Article(id=1320438496620303038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1148397, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751817600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-07, revisedDate=1762704000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-10, acceptedDate=1769184000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-24, onlineDate=1792746670155, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1781020800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746670155, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746670155, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746670155, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438244077056901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='641', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781020800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746609943, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748036545, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444227734065468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444227734065469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=730, endPage=737, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438496809046719, articleId=1320438496620303038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Construction and validation of a risk diagnostic model for diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia:an analysis based on the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To construct and validate a risk diagnostic model for diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia, thus providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of the co-morbidity of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia in rural elderly people in China.

Methods

With the data of 583 rural elderly individuals with hypertension and dyslipidemia from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) as the training set, a multivariate unconditional logistic regression model was adopted to analyze the influencing factors of diabetes in rural elderly individuals with hypertension and dyslipidemia and construct a risk diagnostic model. The goodness-of-fit of the model was tested via the Hosmer-Lemeshow method. The physical examination data of 1 185 elderly individuals who aged 65 and above and had both hypertension and dyslipidemia and complete outcome variables and key variables in Anfeng town, Dongtai city, Jiangsu province were used for external validation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curves were established. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was employed to analyze the dose-response relationships of the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and white blood cell count with the prevalence of diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia.

Results

The results of the analysis on CHARLS data showed that CVAI, alcohol consumption status, and white blood cell count were the main factors influencing the prevalence of diabetes among rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia (all P < 0.05). The results of the RCS model analysis showed that CVAI and white blood cell count were linearly positively correlated with the risk of diabetes (non-linear test P = 0.964 and 0.755), and the risk of diabetes increased linearly with the increase in CVAI and white blood cell count. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (P = 0.739), the ROC curve of the external validation set [AUC (95%CI): 0.924 (0.910–0.939)], the calibration curve, and the decision curve all indicated that the risk diagnostic model constructed in this study for diabetes has good performance.

Conclusions

The risk diagnostic model for diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia, which is constructed in this study, has excellent performance and clinical benefits. In this population, drinkers as well as those with higher CVAI and white blood cell count should be regarded as the key groups for diabetes prevention.

, authors=Ying ZHOU1, Zhihua YIN2, Jiayi LIU2, Siyu SHEN2, Peini HU2, Lei SHI3, 4, 5, Xuelian LI2, Wei ZHANG2, authorsList=Ying ZHOU, Zhihua YIN, Jiayi LIU, Siyu SHEN, Peini HU, Lei SHI, Xuelian LI, Wei ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei SHI, Xuelian LI, Wei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SHI Lei, E-mail:
LI Xuelian,
ZHANG Wei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320438499581481673, articleId=1320438496620303038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险诊断模型的构建及验证: 基于Hosmer-Lemeshow法, columnId=1320427686770622717, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=调查报告与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

构建并验证高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病的风险诊断模型,为中国农村老年人高血压、高血糖、血脂异常“三高”共病防控和共管提供参考依据。

方法

将 2015 年中国健康与养老追踪调查项目(CHARLS)中 583 例高血压合并血脂异常农村老年人的相关数据作为训练集,应用多因素非条件 logistic回归模型分析高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病的影响因素并构建风险诊断模型,通过 Hosmer-Lemeshow 方法检验模型的拟合优度;将 2023 年江苏省东台市安丰镇 1 185 例同时患有高血压和血脂异常且结局变量和关键变量信息完整的 ≥65 岁老年人的体检数据作为外部验证数据,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)、校准曲线和决策曲线;采用限制性立方样条(RCS)模型分析中国内脏肥胖指数(CVAI)和白细胞计数与高血压合并血脂异常农村老年人糖尿病患病的剂量—反应关系。

结果

CHARLS 数据分析结果显示,CVAI、是否饮酒和白细胞计数是高血压合并血脂异常农村老年人糖尿病患病的主要影响因素(均P˂0.05);RCS 模型分析结果显示,CVAI 和白细胞计数与糖尿病患病风险均呈线性正相关(非线性检验 P=0.944和0.538),糖尿病患病风险随着 CVAI 和白细胞计数水平的增高呈线性增高趋势;Hosmer-Lemeshow 拟合优度检验(P=0.739)、外部验证集的 ROC 曲线[曲 线下面积为0.924(0.910~0.939)]、校准曲线和决策曲线均表明本研究构建的糖尿病风险诊断模型具有较好的诊断性能。

结论

本研究构建的高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险诊断模型具有较好的诊断性能和临床效益,在该人群中应将饮酒者、CVAI 和白细胞计数水平较高者作为糖尿病预防的重点人群。

, authors=周颖1, 尹智华2, 刘佳宜2, 沈思雨2, 胡佩妮2, 石磊3, 4, 5, *, *, 李雪莲2, *, *, 张薇2, *, *, authorsList=周颖, 尹智华, 刘佳宜, 沈思雨, 胡佩妮, 石磊, 李雪莲, 张薇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=石磊, 李雪莲, 张薇, authorNote=

周颖(1991—),中级,本科,研究方向:老年人慢性非传染性疾病

, correspAuthorsNote=
石磊,E-mail:
李雪莲,E-mail:
张薇,E-mail:
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周颖(1991—),中级,本科,研究方向:老年人慢性非传染性疾病

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周颖(1991—),中级,本科,研究方向:老年人慢性非传染性疾病

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4Social Science Key Laboratory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes for Health Management Policy and Precision Health Services, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Predicting the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese elderly using machine learning techniques[J]. 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language=CN, label=图1, caption=CVAI和白细胞计数与高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险的剂量—反应关系, figureFileSmall=VGL69HdJbW+LDl5qiuymDQ==, figureFileBig=GZia0kHV1XMgmB7HyBTjdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438505923269394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438496620303038, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=A nomogram for predicting the risk of diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia, figureFileSmall=juv5yhMtLh1UHBoH8DnXhw==, figureFileBig=7c0lQebR9md9slt7qLNeLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438506007155476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438496620303038, language=CN, label=图2, caption=高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险列线图, figureFileSmall=juv5yhMtLh1UHBoH8DnXhw==, figureFileBig=7c0lQebR9md9slt7qLNeLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438506086847253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438496620303038, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=ROC curves of the risk diagnostic model for diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia in the training set and validation set, figureFileSmall=I5Oj9z3gSGOfMCSBNfPPtg==, figureFileBig=LefX0RPMSmCHDE7q+v8UxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438506153956118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438496620303038, language=CN, label=图3, caption=高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险诊断模型在训练数据和验证数据中的ROC曲线, figureFileSmall=I5Oj9z3gSGOfMCSBNfPPtg==, figureFileBig=LefX0RPMSmCHDE7q+v8UxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320438506283979543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438496620303038, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Calibration curve (A) and decision curve (B) of the risk diagnostic model for diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia, figureFileSmall=4N19PwOIqRLWfXCzadjtRQ==, figureFileBig=uR1Tj/TUZbEH+iFuZ+NKAw==, tableContent=null), 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Comparison of diabetes prevalence among rural elderly people with both hypertension and dyslipidemia by different characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分类调查例数糖尿病患病例数糖尿病患病率/%χ2值P值
性别男性2799534.051.4130.235
女性30411939.14
年龄/岁60~6932511736.000.0970.756
≥702589737.60
文化程度初中及以下1244536.29<0.0010.997
高中及以上45916936.82
婚姻状况非在婚1605836.250.0020.967
在婚42315636.88
是否吸烟否42315737.120.0560.813
是1605735.63
是否饮酒否43817339.505.4320.020
是1454128.28
睡眠时长/(h/d)≤632412037.040.0100.921
>62599436.29
体质量指数低体重23730.4311.1420.011
正常体重2226931.08
超重2298436.68
肥胖1095449.54
CVAI≤109.22611422.9512.5900.006
109.23~134.36832428.92
134.37~158.521545334.42
>158.5228512343.16
), ArticleFig(id=1320438506531443482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438496620303038, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征分类调查例数糖尿病患病例数糖尿病患病率/%χ2值P值
性别男性2799534.051.4130.235
女性30411939.14
年龄/岁60~6932511736.000.0970.756
≥702589737.60
文化程度初中及以下1244536.29<0.0010.997
高中及以上45916936.82
婚姻状况非在婚1605836.250.0020.967
在婚42315636.88
是否吸烟否42315737.120.0560.813
是1605735.63
是否饮酒否43817339.505.4320.020
是1454128.28
睡眠时长/(h/d)≤632412037.040.0100.921
>62599436.29
体质量指数低体重23730.4311.1420.011
正常体重2226931.08
超重2298436.68
肥胖1095449.54
CVAI≤109.22611422.9512.5900.006
109.23~134.36832428.92
134.37~158.521545334.42
>158.5228512343.16
), ArticleFig(id=1320438506669855515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438496620303038, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of physical examination and blood test indicators among different groups of rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标糖尿病组非糖尿病组W值P值
收缩压/mm Hg145.33(134.33,157.58)145.33(131.33,155.00)38 3970.580
舒张压/mm Hg78.33(72.00,85.25)80.67(73.67,87.00)43 1450.062
腰围/cm92.60(87.00,98.75)89.00(81.30,95.30)30 523<0.001
空腹血糖/(mmol/L)115.32(99.55,142.34)93.69(88.29,99. 10)14 548<0.001
总胆固醇/(mmol/L)192.08(164.58,221.91)190.73(156.37,227.03)37 8750.412
甘油三酯/(mmol/L)1.80(1.24,2.58)1.61(1.05,2.40)34 8890.019
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇/(mmol/L)105.98(85.62,126.25)105.02(78.38,132.05)38 1780.540
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇/(mmol/L)1.17(1.01 ,1.39)1.14(0.98,1.44)39 3230.935
白细胞计数/(109/L)6.49(5.42,7.93)6.00(5.00,6.97)31 978<0.001
血红蛋白/(mg/dL)13.70(12.73,15. 10)13.70(12.70,14.70)37 6350.346
血小板/(g/dL)201.00(157.00,249.00)205.00(163.00,253.00)40 1640.658
肌酐/(mg/dL)0.77(0.65,0.97)0.81(0.68,0.95)41 7330.251
尿素氮/(mg/dL)15.55(12.96,19.61)15.41(13.17,18.77)38 7440.706
尿酸/(mg/dL)5.15(4.32,6.38)5.20(4.30,6.20)39 5300.981
血清胱抑素C/(mg/L)0.94(0.80 ,1. 12)0.94(0.82,1.06)37 5640.404
), ArticleFig(id=1320438506820850460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438496620303038, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

高血压和血脂异常共病不同组别农村老年人体格检查和血液检测指标比较[M(P25,P75)]

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指标糖尿病组非糖尿病组W值P值
收缩压/mm Hg145.33(134.33,157.58)145.33(131.33,155.00)38 3970.580
舒张压/mm Hg78.33(72.00,85.25)80.67(73.67,87.00)43 1450.062
腰围/cm92.60(87.00,98.75)89.00(81.30,95.30)30 523<0.001
空腹血糖/(mmol/L)115.32(99.55,142.34)93.69(88.29,99. 10)14 548<0.001
总胆固醇/(mmol/L)192.08(164.58,221.91)190.73(156.37,227.03)37 8750.412
甘油三酯/(mmol/L)1.80(1.24,2.58)1.61(1.05,2.40)34 8890.019
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇/(mmol/L)105.98(85.62,126.25)105.02(78.38,132.05)38 1780.540
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇/(mmol/L)1.17(1.01 ,1.39)1.14(0.98,1.44)39 3230.935
白细胞计数/(109/L)6.49(5.42,7.93)6.00(5.00,6.97)31 978<0.001
血红蛋白/(mg/dL)13.70(12.73,15. 10)13.70(12.70,14.70)37 6350.346
血小板/(g/dL)201.00(157.00,249.00)205.00(163.00,253.00)40 1640.658
肌酐/(mg/dL)0.77(0.65,0.97)0.81(0.68,0.95)41 7330.251
尿素氮/(mg/dL)15.55(12.96,19.61)15.41(13.17,18.77)38 7440.706
尿酸/(mg/dL)5.15(4.32,6.38)5.20(4.30,6.20)39 5300.981
血清胱抑素C/(mg/L)0.94(0.80 ,1. 12)0.94(0.82,1.06)37 5640.404
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高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险诊断模型的构建及验证: 基于Hosmer-Lemeshow法
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周颖 1 , 尹智华 2 , 刘佳宜 2 , 沈思雨 2 , 胡佩妮 2 , 石磊 3, 4, 5, *, * , 李雪莲 2, *, * , 张薇 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2026,42(6): 730-737
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2026 , 42 (6) : 730 -737
高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险诊断模型的构建及验证: 基于Hosmer-Lemeshow法
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周颖1, 尹智华2, 刘佳宜2, 沈思雨2, 胡佩妮2, 石磊3, 4, 5, *, * , 李雪莲2, *, * , 张薇2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1东台市安丰镇安丰中心卫生院预防保健科,盐城 224225
  • 2中国医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室,沈阳 110122
  • 3广州医科大学卫生管理学院,广州 511436
  • 4广东省高校健康管理政策与精准健康服务协同创新研究哲学社会科学重点实验室,广州 510515
  • 5广东省高校基于大数据利用的卫生健康治理哲学社会科学重点实验室,广州 511436
通讯作者:
石磊,E-mail:
李雪莲,E-mail:
张薇,E-mail:
作者简介:

周颖(1991—),中级,本科,研究方向:老年人慢性非传染性疾病

Construction and validation of a risk diagnostic model for diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia:an analysis based on the Hosmer-Lemeshow test
Ying ZHOU1, Zhihua YIN2, Jiayi LIU2, Siyu SHEN2, Peini HU2, Lei SHI3, 4, 5 , Xuelian LI2 , Wei ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Preventive Health Care, Anfeng Town Health Center, Dongtai City, Yancheng 224225, China
  • 2Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
  • 3School of Health Management, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
  • 4Social Science Key Laboratory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes for Health Management Policy and Precision Health Services, Guangzhou 510515, China
  • 5Social Science Key Laboratory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes for Health Governance Based on Big Data Utilization, Guangzhou 511436, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SHI Lei, E-mail:
    LI Xuelian,
    ZHANG Wei, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148397
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目的

构建并验证高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病的风险诊断模型,为中国农村老年人高血压、高血糖、血脂异常“三高”共病防控和共管提供参考依据。

方法

将 2015 年中国健康与养老追踪调查项目(CHARLS)中 583 例高血压合并血脂异常农村老年人的相关数据作为训练集,应用多因素非条件 logistic回归模型分析高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病的影响因素并构建风险诊断模型,通过 Hosmer-Lemeshow 方法检验模型的拟合优度;将 2023 年江苏省东台市安丰镇 1 185 例同时患有高血压和血脂异常且结局变量和关键变量信息完整的 ≥65 岁老年人的体检数据作为外部验证数据,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)、校准曲线和决策曲线;采用限制性立方样条(RCS)模型分析中国内脏肥胖指数(CVAI)和白细胞计数与高血压合并血脂异常农村老年人糖尿病患病的剂量—反应关系。

结果

CHARLS 数据分析结果显示,CVAI、是否饮酒和白细胞计数是高血压合并血脂异常农村老年人糖尿病患病的主要影响因素(均P˂0.05);RCS 模型分析结果显示,CVAI 和白细胞计数与糖尿病患病风险均呈线性正相关(非线性检验 P=0.944和0.538),糖尿病患病风险随着 CVAI 和白细胞计数水平的增高呈线性增高趋势;Hosmer-Lemeshow 拟合优度检验(P=0.739)、外部验证集的 ROC 曲线[曲 线下面积为0.924(0.910~0.939)]、校准曲线和决策曲线均表明本研究构建的糖尿病风险诊断模型具有较好的诊断性能。

结论

本研究构建的高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险诊断模型具有较好的诊断性能和临床效益,在该人群中应将饮酒者、CVAI 和白细胞计数水平较高者作为糖尿病预防的重点人群。

糖尿病  /  风险诊断模型  /  高血压  /  血脂异常  /  共病  /  农村老年人
Objective

To construct and validate a risk diagnostic model for diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia, thus providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of the co-morbidity of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia in rural elderly people in China.

Methods

With the data of 583 rural elderly individuals with hypertension and dyslipidemia from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) as the training set, a multivariate unconditional logistic regression model was adopted to analyze the influencing factors of diabetes in rural elderly individuals with hypertension and dyslipidemia and construct a risk diagnostic model. The goodness-of-fit of the model was tested via the Hosmer-Lemeshow method. The physical examination data of 1 185 elderly individuals who aged 65 and above and had both hypertension and dyslipidemia and complete outcome variables and key variables in Anfeng town, Dongtai city, Jiangsu province were used for external validation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curves were established. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was employed to analyze the dose-response relationships of the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and white blood cell count with the prevalence of diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia.

Results

The results of the analysis on CHARLS data showed that CVAI, alcohol consumption status, and white blood cell count were the main factors influencing the prevalence of diabetes among rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia (all P < 0.05). The results of the RCS model analysis showed that CVAI and white blood cell count were linearly positively correlated with the risk of diabetes (non-linear test P = 0.964 and 0.755), and the risk of diabetes increased linearly with the increase in CVAI and white blood cell count. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (P = 0.739), the ROC curve of the external validation set [AUC (95%CI): 0.924 (0.910–0.939)], the calibration curve, and the decision curve all indicated that the risk diagnostic model constructed in this study for diabetes has good performance.

Conclusions

The risk diagnostic model for diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia, which is constructed in this study, has excellent performance and clinical benefits. In this population, drinkers as well as those with higher CVAI and white blood cell count should be regarded as the key groups for diabetes prevention.

diabetes  /  risk diagnostic model  /  hypertension  /  dyslipidemia  /  comorbidity  /  rural elderly people
周颖, 尹智华, 刘佳宜, 沈思雨, 胡佩妮, 石磊, 李雪莲, 张薇. 高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险诊断模型的构建及验证: 基于Hosmer-Lemeshow法. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (6) : 730 -737 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148397
Ying ZHOU, Zhihua YIN, Jiayi LIU, Siyu SHEN, Peini HU, Lei SHI, Xuelian LI, Wei ZHANG. Construction and validation of a risk diagnostic model for diabetes in rural elderly individuals with both hypertension and dyslipidemia:an analysis based on the Hosmer-Lemeshow test[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (6) : 730 -737 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148397
人口增长及老龄化进程的加快推动了慢性病患病和死亡人数的增加,据报道,2019年全球因慢性病导致的死亡人数占总死亡人数的74%,给社会和家庭均造成沉重的疾病负担[1]。《中国卫生健康统计年鉴2022》[2]数据显示,中国居民慢性病患病率为34.29%,其中城市和农村居民慢性病患病率分别为33.49%和35.21%,≥65岁老年人慢性病患病率为62.3%。慢性病具有病程长、迁延不愈等特点,通常伴发或相互作用而出现共病的情况,可加重患者病情,影响患者预后[3];且由于慢性病起病隐匿、病因复杂,高血压、高血糖和血脂异常(简称“三高”)在其病因链中属于近端危险因素,可进一步导致心血管疾病、脑卒中和糖尿病等主要慢性病的发生[4]。近年来,随着我国经济社会的不断发展和居民生活水平的不断提高,“三高”患病率逐年增加,中国≥45岁居民慢性病及危险因素监测数据显示,我国中老年居民高血压合并血脂异常患病率最高(22.8%),其次是高血压合并糖尿病(12.3%)和糖尿病合并血脂异常(11.6%),“三高”共病率达7.6%[5],因此,通过调查“三高”共病的影响因素来进行“三高”共管可以有效控制心血管疾病及其不良并发症等的发生[6–7]。目前研究大多分析一般人群中高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常中的1种或2种组合共病以及“三高”共病的影响因素[8–12],且多数研究采用的自变量为一般检查指标和生活行为方式因素等,但在农村高血压和血脂异常共病老年人中整合血液检测指标进行糖尿病患病(即“三高”共病)影响因素的研究却较少。为此,本研究利用中国健康与养老追踪调查项目(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS)中583例高血压合并血脂异常农村老年人的相关数据作为训练集,整合一般人口学特征、生活行为方式、体格检查和血液检测数据分析高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病的影响因素并构建风险诊断模型,将2023年江苏省东台市安丰镇1185例同时患有高血压和血脂异常且结局变量和关键变量信息完整的≥65岁老年人的体检数据作为外部验证数据,旨在构建并验证高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病的风险诊断模型,为我国农村老年人高血压、高血糖、血脂异常“三高”共病防控和共管提供参考依据。结果报告如下。
本研究数据包括训练集和外部验证集。训练集数据来源于2015年开展的CHARLS全国调查数据,收集了全国≥45岁中老年人的家户信息、健康状况、血液检测数据、经济收入与支出、医疗保险与保健等数据,调查信息质量高、内容全面,具有全国代表性[13–15],本研究纳入同时患有高血压和血脂异常的年龄≥65岁农村老年人作为研究对象,剔除性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、是否吸烟、是否饮酒、每日睡眠时长、收缩压、舒张压和血液检测等指标有异常值及缺失值的样本,最终纳入583例研究对象作为训练集。验证数据集来源于江苏省东台市安丰镇,按照《国家基本公共卫生服务规范》(第三版)要求,将辖区内≥65岁常住居民作为老年健康管理服务对象进行生活方式和健康状况评估、体格检查、辅助检查和健康指导[16],2023年江苏省东台市安丰镇参与体检的≥65岁农村老年人共9 181人,其中同时患有高血压和血脂异常且结局变量和关键变量(年龄、是否吸烟、是否饮酒、体质量指数、腰围、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、白细胞计数等)信息完整的1 185例≥65岁农村老年人的体检数据作为本研究的外部验证集。本研究使用的CHARLS数据通过北京大学生物医学伦理审查委员会审查批准(批号:IRB00001052–11015),江苏省东台市安丰镇农村老年人体检数据通过东台市卫生健康委员会审查批准,批准文件:东卫健〔2023〕115号。
本研究的主要结局变量为高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病情况。糖尿病的诊断依据《中国老年2型糖尿病防治临床指南(2022年版)》[17],空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L或经乡镇(或社区)及以上医院确诊为糖尿病;高血压的诊断依据《中国高血压防治指南(2018年修订版)》[18],收缩压≥140 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 3 kPa)和/或舒张压≥90 mmHg或经乡镇(或社区)及以上医院确诊为高血压;血脂异常的诊断依据《中国血脂管理指南(2023年)》[19],总胆固醇≥5.2 mmol/L(200 mg/dL)和/或甘油三酯≥1.7 mmol/L(150 mg/dL)和/或低密度脂蛋白胆固醇≥3.4 mmol/L(130 mg/dL)和/或高密度脂蛋白胆固醇<1.0 mmol/L(40 mg/dL)或经乡镇(或社区)及以上医院确诊为血脂异常。自变量包括年龄、性别、文化程度、婚姻状况、是否吸烟、是否饮酒、每日睡眠时长、收缩压、舒张压、体质量指数、腰围、空腹血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、白细胞计数、血红蛋白、血小板、肌酐、血尿素氮、尿酸、血清胱抑素C、中国内脏肥胖指数(Chinese visceral adiposity index, CVAI)。根据CHARLS问卷相关问题定义吸烟和饮酒:若问题“您吸过烟吗(包括香烟、旱烟、用烟管吸烟或咀嚼烟草)?”的回答为“是”(一生吸烟>100支),则定义为吸烟,反之为不吸烟;若问题“在过去的1年您喝酒吗(包括啤酒、葡萄酒或白酒)?”的回答为“什么都不喝”,则定义为不饮酒,反之为饮酒。根据《成人体重判定》[20],体质量指数<18.5 kg/m2为低体重,18.5~23.9 kg/m2为正常体重,24.0~27.9 kg/m2为超重,≥28.0 kg/m2为肥胖。CVAI是用来反映中国人内脏脂肪含量的复合型指标[21],计算公式包含年龄、体质量指数、腰围、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,其中,CVAI(男性)=−267.93+0.68×年龄+0.03×体质量指数+4.00×腰围+22.00×log10甘油三酯−16.32×高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,CVAI(女性)=−187.32+1.71×年龄+4.32×体质量指数+1.12×腰围+39.76×log10甘油三酯−11.66×高密度脂蛋白胆固醇。
应用R4.2.2软件进行统计分析。计量资料不服从正态分布,采用M(P25,P75)描述,组间比较使用Wilcoxon非参数秩和检验;计数资料采用n和%描述,组间比较采用χ2检验。应用多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析高血压和血脂异常共病对农村老年人糖尿病患病的影响因素。应用限制性立方样条(restricted cubicspline, RCS)模型分析CVAI、白细胞计数与高血压合并血脂异常的农村老年人糖尿病患病的剂量—反应关系,分别选取CVAI和白细胞计数的4个百分位数(P5、P25、P75、P95)作为节点,使用“rms”包绘制RCS曲线。此外,基于多因素分析结果构建诊断模型并绘制列线图,通过Hosmer-Lemeshow方法检验模型的拟合优度;以收集到的江苏省东台市安丰镇老年人体检数据对模型进行验证,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC),计算曲线下面积(area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC),并利用校准曲线和决策曲线探究模型的性能。检验水准为双侧检验α=0.05。
CHARLS数据纳入的583例高血压合并血脂异常农村老年人中,患糖尿病者214例,糖尿病患病率为36.71%。不同特征高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人比较,不同体质量指数、CVAI和是否饮酒的高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病率不同,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
高血压和血脂异常共病糖尿病组与非糖尿病组农村老年人体格检查和血液检测指标比较,两组农村老年人腰围、空腹血糖、甘油三酯和白细胞计数不同,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
以高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人是否糖尿病患病为因变量(0=否,1=是),以是否饮酒、体质量指数、CVAI、腰围、甘油三酯和白细胞计数共6个因素为自变量进行多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果显示,CVAI最高四分位数组高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险为最低四分位数组高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人的1.194倍(OR=1.194,95%CI=1.047~1.361,P=0.008);饮酒的高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险为非饮酒高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人的0.909倍(OR=0.909,95%CI=0.832~0.994,P=0.037);白细胞计数每增加1个标准差,高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险升高4%(OR=1.040,95%CI=1.018~1.062,P<0.001)。
应用RCS模型分析CVAI和白细胞计数与高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病的剂量—反应关系。CVAI的4个节点分别为58.22、121.79、148.85和189.56,在调整协变量(是否饮酒和白细胞计数)后,CVAI水平与糖尿病患病风险呈线性相关(非线性检验P=0.944),随着CVAI水平的增高,糖尿病患病风险呈线性增加(图1A);白细胞计数的4个节点分别为3.94×109/L、5.60×109/L、6.70×109/L和9.76×109/L,在调整协变量(是否饮酒和CVAI)后,白细胞计数与糖尿病患病风险呈线性相关(非线性检验P=0.538),随着白细胞计数的增高,糖尿病患病风险呈线性增加(图1B)。
利用多因素非条件logistic回归分析获得的高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病影响因素构建风险诊断模型并绘制列线图(图2),使用CHARLS训练集数据绘制模型ROC曲线(图3A),AUC(95%CI)为0.629(0.582~0.675);将2023年江苏省东台市安丰镇老年人体检数据作为外部数据集验证模型的效能,绘制ROC曲线(图3B),AUC(95%CI)为0.924(0.910~0.939)。校准曲线和决策曲线分别如图4A和4B所示,模型Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验P=0.739,表明模型预测结果与真实值之间差异无统计学意义,模型具有较好的诊断性能。
既往研究对“三高”的影响因素分析大多基于一般人群,探究其中单病种或≥2种共病情况的影响因素,尚缺乏在高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人群中进行糖尿病患病影响因素的研究。本研究利用2015年CHARLS数据作为训练集,分析高血压和血脂异常共病对农村老年人糖尿病患病风险的影响因素,构建风险诊断模型,并收集2023年江苏省东台市安丰镇老年人体检数据进行外部验证。研究结果显示,CVAI、是否饮酒和白细胞计数是高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病的独立影响因素。在高血压和血脂异常共病的农村老年人中,饮酒者患糖尿病风险为不饮酒者的0.909倍(OR=0.909,95%CI=0.832~0.994,P=0.037)。现有研究关于饮酒对高血压、血脂异常和糖尿病的影响观点不一,陈伟标等[22]研究表明无论是在男性还是女性中,现在饮酒均与“三高”多共病种数的低风险相关;于宁等[5]研究中亦发现,与从不饮酒相比,少量饮酒是“三高”共病的保护因素,而过量饮酒则是危险因素;一项meta分析发现摄入纯酒精16 g/d的女性,其患2型糖尿病的风险最大可降低31%[23];但也有多项研究表明饮酒会增加“三高”的患病风险[24–25]。这些研究结论的不同可能由于纳入研究对象的标准、人口构成和饮酒的定义等不同所导致。肥胖一直被认为是糖尿病的危险因素,尤其是腹部肥胖与糖尿病和心血管疾病发生风险的相关性较整体性肥胖更强,常用的腰围指标仅能反映腹部脂肪含量,不能区分内脏脂肪和皮下脂肪,而CVAI将一般测量指标(年龄、体质量指数、腰围)和血脂信息(甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇)结合,可综合反映中国人腹部肥胖及内脏脂肪功能障碍。在一般人群中,CVAI与糖尿病的发生呈正相关,是糖尿病的危险因素[26],与本研究CVAI在高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人中依然是糖尿病患病的危险因素且CVAI与糖尿病患病风险呈线性正相关的结果相似。因此,在高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人的日常健康管理中应密切关注其腹部肥胖指标,控制体重,从而降低糖尿病的患病风险。白细胞计数在本研究中是高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病的危险因素,与糖尿病患病风险呈线性正相关。研究表明,白细胞计数是炎症反应的标志,能介导机体的免疫反应,同时白细胞计数也与胰岛素抵抗相关,虽然目前二者之间的确切机制尚不清楚,但白细胞计数升高仍可预测胰岛素抵抗[27]。
目前,研究者基于不同人群、利用不同方法构建的糖尿病风险预测模型并不完全一致。一项基于韩国、日本和英国3个独立队列数据进行的糖尿病发病预测模型构建研究发现,年龄是糖尿病发病最重要的预测因子,其次是空腹血糖、血红蛋白、体质量指数等,该模型的AUC值为0.792[28];Zhang L Y等[29]基于一项中国河南农村队列构建的农村人口2型糖尿病风险模型,变量包括尿糖、年龄、心率、肌酐、腰围和高血压等,模型的AUC为0.811~0.872;杨会芳等[30]利用国家基本公共卫生服务体检数据构建的中老年人2型糖尿病风险预测模型,体检者年龄为43~102岁,纳入模型的变量包括年龄、中心型肥胖、缺乏运动、空腹血糖受损、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高血压等,在外部验证数据中模型的AUC(95%CI)为0.794(0.771~0.816)。与本研究结果相似,在上述研究中,性别和吸烟同样不是糖尿病患病的风险因素,但不同的是,以上研究人群的年龄并未局限于老年人,年龄仍是糖尿病的危险因素。Liu Q等[31]研究选择的研究对象年龄范围与本研究一致,利用2018—2020年湖北省武汉市≥65岁老年人健康筛查数据开展回顾性队列研究,构建了中国老年人2型糖尿病风险预测模型,其中年龄并不是重要的预测因子,模型AUC值为0.781。
不同研究构建的糖尿病风险模型适用人群的特征不同,而本研究是基于高血压和血脂异常共病的中国农村老年人,整合一般信息、体格检查、行为方式和血液检测数据分析糖尿病患病的影响因素,在单因素分析后将具有统计学意义的变量纳入多因素非条件logistic回归分析,确定最终纳入模型的变量,并使用外部数据进行验证,AUC(95%CI)为0.924(0.910~0.939),结合校准曲线和决策曲线均证明了模型具有优异的诊断性能。在本研究中,虽然训练集和外部验证集的抽样方法、数据来源和调查方式不同,但二者包含的研究对象基本特点即模型的适用条件一致,并且外部验证的核心目的不仅是确认模型在相似人群中的表现,更是评估其面对异质性数据时的泛化能力,东台市安丰镇数据作为一个大规模、来自具体实际场景的独立数据集,为检验模型在“真实世界”条件下的适用性提供了理想平台。结果表明,模型在东台市数据上保持了良好的预测效能,因此,本研究构建的模型能够在一定程度上克服数据来源和收集方法的差异,具备较强的稳健性和实际应用潜力。
综上所述,本研究构建的高血压和血脂异常共病农村老年人糖尿病患病风险诊断模型具有较好的诊断性能和临床效益。在“三高”共管中,应将高血压和血脂异常共病的农村老年人作为防治糖尿病的重点人群,密切关注CVAI、是否饮酒和白细胞计数指标,尽早进行健康管理与干预,降低糖尿病发病风险。但本研究仍存在一定的局限性:一是利用2015年CHARLS调查数据和2023年江苏省东台市安丰镇老年人体检数据进行横断面研究无法确定因果关系;二是饮酒信息为患者自述,存在信息偏倚,且未对饮酒量和酒精类型进行细化;三是本研究构建的模型虽然进行了外部验证,但其外推性还需要开展大规模、多中心前瞻性队列研究。因此,在未来的研究中将设计前瞻性队列研究以明确风险因素与糖尿病的因果关系,采用标准化问卷细化饮酒方式的测量以减少信息偏倚,开展大规模、多中心的外部验证并通过整群随机对照试验评估模型在真实世界中的临床效用与成本效益,最终为“三高”共管策略提供更高级别的循证医学证据。

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2026年第42卷第6期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148397
  • 接收时间:2025-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-07
  • 修回日期:2025-11-10
  • 录用日期:2026-01-24
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    1东台市安丰镇安丰中心卫生院预防保健科,盐城 224225
    2中国医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室,沈阳 110122
    3广州医科大学卫生管理学院,广州 511436
    4广东省高校健康管理政策与精准健康服务协同创新研究哲学社会科学重点实验室,广州 510515
    5广东省高校基于大数据利用的卫生健康治理哲学社会科学重点实验室,广州 511436

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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