -1351
舟山市18周岁及以上常住居民疫苗临床试验参与意愿及影响因素分析
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俞梦璐1, 袁辰1, 陈菊飞2, 诸葛永芬3, 孙海涛4, 王志平5, 刘馨瑜5, 韩亚飞3, 唐安1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江省舟山市疾病预防控制中心(舟山市卫生监督所),舟山 316021
  • 2浙江省舟山市普陀山社区卫生服务中心,舟山 316107
  • 3浙江省舟山市临城街道社区卫生服务中心,舟山 316021
  • 4浙江省舟山市千岛街道社区卫生服务中心,舟山 316021
  • 5浙江省舟山市岱山县疾病预防控制中心(岱山县卫生监督所),舟山 316200
通讯作者:
唐安,E-mail:
作者简介:

俞梦璐(1994—),主管医师,硕士,研究方向:免疫规划与疫苗针对性疾病防控

Willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials and influencing factors among permanent residents aged 18 years and older in Zhoushan city: a cross-sectional study
Menglu YU1, Chen YUAN1, Jufei CHEN2, Yongfen ZHUGE3, Haitao SUN4, Zhiping WANG5, Xinyu LIU5, Yafei HAN3, An TANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Zhoushan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Zhoushan Institute of Public Health Supervision), Zhoushan 316021, China
  • 2Putuoshan Community Health Service Center, Zhoushan 316107, China
  • 3Lincheng Community Health Service Center, Zhoushan 316021, China
  • 4Qiandao Community Health Service Center, Zhoushan 316021, China
  • 5Daishan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Daishan Institute of Public Health Supervision), Zhoushan 316200, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    TANG An, E-mail:
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147056
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目的

调查浙江省舟山市18周岁及以上常住居民疫苗临床试验参与意愿并分析其影响因素,为进一步提高居民疫苗临床试验参与意愿提供参考依据。

方法

2024年8—11月,采用方便抽样的方法抽取舟山市2个县(区)623名18周岁及以上常住居民为调查对象。通过问卷调查收集社会人口学信息、疫苗临床试验认知情况、参与意愿及动机等情况,采取直接标准化法标准化计算参与意愿率,以非参数检验分析组间资料、有序logistic回归模型分析疫苗临床试验参与意愿的影响因素。

结果

共纳入623份有效问卷,81人(13.00%)愿意参与,336人(53.93%)视情况愿意参与,206人(33.07%)不愿意参与,标准化计算后愿意或视情况愿意参与率为64.56%;不同性别(Z= –2.883)、职业(Z= –2.282)、疫苗临床试验认知情况(Z= –5.731)以及是否有作为受试者参与临床试验的经历(Z= –3.683)比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。年龄组与参与意愿呈相关关系(Rs=0.092,P<0.05);有序logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、认知情况以及是否有作为受试者参与临床试验的经历是疫苗临床试验参与意愿的影响因素。

结论

男性、年龄≥60周岁、低认知程度和无参与临床试验的经历与较低的参与意愿有关。建议在提高认知水平的同时对潜在受试者加以客观引导,强化并健全受试者保护机制,适当突出利他主义动机,以提高实际入组率。

疫苗临床试验  /  参与意愿  /  常住居民  /  影响因素  /  舟山市
Objective

To investigate the willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials among permanent residents aged 18 years and older in Zhoushan city, Zhejiang province, and to analyze its influencing factors, so as to provide a reference for further improving residents' willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials.

Methods

From August to November 2024, 623 permanent residents aged 18 years and older were selected from two counties (districts) in Zhoushan city using a convenience sampling method. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information on socio-demographics, awareness of vaccine clinical trials, willingness to participate, and motivations. The willingness rate was calculated with the direct standardization method. Non-parametric tests were taken to analyze data between groups, and ordered logistic regression models were used to analyze the influencing factors of willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials.

Results

A total of 623 valid questionnaires were included. Eighty-one participants (13.00%) were willing to participate, 336 (53.93%) were conditionally willing to participate, and 206 (33.07%) were unwilling to participate. The standardized rate of willingness or conditional willingness to participate was 64.56%. Statistical differences were found between groups based on gender (Z = –2.883), occupation (Z = –2.282), awareness of vaccine clinical trials (Z = –5.731), and previous experience as a clinical trial participant (Z = –3.683) (all P < 0.05). Age group was correlated with willingness to participate (Rs = 0.092, P < 0.05). Ordered logistic regression analysis showed that gender, age, awareness, and previous experience as a clinical trial participant were influencing factors for willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials.

Conclusions

Male gender, age ≥ 60 years, low awareness, and lack of experience in clinical trials were associated with lower willingness to participate. It is recommended to objectively guide potential participants while improving their awareness, strengthen and improve the participant protection mechanism, and appropriately highlight altruistic motives to increase the actual enrollment rate.

vaccine clinical trials  /  willingness to participate  /  permanent residents  /  influencing factors  /  Zhoushan city
俞梦璐, 袁辰, 陈菊飞, 诸葛永芬, 孙海涛, 王志平, 刘馨瑜, 韩亚飞, 唐安. 舟山市18周岁及以上常住居民疫苗临床试验参与意愿及影响因素分析. 中国公共卫生, 2025 , 41 (11) : 1345 -1351 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147056
Menglu YU, Chen YUAN, Jufei CHEN, Yongfen ZHUGE, Haitao SUN, Zhiping WANG, Xinyu LIU, Yafei HAN, An TANG. Willingness to participate in vaccine clinical trials and influencing factors among permanent residents aged 18 years and older in Zhoushan city: a cross-sectional study[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2025 , 41 (11) : 1345 -1351 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147056
药物临床试验是为确定药物安全性与有效性在人体开展的药物研究[1],疫苗是国家实行特殊管理的药品种类之一。近年来,随着各种流行性疾病的频繁暴发,尤其是新型冠状病毒感染疫情的大流行为疫苗行业发展提供了新的契机。截至2022年12月底,全球正在研发的候选疫苗达966种,主要集中在美国、中国和西欧国家[2],疫苗临床试验数量呈逐年增加的态势[3–4]。近年来,我国出台多项利好政策支持生物医药发展[5–6]。据统计,每年约有50万人参加药物临床试验[7]。临床试验为药品监督管理部门的疫苗审批提供了重要依据,是疫苗从实验室走向公众的必经环节之一。招募足量受试者和保持随访队伍是当前开展临床试验的两大挑战[8]。2024年8—11月,本研究对浙江省舟山市18周岁及以上常住居民疫苗临床试验参与意愿及影响因素进行调查分析。为进一步提高居民疫苗临床试验参与意愿、促进疫苗临床试验项目的开展提供科学依据。
在舟山市下辖的2区、2县中随机抽取2个县(区),再各随机抽取2个街道/乡镇,在当地学校、社区卫生服务中心/卫生院、菜市场等人口较为密集的区域附近采取方便抽样的方法抽取常住居民为调查对象。纳入标准:年龄≥18周岁;在本市有固定住所,且连续居住时间≥6个月;自愿参与并能配合调查。排除标准:有精神障碍或无法表达真实意愿者。本研究通过舟山市疾病预防控制中心医学伦理委员会审查(编号:Zs23–06)。
采用统一编制的调查问卷进行调查。调查问卷主要包含以下内容:(1)社会人口学信息,包括性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、职业、婚姻状况、医保情况、家庭人均年收入、是否有医疗行业亲友等。(2)疫苗临床试验认知情况:共有15个小题,每题1分、满分15分,包括对疫苗临床试验风险与获益的理解、开展疫苗临床试验的意义、相关法律法规、伦理委员会、实施流程、知情同意、随时退出的权利、不良反应、权利保障、相关补助及补偿、信息保密等。15个小题均设置为选择题,其中,“您如何理解疫苗临床试验的风险与获益?”这一条目得分判定标准为选择“参加疫苗临床试验对受试者而言风险与获益并存”得1分,选择其他错误选项或“不清楚”不得分;其余条目得分判定标准均为选择“是”,得1分,选择“否”或“不清楚”不得分。(3)疫苗临床试验参与意愿:分为“愿意参与”“视情况愿意”和“不愿意参与”3项。其中,“愿意参与”“视情况愿意”的动机包括:①减少相应疾病的感染风险;②希望得到一定的经济补偿;③希望能免费做些检查;④愿意为医学事业作出贡献;⑤出于对研究机构或医生的信任;⑥担心拒绝后会影响医生与自己的关系;⑦有亲友参加过临床试验;⑧增加相关科研经历和体验;⑨其他(此项为开放题)。“不愿意参与”的动机包括:①不愿成为科学研究的“小白鼠”;②担心疫苗保护效果不佳;③担心接种后发生不良反应;④担心自己被分在对照组;⑤对研究机构或医生不信任;⑥担心自身权益无法保障;⑦持续时间过长或随访次数多会影响工作生活;⑧担心家人不同意;⑨担心交通不便;⑩担心检查项目额外收费;⑪担心个人信息泄露;⑫其他(此项为开放题)。
初步设计问卷后进行两轮专家咨询,并对问卷内容进行预调查(20份),根据专家意见及预调查的反馈结果修改并完善问卷。
统一培训问卷调查人员,包括沟通技巧、调查注意事项等内容。
问卷当场回收,每日完成调查后,由质检员检查收集的问卷,有关键字段缺失或存在逻辑错误的问卷予以作废处理。
采用Epi data 3.1软件录入问卷数据,SPSS 26.0软件统计并分析数据。根据最终得分对“疫苗临床试验认知情况”部分予以分类。分类标准:将所有纳入对象的得分排序,以中位数为界值,得分大于等于中位数者归为“高认知组”,小于中位数者归为“低认知组”。根据第7次人口普查获得的舟山市人口性别相关数据[9],采用直接标准化法对参与意愿率进行标准化计算。采用中位数及四分位数间距[M(Q25~Q75)]描述不服从正态分布的定量资料、相对数描述定性资料,采用Mann-Whitney U检验和Spearman秩相关分析比较组间资料。以疫苗临床试验参与意愿为因变量(1=愿意,2=视情况愿意,3=不愿意),性别、年龄组、职业、疫苗临床试验认知情况以及是否有作为受试者参与临床试验的经历为自变量,采用有序logistic回归模型分析疫苗临床试验参与意愿的影响因素。检验水准为双侧α=0.05。
本次调查共发放问卷672份,获得有效问卷623份,问卷有效率92.71%。623名研究对象中,男性220人(35.31%)、女性403人(64.69%);汉族611人(98.07%);年龄M(Q25~Q75)为32.00(25.00~42.00)岁;本科/大专文化程度386人(61.96%);卫生专业技术人员111人(17.82%),其余为非卫生专业技术人员;婚姻状况以在婚人群为主,为386人(61.96%);仅单一种险类保为571人(91.65%);家庭人均年收入以5万~10万为主,为184人(29.53%);有从事医疗行业的亲友301人(48.31%);未作为受试者参加过临床试验596人(95.67%)。
疫苗临床试验认知得分M(Q25~Q75)为14.00(10.00~15.00)分,其中高认知组325人(52.17%)、低认知组298人(47.83%)。在各条目中,正确认知率排前3项分别为:“疫苗临床试验对医学发展有重要意义”(530人,85.07%),“与所有的疫苗一样,临床试验用的疫苗也有可能出现不良反应”(530人,85.07%),“参加疫苗临床试验需要签署知情同意书”(528人,84.75%)。正确认知率排末3项的分别为:“参与疫苗临床试验会有交通费和误工费等补助”(357人,57.30%),“我国有疫苗临床试验相关的法律法规”(417人,66.93%),“参与者有权在试验的任意阶段退出试验”(439人,70.47%)。
不同性别(Z= –2.883)、职业(Z= –2.282)、疫苗临床试验认知情况(Z= –5.731)以及是否有作为受试者参与临床试验的经历(Z= –3.683)比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);不同年龄组与参与意愿呈相关关系(Rs=0.092,P<0.05)。有序logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、认知情况以及是否有作为受试者参与临床试验的经历为疫苗临床试验参与意愿的影响因素。男性、高年龄、低认知程度和无参与临床试验的经历与较低的参与意愿有关。
经统计,81人(13.00%)愿意参与,336人(53.93%)视情况愿意参与,206人(33.07%)不愿意参与。愿意或视情况愿意参与率为66.93%,按舟山市实际人口性别比例,标准化计算后的愿意或视情况愿意参与率为64.56%。“愿意参与”“视情况愿意”的动机前3项分别为“减少相应疾病的感染风险”(336人,80.58%)、“愿意为医学事业作出贡献”(185人,44.36%)和“希望能免费做些检查”(159人,38.13%)。“不愿意参与”的动机前3项分别为“担心自己被分在对照组”(156人,75.73%)、“不愿成为科学研究的‘小白鼠’”(118人,57.28%)和“担心疫苗效果不佳”(104人,50.49%)。
疫苗临床试验相对于治疗性药物的临床试验而言有其独特性:(1)疫苗成分来源于活生物体,对人体作用复杂且存在不确定性;(2)疫苗临床试验的目标人群是暴露在自然环境中的健康自然人,无针对性疾病的治疗需求;(3)疫苗临床试验的样本量相对较大,如Ⅲ期疫苗临床试验最小样本量为500人;(4)结局指标不同。疫苗临床试验的结局指标一般是抗体阳转率、抗体的持续时间等,随访持续时间较药物临床试验更长。以上这些特点决定了疫苗临床试验的受试者招募会更加困难,在试验过程中更易脱落,整体组织实施过程更为复杂,质量管控的要求也更为严格。
由于本研究采用方便抽样,调查对象性别比例与实际存在一定差异。为减少此差异带来的影响,根据第7次人口普查相关数据[9],采用直接标准化法调整数据结果。标化后愿意或视情况愿意参与率为64.56%,与未考虑实际性别比例情况下的率(66.93%)相比更贴近实际情况。本研究整体参与意愿与先前临床试验参与意愿的相关研究结果基本一致。Chapagain R H等[10]的研究结果显示,有67.7%的父母同意子女接受疫苗临床试验;Kitonsa J等[11]对乌干达卫生保健工作人员的一项研究显示,其总体参与意愿为70.2%。Wang L等[7]在中国北方内陆城市的调查显示,参与意愿为52.9%。本研究将愿意参与的情况进一步细分,417人中有336人(53.93%)选择“视情况愿意参与”,表明目前大部分居民对选择是否参与疫苗临床试验处于摇摆状态。
“疫苗临床试验认知情况”部分包含15个维度的考量,认知排名前3项分别为对医学发展的意义、不良反应和知情同意3个方面。新型冠状病毒感染疫情期间大规模的人群接种使得居民对于疫苗预防接种、可能引起的不良反应及“知情自愿”原则的敏感性有所提升。这3项都是基于实际经验(如携带儿童接种疫苗、本人接种疫苗等经历)得到的对临床试验的认知;而相关补助、相关法律法规和随时退出的权利这3项的认知程度位列末3位。这3项均与潜在受试者自主权益的保护密切相关,对于普通居民而言较为生疏。适当的经济补偿是促使受试者参与临床试验的原因之一[12–14]。对交通费、误工费等补助的正确认知率不高,提示研究者在招募受试者时应当明确告知,以提高受试者参与度。《药物临床试验质量管理规范》强调受试者的权益和安全是考虑的首要因素[15],优先于科学和社会获益。尽管相关法律和规范的不断完善对受试者权益起到一定保护作用,但在临床试验实施过程中,受试者处于专业弱势,所具备的专业素养、掌握的信息与研究方或承办方极不对称;且法律保护仍存在滞后性[16],容易出现知情落实难和维权困难的问题。值得注意的是,有学者指出,过于详尽的告知会加重受试者的顾虑[17]。在落实知情同意过程中需把握好知情同意告知的方式方法,并加以客观引导。研究者如实和通俗易懂的知情告知和受试者充分理解自身权益并实现“自主决断”,两者缺一不可。
多因素分析发现,男性、高年龄组、低认知程度和无参与临床试验的经历与较低的参与意愿有关。研究结果显示,在性别方面,男性参与意愿低于女性,这与马大力等[18]的研究结果相反。可能是由于女性比男性有更多的可能陪同儿童接种预防性疫苗或作为就医同行人员前往医疗机构,与男性相比更关注健康与疾病预防,可能具备更高的疫苗素养,对疫苗及预防接种的重要性有更佳认知,因此,有更高的参与意愿;而男性在选择是否参与疫苗临床试验时则更为谨慎。目前,国内外对中年群体的年龄范围尚无统一划分标准。参考多项针对中老年人群的研究中[19–22],对年龄范围的界定以及国际衡量人口老龄化的标准[23],本研究将调查对象分为18~<45周岁(青年组)、45~<60周岁(中年组)及≥60周岁(老年组)。≥60周岁人群的参与意愿低于18~<45周岁和45~<60周岁,一是因为≥60岁人群社交面较为狭窄,对新生事物接受能力差,甚至此前可能未听说过疫苗临床试验的概念,更谈不上表达是否愿意参与的意愿;二是因为不少老年人考虑到身体健康状况的因素,在当前无疾病治疗需求的前提下不愿意冒健康风险,认为接种疫苗可能会产生不良反应,而不愿意接种。低认知组的疫苗临床试验参与意愿也低,与其他研究结果一致[13,24–25]。面对专业性较强的临床试验时,认知更低的潜在受试者做出是否参与的决定将更为谨慎。无临床试验参与经历者对临床试验的目的、流程、可能的风险与获益、权益保障等认知水平低于有相关经历的人,因此,参与意愿也更低。
愿意或视情况愿意参与的首要动机是“减少相应疾病的感染风险”。尽管在疫苗犹豫背景下,各种信息和观念借助新媒体平台对居民产生了潜移默化的影响,但大部分调查对象依旧认为接种疫苗可以减少疾病感染风险,愿意通过参与疫苗临床试验而获得一定的保护;其次是“愿意为医学事业作出贡献”,反映了潜在受试者整体上对于疫苗临床试验的态度较为积极,属于伦理学范畴内的利他主义行为[18];排第三位的为“希望能免费做些检查”,说明潜在受试者在利他主义的驱动下对自身健康的关注度也在增加。潜在受试者不愿参与主要是“因为担心自己被分在对照组”“不愿成为科学研究的‘小白鼠’”和“担心疫苗效果不佳”。这3项的选择人数均超过一半,由于现阶段处于试验阶段的疫苗主要为预防性疫苗,受试者自身为相对健康的人群,在短期内难以感知到预防疾病的效果。因此,在选择是否愿意参与时相对更关注“自身获益”,如果分在对照组或效果不佳可能会让潜在受试者失去参与意愿。
综上所述,在当前受“疫苗犹豫”观念影响的社会大环境下,潜在受试者对疫苗临床试验整体上呈积极的态度,男性、年龄≥60周岁、低认知程度和无参与临床试验的经历与较低的参与意愿有关。需要在提高认知水平的同时对潜在受试者加以客观引导,强化并健全受试者保护机制,适当突出利他主义动机[14],以提高实际入组率。本研究也存在一定局限性:第一,尽管本研究结果显示了较高的愿意和视情况愿意参与率,但现实世界中最终选择“参与”或“不参与”还受到很多实际情况的影响,实际愿意参与的比例可能不如预期;第二,本研究采用方便抽样,在学校、社区卫生服务中心等人口密集处偶遇到女性的人数较多,基于当前样本特征,性别差异的结论外推性受限;第三,在进行问卷调查时,有一部分调查对象(主要是老年人)因对疫苗临床试验缺乏概念认知,无法理解题意而造成拒答,影响真实意愿的表达。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147056
  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-25
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
  • 修回日期:2025-04-22
  • 录用日期:2025-07-09
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    1浙江省舟山市疾病预防控制中心(舟山市卫生监督所),舟山 316021
    2浙江省舟山市普陀山社区卫生服务中心,舟山 316107
    3浙江省舟山市临城街道社区卫生服务中心,舟山 316021
    4浙江省舟山市千岛街道社区卫生服务中心,舟山 316021
    5浙江省舟山市岱山县疾病预防控制中心(岱山县卫生监督所),舟山 316200

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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