Article(id=1320442577749389887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442558581424898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1148516, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753286400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-24, revisedDate=1756310400000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-28, acceptedDate=1762704000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineDate=1792747643172, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747643172, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747643172, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747643172, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442558581424898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='129', pageEnd='256', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747638602, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748118043, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444569574031427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442558581424898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444569578225732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320442558581424898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=199, endPage=204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442578110100032, articleId=1320442577749389887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 monitoring results in sewage in Shandong province, 2024: based on sewage sample monitoring, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the epidemic trend of SARS-CoV-2 and explore the practical significance of sewage monitoring in the assessment and prevention of COVID-19 epidemic by analyzing the monitoring data of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage in Shandong province.

Methods

In 2024, a total of 9 464 sewage samples from the main urban sewage treatment plants in 16 cities of Shandong province were collected weekly. The positive rate and the weighted average concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in the samples were continuously monitored. Correlation analysis was conducted between the weekly positive rates and weighted average concentrations across the province. On the basis of the data such as the weighted average concentration, the weekly number of SARS-CoV-2 infections was estimated. Correlation analysis was then performed between the estimated infection number and the reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Shandong province.

Results

In 2024, a total of 9 464 sewage samples were monitored in Shandong province. The average positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater throughout the year was 46.91%, and the average weighted average concentration was 11.69 copies/mL. The positive rate and weighted average concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in the sewage samples in Shandong province showed two peaks. The first peak occurred from the 1st week to the 24th week (January to June), with the highest positive rate of 77.72% and the highest weighted average concentration of 42.27 copies/mL. The second peak occurred from the 29th week to the 46th week (July to November), with the highest positive rate of 67.36% and the highest weighted average concentration of 19.7 copies/mL. The positive rate and weighted average concentration throughout the province had a high correlation (r = 0.888 7, P < 0.001, 95%CI: 0.812 9–0.934 9). The positive rates varied among different cities (χ2 = 2 233, P < 0.001), ranging from 14.58% to 89.58%. The weighted average concentrations ranged from 0.81 to 46.76 copies/mL. The number of reported SARS-CoV-2 infection cases in Shandong province ranged from 117 to 5 864, and the trend of increase or decrease in the number of reported cases over time was consistent with the changes in positive rate and weighted average concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage. The estimated number of infections throughout the year ranged from 52 to 2 277, and there was a correlation between the estimated infection number and the number of reported cases (r = 0.769 9, P < 0.001, 95%CI: 0.629 2–0.861 8).

Conclusions

The positive rate and concentration changes of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage in Shandong province, 2024 are basically consistent with the variations in the number of reported cases. There is a certain correlation between the estimated infection number and the number of reported cases. The monitoring results of sewage can to some extent reflect the infection situation of the population.

, authors=Kaige DU1, Yanru CHEN1, Shuopeng YANG1, Shaoxia SONG1, Xiujun MA1, Ti LIU1, 2, 3, authorsList=Kaige DU, Yanru CHEN, Shuopeng YANG, Shaoxia SONG, Xiujun MA, Ti LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ti LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIU Ti, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442579867513423, articleId=1320442577749389887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=2024年山东省污水中新型冠状病毒监测结果分析:基于污水样本监测, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析山东省污水中新型冠状病毒监测数据,了解新型冠状病毒流行趋势,探究污水监测在新型冠状病毒疫情评估与防控中的实际意义。

方法

于2024年每周采集山东省16个市主城区污水厂污水样本共9 464份,对样本中新型冠状病毒阳性率、加权平均浓度进行连续监测,将全省每周阳性率与加权平均浓度进行相关性分析;根据加权平均浓度等数据估计每周新型冠状病毒感染人群数量,将估计感染数与山东省新型冠状病毒感染报告病例数进行相关性分析。

结果

2024年山东省共监测污水样本9 464份,全年污水新型冠状病毒检出阳性率平均为46.91%,全年加权平均浓度平均为11.69 copies/mL。2024年山东省污水中新型冠状病毒阳性率及加权平均浓度均呈现2次波峰,第1次在第1~24周(1—6月),阳性率最高为77.72%,加权平均浓度最高为42.27 copies/mL;第2次波峰在第29~46周(7—11月),阳性率最高为67.36%,加权平均浓度最高为19.7 copies/mL。全省全年阳性率与加权平均浓度具有较高相关性(r=0.888 7,P<0.001,95%CI=0.812 9~0.934 9)。不同城市阳性率差异较大(χ2=2 233,P<0.001),在14.58%~89.58%之间。各市的加权平均浓度在0.81~46.76 copies/mL之间。全省全年新型冠状病毒感染报告病例数在117~5 864例,报告病例增减趋势在时间上与污水新型冠状病毒检测阳性率及加权平均浓度高低一致。全年估计感染例数在52~2 277例,估计感染数与报告病例数存在相关性(r=0.769 9,P<0.001,95%CI=0.629 2~0.861 8)。

结论

山东省2024年污水新型冠状病毒阳性率及浓度变化趋势与报告病例基本一致,估计感染数与报告病例数具有一定相关性,污水监测结果可在一定程度上反映人群感染情况。

, authors=杜凯歌1, 陈艳茹1, 杨朔鹏1, 宋绍霞1, 马秀君1, 刘倜1, 2, 3, *, *, authorsList=杜凯歌, 陈艳茹, 杨朔鹏, 宋绍霞, 马秀君, 刘倜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘倜, authorNote=

杜凯歌(1996—),主管技师,硕士,研究方向:分子病毒学

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刘倜,E-mail:
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Sewage monitoring results of cities in Shandong province, 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市检测数/份阳性数/份阳性率/%加权平均浓度/(copies/mL)
济南1 23756645.765.28
青岛67260289.5829.22
淄博29616254.7311.47
枣庄18412266.301.53
东营3845614.5836.93
烟台50520941.396.39
潍坊57638667.015.25
济宁48011223.331.95
泰安36210529.0118.54
威海28821173.2646.76
日照1 09231929.212.36
临沂1 4401 12878.339.08
德州88615717.722.73
聊城38417144.530.81
滨州3846216.153.60
菏泽2947224.004.31
), ArticleFig(id=1320442583495586447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320442577749389887, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2024年山东省各市污水监测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市检测数/份阳性数/份阳性率/%加权平均浓度/(copies/mL)
济南1 23756645.765.28
青岛67260289.5829.22
淄博29616254.7311.47
枣庄18412266.301.53
东营3845614.5836.93
烟台50520941.396.39
潍坊57638667.015.25
济宁48011223.331.95
泰安36210529.0118.54
威海28821173.2646.76
日照1 09231929.212.36
临沂1 4401 12878.339.08
德州88615717.722.73
聊城38417144.530.81
滨州3846216.153.60
菏泽2947224.004.31
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2024年山东省污水中新型冠状病毒监测结果分析:基于污水样本监测
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杜凯歌 1 , 陈艳茹 1 , 杨朔鹏 1 , 宋绍霞 1 , 马秀君 1 , 刘倜 1, 2, 3, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2026,42(2): 199-204
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2026 , 42 (2) : 199 -204
2024年山东省污水中新型冠状病毒监测结果分析:基于污水样本监测
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2Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
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2山东第一医科大学,济南 250117
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杜凯歌1, 陈艳茹1, 杨朔鹏1, 宋绍霞1, 马秀君1, 刘倜1, 2, 3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1山东省疾病预防控制中心 山东省预防医学研究院 山东省传染病智慧化监测预警和防控重点实验室,济南 250014
  • 2山东第一医科大学,济南 250117
  • 3山东第二医科大学,潍坊 261053
通讯作者:
刘倜,E-mail:
作者简介:

杜凯歌(1996—),主管技师,硕士,研究方向:分子病毒学

Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 monitoring results in sewage in Shandong province, 2024: based on sewage sample monitoring
Kaige DU1, Yanru CHEN1, Shuopeng YANG1, Shaoxia SONG1, Xiujun MA1, Ti LIU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning, Prevention and Control for Infectious Diseases, Shandong Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China
  • 2Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
  • 3Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LIU Ti, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148516
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目的

分析山东省污水中新型冠状病毒监测数据,了解新型冠状病毒流行趋势,探究污水监测在新型冠状病毒疫情评估与防控中的实际意义。

方法

于2024年每周采集山东省16个市主城区污水厂污水样本共9 464份,对样本中新型冠状病毒阳性率、加权平均浓度进行连续监测,将全省每周阳性率与加权平均浓度进行相关性分析;根据加权平均浓度等数据估计每周新型冠状病毒感染人群数量,将估计感染数与山东省新型冠状病毒感染报告病例数进行相关性分析。

结果

2024年山东省共监测污水样本9 464份,全年污水新型冠状病毒检出阳性率平均为46.91%,全年加权平均浓度平均为11.69 copies/mL。2024年山东省污水中新型冠状病毒阳性率及加权平均浓度均呈现2次波峰,第1次在第1~24周(1—6月),阳性率最高为77.72%,加权平均浓度最高为42.27 copies/mL;第2次波峰在第29~46周(7—11月),阳性率最高为67.36%,加权平均浓度最高为19.7 copies/mL。全省全年阳性率与加权平均浓度具有较高相关性(r=0.888 7,P<0.001,95%CI=0.812 9~0.934 9)。不同城市阳性率差异较大(χ2=2 233,P<0.001),在14.58%~89.58%之间。各市的加权平均浓度在0.81~46.76 copies/mL之间。全省全年新型冠状病毒感染报告病例数在117~5 864例,报告病例增减趋势在时间上与污水新型冠状病毒检测阳性率及加权平均浓度高低一致。全年估计感染例数在52~2 277例,估计感染数与报告病例数存在相关性(r=0.769 9,P<0.001,95%CI=0.629 2~0.861 8)。

结论

山东省2024年污水新型冠状病毒阳性率及浓度变化趋势与报告病例基本一致,估计感染数与报告病例数具有一定相关性,污水监测结果可在一定程度上反映人群感染情况。

污水监测  /  新型冠状病毒  /  污水流行病学  /  病毒传播  /  病毒脱落率  /  山东省
Objective

To understand the epidemic trend of SARS-CoV-2 and explore the practical significance of sewage monitoring in the assessment and prevention of COVID-19 epidemic by analyzing the monitoring data of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage in Shandong province.

Methods

In 2024, a total of 9 464 sewage samples from the main urban sewage treatment plants in 16 cities of Shandong province were collected weekly. The positive rate and the weighted average concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in the samples were continuously monitored. Correlation analysis was conducted between the weekly positive rates and weighted average concentrations across the province. On the basis of the data such as the weighted average concentration, the weekly number of SARS-CoV-2 infections was estimated. Correlation analysis was then performed between the estimated infection number and the reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Shandong province.

Results

In 2024, a total of 9 464 sewage samples were monitored in Shandong province. The average positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater throughout the year was 46.91%, and the average weighted average concentration was 11.69 copies/mL. The positive rate and weighted average concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in the sewage samples in Shandong province showed two peaks. The first peak occurred from the 1st week to the 24th week (January to June), with the highest positive rate of 77.72% and the highest weighted average concentration of 42.27 copies/mL. The second peak occurred from the 29th week to the 46th week (July to November), with the highest positive rate of 67.36% and the highest weighted average concentration of 19.7 copies/mL. The positive rate and weighted average concentration throughout the province had a high correlation (r = 0.888 7, P < 0.001, 95%CI: 0.812 9–0.934 9). The positive rates varied among different cities (χ2 = 2 233, P < 0.001), ranging from 14.58% to 89.58%. The weighted average concentrations ranged from 0.81 to 46.76 copies/mL. The number of reported SARS-CoV-2 infection cases in Shandong province ranged from 117 to 5 864, and the trend of increase or decrease in the number of reported cases over time was consistent with the changes in positive rate and weighted average concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage. The estimated number of infections throughout the year ranged from 52 to 2 277, and there was a correlation between the estimated infection number and the number of reported cases (r = 0.769 9, P < 0.001, 95%CI: 0.629 2–0.861 8).

Conclusions

The positive rate and concentration changes of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage in Shandong province, 2024 are basically consistent with the variations in the number of reported cases. There is a certain correlation between the estimated infection number and the number of reported cases. The monitoring results of sewage can to some extent reflect the infection situation of the population.

sewage monitoring  /  SARS-CoV-2  /  wastewater-based-epidemiology  /  viral transmission  /  viral shedding rate  /  Shandong province
杜凯歌, 陈艳茹, 杨朔鹏, 宋绍霞, 马秀君, 刘倜. 2024年山东省污水中新型冠状病毒监测结果分析:基于污水样本监测. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (2) : 199 -204 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148516
Kaige DU, Yanru CHEN, Shuopeng YANG, Shaoxia SONG, Xiujun MA, Ti LIU. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 monitoring results in sewage in Shandong province, 2024: based on sewage sample monitoring[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (2) : 199 -204 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148516
截至2025年7月,由新型冠状病毒引起的新型冠状病毒感染已在全球200多个国家和地区造成约77 840万例确诊病例,710万人死亡[1]。随着疫苗接种的普及、群体免疫的形成及病毒毒力的减弱,无症状及隐匿感染为疫情监测带来很大不确定性[2]。鉴于新型冠状病毒可以通过感染者的粪便、尿液和呼吸道分泌物排出进入污水系统,因此,基于污水流行病学(wastewater-based epidemiology, WBE)方法成为新形势下一种经济、有效的监测手段[3–4]。在此背景下,本研究于2024年对山东省16个市主城区内96家污水厂进行连续监测,以期揭示污水中新型冠状病毒流行情况。根据简化公式估计人群新型冠状病毒感染数量,并与山东省新型冠状病毒感染报告病例数进行比较,为准确了解新型冠状病毒传播动态,同时也为构建长效监测体系奠定实践基础。现将结果报告如下。
山东省16市主城区共有污水厂96家,2024年1—10月每周(周一、周四)采集污水样本2份,11—12月每周二采集污水样本1份,共采集9 464份。污水厂采样日污水处理量(t/d)、样本新型冠状病毒荧光定量PCR结果、N基因浓度(copies/mL)等相关数据在山东省传染病监测数据采集预警系统中获得。根据国家卫生健康委员会发布的《新型冠状病毒感染诊疗方案(试行第十版)》[5]及中国疾病预防控制信息系统中新型冠状病毒感染病例分类情况,将临床诊断病例、确诊病例、阳性检测病例纳入报告病例范围,所得数据在中国疾病预防控制信息系统中获得,并按周进行统计分析。本研究未收集任何个人信息及敏感数据。
用自动采样器在污水厂进水口采集24 h混合污水样本,每小时100 mL,共2 400 mL,样本采集后混合均匀,取500 mL置于4 ℃冷藏条件下,于2 h内送至各市级疾病预防控制中心实验室。各污水厂使用自动采样器定时定量连续采样,确保水样采集时间一致、定量准确、不受人为因素影响。实验室收到污水样本后,于24 h内按照《污水中新型冠状病毒富集浓缩和核酸检测方法标准:WS/T 799—2022》[6]进行新型冠状病毒富集浓缩、实时荧光定量PCR检测、质量控制及阳性结果判定。各市疾控中心负责本项目的实验人员均为2023年参加国家疾控中心统一组织的实验室间比对工作中考核结果“满意”的人员。
按如下公式计算全省每周污水新型冠状病毒阳性率,并统计各市全年污水阳性率平均值。
$ \mathrm{阳}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{率}=\frac{\mathrm{阳}\mathrm{性}\mathrm{样}\mathrm{本}\mathrm{数}}{\mathrm{总}\mathrm{样}\mathrm{本}\mathrm{数}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
以N基因浓度为标准,按如下公式[7]计算全省每周污水新型冠状病毒加权平均浓度(copies/mL),并统计各市全年污水新型冠状病毒加权平均浓度平均值。
$ C=\frac{{ \displaystyle\sum\nolimits }_{i=1}^{n}(Ci\times Qi)}{{\displaystyle\sum\nolimits }_{i=1}^{n}Qi} $
其中,C为污水新型冠状病毒加权平均浓度(copies/mL),Ci为每样本新型冠状病毒N基因浓度(copies/mL),Qi为样本所在污水厂日流量(t/d),n为样本采集污水厂的数量。
按照文献[8–9]报告的方法计算每周感染人数,公式如下:
$ N=\frac{C\times Q}{F\times c\times(1-D)} $
其中,N为估计感染人数,C为污水新型冠状病毒加权平均浓度(copies/mL),Q为采样日总污水厂日流量(t/d),F为每人每天粪便排放量(g),c为阳性患者粪便中新型冠状病毒RNA拷贝数(copies/mL),D为新型冠状病毒在污水中的降解率。根据文献报告,每人每天粪便排量约为128 g[8],阳性患者粪便(单位:g)中RNA拷贝数约为3.4 log10 gene copies/g[10]。病毒在污水中的降解率约为30 %[11]。
山东省疾病预防控制中心对《污水中新型冠状病毒富集浓缩和核酸检测方法标准:WS/T 799—2022》[6]中的富集浓缩方法进行比对,对每份样本实验结果的靶基因标准曲线、扩增效率、R2值、Ct值及浓度进行审核,扩增效率在90%~110%之间,且R2≥0.99时为有效标准曲线。对异常Ct值及浓度进行实验过程核对。
使用WPS office 2025软件和GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计分析及图表绘制。各市阳性率差异性分析使用χ2检验,估计感染数与报告病例数差异性分析使用t检验,阳性率与浓度比较、估计感染数与报告病例数比较采用Pearson相关性检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2024年山东省共监测污水样本9 464份,阳性样本4 440份,每周污水新型冠状病毒阳性率为19.49 %~77.72 %,全年平均为46.91 %。每周污水新型冠状病毒加权平均浓度范围在0.98~42.27 copies/mL,全年平均为11.69 copies/mL。每周污水阳性率及加权平均浓度结果显示,2024年污水中新型冠状病毒变化有2次波峰,第1次波峰在第1~24周(1—6月),阳性率最高在第10周,为77.72 %,加权平均浓度最高在第8周,为42.27 copies/mL;第2次波峰在第29~46周(7—11月),阳性率最高在第34周,为67.36 %,加权平均浓度最高在第35周,为19.7 copies/mL。
山东省各市污水新型冠状病毒阳性率为14.58%~89.58%,加权平均浓度为0.81~46.76 copies/mL,其中阳性率较高的城市有青岛市(89.58%)、威海市(73.26%)、临沂市(78.33%),平均浓度较高的城市有青岛市(29.22 copies/mL);东营市(36.93 copies/mL)、威海市(46.76 copies/mL)。各市污水新型冠状病毒阳性率比较差异均有统计学意义(χ2=2 233, P<0.001)。
根据Pearson相关性分析,污水中新型冠状病毒阳性率与加权平均浓度具有较高相关性(r=0.888 7, P<0.001, 95%CI=0.812 9~ 0.9349)。阳性率变化与加权平均浓度变化趋势一致。
2024年山东省新型冠状病毒感染报告病例为117~5 864例,估计感染例数为52~2 277例。报告病例变化同样呈现2次波峰,在时间上与污水监测结果一致。在第1次波峰中,报告病例最高在第11周,为4 620例,估计感染数最高在第8周,为2 277例;在第2次波峰中,报告病例最高在第34周,为5 864例,估计感染数最高在第35周,为1 318例。估计感染数在低水平流行期与报告病例数接近,与高水平流行期报告病例数存在差距。全年估计感染数结果与报告病例数之间的差异有统计学意义(t=2.638,P=0.009 6)。
将估计感染数与报告病例数进行Pearson相关性分析,估计感染数与报告病例数具有较好的相关性(r=0.769 9,P<0.000 1,95%CI=0.629 2~0.861 8),估计感染数与报告病例数变化趋势一致。
新型冠状病毒的感染机制是通过表面刺突蛋白(spike protein)与人体细胞上的血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotensin converting enzyme 2, ACE2)受体结合,进而入侵细胞引发感染。肠道细胞同样存在ACE2受体,新型冠状病毒可在肠道内复制并随粪便排出,进入污水系统。因此,监测污水中新型冠状病毒成为评估人群中病毒传播的重要补充工具[12]。
一项对全球2023年2月之前的34项研究结果进行分析。发现,城市污水中新型冠状病毒总体阳性率为53.7%[13]。自COVID-19不再作为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件之后,基于WBE的新型冠状病毒相关研究逐渐减少。通过世界卫生组织公布的2024年污水新型冠状病毒监测结果可知,美国、德国、法国、荷兰、印度等国家在波峰时期的污水中病毒浓度仍处于较高水平,多个国家在2023年12月即出现流行波峰,而第2次波峰出现时间则不同[14–18]。本研究结果显示,2024年山东省污水新型冠状病毒阳性率平均为46.91%,加权平均浓度平均为11.69 copies/mL,表明新型冠状病毒感染持续存在且不容忽视。污水新型冠状病毒阳性率及加权平均浓度均在每年3月和8月达到高峰,山东省新型冠状病毒感染报告病例结果同样印证这一结果,且与污水监测结果在同一时期增长或消减,证明污水监测可以在时间上准确反映新型冠状病毒趋势变化。首次波峰监测数据显示,污水新型冠状病毒浓度峰值较临床病例报告提前约1~2周,这一结果与既往研究报道相符。然而,在第2次疫情波峰中,污水监测数据出现滞后性,监测结果未出现早于报告病例的现象。这种差异可能与季节性因素有关,夏季环境温度升高导致病毒在污水系统中的降解速率显著加快[8],从而影响污水监测的预警作用。本研究中不同城市监测结果显示,沿海及人口密度较高地区污水阳性率及浓度较高,证明经济发达,人口密集区域、人员交互可加速病毒传播。此外,不同城市污水管网设施完善程度不同,也导致污水样本中病毒的检出情况存在差异。
为了使污水监测结果更直观地反映人群感染情况,本研究利用污水中新型冠状病毒加权平均浓度等数据对感染人数进行了估计。结果显示,在病毒高水平流行期,估计感染数低于报告病例数,表明本次监测结果在评估感染规模方面仍有一定局限性。以往研究证明,病毒脱落率是影响估算准确度的关键参数,但新型冠状病毒感染患者粪便(单位:g)中病毒颗粒数存在个体差异[19],其脱落范围在102 copies/g~107 copies/g之间不等,个别病例高达108 copies/g[10, 20–22]。为了使此次估计结果更接近真实感染情况,本研究使用文献中报告的感染期粪便中新型冠状病毒中位浓度(3.4 log10 gene copies/g)计算感染者数量,同时,将污水系统中病毒降解率纳入计算公式,以期最大程度提高估计结果的准确性。由于本研究的估算公式中多数变量引自文献报道数据,未能将个体粪便排泄量、粪便中病毒RNA拷贝数及病毒在污水环境中的降解率等参数进行迭代演算,同时缺乏每次实验过程中病毒回收率,导致估计结果与真实感染状况存在一定差距。此外,人口的迁移、病例报告的缺失或延迟,也会影响估计感染数与报告病例数的拟合效果[23],使得人群的估计不能完全代表实际感染数量。
尽管已有多项研究使用合适的模型对感染规模做出了估计,但病毒排放无规律、污水系统的复杂性及不确定性均增加了感染情况的评估难度,不同模型在模拟过程中也各有优势和局限。如病毒脱落模型直接使用粪便排出量及病毒排出浓度估计总感染人群,公式简单、便于计算,然而现实中不同个体的病毒脱落量不尽相同[24]。易感—暴露—感染—恢复模型作为经典的传染病传播动力学模型,可以将不同感染状态的个体分为不同亚组,推断的病例数与真实检测的病例数具有良好的相关性,但计算复杂较难普及应用[25]。基于时间序列的模型方法适用于短期内的病例预测,预测病例与观测病例之间的相关性可高达0.94%~0.95%,而对于长期预测任务的稳健性则需要更长的时间序列作为支撑[26–27]。一些深度学习模型如神经网络模型具有更高的灵活性,能通过训练学习污水中病毒变化的复杂模式,但训练持续时间对模型的性能起着重要作用[28],并且对于新数据的使用需要重新构建模型体系进行训练[29]。
在目前监测数据有限的情况下,污水中新型冠状病毒浓度是决定估计感染数与实际病例相关性的最关键参数。为提高污水监测的有效性及估算感染公式的实用性,本研究还需改进的是:(1)进一步提高实验室检测的灵敏度及准确度,并对每次实验过程中病毒回收率进行校正,更准确地计算新型冠状病毒浓度;(2)探究污水温度对病毒降解的影响,根据不同季节分阶段估计感染病例数,以降低温度对浓度计算造成的偏倚;(3)精确污水厂覆盖人口范围,减少非污水厂服务区域感染人群掺入报告病例中;(4)探究感染高峰时污水病毒浓度与报告病例的关系,为今后预警及控制传染性疾病提供信息[30]。
本研究通过分析污水中新型冠状病毒的阳性率及加权平均浓度动态变化,并根据加权平均浓度等数据估计感染人数,客观反映了新型冠状病毒的流行特征和传播规律,在评估疫情趋势、风险预警和公共卫生决策支持等方面具有应用价值,为构建多点触发监测预警体系提供了科学依据。

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2026年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148516
  • 接收时间:2025-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-24
  • 修回日期:2025-08-28
  • 录用日期:2025-11-10
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    1山东省疾病预防控制中心 山东省预防医学研究院 山东省传染病智慧化监测预警和防控重点实验室,济南 250014
    2山东第一医科大学,济南 250117
    3山东第二医科大学,潍坊 261053

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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