Article(id=1320442684720927472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442616123081022, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146959, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737129600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-18, revisedDate=1753632000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-28, acceptedDate=1754928000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-12, onlineDate=1792747668676, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747668676, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747668676, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747668676, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442616123081022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747652321, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748136930, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444648791851086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442616123081022, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444648791851087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442616123081022, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=122, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442684947419889, articleId=1320442684720927472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Establishing the "One Health" concept within natural foci of plague on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, columnId=1320431897281413811, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Public Health Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study, based on the natural foci of plague on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, explores the intricate interactions between humans, animals, and the environment. According to the "One Health" concept, this study systematically analyzes the transmission patterns of plague and its ecological drivers. The findings highlight that climate change and environmental degradation driven by human activities are reshaping the spatial dynamics of plague outbreaks by affecting the distribution of host animals and fleas (vectors). Building on the "One Health" concept, this study emphasizes the inseparable connection between human, animal, and environmental health, advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration. By integrating ecological monitoring, public health, and veterinary sciences, it proposes a comprehensive set of strategies, including enhancing plague monitoring and early warning systems, improving environmental management, and boosting public education and community involvement. These strategies offer new perspectives and approaches for addressing the risks of plague transmission.

, authors=Shun’an SHI1, 2, Haoming XIONG1, 2, Wenlong WANG1, Xiaodong SU3, Yongshun WANG1, Peng CHEN3, Jiancheng QI2, Ke JIANG1, Shoubiao XU1, Long MA1, Shengjun CAI4, Guoqiang AN4, authorsList=Shun’an SHI, Haoming XIONG, Wenlong WANG, Xiaodong SU, Yongshun WANG, Peng CHEN, Jiancheng QI, Ke JIANG, Shoubiao XU, Long MA, Shengjun CAI, Guoqiang AN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haoming XIONG, Yongshun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XIONG Haoming, E-mail:
WANG Yongshun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442685203272434, articleId=1320442684720927472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=青藏高原鼠疫自然疫源地“同一健康”理念构建, columnId=1320431897449185973, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=公共卫生论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究基于青藏高原鼠疫自然疫源地,探讨了人类、动物与环境的复杂互动,并以“同一健康”(One Health)理念为框架,系统分析鼠疫的传播模式及其生态驱动因素。研究发现,气候变化与人类活动导致的环境破坏通过影响宿主动物与媒介跳蚤的分布,重塑鼠疫流行的空间格局。基于此,研究借鉴“同一健康”理念,强调人类、动物和生态环境健康的不可分割性,倡导通过跨学科合作,结合生态监测、公共卫生和兽医学等领域,提出加强鼠疫的监测与预警、优化生态环境管理、提升公共教育与社区参与等综合防控策略,为有效应对鼠疫的传播风险提供新的视角和策略。

, authors=石顺安1, 2, 熊浩明1, 2, *, *, 王文龙1, 苏晓东3, 王永顺1, *, *, 陈鹏3, 祁建丞2, 蒋可1, 徐守彪1, 马龙1, 蔡生军4, 安国强4, authorsList=石顺安, 熊浩明, 王文龙, 苏晓东, 王永顺, 陈鹏, 祁建丞, 蒋可, 徐守彪, 马龙, 蔡生军, 安国强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=熊浩明, 王永顺, authorNote=

石顺安(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生

, correspAuthorsNote=
熊浩明,E-mail:
王永顺,E-mail:
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青藏高原鼠疫自然疫源地“同一健康”理念构建
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石顺安 1, 2 , 熊浩明 1, 2, *, * , 王文龙 1 , 苏晓东 3 , 王永顺 1, *, * , 陈鹏 3 , 祁建丞 2 , 蒋可 1 , 徐守彪 1 , 马龙 1 , 蔡生军 4 , 安国强 4
中国公共卫生 | 公共卫生论坛 2026,42(1): 122-128
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中国公共卫生 |公共卫生论坛 2026 , 42 (1) : 122 -128
青藏高原鼠疫自然疫源地“同一健康”理念构建
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石顺安1, 2, 熊浩明1, 2, *, * , 王文龙1, 苏晓东3, 王永顺1, *, * , 陈鹏3, 祁建丞2, 蒋可1, 徐守彪1, 马龙1, 蔡生军4, 安国强4
作者信息
  • 1青海省地方病预防控制所鼠疫预防控制科,西宁 810021
  • 2青海大学医学部公共卫生系,西宁 810016
  • 3天峻县疾病预防控制中心,海西州 817299
  • 4门源回族自治县疾病预防控制中心,海北州 810399
通讯作者:
熊浩明,E-mail:
王永顺,E-mail:
作者简介:

石顺安(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生

Establishing the "One Health" concept within natural foci of plague on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
Shun’an SHI1, 2, Haoming XIONG1, 2 , Wenlong WANG1, Xiaodong SU3, Yongshun WANG1 , Peng CHEN3, Jiancheng QI2, Ke JIANG1, Shoubiao XU1, Long MA1, Shengjun CAI4, Guoqiang AN4
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Plague Prevention and Control of Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining 810021, China
  • 2Department of Public Health, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810016, China
  • 3Tianjun County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haixi 817299, China
  • 4Menyuan Hui Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haibei 810399, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    XIONG Haoming, E-mail:
    WANG Yongshun, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146959
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本研究基于青藏高原鼠疫自然疫源地,探讨了人类、动物与环境的复杂互动,并以“同一健康”(One Health)理念为框架,系统分析鼠疫的传播模式及其生态驱动因素。研究发现,气候变化与人类活动导致的环境破坏通过影响宿主动物与媒介跳蚤的分布,重塑鼠疫流行的空间格局。基于此,研究借鉴“同一健康”理念,强调人类、动物和生态环境健康的不可分割性,倡导通过跨学科合作,结合生态监测、公共卫生和兽医学等领域,提出加强鼠疫的监测与预警、优化生态环境管理、提升公共教育与社区参与等综合防控策略,为有效应对鼠疫的传播风险提供新的视角和策略。

鼠疫自然疫源地  /  同一健康  /  鼠疫防控  /  青藏高原  /  传播风险

This study, based on the natural foci of plague on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, explores the intricate interactions between humans, animals, and the environment. According to the "One Health" concept, this study systematically analyzes the transmission patterns of plague and its ecological drivers. The findings highlight that climate change and environmental degradation driven by human activities are reshaping the spatial dynamics of plague outbreaks by affecting the distribution of host animals and fleas (vectors). Building on the "One Health" concept, this study emphasizes the inseparable connection between human, animal, and environmental health, advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration. By integrating ecological monitoring, public health, and veterinary sciences, it proposes a comprehensive set of strategies, including enhancing plague monitoring and early warning systems, improving environmental management, and boosting public education and community involvement. These strategies offer new perspectives and approaches for addressing the risks of plague transmission.

natural foci of plague  /  One Health  /  plague prevention and control  /  Qinghai-Xizang Plateau  /  transmission risk
石顺安, 熊浩明, 王文龙, 苏晓东, 王永顺, 陈鹏, 祁建丞, 蒋可, 徐守彪, 马龙, 蔡生军, 安国强. 青藏高原鼠疫自然疫源地“同一健康”理念构建. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (1) : 122 -128 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146959
Shun’an SHI, Haoming XIONG, Wenlong WANG, Xiaodong SU, Yongshun WANG, Peng CHEN, Jiancheng QI, Ke JIANG, Shoubiao XU, Long MA, Shengjun CAI, Guoqiang AN. Establishing the "One Health" concept within natural foci of plague on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (1) : 122 -128 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146959
鼠疫作为高度致死且具强烈传播性的传染病,主要由鼠类及其寄生的跳蚤携带的鼠疫杆菌(Yersinia pestis)引发,其是否会因为受到全球气候变化的影响再度流行一直是近年来关注的焦点[1]。青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana, 以下简称旱獭)鼠疫自然疫源地是我国12个鼠疫自然疫源地中面积最大、海拔最高、鼠疫疫情最活跃的鼠疫自然疫源地[2–3]。人类在该地区的频繁活动,如畜牧、旅游和基础设施建设,增加了人与染疫动物接触的机会,进一步加剧了鼠疫的传播风险。此外,气温、降水等环境变量不仅直接影响鼠类栖息地和跳蚤的分布,并间接推动了鼠疫疫情的暴发。
现实直指今天人类生存的一个重要法则,天地人一损俱损,一荣俱荣。近年来,“同一健康”(One Health)的概念逐渐被广泛接受并应用于公共卫生和生态学领域。本研究旨在通过对青藏高原鼠疫自然疫源地的研究,探讨人与动物以及环境之间的互动关系,并从“同一健康”的视角分析鼠疫的生态传播模式及其影响因素,以期更全面地掌握该病的复杂性,提出综合防控策略。
面对复杂的全球变化模式,众多传染病和公共卫生问题(如鼠疫、禽流感、新冠病毒和埃博拉病毒等)都是人类、动物与生态系统复杂互动的结果。作为一种综合性理念,“同一健康”倡导通过多学科合作,全面解决公共卫生问题,尤其是在应对人兽共患病时[4]。2004年,在美国举行的“世界野生动物保护协会”国际研讨会上,提出了“One World, One Health”(同一世界,同一健康)的倡议框架[5]。强调人类健康与生态系统健康紧密相关,以及野生动物和生态环境对新发传染病的发生和流行的重要影响。该理念的核心在于跨学科的协作与交流,推动医学、兽医学、生态学、公共卫生和社会科学等领域专家的合作与知识共享,通过打破彼此的专业桎梏,积极主动开展共同合作与交流,以全面理解和解决健康问题[6]。此外,理念强调预防为主,通过跨学科的监测与预警机制,早期发现并控制疾病传播,从而有效降低公共卫生风险[7]。同时,系统思维从整体角度看待健康问题,认为环境变化(如气候变化、土地利用变化)会影响动物和人类的健康[8]。
联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organi-zation of the United Nations, FAO)、世界动物卫生组织(World Organization for Animal Health, OIE)、联合国环境规划署(United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP)以及世界卫生组织(WHO)等国际权威机构一致认可“同一健康”理念,并将其视为提升人类、动物与生态环境健康水平的关键策略[9]。该理念已在多个领域得到广泛应用。在传染病方面,通过综合监测人类、动物和环境中的疾病数据,可以更早发现并控制潜在的传染病暴发[10]。如2009年瑞士建立了弯曲杆菌缓解系统,通过跨部门平台共享人类和家禽监测数据,更有效管理人畜共患疾病[11]。此外,2014年中山大学陆家海教授在国内成立首个One Health研究中心。2016年我国将这一理念纳入国家传染病防治“十三五”规划,全球抗击新冠疫情也采用该理念防控疫情蔓延[12]。在抗生素耐药性问题上,“同一健康”理念通过多部门合作减少兽医和人类医学及农牧业中的抗生素使用,降低耐药菌株的产生和传播。在食品安全方面,该理念通过监督和管理从农场到餐桌的整个食品链,确保食品的安全和质量[13]。
鼠疫疫源地主要宿主适宜生境分布面积的大小及空间的连贯性,直接影响着鼠疫的流行强度、范围及持续时间。青藏高原位于中国西南部,被誉为“世界屋脊”和“第3极”,是世界上海拔最高的高原,平均海拔超过4 000 m,辐射强度大,水热分布变化显著。其具有严酷的气候条件,年均气温偏低,夏季降水相对丰富,地形多样,涵盖山地、丘陵及高寒草甸等多种地貌。这些特征为鼠疫耶尔森菌的宿主动物及其传播媒介提供了多样化的生存和繁殖环境,从而对鼠疫自然疫源地的形成及其传播产生了重要影响。
自1754年以来,青藏高原地区已有关于人间鼠疫流行的记载,该地区是中国鼠疫疫源地的主要分布区域。地区内已确认存在两类鼠疫疫源地,分别为喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫疫源地和青海田鼠鼠疫疫源地[14],总面积达132万km2,占中国鼠疫疫源地总分布面积的55%以上[15]。青藏高原青海田鼠疫源地分布于四川省石渠县和青海省称多县[16]。截至2023年底,青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫疫源地覆盖青海省、甘肃省、四川省、新疆维吾尔自治区和西藏自治区的118个县(市、区),总面积为1038 955.11 km2[17]。自我国开展动物鼠疫监测工作以来,病例则主要发生在青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地,人间疫情连年不断。2011—2023年,我国共报告人间鼠疫病例24例,其中青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭疫源地病例达33.33%[18],病死率高达54.67%。因此,将该疫源地列为防控重点地区[19]。
“宿主生态位假说”(Host Niche Hypothesis, HNH)认为鼠疫的分布是由宿主分布介导的,因此,鼠疫的分布取决于宿主分布范围的混合,而特定宿主物种的存在可能会扩大病原体的分布潜力[20]。青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭疫区内有多种动物染疫。据目前统计,自然染疫动物有24种,喜马拉雅旱獭为主要宿主动物,染疫媒介有12种,主要包括斧形盖蚤和谢氏山蚤[21]。青藏高原青海田鼠疫源地区的啮齿动物包括青海田鼠、旱獭、鼢鼠、鼠兔、根田鼠和仓鼠,主要寄生蚤则为细钩黄鼠蚤直缘双蚤指名亚种[22]。这些宿主动物是鼠疫自然疫源地内长期稳定维持鼠疫自然疫源性的基本条件和重要因素,既是鼠疫菌生长和繁殖的环境,又是鼠疫媒介昆虫的宿主[23]。当人类进入鼠疫自然疫源地或与宿主动物及其体外寄生虫(如跳蚤)接触时,鼠疫菌可能通过叮咬、直接接触或气溶胶传播给人类,导致鼠疫的发生和流行。而旱獭的分布主要受地貌、气候、土壤及植被等因素驱动,这些环境因素进而影响疫源地及其风险的空间分布和动态变化[24]。
此外,鼠疫杆菌的主要传播途径包括跳蚤叮咬、直接接触、空气传播和食物传播[25–27]。跳蚤叮咬是最常见的传播途径,鼠疫主要通过跳蚤媒介在野生啮齿动物之间传播,人类偶然感染。而van der Mescht L等[28]研究表明所有跳蚤都可能感染病原体。由于主要由人为气候变化和生境转变引起的跳蚤媒介和宿主分布的变化,预计全世界跳蚤传播疾病的发病率将上升[29]。青藏高原独特的地理和气候条件为跳蚤及其宿主的生存和繁殖提供适宜环境,进一步加剧鼠疫传播的风险,仍需进一步深入探究。
气候通过影响鼠疫的各个组成部分(包括病原体、宿主和传播媒介)对鼠疫的动态产生影响。青藏高原位于生态环境敏感和脆弱的世界第3极,对气候变化高度敏感,是我国气候变暖最为迅速、变湿最为显著的区域[30]。2011年Ben-Ari T等[31]研究指出,气温、降水量和相对湿度的变化会直接影响宿主动物和媒介昆虫的生态位和种群动态。在鼠疫目前流行的地方,气候变化可能会增加鼠疫暴发的风险,并可能出现新的鼠疫疫源地[32]。而连续极端天气可能导致鼠疫菌克隆群变化,提示应当注意连续极端气候异常下鼠疫菌变异及其传播风险[33]。此外,人类鼠疫病例增加率在频域中与南方涛动指数(Southern Oscillation Index, SOI)和东太平洋海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature of East Pacific Equator, SST)密切相关;且在多种时间周期中表现出显著的相干性,特别是厄尔尼诺–南方涛动(El Nino and Southern Oscillation, ENSO)驱动的气候变化可能对中国的鼠疫发生起着关键作用[34]。研究还发现,气候变化会通过影响粮食生产和经济波动,间接推动鼠疫的暴发。在寒冷时期,粮食价格上涨、消费价格指数(consumer price index, CPI)下降时,鼠疫暴发的频率增加[35]。
气温与鼠疫流行呈正相关,且存在滞后效应[36]。自20世纪以来,青藏高原气温快速变暖,近50年的增温速率超过全球平均水平的2倍,为过去2000年中最温暖的时期[37]。1961— 2020年,青藏高原年均气温显著上升,增幅达0.35 ℃/10年,超过同期全球增温速率(0.16 ℃/10年)的2倍[30,37]。当温度适宜时,鼠类能正常发育和繁殖;同时,温暖潮湿的气候也有利于跳蚤种群的发育和繁殖,高温干燥则抑制其发展[38–39]。而作为冷血性节肢动物的蚤,除对环境温度敏感外与宿主本身的温度差别也有关,进而影响鼠疫菌在蚤与宿主之间的传播能力[40]。研究显示,11.7 °C到21.5 °C之间的温度有利于鼠疫的流行,其中17.3 °C是最适合鼠疫扩散的温度,在温度低于4 °C或高于26 °C时,鼠疫的传播显著减少[41]。在全球温室效应背景下,青藏高原气温呈现上升趋势,可能加速鼠蚤类的发育与繁殖,进而对鼠疫的静息状态产生影响,增加了鼠疫再度活跃的可能性。
相对湿度对跳蚤的存活具有显著影响,适宜的土壤湿度有利于跳蚤的繁殖和发育,可以提高其生存率,低湿度则会导致幼虫脱水死亡[31]。同样啮齿动物洞穴中过度潮湿的条件(例如,相对湿度 >95%)会促进破坏性真菌的生长,从而也会降低幼虫和卵的存活率[42–43]。研究表明,当年相对湿度每减少1个单位,鼠疫发生的风险将增加至不减少时的1.94倍。这表明,随着当年气候干燥程度的加剧,鼠疫的风险呈上升趋势[37]。其次,高辐照度值导致地表干燥,同时因早春绿化而夏季土壤干燥加剧[44],这可能会增加啮齿动物因食物短缺的迁徙,导致与传染性啮齿动物的更多接触。
降水量对鼠疫传播的影响复杂且多样。鼠疫和降水的波动表现为营养级联假说,降水通过植被介导的效应增加食物供应,从而增加啮齿动物的数量和活动,导致风险区增加[45–46]。由于跳蚤依赖啮齿动物作为宿主,啮齿动物数量的增加可能会导致跳蚤数量的增加。此外,降水量的增加也可以提高土壤湿度,为跳蚤的幼虫提供更适宜的生长环境[47]。然而,过量降水可能导致啮齿动物洞穴被淹,直接减少啮齿动物和跳蚤的数量,但过量降水的另一个影响是,由于啮齿动物、跳蚤和人类集中在同一个避难所,会短暂增加鼠疫感染人数[41]。自1961— 2020年,青藏高原年降水量显著增加,平均每10年增加7.9 mm,其中2016—2020年降水量达到539.6 mm,比1961—1990年平均值增加12.7%,最高甚至达到降水量每10年增加5~20 mm[30]。Yuan X等[48]对青藏高原鼠疫风险时空变化的生态位模型研究中显示,当降水量在411.54~493.64 mm时,鼠疫风险明显增加。
青藏高原土壤的物理、化学和生物特性与鼠疫传播密切相关。 一方面土壤的矿物类型、pH值、温度、有机质含量、含水量、含盐量和金属元素等因素会影响鼠疫菌的存活率和传播,同时,不同土壤类型对啮齿动物和媒介蚤的分布与丰度有显著而直接的影响[23,49]。例如,青藏高原寒冻土的低温、低氧环境,为旱獭创造了理想的栖息场所[24]。此外,土壤特性还可以通过影响植物生长及媒介昆虫(如蚤类)的生存,间接影响鼠疫的流行。而从“土壤保菌说”方面来看[50],土壤可能作为鼠疫菌的潜在宿主。研究表明,鼠疫菌能够在土壤中以寄生或非寄生状态存活,并可能通过直接接触或吸入受污染的土壤而感染人类[49]。2019年11月12日,北京确诊2例由内蒙古自治区输入的肺鼠疫病例,调查认为是在自家农场挖土时吸入了带有鼠疫菌的气溶胶而感染[51]。那么鼠疫菌是否会以类似的方式感染牧区的其他动物仍然不明确。如果能确认这一点,进一步深入了解鼠疫菌在土壤中的存在形式及其传播条件,将有助于揭示鼠疫的静息和复燃传播机制。
鼠疫疫源地的植被在宿主动物的分布和密度上起着决定性作用。植被类型及其变化直接影响宿主动物的活动范围、繁殖能力和生存能力[52]。例如,青藏高原高山草甸因其良好的植被覆盖、密集的生长和丰富的植物种类,能够支持更多小型哺乳动物的生存,这与之前研究指出鼠疫偏好高寒荒漠及其草原类型(如高寒草甸和高寒灌木)相一致[53]。旱獭主要分布在植被覆盖率为0.60~1.00的高山草甸区域[54]。旱獭的取食和隐蔽行为依赖于植被的高度和覆盖度,其中隐蔽的灌木根区能够帮助旱獭躲避天敌和寻找食物,过于茂盛的植被地下根系发达因而会阻碍洞穴的挖掘和观察,进而影响其生存繁衍[24]。
随着农田开发、城市扩展和基础设施建设增加,鼠类和宿主动物的栖息地受到了极大扰动。人类活动的影响已逐渐超越气候因素,成为生态环境变化的主要驱动力[55]。自21世纪以来,青藏高原的高寒草地生态系统曾一度显现出明显的退化沙化迹象,包括植物群落组成、结构和功能产生较大变化,毒杂草比例增加及植被覆盖度下降等特征[30]。近年来,通过持续的生态恢复措施,这些退化迹象有所缓解,一些地区的植被覆盖度逐步回升,草地生态系统也在逐渐恢复。与此同时,野生动植物种群的恢复性增长也得到了显著体现[56]。但部分地区也出现了草地生态系统退化现象,生物多样性仍面临挑战[57]。这种环境变化不仅增加了人与宿主动物接触的机会,并改变了宿主种群的分布和密度。特别是旱獭和青海田鼠的栖息地因建筑和牧场的扩张及草地退化而可能被迫迁移,这不仅影响了其正常生存,还可能导致鼠疫菌的扩散。
青藏高原鼠疫疫源地面积广阔,染疫动物种类多样,啮齿类、食肉类和有蹄类动物均可作为人间鼠疫的传染源,主要通过直接接触传播。旱獭是最主要的动物传染源,占总数的71.9%[58]。由于獭皮可制裘,肉油可食用等具有经济价值,捕猎旱獭成为当地农民的重要收入来源,且长期作为外贸商品,旱獭皮走私严重。非法捕猎、饲养和旅游业中展示并投喂活旱獭的行为,增加了人类接触染疫动物的风险,尤其是缺乏鼠疫防治知识的外来务工人员和游客,进一步推动了鼠疫在人群中的传播[21]。其次,剥食藏系绵羊和黄羊或接触染疫犬、剥取死亡的猫、猞猁皮,以及接触病兔等行为,均会引发鼠疫感染[59]。
青藏高原以放牧为主的经济活动对鼠疫自然疫源地影响较为重要。畜牧业的扩张往往伴随着牧草资源的过度使用和栖息地的退化[30],导致生态环境的不稳定,这不仅影响了本地野生动物,还增加了家畜与鼠类宿主的接触机会。旱獭的栖息地与牧区重叠较多,畜牧业的扩展使得人、家畜与旱獭的接触更为频繁。此外,藏系绵羊鼠疫频繁波及人间,导致旱獭入蛰后的每年10、11月份仍出现鼠疫病例,集中居住的牧民相互接触机会多,易引发家庭和周围牧民的感染[60]。且疫区内牧犬管理存在巨大隐患,鼠疫自然疫源地内牧犬数量众多,并有食獭、叼死獭到人类活动区域等习惯,增加了鼠疫跨物种传播的可能性[61]。
近年来,青藏高原成为越来越受欢迎的旅游目的地。随着西部大开发战略的实施,特别是自2006年青藏铁路建成以来,青藏高原与中国其他地区之间的交通运输比以前便利了许多。尤其是喜马拉雅山脉及周边地区的吸引力不断增加,今后将有越来越多的游客进入青藏高原,人类接触地方性鼠疫和远距离传播的风险将会增加[62]。由于游客多为外来人群,对鼠疫防控知识的掌握有限,若防疫措施不到位,可能导致局部疫情暴发。此外,旅游业带来的环境压力,如垃圾增加和自然环境破坏,也可能间接影响鼠类的活动范围和密度。
随着青藏高原的经济发展和基础设施的建设,交通网络的完善使得人类和物资流动更加频繁。这种流动带来了两个问题:一方面,鼠疫疫源地的物理隔离被打破,使得疫病更容易跨区域传播;另一方面,车辆和货物的长距离运输也为携带鼠疫病菌的动物或蚤类提供了传播途径。
鼠疫是典型的人兽共患病,其传播链条涉及宿主动物、媒介跳蚤和人群健康,同时受到气候变化和生态环境变迁的显著影响。因此,基于 “同一健康”(One Health)理论,鼠疫监测预警系统是防止鼠疫在人群中传播的重要保障。该系统需要充分整合现有的监测网络、生态和临床数据资源,并结合遥感、模型模拟及机器学习等先进技术手段[63]。通过监测气候、生态环境和人类活动等[64],形成环境–生物–人群的协同监测体系,及时反映宿主动物密度、媒介指数及人群活动范围。这种生态监测不仅能捕捉到鼠疫潜在的暴发迹象,还能帮助识别和分析气候变化、生态环境变迁对鼠疫流行的影响。而临床监测通过症状筛查和实验室检测(如血清学检测和PCR技术)早期识别感染者[65]。其次,数据的实时分析与共享,尤其是利用地理信息系统(GIS)进行流行病学分析,可识别疫情高发地区,提升政府及卫生部门的应急响应能力。最后,需加强国际合作,特别是在跨境流行区域,通过信息共享提升全球鼠疫预警能力。
在“同一健康”理论的框架下,多学科的协作使鼠疫防控工作更加系统化和科学化。通过充分结合医学、兽医学、生态学和社会科学等领域的力量从根源上控制疫情蔓延,最终实现保护人类、动物和生态系统健康的目标。医学方面,依赖早期诊断、疫苗开发和抗生素治疗,通过快速检测技术和隔离措施降低病患死亡率,并确保有效的抗生素治疗策略。兽医学负责监控宿主动物(如旱獭和老鼠)及其媒介跳蚤的健康,研究其传播模式,控制感染源,帮助更好地理解和控制病原体的传播路径。生态学研究啮齿类动物和跳蚤的生态习性,通过分析栖息地和种群动态,预测高风险区域并采取生态控制措施。全球变化下高寒生态系统的响应敏感性和适应性测量应成为生态学领域今后研究的重点。社会科学则通过健康宣传和政策制定,评估公众认知和政策的社会影响和经济影响,提升防疫措施的接受度,减少疫情发生时的恐慌。总体而言,医学、兽医学和生态学关注疾病传播的不同环节,而社会科学则通过促进公众参与和政策优化,弥合科学研究与实际行动之间的差距。
草原生态系统的健康与鼠疫的传播密切相关。为此,生态环境管理需着力保护和恢复健康的生态系统,维持捕食者与啮齿动物之间的自然平衡,以控制鼠疫宿主动物和媒介数量。生态环境管理应从人类健康、动物健康和生态健康的整体视角出发,强调生态系统保护在鼠疫防控中的关键作用。在“同一健康”理念下,这不仅是生态保护的需求,更是维护人类健康的基础。例如,通过植被重建和水资源管理等措施,修复退化的生态系统可以有效减少鼠疫宿主动物的活动范围;湿地修复则通过增加水体面积,破坏啮齿动物和跳蚤的生存条件,从而降低鼠疫传播风险。此外,在高风险地区,恢复栖息地还能减少人类活动对这些区域的干扰,进一步降低鼠疫的暴发概率。然而,生态环境管理的成功不仅依赖于科学研究和政策支持,还需要当地社区的广泛参与。只有充分结合区域的生态特点和人类的生活需求,才能在实现生态系统保护与人类发展和谐共存的同时,切实减少鼠疫传播的风险。
公共教育与社区参与是实现鼠疫防控“同一健康”理念这一联动的重要桥梁。通过提高公众对鼠疫传播机制、症状及防控措施的认知水平,为人群与动物和环境的健康互动奠定基础。具体而言,通过讲座、宣传资料和视频等形式传播鼠疫防控知识,公众能够了解疾病的传播途径和防护手段,从而减少误解和过度恐慌。与此同时,社区参与将公众从被动的知识接受者转变为防控行动的主动实践者,例如通过志愿活动、社区卫生清理及环境修复,减少鼠疫宿主动物的栖息地和媒介跳蚤的繁殖空间。这种自下而上的行动力,不仅提升了防控措施的执行力,还促进了人类与动物和生态环境的和谐共存。此外,公共教育与社区参与的设计和实施需充分尊重当地的文化背景和传统知识。通过与社区领导者和传统知识持有者合作,将现代医学知识与本地习俗相结合,可提高社区对防控措施的接受度,避免因文化冲突而导致的误解或抵触。这种多元文化的融合正是“同一健康”理念多学科协作的体现,能够更高效地推动人类健康、动物健康与生态环境健康的协调发展。
鼠疫防控中的政策与法规支持是确保防控措施有效实施的基础。同时鼠疫防控的政策与法规也需从人类健康、动物健康和生态环境健康的整体视角出发,通过多部门协作和多层次政策保障构建综合防控体系,实现分工明确、资源整合和疫情应急协调,确保各环节有效联动。健全的法律框架是防控的基础,国家和地方政府应制定涵盖疫情监测、病例报告、环境治理及公共卫生措施的综合法规,例如《传染病防治法》,细化鼠疫监测与宿主动物控制的具体措施,确保病例能及时隔离并得到治疗;同时通过清除感染动物栖息地和实施消毒程序,从而减少疾病传播风险。此外,政策需强化公众教育与社区参与,通过立法要求宣传防控知识,提升公众的科学认知,鼓励社区参与环境治理和志愿者服务,增强政策执行效果。为确保政策实施的持续性和有效性,应建立监督与评估机制,通过定期检查和调整防控措施,同时设立专项资金和激励机制,为疫情监测、环境治理和跨部门合作提供保障。针对喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地的特殊情况,应加强经费投入,改善工作条件,强化交通检疫并禁止接触或贩运宿主动物,从源头降低传播风险。在“同一健康”框架下,鼠疫防控政策通过整合多学科、多部门力量,实现人类健康、动物健康和生态健康的有机结合,为青藏高原疫源地的科学、系统和可持续防控提供重要支持。

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2026年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146959
  • 接收时间:2025-01-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-18
  • 修回日期:2025-07-28
  • 录用日期:2025-08-12
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    1青海省地方病预防控制所鼠疫预防控制科,西宁 810021
    2青海大学医学部公共卫生系,西宁 810016
    3天峻县疾病预防控制中心,海西州 817299
    4门源回族自治县疾病预防控制中心,海北州 810399

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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