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Article(id=1320442633852408245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442616123081022, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146945, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736784000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-14, revisedDate=1742832000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-25, acceptedDate=1756396800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-29, onlineDate=1792747656547, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747656547, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747656547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747656547, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442616123081022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747652321, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748136930, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444648791851086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442616123081022, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444648791851087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442616123081022, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=18, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442634053734838, articleId=1320442633852408245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Serological test results of suspected measles and rubella cases in Hebei province from 2020 to 2024: a study based on routine surveillance data, columnId=1320442616970330431, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report—Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the detection status and epidemiological characteristics of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies of suspected measles and rubella cases in Hebei province from 2020 to 2024, thus providing technical support for optimizing the prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to detect IgM antibodies in the serum samples of suspected measles and rubella cases in Hebei province from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024, and the test results were analyzed.

Results

A total of 8 064 serum samples were tested. Among them, 214 (2.65%) were positive for measles IgM antibodies, and 80 (0.99%) were positive for rubella IgM antibodies. The years 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024 showed the annual positive rates of measles IgM antibodies being 5.38%, 2.70%, 2.05%, 1.89%, and 1.58% and the annual positive rates of rubella IgM antibodies being 2.30%, 0.97%, 0.85%, 0.54%, and 0.47%, respectively. The IgM antibody positive rates of both measles and rubella showed a declining trend from 2020 to 2024 (all P < 0.001). From 2020 to 2024, positive cases of both measles and rubella were detected among the suspected cases every month. The highest monthly positive rates for both measles (18.67%) and rubella (12.03%) occurred in January. Geographically, Cangzhou city had the highest measles IgM positive rate (4.73%), while Qinhuangdao city had the highest rubella IgM positive rate (4.21%). No significant gender difference (P > 0.05) was observed in the IgM antibody positive rate for measles (2.75% in males vs. 2.54% in females) or rubella (1.11% in males vs. 0.86% in females). Age-specific analysis revealed significant variations (P < 0.001). Specifically, the age groups of < 8 months, 8 months to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, 10 to 19 years, and ≥ 20 years showed the IgM antibody positive rates of measles being 3.77%, 3.95%, 1.45%, 1.99%, and 1.40% and the IgM antibody positive rates of rubella being 0.94%, 0.70%, 0.65%, 4.47%, and 0.75%, respectively. The IgM antibody positive rates of measles in suspected cases with no vaccination, one-dose vaccination, and two-dose vaccination were 2.80%, 8.46%, and 0.79%, respectively, showing significant differences (χ2 = 209.186, P < 0.001). The IgM antibody positive rates of rubella in suspected cases with no vaccination, one-dose vaccination, and two-dose vaccination were 1.16%, 1.34%, and 0.76%, respectively, showing no significant difference (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

The IgM antibody positive rates of measles and rubella in suspected cases in Hebei province consistently declined from 2020 to 2024, being the highest in January. Cangzhou and Qinhuangdao were identified as key areas for the prevention and control of measles and rubella, respectively. Measles prevention should prioritize younger age groups and individuals who have not completed the full vaccination course, whereas rubella prevention efforts should focus on the population of 10 - 19 years old.

, authors=Jinghui WANG, Xiaomeng XU, Wei WANG, Yafei WANG, Li SUN, Yanli CONG, Shiheng CUI, authorsList=Jinghui WANG, Xiaomeng XU, Wei WANG, Yafei WANG, Li SUN, Yanli CONG, Shiheng CUI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shiheng CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CUI Shiheng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442634548662711, articleId=1320442633852408245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例血清学分析：基于常规监测数据, columnId=1320442617125519681, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——传染病预防与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例免疫球蛋白M（IgM）抗体检测状况及其流行病学特征，为推动麻疹和风疹防控工作的有效开展提供关键技术支撑。

方法

采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对2020年1月1日—2024年12月31日采集的河北省疑似麻疹和风疹病例血清样本进行IgM抗体检测及结果分析。

结果

2020—2024年河北省共检测麻疹和风疹疑似病例血清样本8064份，其中麻疹IgM抗体阳性214份，阳性率为2.65%；风疹IgM抗体阳性80份，阳性率为0.99%。2020、2021、2022、2023、2024年麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率分别为5.38%和2.30%、2.70%和0.97%、2.05%和0.85%、1.89%和0.54%、1.58%和0.47%，2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率均呈下降趋势（均P<0.001）。2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例中每月均有麻疹和风疹阳性病例检出，均以1月份检出的IgM抗体阳性率为最高，分别为18.67%和12.03%。2020—2024年河北省各市麻疹和风疹疑似病例中均有麻疹和风疹阳性病例检出，麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率最高的地区分别为沧州市（4.73%）和秦皇岛市（4.21%）。男性和女性麻疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为2.75%和2.54%；风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为1.11%和0.86%；不同性别麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）；年龄<8个月、8个月～4岁、5～9岁、10～19岁和≥20岁麻疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为3.77%、3.95%、1.45%、1.99%和1.40%；风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为0.94%、0.70%、0.65%、4.47%和0.75%；不同年龄麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.001）；无免疫史、有1剂次免疫史和有2剂次免疫史麻疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为2.80%、8.46%和0.79%；风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为1.16%、1.34%和0.76%；不同免疫史麻疹IgM抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义（χ2=209.186，P<0.001），风疹IgM抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。

结论

2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率呈下降趋势，1月份阳性率最高，沧州市和秦皇岛市分别为麻疹和风疹的重点防控地区，麻疹预防主要以小年龄组和未完成全程接种人群为主，风疹预防主要以10⁓19岁年龄组人群为主。

, authors=王晶辉, 许晓萌, 王伟, 王亚菲, 孙丽, 丛艳丽, 崔世恒*, *, authorsList=王晶辉, 许晓萌, 王伟, 王亚菲, 孙丽, 丛艳丽, 崔世恒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=崔世恒, authorNote=

王晶辉（1984—），副主任技师，硕士，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

, correspAuthorsNote=
崔世恒，E-mail：
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王晶辉（1984—），副主任技师，硕士，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

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王晶辉（1984—），副主任技师，硕士，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

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Comparison of the positive rates of IgM antibodies in suspected measles and rubella cases in different months in Hebei province from 2020 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份疑似病例数/例麻疹IgM抗体风疹IgM抗体
阳性数/例阳性率/%阳性数/例阳性率 /%
1月2414518.672912.03
2月229156.5552.18
3月682243.5250.73
4月63981.2520.31
5月807172.1130.37
6月709182.5440.56
7月665213.16101.50
8月717162.2360.84
9月929121.2930.32
10月1 094131.1930.27
11月823121.4660.73
12月529132.4640.76
), ArticleFig(id=1320442640261304811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442633852408245, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2020—2024年河北省不同月份麻疹风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份疑似病例数/例麻疹IgM抗体风疹IgM抗体
阳性数/例阳性率/%阳性数/例阳性率 /%
1月2414518.672912.03
2月229156.5552.18
3月682243.5250.73
4月63981.2520.31
5月807172.1130.37
6月709182.5440.56
7月665213.16101.50
8月717162.2360.84
9月929121.2930.32
10月1 094131.1930.27
11月823121.4660.73
12月529132.4640.76
), ArticleFig(id=1320442640416494060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442633852408245, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of the positive rates of IgM antibodies in suspected measles and rubella cases in different regions of Hebei province from 2020 to 2024

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地区/市疑似病例数/例麻疹IgM抗体风疹IgM抗体
阳性数 /例阳性率/%阳性数 /例阳性率/%
石家庄1 294312.4090.70
唐山531193.58122.26
秦皇岛30992.91134.21
邯郸1 048474.4820.19
邢台83270.8430.36
保定1 466312.11100.68
张家口31510.3241.27
承德432122.7851.16
沧州910434.73111.21
廊坊38971.8061.54
衡水53871.3050.93
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2020—2024年河北省不同地区麻疹风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率比较

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地区/市疑似病例数/例麻疹IgM抗体风疹IgM抗体
阳性数 /例阳性率/%阳性数 /例阳性率/%
石家庄1 294312.4090.70
唐山531193.58122.26
秦皇岛30992.91134.21
邯郸1 048474.4820.19
邢台83270.8430.36
保定1 466312.11100.68
张家口31510.3241.27
承德432122.7851.16
沧州910434.73111.21
廊坊38971.8061.54
衡水53871.3050.93
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Comparison of the positive rates of IgM antibodies in suspected measles and rubella cases with different characteristics in Hebei province from 2020 to 2024

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人群特征分类疑似病例数/例麻疹IgM抗体风疹IgM抗体
阳性数/例阳性率/%阳性数/例阳性率/%
性别男性42471172.75471.11
女性3817972.54330.86
年龄<8个月21283.7720.94
8个月～4岁35931423.95250.70
5～9岁1 375201.4590.65
10～19岁604121.99274.47
≥20岁2 280321.40170.75
免疫史无2 929822.80341.16
1剂次1 1941018.46161.34
2剂次3941310.79300.76
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2020—2024年河北省不同特征人群麻疹风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率比较

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人群特征分类疑似病例数/例麻疹IgM抗体风疹IgM抗体
阳性数/例阳性率/%阳性数/例阳性率/%
性别男性42471172.75471.11
女性3817972.54330.86
年龄<8个月21283.7720.94
8个月～4岁35931423.95250.70
5～9岁1 375201.4590.65
10～19岁604121.99274.47
≥20岁2 280321.40170.75
免疫史无2 929822.80341.16
1剂次1 1941018.46161.34
2剂次3941310.79300.76
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2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例血清学分析：基于常规监测数据
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王晶辉 , 许晓萌 , 王伟 , 王亚菲 , 孙丽 , 丛艳丽 , 崔世恒 *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——传染病预防与控制 2026,42(1): 18-22
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——传染病预防与控制 2026 , 42 (1) : 18 -22
2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例血清学分析：基于常规监测数据
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王晶辉, 许晓萌, 王伟, 王亚菲, 孙丽, 丛艳丽, 崔世恒*, *
作者信息
  • 河北省疾病预防控制中心，石家庄 050021
通讯作者:
崔世恒，E-mail：
作者简介:

王晶辉（1984—），副主任技师，硕士，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

Serological test results of suspected measles and rubella cases in Hebei province from 2020 to 2024: a study based on routine surveillance data
Jinghui WANG, Xiaomeng XU, Wei WANG, Yafei WANG, Li SUN, Yanli CONG, Shiheng CUI
Affiliations
  • Hebei Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
    • Corresponding Author:
    CUI Shiheng, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146945
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摘要
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目的

了解2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例免疫球蛋白M（IgM）抗体检测状况及其流行病学特征，为推动麻疹和风疹防控工作的有效开展提供关键技术支撑。

方法

采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对2020年1月1日—2024年12月31日采集的河北省疑似麻疹和风疹病例血清样本进行IgM抗体检测及结果分析。

结果

2020—2024年河北省共检测麻疹和风疹疑似病例血清样本8064份，其中麻疹IgM抗体阳性214份，阳性率为2.65%；风疹IgM抗体阳性80份，阳性率为0.99%。2020、2021、2022、2023、2024年麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率分别为5.38%和2.30%、2.70%和0.97%、2.05%和0.85%、1.89%和0.54%、1.58%和0.47%，2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率均呈下降趋势（均P<0.001）。2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例中每月均有麻疹和风疹阳性病例检出，均以1月份检出的IgM抗体阳性率为最高，分别为18.67%和12.03%。2020—2024年河北省各市麻疹和风疹疑似病例中均有麻疹和风疹阳性病例检出，麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率最高的地区分别为沧州市（4.73%）和秦皇岛市（4.21%）。男性和女性麻疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为2.75%和2.54%；风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为1.11%和0.86%；不同性别麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）；年龄<8个月、8个月～4岁、5～9岁、10～19岁和≥20岁麻疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为3.77%、3.95%、1.45%、1.99%和1.40%；风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为0.94%、0.70%、0.65%、4.47%和0.75%；不同年龄麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.001）；无免疫史、有1剂次免疫史和有2剂次免疫史麻疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为2.80%、8.46%和0.79%；风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率分别为1.16%、1.34%和0.76%；不同免疫史麻疹IgM抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义（χ2=209.186，P<0.001），风疹IgM抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。

结论

2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率呈下降趋势，1月份阳性率最高，沧州市和秦皇岛市分别为麻疹和风疹的重点防控地区，麻疹预防主要以小年龄组和未完成全程接种人群为主，风疹预防主要以10⁓19岁年龄组人群为主。

麻疹  /  风疹  /  疑似病例  /  血清学检测  /  免疫球蛋白M（IgM）抗体  /  河北省
Objective

To analyze the detection status and epidemiological characteristics of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies of suspected measles and rubella cases in Hebei province from 2020 to 2024, thus providing technical support for optimizing the prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to detect IgM antibodies in the serum samples of suspected measles and rubella cases in Hebei province from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024, and the test results were analyzed.

Results

A total of 8 064 serum samples were tested. Among them, 214 (2.65%) were positive for measles IgM antibodies, and 80 (0.99%) were positive for rubella IgM antibodies. The years 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024 showed the annual positive rates of measles IgM antibodies being 5.38%, 2.70%, 2.05%, 1.89%, and 1.58% and the annual positive rates of rubella IgM antibodies being 2.30%, 0.97%, 0.85%, 0.54%, and 0.47%, respectively. The IgM antibody positive rates of both measles and rubella showed a declining trend from 2020 to 2024 (all P < 0.001). From 2020 to 2024, positive cases of both measles and rubella were detected among the suspected cases every month. The highest monthly positive rates for both measles (18.67%) and rubella (12.03%) occurred in January. Geographically, Cangzhou city had the highest measles IgM positive rate (4.73%), while Qinhuangdao city had the highest rubella IgM positive rate (4.21%). No significant gender difference (P > 0.05) was observed in the IgM antibody positive rate for measles (2.75% in males vs. 2.54% in females) or rubella (1.11% in males vs. 0.86% in females). Age-specific analysis revealed significant variations (P < 0.001). Specifically, the age groups of < 8 months, 8 months to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, 10 to 19 years, and ≥ 20 years showed the IgM antibody positive rates of measles being 3.77%, 3.95%, 1.45%, 1.99%, and 1.40% and the IgM antibody positive rates of rubella being 0.94%, 0.70%, 0.65%, 4.47%, and 0.75%, respectively. The IgM antibody positive rates of measles in suspected cases with no vaccination, one-dose vaccination, and two-dose vaccination were 2.80%, 8.46%, and 0.79%, respectively, showing significant differences (χ2 = 209.186, P < 0.001). The IgM antibody positive rates of rubella in suspected cases with no vaccination, one-dose vaccination, and two-dose vaccination were 1.16%, 1.34%, and 0.76%, respectively, showing no significant difference (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

The IgM antibody positive rates of measles and rubella in suspected cases in Hebei province consistently declined from 2020 to 2024, being the highest in January. Cangzhou and Qinhuangdao were identified as key areas for the prevention and control of measles and rubella, respectively. Measles prevention should prioritize younger age groups and individuals who have not completed the full vaccination course, whereas rubella prevention efforts should focus on the population of 10 - 19 years old.

measles  /  rubella  /  suspected cases  /  serological test  /  IgM antibody  /  Hebei province
王晶辉, 许晓萌, 王伟, 王亚菲, 孙丽, 丛艳丽, 崔世恒. 2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例血清学分析：基于常规监测数据. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (1) : 18 -22 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146945
Jinghui WANG, Xiaomeng XU, Wei WANG, Yafei WANG, Li SUN, Yanli CONG, Shiheng CUI. Serological test results of suspected measles and rubella cases in Hebei province from 2020 to 2024: a study based on routine surveillance data[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (1) : 18 -22 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146945
正文
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麻疹和风疹是中国法定乙类和丙类传染病，作为急性呼吸道传染病对公众健康构成严重威胁[1–4]。其中，麻疹由麻疹病毒引起，有高热、咳嗽、流涕、眼结膜炎和口腔黏膜斑等症状，通常在发热3～4 d后出疹，可并发肺炎、喉炎、脑炎等，严重者甚至致死[1–2,5]。风疹则由风疹病毒所致，多表现为低热、皮疹、耳后及枕部淋巴结肿大，病情相对较轻，但孕妇尤其是妊娠早期孕妇感染风疹病毒后易致胎儿先天性风疹综合征（congenital rubella syndrome, CRS），引发流产、死胎或胎儿畸形[6–8]。酶联免疫吸附试验（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA）作为重要的实验室诊断方法[9–11]，可检测患者血清中麻疹和风疹免疫球蛋白M（immunoglobulin M, IgM）抗体，辅助早期诊断、精准防控，为制定防控策略、评估免疫效果和监测疫情动态提供科学依据，对河北省乃至全国消除麻疹、控制风疹意义重大。为了解2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体检测状况及其流行病学特征，为推动麻疹和风疹防控工作的有效开展提供关键技术支撑，本研究采用ELISA法对2020年1月1日—2024年12月31日采集的河北省疑似麻疹和风疹病例血清样本进行IgM抗体检测。现将结果报告如下。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　样本来源
收集2020年1月1日—2024年12月31日河北省11个地级市各级医疗机构采集的疑似麻疹和风疹病例血清样本。纳入标准为：发热伴出疹，体温≥38 ℃，伴有咳嗽、流涕、眼结膜充血等症状，且出疹顺序、形态符合麻疹或风疹特征；临床医生初步诊断为麻疹或风疹疑似病例。排除标准：已明确诊断为其他发热出疹性疾病，如猩红热、幼儿急疹等；标本采集不合格，如溶血、污染、量不足；病例信息不完整，无法追溯流行病学史。本研究经河北省疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会审查批准（批号为：IRBS2023-013）。
1.2　样本采集与处理
在病例就诊后，由专业医护人员采集其静脉血3～5 mL，室温静置30～60 min使血液凝固，再离心10～15 min分离血清，并将血清转移至无菌EP管。采集后血清标本2～8 ℃冷藏暂存，7 d内用冷链运输至河北省各级疾病控制中心实验室；若无法及时运送，则置−20 ℃以下低温保存，避免反复冻融，确保样本质量稳定，以满足后续血清学检测要求。
1.3　检测方法
采用ELISA法对麻疹和风疹IgM抗体进行检测。检测过程严格遵循相关操作规范及试剂盒说明书要求执行，确保实验操作标准化、规范化，以获取准确可靠的检测结果。
1.4　质量控制
为确保检测结果准确可靠，实施严格质量控制措施。对省、市、县三级疾病预防控制中心检验科从事麻疹和风疹血清学检测人员进行专业项培训，且熟练掌握ELISA操作技能、结果判读标准及质量控制要点。选用经国家市场监督管理总局批准、灵敏度和特异性高、批间差异小的ELISA检测试剂盒。仪器设备定期校准维护，确保正常运行。实验结束审核数据，双人核对结果，确保无误后报告。
1.5　统计分析
采用Excel 2016软件进行一般描述性分析、χ2趋势检验和χ2检验。检验水平α=0.05（双侧）。
2　结　果
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2.1　2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体检测阳性率
2020—2024年河北省共检测麻疹和风疹疑似病例血清样本8064份，其中麻疹IgM抗体阳性214份，阳性率为2.65%；风疹IgM抗体阳性80份，阳性率为0.99%。2020、2021、2022、2023、2024年麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率分别为5.38%（84/1 562）和2.30%（36/1 562）、2.70%（36/1 334）和0.97%（13/1 334）、2.05%（29/1 416）和0.85%（12/1 416）、1.89%（35/1 853）和0.54%（10/1 853）、1.58%（30/1 899）和0.47%（9/1 899）。2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率均呈下降趋势（χ2趋势=59.562、36.759，均P<0.001）。
2.2　时间分布（表1）
2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例中每月均有麻疹和风疹阳性病例检出，不同月份麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率不同，差异均有统计学意义（χ2=282.189、323.172，均P<0.001）。麻疹和风疹疑似病例均以1月份检出的IgM抗体阳性率为最高。
2.3　地区分布（表2）
2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例中各市均有麻疹和风疹阳性病例检出，不同地区麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率不同，差异均有统计学意义（χ2=41.459和43.839，均P<0.001），其中麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率最高的地区分别为沧州市和秦皇岛市。
2.4　人群分布（表3）
2020—2024年河北省男性和女性麻疹、风疹疑似病例比较，不同性别麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）；年龄<8个月、8个月～4岁、5～9岁、10～19岁和≥20岁麻疹、风疹疑似病例比较，不同年龄麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.001）。无免疫史、有1剂次免疫史和有2剂次免疫史麻疹、风疹疑似病例比较，不同免疫史麻疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义（χ2=209.186，P<0.001）；风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
3　讨　论
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麻疹和风疹作为常见的急性呼吸道传染病，严重威胁公众健康，尤其对儿童和易感人群影响明显。因此，对其流行特征和防控策略进行研究十分重要。本研究结果显示，2020—2024年河北省共检测麻疹和风疹疑似病例血清样本8064份，其中麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率分别为2.65%和0.99%，低于2017—2021年陕西省汉中市[12]和2018—2021年河南省[13]研究结果。且随时间推移，河北省麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率呈下降趋势，这可能与目前处于麻疹消除阶段以及近年来全国新型冠状病毒感染疫情防控干预措施的影响导致麻疹和风疹等呼吸道传染病的降低有关。
在时间分布上，2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例中每月均有麻疹和风疹阳性病例检出，但均以1月份检出的IgM抗体阳性率为最高，与栾旭波等[14]和王娟等[15]研究结果相似。提示冬春季为麻疹和风疹的高发时段。这可能与冬季人群室内活动增多、通风不良，利于病毒传播有关。因此，在高发季节前需加强疫情监测与防控措施，如强化公共场所通风换气、减少人员聚集等，特别是在学校、幼儿园等人群密集场所，更应提前做好预防工作；同时还需提高各级检测机构实验室检测能力，确保在高发季节实验室检测结果的及时性和准确性。此外，麻疹和风疹的发病时间有重合，提示相关部门在做好麻疹和风疹季节性防控的同时，还要防止两种病毒的混合传播。
在地区分布上，2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例中各市均有麻疹和风疹阳性病例检出，不同地区麻疹和风疹疑似病例IgM抗体阳性率不同，差异均有统计学意义（χ2=41.459、43.839，均P<0.001）。其中麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率最高的地区分别为沧州市和秦皇岛市。河北省麻疹和风疹地区分布情况与其他地区研究中发现的人口密集和经济发达地区易出现病例聚集现象的结果相符。如北京市海淀区[16]部分街道办事处因人口流动大、人员密集，麻疹和风疹阳性率较高。因此，对于河北省重点地区应加大防控资源投入，优化免疫服务体系，确保疫苗接种覆盖率，同时加强疫情监测与预警能力建设，及时发现并处置疫情。
在人群分布中，性别对麻疹和风疹IgM抗体阳性率无显著影响，与刘凤[17]和王国玲等[18]研究结果一致。麻疹IgM抗体阳性率在8个月～4岁年龄组最高（3.95%），可能与低龄儿童因免疫系统发育不完善和疫苗接种程序未完成等因素有关，提示麻疹防控人群还是应以小年龄段人群为主；风疹IgM抗体阳性率在10～19岁年龄组最高（4.47%），则可能是因为该年龄段人群前期接种率不高，且随着时间推移，抗体滴度逐渐降低，无法形成有效免疫屏障。在免疫史方面，1剂次免疫史组麻疹IgM抗体阳性率最高（8.46%），可能与初始免疫失败有关，部分人群接种1剂次疫苗后免疫系统未产生足够的抗体或者免疫反应较弱，无法有效抵抗麻疹病毒的侵入。因此，建议针对不同年龄和免疫史人群采取精准防控策略，如严格按照免疫规划程序、确保适龄儿童及时接种疫苗、对无免疫史人群进行查漏补种，同时加强对青少年等重点人群的健康教育，提高其自我防护意识。
综上所述，2020—2024年河北省麻疹和风疹疑似病例麻疹和风疹防控工作需综合考虑时间、地区和人群等因素，制定具有针对性的防控策略，并加强疫苗接种工作，尤其是重点人群和易感人群；强化疫情监测与预警，特别是在高发季节和重点地区，同时提高公众健康意识以促进个人防护措施的落实。但本研究仅分析了2020—2024年河南省的数据，同时仅依赖ELISA检测IgM抗体，而未结合病毒核酸检测进行结果验证，可能会因假阳性/假阴性而影响结果准确性。因此，在后续的研究中可进一步扩大样本量，深入探讨影响麻疹和风疹流行的因素（如病毒变异和环境因素等）；从而为防控策略优化提供更有力依据，以降低麻疹和风疹发病率，消除麻疹，保障公众健康。

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2026年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146945
  • 接收时间：2025-01-14
  • 首发时间：2026-10-23
  • 出版时间：2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-14
  • 修回日期：2025-03-25
  • 录用日期：2025-08-29
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    河北省疾病预防控制中心，石家庄 050021

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崔世恒，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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