Article(id=1320442594212036738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442558581424898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146910, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=1742745600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-24, acceptedDate=1757865600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-15, onlineDate=1792747647097, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747647097, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747647096, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747647096, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442558581424898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='129', pageEnd='256', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747638602, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748118043, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444569574031427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442558581424898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444569578225732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442558581424898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=226, endPage=233, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442594413363331, articleId=1320442594212036738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Quantitative risk assessment of the effect of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in retail seafood on the health of residents in Hangzhou city: based on monitoring data, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To estimate the risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus-caused illness associated with the consumption of seafood in Hangzhou, and identify the key points for risk control, thereby providing evidence for adopting effective risk management measures.

Methods

The surveillance data of V. parahaemolyticus concentration in seafood in Hangzhou from 2011 to 2022 and Hangzhou residents′ seafood consumption data in 2015 were extracted. According to the growth model of V. parahaemolyticus and related parameters from scientific literature, the Monte Carlo simulation method was employed to analyze the change of V. parahaemolyticus concentration in seafood from market to table and quantify the exposure of V. parahaemolyticus in the residents by consuming seafood in Hangzhou. Finally, a dose-response model was adopted to assess the risk of gastroenteritis caused by V. parahaemolyticus.

Results

The positive rate of V. parahaemolyticus in retail seafood in Hangzhou was 31.78% (90%CI: 28.38%–35.42%), with an initial contamination level of –0.20 (90%CI: –0.82 to 2.04) lg CFU/g. The average daily incidence risk of gastroenteritis caused by V. parahaemolyticus in seafood among residents was 1.93 × 10–5 in Hangzhou. The number of people infected with V. parahaemolyticus per million residents per year due to seafood consumption was 7 044. The sensitivity analysis showed that the risk was mainly and positively correlated with the initial contamination level of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood and the transportation and storage temperature and time of seafood.

Conclusions

There is certain health risk due to the consumption of seafood in Hangzhou. The risk could be effectively reduced by controlling the contamination level of V. parahaemolyticus in retail seafood and strictly controlling the storage and transportation temperature and time of seafood.

, authors=Lingli WANG, Hao JIANG, Xiao XIAO, Liming HUANG, Hong XU, authorsList=Lingli WANG, Hao JIANG, Xiao XIAO, Liming HUANG, Hong XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XU Hong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442596586012824, articleId=1320442594212036738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染对居民健康影响:基于监测数据的定量风险评估, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

评估浙江省杭州市海产品中副溶血性弧菌(VP)导致居民患病的风险,识别风险关键控制点,提出科学的风险管控建议和措施。

方法

以2011—2022年杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌含量数据和2015年杭州市居民食物消费量调查数据为基础,参考文献中副溶血性弧菌的生长模型和相关参数,采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟分析杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌 “从市场到餐桌”的生长变化情况,计算居民通过食用海产品摄入致病性副溶血性弧菌的数量,结合剂量–反应关系模型估算居民患副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的风险。

结果

杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌阳性率为31.78%(90%CI=28.38%~35.42%),初始污染水平为–0.20(90%CI= –0.82~2.04)lg CFU/g;杭州市居民每天通过食用海产品引起副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的平均发病风险为1.93×10–5,每年每百万居民因消费海产品导致副溶血弧菌感染而患病的人数约为7 044例。敏感性分析表明,患病风险与初始污染水平、储运温度和时间等参数有较高相关性。

结论

杭州市居民食用海产品存在一定的健康风险,控制零售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染浓度,严格控制水产品储运温度和时间是减少副溶血性弧菌感染的关键。

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王玲莉(1980—),副主任医师,硕士,研究方向:食品安全风险监测和风险评估

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徐虹,E-mail:
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Frontiers in Microbiology, 2023, 14: 1171350., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320442604110594273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王李伟, 张昭寰, 赵勇, 等. 市售水产品中副溶血性弧菌污染的定量风险评估[J]. 上海预防医学, 2016, 28(6): 365-371., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320442596850253977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442596854448282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, companyId=1320442596850253977, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hangzhou Health Supervision Institution), Hangzhou 310021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442596862836891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, companyId=1320442596850253977, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=杭州市疾病预防控制中心(杭州市卫生监督所),杭州 310021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320442599375225023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Initial contamination level of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in retail seafood, figureFileSmall=ZmMulPnUuyvSYs0w9bbeaw==, figureFileBig=AI5Gk3DUnOf/4G2BbJs7Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442599446528192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=CN, label=图1, caption=杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌初始污染水平, figureFileSmall=ZmMulPnUuyvSYs0w9bbeaw==, figureFileBig=AI5Gk3DUnOf/4G2BbJs7Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442599752712385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Contamination level of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in retail seafood after transportation, figureFileSmall=OG/jc/+AjimsbGuBxPTfwg==, figureFileBig=USp7VvKjZFPPPLUS4HzSHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442599870152898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=CN, label=图2, caption=杭州市售海产品经运输后副溶血性弧菌污染水平, figureFileSmall=OG/jc/+AjimsbGuBxPTfwg==, figureFileBig=USp7VvKjZFPPPLUS4HzSHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442599975010499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Contamination level of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in retail seafood after storage in kitchen, figureFileSmall=R4Exv7acvpJcOhB6rkI2Yw==, figureFileBig=Z8jqYMpUc3avfatGY474Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442600058896580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=CN, label=图3, caption=海产品经厨房储存后副溶血性弧菌污染水平, figureFileSmall=R4Exv7acvpJcOhB6rkI2Yw==, figureFileBig=Z8jqYMpUc3avfatGY474Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442600126005445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Level of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus ingested by residents after storage in different modes, figureFileSmall=J99SIAiKMOXXg10/2K6VHA==, figureFileBig=3unjKkepccYf0ZlakFHvRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442600197308614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同储存模式后居民摄入致病性副溶血性弧菌水平, figureFileSmall=J99SIAiKMOXXg10/2K6VHA==, figureFileBig=3unjKkepccYf0ZlakFHvRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442600277000391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Disease risk associated with consumption of seafood after storage in different modes, figureFileSmall=ygXdsEt9rsIQJpuFNb/ogQ==, figureFileBig=PE1Ce51IOKALA4tzQbSj0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442600377663688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同储存模式后居民消费海产品患病风险, figureFileSmall=ygXdsEt9rsIQJpuFNb/ogQ==, figureFileBig=PE1Ce51IOKALA4tzQbSj0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442600633516233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Setting of risk assessment parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段变量定义单位公式
销售阶段P0VP初始污染率%Beta(151,323)
Lp阳性样品VP污染水平lg MPN/gRiskCumul(–0.522 9,3.041 4,{–0.521 4,–0.520 0, –0.443 7….,3.041 4},
{0.013 2,0.019 9,0.092 7,0.99})
Ln阴性样品VP污染水平lg MPN/glog(1/2LOD,10)
N0VP初始污染水平lg MPN/gRiskDiscrete({Lp:Ln},{P0:(1–P0)})
运输阶段T零售点到家庭的温度℃Kumaraswamy(4.0313,9.3221,0,50)
t零售点到家庭的时间hpert(0.5,1,2.5)
Um生长速率/h(0.032 8×(T–1.046))^2
M海产品中VP最大生长密度lg MPN/gUniform(6,9)
生长模型lg MPN/gN0+Um×(t–λ)
运输过程VP变化水平lg MPN/gif(or(T>15,T=15),生长模型,if(and(T<15,T>4),
不生长模型,失活模型)
N1运输过程VP最终污染水平lg MPN/gif(N1>M,M,N1)
家庭储藏阶段t1厨房常温放置时间hpert(0.5,1,3)
生长模型lg MPN/gN1+Um×(t1–λ)
厨房常温储存过程VP变化水平if(or(T>15,T=15),生长模型,if(and(T<15,T>4),
不生长模型,失活模型)
N2厨房常温放置后VP菌量if(N2>M,M,N2)
t2厨房冷藏时间hpert(0.5,6,48)
N2′厨房冷藏后VP污染水平lg MPN/gN1–(1/D)×t2
Nt厨房储存后VP总体污染水平lg MPN/griskdiscrete({N2:N2′},{44%:56%})
if(Nt>M,M,Nt)
消费阶段P1致病性VP比例%uniform(0.04,0.33)
A海产品消费量g/人·天Normal[38.90,40.49,Truncate(0,)]
P2海产品生食比例%beta(33,559)
D消费海产品摄入致病性VP的量MPN/gD=(10^Nt)×P1×A×P2
患病概率Pd每人每天因食用海产品可能导致VP感染的患病概率%1–[1+D/(1.3×10^6×27)]–0.6
person杭州市常住人口人11 965 000
case-day杭州市每天因食用海产品可能导致VP感染的患病例数例Pd×person
case-year杭州市每年因食用海产品可能导致VP感染的患病例数例case-day×365
case-day-million杭州市每百万人每天因食用海产品可能导致VP感染的患病例数例case-day×1 000 000
 case-year-million杭州市每百万人每年因食用海产品可能导致VP感染的患病例数例case-day-million×365
), ArticleFig(id=1320442600721596618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风险评估参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段变量定义单位公式
销售阶段P0VP初始污染率%Beta(151,323)
Lp阳性样品VP污染水平lg MPN/gRiskCumul(–0.522 9,3.041 4,{–0.521 4,–0.520 0, –0.443 7….,3.041 4},
{0.013 2,0.019 9,0.092 7,0.99})
Ln阴性样品VP污染水平lg MPN/glog(1/2LOD,10)
N0VP初始污染水平lg MPN/gRiskDiscrete({Lp:Ln},{P0:(1–P0)})
运输阶段T零售点到家庭的温度℃Kumaraswamy(4.0313,9.3221,0,50)
t零售点到家庭的时间hpert(0.5,1,2.5)
Um生长速率/h(0.032 8×(T–1.046))^2
M海产品中VP最大生长密度lg MPN/gUniform(6,9)
生长模型lg MPN/gN0+Um×(t–λ)
运输过程VP变化水平lg MPN/gif(or(T>15,T=15),生长模型,if(and(T<15,T>4),
不生长模型,失活模型)
N1运输过程VP最终污染水平lg MPN/gif(N1>M,M,N1)
家庭储藏阶段t1厨房常温放置时间hpert(0.5,1,3)
生长模型lg MPN/gN1+Um×(t1–λ)
厨房常温储存过程VP变化水平if(or(T>15,T=15),生长模型,if(and(T<15,T>4),
不生长模型,失活模型)
N2厨房常温放置后VP菌量if(N2>M,M,N2)
t2厨房冷藏时间hpert(0.5,6,48)
N2′厨房冷藏后VP污染水平lg MPN/gN1–(1/D)×t2
Nt厨房储存后VP总体污染水平lg MPN/griskdiscrete({N2:N2′},{44%:56%})
if(Nt>M,M,Nt)
消费阶段P1致病性VP比例%uniform(0.04,0.33)
A海产品消费量g/人·天Normal[38.90,40.49,Truncate(0,)]
P2海产品生食比例%beta(33,559)
D消费海产品摄入致病性VP的量MPN/gD=(10^Nt)×P1×A×P2
患病概率Pd每人每天因食用海产品可能导致VP感染的患病概率%1–[1+D/(1.3×10^6×27)]–0.6
person杭州市常住人口人11 965 000
case-day杭州市每天因食用海产品可能导致VP感染的患病例数例Pd×person
case-year杭州市每年因食用海产品可能导致VP感染的患病例数例case-day×365
case-day-million杭州市每百万人每天因食用海产品可能导致VP感染的患病例数例case-day×1 000 000
 case-year-million杭州市每百万人每年因食用海产品可能导致VP感染的患病例数例case-day-million×365
), ArticleFig(id=1320442600809677003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Disease risk associated with consumption of seafood in different seasons

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节最小值最大值众数 $ \overline{x} $ $ S_{\overline{x}} $
春8.56×10–105.85×10–41.14×10–72.46×10–56.46×10–5
夏1.81×10–71.82×10–23.65×10–61.52×10–41.78×10–3
秋2.87×10–92.29×10–31.57×10–65.47×10–52.46×10–4
冬1.71×10–105.33×10–51.13×10–84.43×10–75.33×10–6
全年3.76×10–91.85×10–32.52×10–71.93×10–51.81×10–4
), ArticleFig(id=1320442601019392204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

居民不同季节消费海产品后患病风险

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节最小值最大值众数 $ \overline{x} $ $ S_{\overline{x}} $
春8.56×10–105.85×10–41.14×10–72.46×10–56.46×10–5
夏1.81×10–71.82×10–23.65×10–61.52×10–41.78×10–3
秋2.87×10–92.29×10–31.57×10–65.47×10–52.46×10–4
冬1.71×10–105.33×10–51.13×10–84.43×10–75.33×10–6
全年3.76×10–91.85×10–32.52×10–71.93×10–51.81×10–4
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Correlation analysis of risk factors for gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP)

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感染相关因素相关系数值
常温储存冷藏储存
初始污染水平0.690.74
环境温度0.430.26
海产品消费量0.270.33
厨房常温储存时间0.22—
储存冷藏时间—–0.07
致病性VP比例0.200.26
运输时间0.190.26
海产品生食比例0.050.07
最大生长密度0.000.01
), ArticleFig(id=1320442601556263119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442594212036738, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

副溶血性弧菌(VP)胃肠炎危险因素相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感染相关因素相关系数值
常温储存冷藏储存
初始污染水平0.690.74
环境温度0.430.26
海产品消费量0.270.33
厨房常温储存时间0.22—
储存冷藏时间—–0.07
致病性VP比例0.200.26
运输时间0.190.26
海产品生食比例0.050.07
最大生长密度0.000.01
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杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染对居民健康影响:基于监测数据的定量风险评估
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王玲莉 , 蒋皓 , 肖骁 , 黄利明 , 徐虹 *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2026,42(2): 226-233
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2026 , 42 (2) : 226 -233
杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染对居民健康影响:基于监测数据的定量风险评估
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王玲莉, 蒋皓, 肖骁, 黄利明, 徐虹*, *
作者信息
  • 杭州市疾病预防控制中心(杭州市卫生监督所),杭州 310021
通讯作者:
徐虹,E-mail:
作者简介:

王玲莉(1980—),副主任医师,硕士,研究方向:食品安全风险监测和风险评估

Quantitative risk assessment of the effect of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in retail seafood on the health of residents in Hangzhou city: based on monitoring data
Lingli WANG, Hao JIANG, Xiao XIAO, Liming HUANG, Hong XU
Affiliations
  • Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hangzhou Health Supervision Institution), Hangzhou 310021, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    XU Hong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146910
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目的

评估浙江省杭州市海产品中副溶血性弧菌(VP)导致居民患病的风险,识别风险关键控制点,提出科学的风险管控建议和措施。

方法

以2011—2022年杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌含量数据和2015年杭州市居民食物消费量调查数据为基础,参考文献中副溶血性弧菌的生长模型和相关参数,采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟分析杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌 “从市场到餐桌”的生长变化情况,计算居民通过食用海产品摄入致病性副溶血性弧菌的数量,结合剂量–反应关系模型估算居民患副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的风险。

结果

杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌阳性率为31.78%(90%CI=28.38%~35.42%),初始污染水平为–0.20(90%CI= –0.82~2.04)lg CFU/g;杭州市居民每天通过食用海产品引起副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的平均发病风险为1.93×10–5,每年每百万居民因消费海产品导致副溶血弧菌感染而患病的人数约为7 044例。敏感性分析表明,患病风险与初始污染水平、储运温度和时间等参数有较高相关性。

结论

杭州市居民食用海产品存在一定的健康风险,控制零售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染浓度,严格控制水产品储运温度和时间是减少副溶血性弧菌感染的关键。

副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)  /  海产品  /  定量风险评估  /  食源性疾病  /  杭州市
Objective

To estimate the risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus-caused illness associated with the consumption of seafood in Hangzhou, and identify the key points for risk control, thereby providing evidence for adopting effective risk management measures.

Methods

The surveillance data of V. parahaemolyticus concentration in seafood in Hangzhou from 2011 to 2022 and Hangzhou residents′ seafood consumption data in 2015 were extracted. According to the growth model of V. parahaemolyticus and related parameters from scientific literature, the Monte Carlo simulation method was employed to analyze the change of V. parahaemolyticus concentration in seafood from market to table and quantify the exposure of V. parahaemolyticus in the residents by consuming seafood in Hangzhou. Finally, a dose-response model was adopted to assess the risk of gastroenteritis caused by V. parahaemolyticus.

Results

The positive rate of V. parahaemolyticus in retail seafood in Hangzhou was 31.78% (90%CI: 28.38%–35.42%), with an initial contamination level of –0.20 (90%CI: –0.82 to 2.04) lg CFU/g. The average daily incidence risk of gastroenteritis caused by V. parahaemolyticus in seafood among residents was 1.93 × 10–5 in Hangzhou. The number of people infected with V. parahaemolyticus per million residents per year due to seafood consumption was 7 044. The sensitivity analysis showed that the risk was mainly and positively correlated with the initial contamination level of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood and the transportation and storage temperature and time of seafood.

Conclusions

There is certain health risk due to the consumption of seafood in Hangzhou. The risk could be effectively reduced by controlling the contamination level of V. parahaemolyticus in retail seafood and strictly controlling the storage and transportation temperature and time of seafood.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus  /  seafood  /  quantitative risk assessment  /  foodborne disease  /  Hangzhou city
王玲莉, 蒋皓, 肖骁, 黄利明, 徐虹. 杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染对居民健康影响:基于监测数据的定量风险评估. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (2) : 226 -233 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146910
Lingli WANG, Hao JIANG, Xiao XIAO, Liming HUANG, Hong XU. Quantitative risk assessment of the effect of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in retail seafood on the health of residents in Hangzhou city: based on monitoring data[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (2) : 226 -233 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146910
微生物性食源性疾病是全球重要的食品安全问题,副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vp)是引起细菌性食源性疾病的主要致病菌, 由该菌引起的食源性疾病常与食用未经充分煮熟的海产品有关。1950年在日本发生的一次暴发性食物中毒事件中首次分离出副溶血性弧菌[1],为革兰氏阴性、无芽孢和荚膜、单端单鞭毛的球杆菌,兼性厌氧或微需氧,最适生长温度为30~37 ℃,最适pH值7.4~8.0,广泛分布于近海岸的海水、海水沉积物及鱼、虾、蟹、贝等水产品中。一般认为副溶血性弧菌的主要致病作用与其可产生耐热直接溶血素(thermostable direct hemolysin, TDH)和耐热直接相关溶血素(thermostable direct related hemolysin, TRH)有关[2]。副溶血性弧菌感染引起的食源性疾病主要以胃肠炎为主,潜伏期一般为4~24 h,临床症状包括腹泻、头痛、恶心、呕吐、腹部绞痛和低热,严重的还会引起败血症危及生命。我国食源性疾病暴发事件监测系统数据显示,副溶血性弧菌已经超过沙门氏菌,成为食源性疾病暴发最主要的致病因素[3]。
风险评估已成为当前国际社会普遍应用的食品安全宏观管理模式,是制定完善食品安全标准和解决国际食品贸易争端的重要依据。微生物定量风险评估通过采用数学模型预测微生物在食品中各环节的变化,最终计算并描述其风险大小。可识别食品从销售、运输到贮存、加工过程中的主要风险来源,以此提出干预措施,为食品安全问题提供可行的解决途径。鉴于浙江省杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染严重且居民海产品消费量较大,本研究对居民通过食用海产品感染副溶血性弧菌病的风险进行初步定量风险评估,以期为海产品中副溶血性弧菌的风险管理提供理论依据。结果报告如下。
包括海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染水平数据、人群海产品消费水平和消费习惯数据的收集以及评估参数的设定。
海产品中副溶血性弧菌含量数据来自2011—2022年杭州市食品安全风险监测,涵盖杭州市各区、县(市)农贸市场、超市、水产批发市场及餐饮店等的监测样本。包括203份鱼类、69份甲壳类、185份贝壳类和15份软体动物类共472份海产品。采用GB 4789.7—2008《食品卫生微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》或GB 4789.7—2013《食品微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》对样本进行定量检测,检出限为0.3 MPN/g。
浙江省疾病预防控制中心于2015年开展居民食物消费量调查,该调查采用整群随机抽样方法在全省选择10个调查点(杭州市淳安县和建德市是其中两个调查点),每个调查点抽取3个乡镇(街道),每个乡镇(街道)抽取2个村(居委会),每个村(居委会)抽取50户,每个被抽中家庭中所有≥3岁常住家庭成员在签署“知情同意书”后确认为调查对象。通过3次非连续的24 h膳食回顾法,获得308户925名≥3岁对象的食物消费量数据和体重数据。调查问卷来自浙江省2015年居民食物消费状况调查工作手册。
海产品消费行为习惯参数包括海产品购买后运输时间、运输温度、储存方式及储存时间、生食比例主要来源于参考文献[4–5]。采用pert(0.5,1,2.5)分布[4–5]描述海产品从零售点到消费者家中的运输时间,Kumaraswamy(4.031 3,9.3221,0,50)分布(根据杭州市2014—2016年1096 d的每日最高气温数据拟合得到)描述海产品从零售到厨房运输过程的环境温度;采用pert(0.5,1,3)分布[4–5]描述厨房常温储存时间,采用pert(0.5,6,48)分布[4–5]描述厨房冷藏储存时间;根据购买后常温储存和冷藏储存的人群比例(44%:56%)[4],采用Discrete[({N常温:N冷藏),(44%:56%)]分布描述海产品经厨房储存后副溶血性弧菌的总体污染水平;居民生食海产品的比例分布函数为Beta(33,559) [4]。食品中致病性副溶血性弧菌比例,采用uniform(0.04,0.33)分布[6]描述。
采用Normal(38.90,40.49,Truncate(0,))分布描述居民海产品消费量(A);结合海产品生食比例(P2)、致病性副溶血性弧菌比例(P1)及经储存后海产品中副溶血性弧菌含量(Nt),根据公式D=(10^Nt)×P1×A×P2,得到居民通过消费不同储存模式海产品摄入致病性副溶血性弧菌的量(D)。
将杭州市居民通过食用海产品摄入致病性副溶血性弧菌的量(D)代入剂量–反应模型:1−[1+D/(1.3×106×27)]−0.6,运用@risk7.6软件拟合杭州市居民由于食用海产品引起副溶血性弧菌肠胃炎的概率。
采用预测微生物模型估算市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌从零售、运输、储存到消费阶段的变化情况。有数据表明,环境温度保持在20~30 ℃,在2~3 h内海产品副溶血性弧菌的数量可以从102/g~103/g增加到>105/g,但在温度<7 ℃时开始死亡,最高死亡率在0~4 ℃范围内[7];温度在5~15 ℃时,副溶血性弧菌生长很缓慢,基本不生长[4]。
本研究通过分析比较当前国内外副溶血性弧菌在各种基质中的生长预测模型,结合杭州市居民的海产品消费特点,决定采用上海海洋大学唐晓阳等[8]建立的致病性副溶血性弧菌大流行克隆株O3:K6在南美白对虾中的生长预测模型(一级模型Nt=N0+μm×(t–λ),二级模型$ \sqrt{\mu m}=0.032\;8\times (T-1.046) $;其中μm为细菌最大比生长速率,λ为延滞期,N0为细菌初始污染水平,Nt为时间为t时的细菌污染水平,T为环境温度)来估计杭州市售出海产品中副溶血性弧菌在16~40 ℃之间的生长情况;采用一级失活模型(Nt=N0−(1/D)×t,D值表示细菌降低一个log所需的时间,取4 ℃时D值拟合值173.5)来模拟≤5 ℃海产品中副溶血性弧菌的失活情况;温度处在6~15 ℃之间时,采用不生长模型估计海产品中副溶血性弧菌的消长情况。
剂量–反应关系模型描述人体摄入副溶血性弧菌的量与患病概率之间的对应关系,主要基于国外进行的多项人体试食实验的数据[9–10],拟合数学模型,并外推人群预期暴露的风险。本次评估使用的模型参考了世界卫生组织和美国食品药品监督管理局公布的评估报告[11]。其数学公式表达为:
$\mathrm{Pr}\left(\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}|\mathrm{d}\right)=1-{\left(1+\dfrac{d}{\beta }\right)}^{-\alpha }$
其中$\mathrm{Pr}\left(\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}|\mathrm{d}\right) $是摄食一定剂量的副溶血性弧菌后患病的概率;d是致病性副溶血性弧菌的摄入量(CFU);α和β是Beta-Poisson模型的形状和位置参数,分别设置为0.6和1.31×106。
本次评估以杭州市零售海产品中副溶血性弧菌的初始污染水平为起点,根据副溶血性弧菌生长模型和相关参数,采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法,分析杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌“从市场到餐桌”的生长变化情况。结合本市居民海产品消费量调查数据,通过剂量–反应关系模型估算居民通过食用海产品罹患副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的风险,评估模型各种参数设置见表1。敏感性分析采用Spearman相关分析,方法分析各因素与居民通罹患副溶血性弧菌病的相关关系。相关关系的绝对值越大,表示该因素对发病风险的影响越大。模型的运算及敏感性分析均在@risk7.6版进行。
风险评估过程采用国际通用软件@Risk7.6(Palisade, USA),在Excel 2016环境下建立评估模型。该模型采用蒙特卡洛模拟技术[12–13],每一变量分布的模拟均采用Latin Hypercube抽样方法进行抽样,5 000次迭代,1次模拟。
根据2015年杭州市居民食物消费量调查结果,居民每天海产品的平均消费量为38.90 g/d,标准差为40.49 g/d。因此,设定杭州市居民海产品消费量分布为Normal[38.90,40.49,Truncate(0,)]。
对2011—2021年采集472份海产品进行副溶血性弧菌定量检测,150份样品中副溶血性弧菌检测阳性,阳性率为31.78%(90%CI=28.38%~35.42%)。150份阳性定量结果的95%污染水平范围为0.36 MPN/g~125.9 MPN/g。根据拟合结果,杭州市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌初始污染水平N0为–0.20(90%CI= –0.82~2.04)lg(CFU/g)。
根据副溶血性弧菌生长预测模型和运输的时间和温度等参数,拟合得到运输后副溶血性弧菌的平均污染浓度N1为0.26(90%CI = –0.80~2.57)lg(CFU/g)。
根据副溶血性弧菌生长预测模型和厨房储存时间及温度等参数,拟合得到不同储存模式后副溶血性弧菌的污染水平。结果显示,冷藏储存后副溶血性弧菌的平均污染浓度(N冷藏)为0.18 lg(CFU/g),较储存前消减0.08 lg(CFU/g);常温储存后副溶血性弧菌的平均污染浓度(N常温)为0.77 lg(CFU/g),较储存前增长0.51 lg(CFU/g);储存后总体污染水平(Nt)为0.45 lg(CFU/g)。常温储存后海产品中副溶血性弧菌平均污染水平(CFU/g)是冷藏储存后的4倍。
根据居民海产品消费量(A),结合海产品生食比例(P2)、致病性副溶血性弧菌比例(P1)及经储存后海产品中副溶血性弧菌含量(Nt),由公式D=(10^Nt)×P1×A×P2,得到居民食用不同储存模式海产品摄入致病性副溶血性弧菌的量(D)。
运用@risk7.6软件拟合杭州市居民由于食用海产品引起副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的概率,并对不同储存方式和不同季节的风险差异分别进行评估。
杭州市居民每天通过食用海产品引起副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的平均发病风险为1.93×10–5,每年每百万居民因消费海产品导致副溶血弧菌感染而患病的人数约为7 044例。对杭州市居民采用不同储存方式的风险差异进行估计,居民食用常温储存海产品后引起副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的平均发病风险(2.38×10–5)是食用冷藏储存海产品发病风险(3.65×10–6)的6.5倍。对居民春、夏、秋、冬4季食用海产品摄入致病性副溶血性弧菌量而引起胃肠炎的风险差异进行评估:居民夏季感染副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的平均风险是冬季的342倍,春夏秋冬患病风险比例为55:342:123:1,模拟获得的季节差异结果与食源性疾病监测系统实际上报的数据基本一致。
敏感性分析是发现潜在的与发病风险密切相关的因素,从而为干预措施提供参考依据。Spearman相关分析结果显示,不论是常温还是冷藏储存模式,海产品中副溶血性弧菌初始污染水平对人群患病风险的影响最大,相关系数为0.69~0.74,其次为运输温度(相关系数为0.26~0.43)、运输时间(相关系数0.19~0.26)及常温储存时间(相关系数0.22);海产品消费量(相关系数0.27~0.33)、致病性副溶血性弧菌比例(相关系数0.20~0.26)对患病的影响较为相似。此外,在冷藏模式下,储存时间与患病风险呈负相关,相关系数为–0.07。副溶血性弧菌的最大生长密度对患病基本没有影响。
自20世纪50年代发现副溶血性弧菌以来,在沿海国家和地区的海产品中均有较高水平的检出,并持续引起食源性疾病的暴发[14–16]。在当前水产品消费日益增长的情况下,副溶血性弧菌–海产品是我国生物性食源性疾病最需要优先控制的病原体食品组合[3]。
本研究初步构建了杭州市海产品中副溶血性弧菌的暴露评估模型,模拟了海产品从市场到餐桌中副溶血性弧菌污染水平的变化过程,并估算了杭州市居民通过食用海产品感染副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的风险。结果显示,杭州市居民每天因生食半生食海产品引起副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的平均发病风险为1.93×10–5,此结果与宁波市[17]的研究结果相近。按照杭州市1 196.5万的常住人口计算,每天因食用海产品感染副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎的人数为230例,而杭州市食源性疾病监测报告系统结果显示,平均每年上报的副溶血性弧菌胃肠炎病例为187例(104~276),表明受社区急性胃肠炎患者就诊率和送检率的影响,只有小部分病例由实验室检测确诊并上报公共卫生机构,哨点医院报告的食源性疾病确诊病例仍然很少,应积极探索改善食源性疾病监测系统的策略。本研究对不同储存方式的风险差异评估结果显示,厨房常温储存海产品过程中副溶血性弧菌增长明显,最终导致的发病风险较冷藏储存的风险显著升高。因此,建议消费者购买水产品后应尽量避免常温储存。此外,本研究对居民春、夏、秋、冬4个季节生食海产品引起胃肠炎的风险分别进行模拟分析,获得的季节性差异与食源性疾病监测系统实际上报的数据较为一致,再次证明副溶血性弧菌的生长和繁殖高度依赖环境温度的变化。
本研究敏感性分析结果表明,初始污染水平与最终暴露量的相关性最高。因此,通过控制零售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染浓度是降低发病人数的关键所在。建议相关部门加强对养殖和捕捞环节海产品中副溶血性弧菌的定量监测,严格做到产品从海岸到市场的冷链运输,从源头控制海产品副溶血性弧菌污染;加强对零售市场和餐饮机构的卫生管理,有效控制零售期间海产品贮存的环境温度,缩短销售时间,尽量减少农贸市场摊主的过夜销售等,尤其在气温较高的夏季。敏感性分析显示,海产品购买后的运输温度、运输时间、厨房常温储存时间、海产品消费量也是影响最终暴露量的重要因素。建议政府在气温较高的夏秋高发季节应加强对居民的宣传教育,倡导安全的消费行为模式,如提醒消费者低温冷藏海产品、缩短从零售点到厨房的运输时间、采用低温运输、控制室温储存和加工时间、尽量不生食海产品等。
由于微生物本身的特异性及其在食品等基质中不断变化等特点,导致对其进行的风险评估比化学性评估更为复杂。菌株之间的差异是微生物风险评估中不确定性的一个重要因素。由于不同型别副溶血性弧菌在不同基质中的生长情况存在差异,因此,本次评估所使用的生长预测模型与不同流行株在不同种类海产品中的实际消长情况可能存在一定偏差。本次评估将居民购买海产品后运输温度设定为环境温度,未考虑低温运输方式的比例,因此,可能会在一定程度上高估患病的风险。此外,本评估中的其他一些参数设置参考了文献数据,且未对海产品在厨房处理过程中与其他即食类食物交叉污染所产生的致病风险进行评估,这也给模型估计带来一些不确定性。
针对本评估的不确定性,有必要加强杭州市微生物风险评估数据库的构建,加强食物中致病菌的定量监测和食物消费习惯调查,模拟食物厨房处理过程构建交叉污染模型,继续收集科学的、必要的参数信息,提高微生物定量风险评估结果的准确性。

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2026年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146910
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
  • 修回日期:2025-03-24
  • 录用日期:2025-09-15
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    杭州市疾病预防控制中心(杭州市卫生监督所),杭州 310021

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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