Article(id=1320442711551881873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442616123081022, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1147607, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=1749657600000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-12, acceptedDate=1756310400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-28, onlineDate=1792747675072, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747675072, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747675072, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747675072, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442616123081022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747652321, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748136930, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444648791851086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442616123081022, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444648791851087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442616123081022, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=96, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442711765791378, articleId=1320442711551881873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Intestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and associated factors in rural residents in Weifang: a cross-sectional survey, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the intestinal colonization rate of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among rural residents in Weifang city, Shandong province and identify the associated factors, thereby providing evidence for the prevention and control of drug-resistant bacteria at the community level.

Methods

In November 2023, a multi-stage stratified random sampling method was employed to select 833 rural residents from 12 villages in Weifang city, Shandong province. Questionnaire surveys and fecal sample CRE detection were conducted. The colonization rate of CRE in the intestine and the associated factors were analyzed.

Results

Among the 767 rural residents ultimately included in the analysis, 59 individuals had fecal samples that tested positive for CRE, resulting in an intestinal colonization rate of CRE being 7.69%. Among the 59 samples that tested positive for CRE strains, 38, 5, 5, 4, 4, 2, and 1 samples were positive for Escherichia coli (64.41%), Escherichia albertii (8.47%), Enterobacter hormaechei (8.47%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.78%), Proteus mirabilis (6.78%), Citrobacter freundii (3.39%), and Klebsiella variicola (1.69%), respectively. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis revealed that drinking unboiled well water or tap water (OR = 3.36, 95%CI: 1.16–9.71) and using animal manure as fertilizer (OR = 2.10, 95%CI: 1.05–4.24) were positively correlated with the intestinal colonization rate of CRE among rural residents in Weifang city. In contrast, handwashing after using the toilet (OR = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.15–0.70) and using an indoor toilet (OR = 0.18, 95%CI: 0.05–0.73) were negatively correlated with the intestinal colonization rate.

Conclusions

The intestinal colonization rate of CRE is high among rural residents in Weifang city, Shandong province, with E. coli being the predominant species. Drinking unboiled well water or tap water, using animal manure as fertilizer, handwashing habits after using the toilet, and using an indoor toilet are significantly associated with CRE colonization in the local rural population.

, authors=Shaoshuai WU1, Zengqiang KOU2, Weijia XING1, Shuang WANG2, Huaning ZHANG2, Ziqing LIU2, Xiaolin YU2, Yuzhen CHEN2, Ming FANG2, Jian LÜ2, Lixiao CHENG2, Yun ZHANG1, authorsList=Shaoshuai WU, Zengqiang KOU, Weijia XING, Shuang WANG, Huaning ZHANG, Ziqing LIU, Xiaolin YU, Yuzhen CHEN, Ming FANG, Jian LÜ, Lixiao CHENG, Yun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zengqiang KOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
KOU Zengqiang, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442712017449619, articleId=1320442711551881873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=潍坊市农村居民碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌肠道定植情况及相关因素:一项横断面调查, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解山东省潍坊市农村居民碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)肠道定植情况及其相关因素,为基层社区耐药菌的防控提供依据。

方法

于2023年11月采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法在潍坊市抽取12个村的833名农村居民进行问卷调查和粪便样本CRE检测,分析CRE肠道定植情况及相关因素。

结果

潍坊市最终纳入分析的767名农村居民中,粪便样本检测出CRE者59人,CRE肠道定植率为7.69%;检出的59份CRE菌株样本中,大肠埃希菌38份(64.41%),人型埃希氏菌5份(8.47%),霍氏肠杆菌5份(8.47%),肺炎克雷伯氏菌4份(6.78%),奇异变形杆菌4份(6.78%),弗氏柠檬酸杆菌2份(3.39%),变栖克雷伯菌1份(1.69%);多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,饮用未煮沸的井水/自来水(OR=3.36,95%CI=1.16~9.71)和使用动物粪便施肥(OR=2.10,95%CI=1.05~4.24)潍坊市农村居民的CRE肠道定植率较高,如厕后洗手(OR=0.32,95%CI=0.15~0.70)和使用室内厕所(OR=0.18,95%CI=0.05~0.73)潍坊市农村居民的CRE肠道定植率较低。

结论

山东省潍坊市农村居民CRE肠道定植率处于较高水平,主要菌种为大肠埃希菌,饮用未煮沸的井水或自来水、使用动物粪便施肥、如厕后洗手和使用室内厕所与当地农村居民CRE定植显著相关。

, authors=吴绍帅1, 寇增强2, *, *, 邢薇佳1, 王爽2, 张华宁2, 刘子卿2, 于晓琳2, 陈玉贞2, 房明2, 吕健2, 程立肖2, 张芸1, authorsList=吴绍帅, 寇增强, 邢薇佳, 王爽, 张华宁, 刘子卿, 于晓琳, 陈玉贞, 房明, 吕健, 程立肖, 张芸, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=寇增强, authorNote=

吴绍帅(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

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寇增强,E-mail:
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Comparison of intestinal colonization of CRE among rural residents with different characteristics in Weifang city, Shandong province

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特征项目调查人数CRE定植例数CRE定植率/%χ2值P值
性别男性514458.752.480.12
女性253145.53
年龄/岁<60214167.482.110.35
60~69289279.34
≥70264166.06
文化程度文盲/半文盲287186.271.420.49
小学293268.87
初中及以上187158.02
养殖户否562376.583.640.06
是2052210.73
平时常接触动物否554397.041.200.27
是213209.39
饮用未煮沸的井水/自来水否14742.726.33<0.01
是620558.87
如厕后洗手否991212.123.140.08
是668477.04
知晓抗生素否660527.880.230.63
是10776.54
知晓耐药菌否708496.924.520.10
是591016.95
粪便施肥情况不使用粪便施肥543366.6312.30<0.01
使用人粪便施肥6722.99
使用动物粪便施肥941515.96
使用人和动物粪便混合施肥6369.52
使用厕所类型户外公用厕所671014.936.500.04
院内独立厕所607457.41
室内厕所9344.30
), ArticleFig(id=1320442718858359519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442711551881873, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

山东省潍坊市不同特征农村居民CRE肠道定植情况比较

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特征项目调查人数CRE定植例数CRE定植率/%χ2值P值
性别男性514458.752.480.12
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年龄/岁<60214167.482.110.35
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知晓抗生素否660527.880.230.63
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使用厕所类型户外公用厕所671014.936.500.04
院内独立厕所607457.41
室内厕所9344.30
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吴绍帅 1 , 寇增强 2, *, * , 邢薇佳 1 , 王爽 2 , 张华宁 2 , 刘子卿 2 , 于晓琳 2 , 陈玉贞 2 , 房明 2 , 吕健 2 , 程立肖 2 , 张芸 1
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2026,42(1): 96-100
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2026 , 42 (1) : 96 -100
潍坊市农村居民碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌肠道定植情况及相关因素:一项横断面调查
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吴绍帅1, 寇增强2, *, * , 邢薇佳1, 王爽2, 张华宁2, 刘子卿2, 于晓琳2, 陈玉贞2, 房明2, 吕健2, 程立肖2, 张芸1
作者信息
  • 1山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院),济南 250117
  • 2山东省疾病预防控制中心传染病防制所 山东省预防医学研究院 山东省传染病智慧化监测预警和防控重点实验室(筹),济南 250014
通讯作者:
寇增强,E-mail:
作者简介:

吴绍帅(2001—),硕士在读,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

Intestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and associated factors in rural residents in Weifang: a cross-sectional survey
Shaoshuai WU1, Zengqiang KOU2 , Weijia XING1, Shuang WANG2, Huaning ZHANG2, Ziqing LIU2, Xiaolin YU2, Yuzhen CHEN2, Ming FANG2, Jian LÜ2, Lixiao CHENG2, Yun ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
  • 2Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Institute of Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Shandong Institute of Preventive Medicine/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Jinan 250014, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    KOU Zengqiang, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147607
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目的

了解山东省潍坊市农村居民碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)肠道定植情况及其相关因素,为基层社区耐药菌的防控提供依据。

方法

于2023年11月采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法在潍坊市抽取12个村的833名农村居民进行问卷调查和粪便样本CRE检测,分析CRE肠道定植情况及相关因素。

结果

潍坊市最终纳入分析的767名农村居民中,粪便样本检测出CRE者59人,CRE肠道定植率为7.69%;检出的59份CRE菌株样本中,大肠埃希菌38份(64.41%),人型埃希氏菌5份(8.47%),霍氏肠杆菌5份(8.47%),肺炎克雷伯氏菌4份(6.78%),奇异变形杆菌4份(6.78%),弗氏柠檬酸杆菌2份(3.39%),变栖克雷伯菌1份(1.69%);多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,饮用未煮沸的井水/自来水(OR=3.36,95%CI=1.16~9.71)和使用动物粪便施肥(OR=2.10,95%CI=1.05~4.24)潍坊市农村居民的CRE肠道定植率较高,如厕后洗手(OR=0.32,95%CI=0.15~0.70)和使用室内厕所(OR=0.18,95%CI=0.05~0.73)潍坊市农村居民的CRE肠道定植率较低。

结论

山东省潍坊市农村居民CRE肠道定植率处于较高水平,主要菌种为大肠埃希菌,饮用未煮沸的井水或自来水、使用动物粪便施肥、如厕后洗手和使用室内厕所与当地农村居民CRE定植显著相关。

碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)  /  肠道定植情况  /  农村居民  /  潍坊市
Objective

To investigate the intestinal colonization rate of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among rural residents in Weifang city, Shandong province and identify the associated factors, thereby providing evidence for the prevention and control of drug-resistant bacteria at the community level.

Methods

In November 2023, a multi-stage stratified random sampling method was employed to select 833 rural residents from 12 villages in Weifang city, Shandong province. Questionnaire surveys and fecal sample CRE detection were conducted. The colonization rate of CRE in the intestine and the associated factors were analyzed.

Results

Among the 767 rural residents ultimately included in the analysis, 59 individuals had fecal samples that tested positive for CRE, resulting in an intestinal colonization rate of CRE being 7.69%. Among the 59 samples that tested positive for CRE strains, 38, 5, 5, 4, 4, 2, and 1 samples were positive for Escherichia coli (64.41%), Escherichia albertii (8.47%), Enterobacter hormaechei (8.47%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.78%), Proteus mirabilis (6.78%), Citrobacter freundii (3.39%), and Klebsiella variicola (1.69%), respectively. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis revealed that drinking unboiled well water or tap water (OR = 3.36, 95%CI: 1.16–9.71) and using animal manure as fertilizer (OR = 2.10, 95%CI: 1.05–4.24) were positively correlated with the intestinal colonization rate of CRE among rural residents in Weifang city. In contrast, handwashing after using the toilet (OR = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.15–0.70) and using an indoor toilet (OR = 0.18, 95%CI: 0.05–0.73) were negatively correlated with the intestinal colonization rate.

Conclusions

The intestinal colonization rate of CRE is high among rural residents in Weifang city, Shandong province, with E. coli being the predominant species. Drinking unboiled well water or tap water, using animal manure as fertilizer, handwashing habits after using the toilet, and using an indoor toilet are significantly associated with CRE colonization in the local rural population.

carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)  /  intestinal colonization status  /  rural residents  /  Weifang city
吴绍帅, 寇增强, 邢薇佳, 王爽, 张华宁, 刘子卿, 于晓琳, 陈玉贞, 房明, 吕健, 程立肖, 张芸. 潍坊市农村居民碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌肠道定植情况及相关因素:一项横断面调查. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (1) : 96 -100 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147607
Shaoshuai WU, Zengqiang KOU, Weijia XING, Shuang WANG, Huaning ZHANG, Ziqing LIU, Xiaolin YU, Yuzhen CHEN, Ming FANG, Jian LÜ, Lixiao CHENG, Yun ZHANG. Intestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and associated factors in rural residents in Weifang: a cross-sectional survey[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (1) : 96 -100 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147607
耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, CRE)因其多重耐药特性和高致死率,已成为全球公共卫生领域的重大威胁[1–3]。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)将其列为“紧急优先病原体”,并警示其蔓延可能使现代医学倒退至“前抗生素时代”[4]。研究表明,CRE主要引发医院获得性感染(如血流感染、肺炎及手术部位感染),死亡率高达37.2%[1]。然而,近年来其传播途径已突破传统医院感染的边界,在健康人群和社区环境中形成复杂传播链[5]。越南的一项关于农村社区的研究显示,健康居民中CRE肠道定植率为0.6%,而近期使用抗生素的个体定植风险骤升至4.2%,其全基因组单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)聚类分析进一步揭示医疗机构与社区间存在耐药菌传播链[6]。在农村地区,对耐药菌的关注度相对较低。有研究表明,山东省潍坊市农村社区居民中已检出多重耐药的碳青霉烯类阴沟肠杆菌(carbapenem-resistant enterobacter cloacae, CR-ECL),且该菌株的耐药基因具有较高的传播潜力[7]。本课题组前期研究亦表明,山东省潍坊市农村居民CRE携带率快速上升,从2015年的2.4%上升至2017年的13.4%[8],但影响该地区农村居民CRE定植的相关因素尚不明确。为了解潍坊市农村居民CRE肠道定植情况及其相关因素,为基层耐药菌的防控提供线索,本研究于2023年11月采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法在潍坊市抽取12个村的833名农村居民进行问卷调查和粪便样本CRE检测,分析其CRE肠道定植情况及其相关因素。结果报告如下。
采用多阶段分层随机抽样。首先,在山东省潍坊市某县级市根据东、南、西、北4个地理位置各随机抽取村庄规模>100户数的3个村,共12个村作为样本村;其次,在抽中的12个村采用随机数字表法分别抽取60~75户作为样本户;最后,从抽中的样本户中分别随机抽取1名在该地区居住≥6个月、具有正常理解与交流能力、2周内无抗生素使用史且未患肠道相关疾病、≥18岁非抗生素相关行业从业的居民作为调查对象,进行问卷调查和粪便样本CRE检测。本研究经山东省疾病预防控制中心预防医学伦理委员会审查批准[批号:SDJK(K)2024–039–01]。所有调查对象均签署了知情同意书。本次应调查833人,实际有效调查767人,有效应答率为92.08%。
(1)问卷调查:采用自行设计的调查问卷,由经过统一培训的调查员进行面访调查,内容包括:性别、年龄、文化程度、是否为养殖户、平时是否常接触动物、是否饮用未煮沸的井水/自来水、如厕后是否洗手、是否知晓抗生素、是否知晓耐药菌、使用粪便施肥情况和使用厕所类型等。(2)粪便样本采集:由经过统一培训的调查员在调查前1天将eSwab粪便采样管(意大利COPAN公司)送至调查对象家中对调查对象进行样本采集操作的培训,第2天回收粪便样本后,参照危地马拉抗菌药物耐药性研究项目(Antimicrobial Resistance in Communities and Hospitals, ARCH)的标准化方案[9],将采样管低温保存并转运至山东省疾病预防控制中心生物安全Ⅱ级实验室,−80 ℃冰箱保存待检。(3)CRE检测:首先使用无菌取菌环将新鲜粪便样本分区划线于CRE显色培养基,37 ℃过夜培养进行初筛;随后用无菌取菌环挑选不同形态、颜色的单菌落于脑心浸出液琼脂培养基,分离纯化后采用MALDI Biotyper sirius基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱仪(德国BRUKER公司)进行菌种鉴定;纯化鉴定后的菌株保存于30%甘油肉汤,−80 ℃冻存备用[10];最后进行改良碳青霉烯灭活试验(modified carbapenem inactivation method, mCIM)[11]确认表型。将待测菌株制成0.5麦氏浊度菌悬液,取10 μL加入2 mL胰蛋白胨肉汤中,混匀后浸入1片美罗培南药敏片,35 ℃孵育4 h;离心后取药敏片贴于穆勒–辛顿琼脂平板(Mueller-Hinton Agar, MHA),均匀涂布大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922,35 ℃孵育18 h。若抑菌圈直径≤15 mm为阳性,提示产碳青霉烯酶[12]。
采用Excel 2024建立数据库双录入数据,应用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行一般描述性分析、χ2检验和多因素非条件logistic回归分析。检验水准为双侧检验α=0.05。
山东省潍坊市最终纳入分析的767名农村居民中,男性514人(67.0%),女性253人(33.0%);年龄<60岁214人(27.9%),60~69岁289人(37.7%),≥70岁264人(34.4%);文化程度文盲/半文盲287人(37.4%),小学293人(38.2%),初中及以上187人(24.4%);非养殖户562人(73.3%),养殖户205人(26.7%);平时不常接触动物554人(72.2%),常接触动物213人(27.8%);不饮用未煮沸的井水/自来水620人(80.8%),饮用未煮沸的井水/自来水147人(19.2%);如厕后不洗手99人(12.9%),洗手668人(87.1%);不知晓抗生素660人(86.0%),知晓抗生素107人(14.0%);不知晓耐药菌708人(92.3%),知晓耐药菌59人(7.7%);不使用粪便施肥543人(70.8%),使用人粪便施肥67人(8.7%),使用动物粪便施肥94人(12.3%),使用人和动物粪便混合施肥63人(8.2%);使用户外公用厕所67人(8.7%),院内独立厕所607人(79.1%),室内厕所93人(12.1%)。
山东省潍坊市最终纳入分析的767名农村居民中,粪便样本检测出CRE者59人,CRE肠道定植率为7.69%;检出的59份CRE菌株样本中,大肠埃希菌38份(64.41%),人型埃希氏菌5份(8.47%),霍氏肠杆菌5份(8.47%),肺炎克雷伯氏菌4份(6.78%),奇异变形杆菌4份(6.78%),弗氏柠檬酸杆菌2份(3.39%),变栖克雷伯菌1份(1.69%)。潍坊市不同特征农村居民比较,不同粪便施肥情况、使用厕所类型以及是否饮用未煮沸的井水/自来水的农村居民CRE肠道定植率不同,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
以山东省潍坊市农村居民是否CRE肠道定植为因变量(0=否,1 =是),以性别、年龄、文化程度、是否为养殖户、平时是否常接触动物、是否饮用未煮沸的井水/自来水、如厕后是否洗手、是否知晓抗生素、是否知晓耐药菌、使用粪便施肥情况和使用厕所类型共11个因素为自变量进行多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果显示,饮用未煮沸的井水/自来水(OR=3.36,95%CI=1.16~9.71)和使用动物粪便施肥(OR=2.10,95%CI=1.05~4.24)潍坊市农村居民CRE定植率较高(P<0.05);如厕后洗手(OR=0.32,95%CI=0.15~0.70)和使用室内厕所(OR=0.18,95%CI=0.05~0.73)潍坊市农村居民CRE定植率较低(P < 0.05)。
本次调查结果显示,山东省潍坊市农村居民的CRE肠道定植率为7.69%,明显高于2017年潍坊农村居民CRE肠道定植率的0.96%[7]、越南农村社区健康居民的0.6%[6]以及非洲系统性综述报道中的2.6%[1]。然而,与国内其他人群相比,该定植率与中国血液病患者的CRE肠道定植率8.1%[4]较为接近,但显著低于刘银梅等[13]meta分析中重症监护病房、造血干细胞移植和肿瘤等高危患者23.0%~28.0%的CRE肠道定植率。提示潍坊市农村居民的CRE肠道定植率虽处于较高水平,但尚未达到国内临床高危人群的定植率水平。
本研究中,潍坊市农村居民的抗生素知晓率仅14.0% ,远低于杜思娴等[14]在中国21个省份开展的研究中62.3%的抗生素知晓率,提示农村地区需加强抗生素相关知识的普及和开展相关健康教育工作。本研究发现,是否为养殖户与CRE定植的关联差异无统计学意义(P=0.06)。此前已有研究表明,山东省农村养殖地区的超广谱β–内酰胺酶肠杆菌科细菌耐药情况严重,其携带率高达82.5%[15]。提示需持续关注农村地区养殖户耐药菌定植情况。此外,CRE已在全球范围内广泛流行,我国也属于CRE高流行国家之一[16]。而我国农村社区的老龄化程度远超全国[17]。虽然本研究未观察到年龄与CRE定植率的显著关联(P=0.35),但考虑到纳入人群以老年人为主,且高龄是CRE定植的潜在风险因素[18]。因此,持续关注该人群肠道耐药菌定植情况仍有重要意义。
本研究多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,饮用未煮沸的井水/自来水(OR=3.36,95%CI=1.16~9.71)和使用动物粪便施肥(OR=2.10,95%CI=1.05~4.24)潍坊市农村居民的CRE肠道定植率较高;而如厕后洗手(OR=0.32,95%CI=0.15~0.70)和使用室内厕所(OR=0.18,95%CI=0.05~0.73)潍坊市农村居民的CRE肠道定植率则较低,这与马拉维[19]、伊朗[20]和加纳[21]等国家的研究具有高度一致性,共同支持了卫生设施不足和卫生习惯欠缺是社区耐药菌传播的重要关联因素。这些发现不仅为医疗机构耐药菌感染防控研究[22–23]提供了社区层面的科学依据,也间接佐证了世界卫生组织提倡的水、卫生和清洁策略(Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, WASH)在社区与医疗环境中的普适价值[24–25],凸显了全球范围内通过改善WASH条件来防控耐药菌传播策略的重要性。
同时,耐药基因可以借助基因水平转移等方式在人、动物和环境中循环传播,增加人类摄入耐药基因的风险[26]。提示农村地区CRE定植可能涉及个人卫生行为、动物宿主暴露与环境因素等多个相互关联的层面。首先,在农村生产环境中,未经处理的动物粪便作为肥料使用可能通过环境介质(如土壤和水体)形成潜在的传播链。研究表明,动物粪便中的抗生素抗性细菌所携带的抗性基因(antibiotic resistant genes, ARGs)是土壤中ARGs的重要来源,未处理的粪肥肥料的施用会导致抗性细菌和潜在的人类病原菌进入土壤[27],进而增加环境中耐药菌的定植风险。其次,在宿主层面,家畜家禽作为耐药菌的潜在储存库,其粪便中含有大量耐药抗性基因,这些基因不仅污染了养殖环境,还通过粪肥施用进入农田土壤,进一步扩大了耐药菌的传播范围,对整体环境和人类健康构成潜在威胁[28]。这一现象与山东省农村地区人类与家禽及家畜之间CRE传播的研究结论一致[29];而Kedišaletše M等[1]的系统综述则提供了更广泛的跨地域证据支持,证实了人兽共患病传播风险管控的紧迫性,提示需关注人群—环境—动物传播链[8,26,29]。最后,在个体卫生行为层面,提高手卫生依从性可显著降低多重耐药菌的感染和定植率[13],支持了本研究中如厕后规范洗手农村居民CRE定植率较低的结论,表明如厕后未规范洗手或接触污染环境后清洁不彻底可能与耐药菌人际传播途径相关。
此外,本研究的一个重要发现体现在病原体的谱系特征方面,分离的59株CRE中大肠埃希菌占64.41%,明显高于医院环境中常以肺炎克雷伯菌为主的报道[21,30–32],这一差异可能反映大肠埃希菌在农村社区生态中的适应性优势,提示社区CRE定植可能存在区别于医院获得性感染的宿主–环境传播机制。
综上所述,本研究通过多因素分析明确识别了饮用未处理水、使用动物粪便施肥、如厕后不洗手和使用非室内厕所为潍坊市农村居民CRE肠道定植的显著相关因素。这些发现为该地区CRE在社区层面的传播机制提供了具体的、基于证据的线索,为防控策略的制定提供了直接的本地化依据。未来建议基于One Health框架,从卫生设施改善、抗生素使用管理和粪污资源化安全利用3个关键环节入手,构建综合防控体系。重点强化卫生基础设施,推行集中式净水系统与家庭水处理技术[33],并开展社区示范性洗手干预;替代露天排便与简陋厕所,建设双坑式旱厕等无害化设施[34],推进粪便无害化处理,并配套建立粪便清运与处理规范,形成“厕所改造—粪便处理—有机肥返田”的链条式管理体系[35]。
但本研究仍存在一定的局限性,如本研究采用的横断面设计难以确定年龄等变量与CRE定植的因果关系、未量化抗生素使用对耐药基因选择压力的影响以及研究人群以老年人居多等。此外,本研究多因素分析中“是否为养殖户”与CRE定植的关联性未达到统计学显著性水平,可能与样本中养殖户比例较低或未区分不同动物种类粪便的微生物负荷差异有关。因此,建议在今后的研究中开展纵向研究,整合One Health框架监测人群—环境—动物传播链,并结合宏基因组学在微观层面上进一步解析CRE传播路径。

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2026年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147607
  • 接收时间:2025-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-03
  • 修回日期:2025-06-12
  • 录用日期:2025-08-28
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    1山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院),济南 250117
    2山东省疾病预防控制中心传染病防制所 山东省预防医学研究院 山东省传染病智慧化监测预警和防控重点实验室(筹),济南 250014

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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