Article(id=1320438389317423166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438168613138789, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1149313, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763395200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-18, revisedDate=1769616000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-29, acceptedDate=1773072000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-10, onlineDate=1792746644571, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1778342400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746644571, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746644571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746644571, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438168613138789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='513', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778342400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746591952, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748055079, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444305479684446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438168613138789, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444305479684447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438168613138789, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=539, endPage=544, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438391871754304, articleId=1320438389317423166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Association between secondhand smoke exposure and sleep quality among female non-current smokers aged 15 years and above in China: a cross-sectional study in 2024, columnId=1320438359122629504, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report—Sleep Health and Wellness, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To examine the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and sleep quality among female non-current smokers aged ≥15 years in China, thereby providing evidence for formulating tobacco control strategies to improve sleep health.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March and October 2024. Through a multistage stratified cluster random sampling design, a total of 21 870 female non-current smokers aged ≥15 years were recruited from seven provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China. Data on SHS exposure and sleep-related variables were collected through face-to-face electronic questionnaires administered by trained investigators. Complex sampling weights were adopted to describe the demographic characteristics and SHS exposure of participants. Rao-Scott chi-square tests were conducted to assess subgroup differences, and multivariate logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the association between SHS exposure and sleep quality after adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Among the 21 870 participants, 12 082 (45.32%) resided in urban areas and 9 788 (54.68%) in rural areas. The overall prevalence of SHS exposure was 44.01%, with a higher exposure rate at home (22.79%) than in the workplace (15.90%). Univariate analysis revealed that females exposed to SHS had higher prevalence of poor sleep quality than those unexposed (32.54% vs. 23.59%, χ2 = 26.97, P < 0.01). Specifically, SHS exposure at home was associated with higher prevalence of poor sleep quality than non-exposure (36.10% vs. 25.00%, P < 0.01). A similar trend was observed in the workplace (29.50% vs. 18.00%, P < 0.01). After adjusting for confounders, multivariate logistic regression showed that SHS exposure was a significant risk factor for poor sleep quality at the overall level (OR = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.56–2.23), at home (OR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.47–2.12), and in the workplace (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.19–2.20).

Conclusions

SHS exposure was significantly associated with poor sleep quality among female non-current smokers aged ≥15 years in China, indicating that SHS exposure may be a modifiable risk factor for poor sleep quality in females.

, authors=Youjiao WANG1, Yingchen SANG1, Xinying ZENG1, Ying LIU1, Xin GAO2, Chi ZHANG3, Zhiping PENG4, Shiwei LIU1, authorsList=Youjiao WANG, Yingchen SANG, Xinying ZENG, Ying LIU, Xin GAO, Chi ZHANG, Zhiping PENG, Shiwei LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shiwei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIU Shiwei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320438393155211329, articleId=1320438389317423166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=中国≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者二手烟暴露与睡眠质量关联性:一项2024年横断面研究, columnId=1320438359546254210, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——优质睡眠,健康生活, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨中国≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者二手烟暴露与睡眠质量的关联,为制定控烟干预策略、改善睡眠质量提供参考。

方法

于2024年3—10月,利用横断面调查从中国7个省(直辖市)采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽取21 870名≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者为调查对象,使用电子问卷通过面对面调查收集其二手烟暴露和睡眠的相关变量。基于复杂抽样加权方法描述调查对象的人口学特征以及二手烟暴露情况,采用Rao-Scott χ2检验评估亚组间的差异,使用多因素logistic回归模型分析二手烟暴露和睡眠质量的关联。

结果

21 870名≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者中城市居民为12 082人(45.32%),农村居民9 788人(54.68%)。总体二手烟暴露率为44.01%,在家中二手烟暴露率为22.79%,高于在工作场所的二手烟暴露率(15.90%)。单因素分析结果显示,在女性非现在吸烟者中,总体水平上暴露于二手烟的人群出现睡眠质量差的比例为32.54%,非暴露人群出现睡眠质量差的比例为23.59%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=26.97,P<0.01)。按暴露场所分析结果显示,在家中和在工作场所中暴露于二手烟的人群出现睡眠质量差的比例分别为36.10%和29.50%,非暴露人群出现睡眠质量差的比例分别为25.00%和18.00%,暴露组与非暴露组之间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。调整混杂因素后,多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,总体水平上(OR=1.87,95%CI=1.56~2.23)、在家中(OR=1.76,95%CI=1.47~2.12)和在工作场所中(OR=1.62,95%CI=1.19~2.20)暴露于二手烟均与睡眠质量差存在正向关联。

结论

中国≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者二手烟暴露与睡眠质量差之间存在显著关联,提示二手烟暴露可能是女性睡眠质量差的危险因素。

, authors=王友娇1, 桑莹宸1, 曾新颖1, 刘影1, 高欣2, 张驰3, 彭志平4, 刘世炜1, *, *, authorsList=王友娇, 桑莹宸, 曾新颖, 刘影, 高欣, 张驰, 彭志平, 刘世炜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘世炜, authorNote=

王友娇(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘世炜,E-mail:
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王友娇(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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王友娇(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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Demographic characteristics and secondhand smoke exposure among female non-current smokers aged 15 years and above in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量女性非现在吸烟者二手烟暴露情况
总体(n=8 074)在家(n=4 089)在工作场所(n=881)
调查人数加权构成比/%加权暴露率/%χ2值P值加权暴露率/%χ2值P值加权暴露率/%χ2值P值
合计21 870100.0044.0122.7915.90
年龄/岁46.49<0.010.880.887.960.02
15~2467811.8949.5324.6010.91
25~445 16435.6750.2722.9416.55
45~649 49535.1340.6922.7517.90
≥656 53317.3134.0821.2815.26
户籍0.070.7911.52<0.010.130.72
城市12 08245.3243.6118.7515.43
农村9 78854.6844.3526.1316.66
教育水平38.77<0.019.380.015.100.10
小学及以下8 65928.1537.7424.0421.43
初中6 96031.4142.9624.7917.60
高中2 82516.2047.9423.3215.31
大学及以上3 42624.2350.0518.3814.37
职业32.65<0.012.180.6823.89<0.01
农林牧渔7 43223.5936.1523.4712.32
政府/事业单位3412.1355.7926.0819.18
企业/商业/服务业3 22821.0952.0122.8018.33
教师4103.2351.4224.236.56
医务人员3592.2845.5115.578.15
学生4086.6445.0825.218.46
其他9 69241.0442.9822.1118.67
家庭年收入/万元39.64<0.014.150.4115.94<0.01
<15 77018.3335.6221.708.20
1~5 51321.4341.5823.4313.37
3~3 31415.1647.4623.3215.39
5~2 62215.0551.4724.1118.02
10~1 1279.4155.2324.8321.37
≥203593.4348.4725.289.24
不知道/拒绝回答3 16517.1939.4019.8916.49
地理区域14.90<0.012.460.5012.080.02
华北3 20815.3635.6618.8411.79
东北3 0859.2040.5623.0013.89
华东3 26118.5752.9025.7026.05
华中3 15719.4338.8921.1511.59
华南3 01323.4048.1523.5812.72
西南3 0946.3243.1221.4519.20
西北3 0527.7244.4726.1616.68
饮酒22.93<0.0114.58<0.016.85<0.01
否21 48398.3043.6522.4615.65
是3871.7064.8441.5932.83
BMI/(kg/m2)a3.260.215.740.109.87<0.01
<18.51 1467.5347.9326.406.67
18.5~23.910 31054.1445.3721.6515.94
24.0~27.9631828.2342.9223.3118.70
≥28.02 24310.1043.7125.5820.47
慢性病5.320.024.120.043.570.06
无13 21372.2645.0321.9315.39
有865727.7441.3725.0120.60
锻炼频率/(次/周)1.260.471.020.580.690.62
≤212 17159.1944.1722.9616.45
3~42 98815.0745.3721.4415.95
≥5671125.7442.8723.1813.95
), ArticleFig(id=1320438406421794948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438389317423166, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者的人口学特征和二手烟暴露情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量女性非现在吸烟者二手烟暴露情况
总体(n=8 074)在家(n=4 089)在工作场所(n=881)
调查人数加权构成比/%加权暴露率/%χ2值P值加权暴露率/%χ2值P值加权暴露率/%χ2值P值
合计21 870100.0044.0122.7915.90
年龄/岁46.49<0.010.880.887.960.02
15~2467811.8949.5324.6010.91
25~445 16435.6750.2722.9416.55
45~649 49535.1340.6922.7517.90
≥656 53317.3134.0821.2815.26
户籍0.070.7911.52<0.010.130.72
城市12 08245.3243.6118.7515.43
农村9 78854.6844.3526.1316.66
教育水平38.77<0.019.380.015.100.10
小学及以下8 65928.1537.7424.0421.43
初中6 96031.4142.9624.7917.60
高中2 82516.2047.9423.3215.31
大学及以上3 42624.2350.0518.3814.37
职业32.65<0.012.180.6823.89<0.01
农林牧渔7 43223.5936.1523.4712.32
政府/事业单位3412.1355.7926.0819.18
企业/商业/服务业3 22821.0952.0122.8018.33
教师4103.2351.4224.236.56
医务人员3592.2845.5115.578.15
学生4086.6445.0825.218.46
其他9 69241.0442.9822.1118.67
家庭年收入/万元39.64<0.014.150.4115.94<0.01
<15 77018.3335.6221.708.20
1~5 51321.4341.5823.4313.37
3~3 31415.1647.4623.3215.39
5~2 62215.0551.4724.1118.02
10~1 1279.4155.2324.8321.37
≥203593.4348.4725.289.24
不知道/拒绝回答3 16517.1939.4019.8916.49
地理区域14.90<0.012.460.5012.080.02
华北3 20815.3635.6618.8411.79
东北3 0859.2040.5623.0013.89
华东3 26118.5752.9025.7026.05
华中3 15719.4338.8921.1511.59
华南3 01323.4048.1523.5812.72
西南3 0946.3243.1221.4519.20
西北3 0527.7244.4726.1616.68
饮酒22.93<0.0114.58<0.016.85<0.01
否21 48398.3043.6522.4615.65
是3871.7064.8441.5932.83
BMI/(kg/m2)a3.260.215.740.109.87<0.01
<18.51 1467.5347.9326.406.67
18.5~23.910 31054.1445.3721.6515.94
24.0~27.9631828.2342.9223.3118.70
≥28.02 24310.1043.7125.5820.47
慢性病5.320.024.120.043.570.06
无13 21372.2645.0321.9315.39
有865727.7441.3725.0120.60
锻炼频率/(次/周)1.260.471.020.580.690.62
≤212 17159.1944.1722.9616.45
3~42 98815.0745.3721.4415.95
≥5671125.7442.8723.1813.95
), ArticleFig(id=1320438406623121541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438389317423166, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Univariate analysis of the association between secondhand smoke exposure and poor sleep quality

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二手烟暴露情况暴露人数睡眠质量差的人数睡眠质量差的加权比例/%χ2值P值
总体26.97<0.01
否13 7964 22623.59
是8 0743 15332.54
在家33.63<0.01
否17 7815 67425.00
是4 0891 70536.10
在工作场所13.50<0.01
否4 84890218.00
是88128129.50
), ArticleFig(id=1320438406933500038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438389317423166, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

二手烟暴露和睡眠质量差的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二手烟暴露情况暴露人数睡眠质量差的人数睡眠质量差的加权比例/%χ2值P值
总体26.97<0.01
否13 7964 22623.59
是8 0743 15332.54
在家33.63<0.01
否17 7815 67425.00
是4 0891 70536.10
在工作场所13.50<0.01
否4 84890218.00
是88128129.50
), ArticleFig(id=1320438407004803207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438389317423166, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of the association between secondhand smoke exposure and poor sleep quality

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二手烟暴露情况参照模型1模型2
OR值95%CIP值OR值95%CIP值
总体
是否1.911.59~2.29<0.011.871.56~2.23<0.01
在家
是否1.771.46~2.15<0.011.761.47~2.12<0.01
在工作场所
是否1.711.21~2.41<0.011.621.19~2.20<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1320438407059329160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438389317423166, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

二手烟暴露和睡眠质量差的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二手烟暴露情况参照模型1模型2
OR值95%CIP值OR值95%CIP值
总体
是否1.911.59~2.29<0.011.871.56~2.23<0.01
在家
是否1.771.46~2.15<0.011.761.47~2.12<0.01
在工作场所
是否1.711.21~2.41<0.011.621.19~2.20<0.01
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中国≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者二手烟暴露与睡眠质量关联性:一项2024年横断面研究
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王友娇 1 , 桑莹宸 1 , 曾新颖 1 , 刘影 1 , 高欣 2 , 张驰 3 , 彭志平 4 , 刘世炜 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——优质睡眠,健康生活 2026,42(5): 539-544
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——优质睡眠,健康生活 2026 , 42 (5) : 539 -544
中国≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者二手烟暴露与睡眠质量关联性:一项2024年横断面研究
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王友娇1, 桑莹宸1, 曾新颖1, 刘影1, 高欣2, 张驰3, 彭志平4, 刘世炜1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心(中国预防医学科学院)控烟办公室,北京 100050
  • 2中国疾病预防控制中心(中国预防医学科学院)慢病和老龄健康管理处,北京 102206
  • 3北京医院国家老年医学中心,北京 100730
  • 4联勤保障部队第九八四医院智能睡眠中心,北京 100094
通讯作者:
刘世炜,E-mail:
作者简介:

王友娇(2000—),硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

Association between secondhand smoke exposure and sleep quality among female non-current smokers aged 15 years and above in China: a cross-sectional study in 2024
Youjiao WANG1, Yingchen SANG1, Xinying ZENG1, Ying LIU1, Xin GAO2, Chi ZHANG3, Zhiping PENG4, Shiwei LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1Tobacco Control Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine), Beijing 100050, China
  • 2Office of Chronic Disease and Ageing Health Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine), Beijing 102206, China
  • 3National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
  • 4Smart Sleep Center, NO 984 Hospital of the PLA, Beijing 100094, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LIU Shiwei, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149313
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目的

探讨中国≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者二手烟暴露与睡眠质量的关联,为制定控烟干预策略、改善睡眠质量提供参考。

方法

于2024年3—10月,利用横断面调查从中国7个省(直辖市)采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽取21 870名≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者为调查对象,使用电子问卷通过面对面调查收集其二手烟暴露和睡眠的相关变量。基于复杂抽样加权方法描述调查对象的人口学特征以及二手烟暴露情况,采用Rao-Scott χ2检验评估亚组间的差异,使用多因素logistic回归模型分析二手烟暴露和睡眠质量的关联。

结果

21 870名≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者中城市居民为12 082人(45.32%),农村居民9 788人(54.68%)。总体二手烟暴露率为44.01%,在家中二手烟暴露率为22.79%,高于在工作场所的二手烟暴露率(15.90%)。单因素分析结果显示,在女性非现在吸烟者中,总体水平上暴露于二手烟的人群出现睡眠质量差的比例为32.54%,非暴露人群出现睡眠质量差的比例为23.59%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=26.97,P<0.01)。按暴露场所分析结果显示,在家中和在工作场所中暴露于二手烟的人群出现睡眠质量差的比例分别为36.10%和29.50%,非暴露人群出现睡眠质量差的比例分别为25.00%和18.00%,暴露组与非暴露组之间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。调整混杂因素后,多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,总体水平上(OR=1.87,95%CI=1.56~2.23)、在家中(OR=1.76,95%CI=1.47~2.12)和在工作场所中(OR=1.62,95%CI=1.19~2.20)暴露于二手烟均与睡眠质量差存在正向关联。

结论

中国≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者二手烟暴露与睡眠质量差之间存在显著关联,提示二手烟暴露可能是女性睡眠质量差的危险因素。

二手烟  /  睡眠质量  /  女性非现在吸烟者  /  横断面研究  /  中国
Objective

To examine the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and sleep quality among female non-current smokers aged ≥15 years in China, thereby providing evidence for formulating tobacco control strategies to improve sleep health.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March and October 2024. Through a multistage stratified cluster random sampling design, a total of 21 870 female non-current smokers aged ≥15 years were recruited from seven provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China. Data on SHS exposure and sleep-related variables were collected through face-to-face electronic questionnaires administered by trained investigators. Complex sampling weights were adopted to describe the demographic characteristics and SHS exposure of participants. Rao-Scott chi-square tests were conducted to assess subgroup differences, and multivariate logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the association between SHS exposure and sleep quality after adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Among the 21 870 participants, 12 082 (45.32%) resided in urban areas and 9 788 (54.68%) in rural areas. The overall prevalence of SHS exposure was 44.01%, with a higher exposure rate at home (22.79%) than in the workplace (15.90%). Univariate analysis revealed that females exposed to SHS had higher prevalence of poor sleep quality than those unexposed (32.54% vs. 23.59%, χ2 = 26.97, P < 0.01). Specifically, SHS exposure at home was associated with higher prevalence of poor sleep quality than non-exposure (36.10% vs. 25.00%, P < 0.01). A similar trend was observed in the workplace (29.50% vs. 18.00%, P < 0.01). After adjusting for confounders, multivariate logistic regression showed that SHS exposure was a significant risk factor for poor sleep quality at the overall level (OR = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.56–2.23), at home (OR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.47–2.12), and in the workplace (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.19–2.20).

Conclusions

SHS exposure was significantly associated with poor sleep quality among female non-current smokers aged ≥15 years in China, indicating that SHS exposure may be a modifiable risk factor for poor sleep quality in females.

secondhand smoke  /  sleep quality  /  female non-current smokers  /  cross-sectional study  /  China
王友娇, 桑莹宸, 曾新颖, 刘影, 高欣, 张驰, 彭志平, 刘世炜. 中国≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者二手烟暴露与睡眠质量关联性:一项2024年横断面研究. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (5) : 539 -544 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149313
Youjiao WANG, Yingchen SANG, Xinying ZENG, Ying LIU, Xin GAO, Chi ZHANG, Zhiping PENG, Shiwei LIU. Association between secondhand smoke exposure and sleep quality among female non-current smokers aged 15 years and above in China: a cross-sectional study in 2024[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (5) : 539 -544 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149313
二手烟由吸烟时呼出的烟草烟雾和烟草制品燃烧释放的烟雾混合而成,含有尼古丁、一氧化碳、多环芳烃和细颗粒物等多种有害成分[1],这些有害物质可损害人类遗传物质,破坏机体的免疫功能,造成心脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病和癌症等多种不良健康结局[2]。WHO报告显示,全球约有13亿吸烟者,每年约有160万非吸烟者死于二手烟暴露[3]。二手烟暴露对睡眠健康的潜在危害逐渐受到关注,有研究发现长期暴露于二手烟的人群易出现入睡困难、睡眠时间缩短以及睡眠质量下降等问题[4]。睡眠作为增强免疫功能、维持机体代谢和神经系统稳态的生理过程之一,对人体健康至关重要[5]。一项以中国≥40岁人群作为研究对象的横断面调查发现,我国非现在吸烟者以女性为主,比例达67.7%[6]。既往研究表明,女性在睡眠结构、神经内分泌调节和心理等方面与男性存在差异,使其更容易受到睡眠问题的困扰[7]。同时还有研究显示,暴露于二手烟的女性出现睡眠障碍的风险高于男性[8],提示二手烟暴露与睡眠质量之间的关联可能存在性别差异。目前二手烟暴露与睡眠质量关联性的研究多集中于青少年和儿童[9],或局限在特定地区[10],全国性的大样本研究相对较少。本研究通过多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,于2024年3—10月在中国7个省(直辖市)对21 870名≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者进行分析,探讨二手烟暴露与睡眠质量之间的关联,为制定控烟干预策略、改善睡眠质量提供参考。
于2024年3—10月开展调查。调查对象为调查前1个月(从调查之日算起)将其住宅视为主要居住地的≥15岁中国居民。采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,首先在中国七大地理区域(华北、东北、华东、华中、华南、西南、西北)各抽取1个省级行政区,在各省(自治区、直辖市)内根据与人口规模成比例的概率抽样方法抽取10个区/县,然后采用同样方法在每个区/县抽取3个街道/乡镇,每个街道/乡镇抽取2个居委会/行政村,最后在每个居委会/行政村随机抽取120户家庭,每户家庭随机抽取1人进行调查。样本量根据公式N=deff[u2p(1-p)/d2]计算得到。中国成年人失眠率参考2023年《中国睡眠大数据报告》[11],预期失眠率取 p=0.32。置信区间设定为95%(双侧,u=1.96),绝对误差d=3.2%(相对误差10%),设计效应deff=3.5。研究采用分层抽样设计,依据全国七大地理区域及城乡分层,共设14层。考虑到15%的无应答率,最终所需样本量为47 060人。计划调查50 400人,实际调查46 452人,排除吸烟和二手烟暴露情况等关键变量的缺失值后共有非现在吸烟者33 559人,最终分析仅纳入符合条件的女性21 870人。该研究方案获得了中国疾病预防控制中心伦理审查委员会的批准(批号:202410),在调查时均已获得研究对象的知情同意。
调查采用入户形式,由调查员使用平板电脑通过面对面询问的方式进行数据采集。调查员为区(县)疾病预防控制(简称疾控)中心/健康教育工作人员,由各省级疾控中心工作人员对调查员进行统一培训和考核,合格后参与调查。调查问卷由中国疾控中心设计,调查内容包括年龄、户籍、教育水平等个人基本信息,吸烟及二手烟暴露情况,睡眠相关情况,疾病史和生活方式等。调查由中国疾控中心负责方案设计并提供技术支持,调查过程中采用统一的调查设备,在调查实施及数据处理阶段通过国家级、省级和监测点三级质量控制体系对数据进行严格管理,并对收集的资料进行系统核查,以确保数据的准确性和可靠性。
通过询问调查对象“您现在吸烟吗?(每天吸、不是每天吸、还是不吸?)”获得吸烟情况,若研究对象回答不吸,则定义为非现在吸烟者。通过询问非现在吸烟者“通常情况下,每周您接触到有人吸烟(二手烟)的天数有多少?(几乎每天、平均每周有4~6 d、平均每周有1~3 d、没有?)”获得总体二手烟暴露情况。通过询问调查对象“过去30 d内,一般多久会有人在家中或工作场所中室内区域吸烟?(每天有、每周有、每月有、不是每月都有、或从没有?)”获得在家和在工作场所的二手烟暴露情况。参照中国成人烟草调查[12]进行定义:(1)总体二手烟暴露者:每周至少有1 d曾暴露于烟草烟雾的非现在吸烟者。(2)在家中的二手烟暴露者:在家中每周至少有1 d曾看到有人吸烟的非现在吸烟者。(3)在工作场所中的二手烟暴露者:非现在吸烟人群中每周至少有1 d曾看到有人吸烟的室内工作者。(4)二手烟暴露率:二手烟暴露者占非现在吸烟者的百分比。
采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI)量表[13]评估调查对象的睡眠质量。量表包含7个维度:主观睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、催眠药物使用和日间功能障碍。睡眠效率为[睡眠时间/(起床时间–上床时间)]×100%;睡眠障碍维度为“夜间易醒或早醒、夜间去厕所、呼吸不畅、咳嗽或鼾声高、感觉冷、感觉热、做噩梦、疼痛不适、其他影响睡眠的事情”9个条目;催眠药物使用指近1个月使用催眠药物的情况;日间功能障碍通过问题“近1个月您常感到困倦吗?”和“近1个月您做事情的精力不足吗?”回答情况判定。各维度评分范围为0~3分,PSQI总评分范围为0~21分,评分越高提示睡眠质量越差,本研究将评分>5分定义为睡眠质量差。PSQI量表在本研究样本中的克伦巴赫α系数为0.83,具有较好的内部一致性。
饮酒是指过去1年内每周至少饮酒1次[14]。体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2。锻炼频率通过询问“通常1周内,您进行多少次体育锻炼?”进行划分,分为≤2次/周、3~4次/周和≥5次/周,锻炼类型包括散步、跑步、游泳、球类运动、骑行和健身器材等。患慢性病情况通过询问“您是否患有以下经医生诊断的慢性疾病?高血压、糖尿病、心脑血管疾病(中风、心脏病)、恶性肿瘤、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管哮喘、抑郁或其他疾病”进行评估,分为有慢性病和无慢性病。
采用SAS 9.4软件进行统计分析。采用复杂抽样加权方法对数据进行加权,以保证样本具有代表性。加权过程基于抽样权重、无应答调整权重和事后分层校正权重进行处理。使用频数和加权构成比/暴露率的形式描述调查对象的人口学特征及二手烟暴露情况。采用Rao-Scott χ2检验评估亚组间的差异,利用复杂抽样设计的多因素logistic回归模型分析二手烟暴露和睡眠质量差的关联关系。检验水准α=0.05(双侧)。
本研究纳入21 870名≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者,其中城市12 082人(45.32%),农村9 788人(54.68%)。总体二手烟暴露率为44.01%,城市为43.61%,农村为44.35%。在家中二手烟暴露率为22.79%,高于在工作场所的二手烟暴露率(15.90%)。总体二手烟暴露率在年龄、教育水平、职业、家庭年收入、地理区域、是否饮酒和患慢性病情况的分布差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。家庭二手烟暴露率在户籍、教育水平和是否饮酒方面分布差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。工作场所中二手烟暴露率在年龄、职业、家庭年收入、地理区域、是否饮酒和BMI方面分布差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
总体水平上、在家中和在工作场所中暴露于二手烟的女性非现在吸烟者睡眠质量差的检出率分别为32.54%、36.10%和29.50%,均显著高于未暴露者(P<0.01)。在家中二手烟暴露者睡眠质量差的比例高于在工作场所中,但差异无统计学意义。
以睡眠质量差为因变量(否=0,是=1),自变量以无二手烟暴露作为对照组进行多因素logistic回归分析。模型1调整年龄、户籍、教育水平、职业、家庭年收入、地理区域后,结果显示,二手烟暴露可能与睡眠质量差相关;模型2进一步调整了饮酒、BMI、锻炼频率和患慢性病情况后,结果显示,在总体水平上(OR=1.87,95%CI=1.56~2.23)、在家中(OR=1.76,95%CI=1.47~2.12)和在工作场所中(OR=1.62,95%CI=1.19~2.20)暴露于二手烟的人群出现睡眠质量差的比例显著高于非暴露人群。
本研究结果显示,在女性非现在吸烟者中二手烟暴露与睡眠质量差之间存在显著关联(OR=1.87,95%CI=1.56~2.23)。一项在中国西北地区进行的横断面研究显示,≥15岁从不吸烟女性中二手烟暴露与睡眠质量差之间存在显著正相关(OR=1.32,95%CI=1.21~1.45)[10],与本研究结果基本一致,但略低于本研究,这可能是因为吸烟状态的定义和混杂因素的调整不同所致。在高血压人群中也得到了类似的结果[15],二手烟暴露对睡眠时间缩短和主观睡眠质量差等方面均存在正向影响,且针对家庭[16]、社区和公共场所[17]等不同暴露场所的研究也发现了类似的结果,提示二手烟暴露可能是睡眠质量差的影响因素。
二手烟暴露可能通过多种途径影响睡眠。烟草烟雾中的尼古丁成分能抑制褪黑素的合成与分泌[18],扰乱正常的昼夜节律。其次,尼古丁的中枢神经兴奋作用可破坏正常的睡眠结构,导致慢波睡眠缩短,从而造成睡眠深度不够和睡眠时间不足[19]。此外,二手烟中的一氧化碳和多环芳烃等成分会刺激呼吸道黏膜,引发慢性炎症和水肿,增加阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停及夜间觉醒的发生风险[20],破坏睡眠连续性。在心理层面上,女性在看到有人吸烟时往往表现出更强的焦虑、厌恶与无助感[21],由此所造成的心理应激状态可能进一步加重睡眠问题。
本研究结果显示,总体水平上二手烟暴露率为44.01%,与2024年中国成人烟草调查(46.5%)[12]相近。进一步按照暴露场所进行分析发现,在家中的二手烟暴露率为22.79%,高于在工作场所中的二手烟暴露率(15.90%),这一结果与2019—2020年中国居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病监测调查发现的趋势一致[6],该调查显示≥40岁女性在家中接触二手烟的比例(33.5%)高于在工作场所中接触的比例(11.4%)。尽管二手烟暴露率调查结果因研究对象、调查范围及暴露定义不同存在一定差异,但总体趋势显示随着公共场所无烟立法的推进,工作场所的二手烟暴露已得到一定程度的控制。相比之下,家庭环境因缺乏有效的干预措施,已成为当前女性二手烟暴露的主要场所和防控工作的薄弱环节[22]。
本研究还发现,在家中暴露于二手烟的女性发生睡眠质量差的比例高于在工作场所中暴露的女性。这可能是因为与工作场所相比,在家中的二手烟暴露往往具有持续时间更长和累积性更强的特点。对于承担较多家庭责任的女性而言,其居家时间相对较长,加之住宅环境相对密闭,在通风条件不足的情况下,烟草烟雾中的细颗粒物和其他有害成分易在室内滞留,从而造成更为持久的暴露[23]。此外,家庭环境中还存在其他室内空气污染源(如燃煤、烹饪油烟、挥发性有机物、颗粒物等)的协同暴露[24],这种多污染物共同作用可能加剧对睡眠的影响[25]。因此,加强针对于家庭环境的健康宣教,倡导并推动无烟家庭建设,对于降低二手烟暴露水平、改善女性睡眠质量具有重要的公共卫生意义。
本研究基于中国7个省(直辖市)≥15岁女性非现在吸烟者的大样本数据,样本覆盖范围广,并采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,基于复杂抽样加权方法进行分析,使结果能够更好地代表中国女性非现在吸烟者的情况。此外,本研究不仅分析了总体水平上的二手烟暴露,还分别探讨了在家中和在工作场所中二手烟暴露与睡眠质量的关系,使结果更具有针对性和公共卫生指导意义。但本研究仍存在一定局限性,首先,二手烟暴露情况及睡眠质量的评估主要依赖于自我报告,可能存在回忆偏倚;其次,本研究的数据来源于横断面调查,无法确定因果关系。此外,调查未能获取二手烟暴露时长等其他潜在混杂因素,可能影响结果的解释。
综上所述,本研究结果提示在女性非现在吸烟者中,二手烟暴露与睡眠质量差之间存在正向关联。虽然我国二手烟暴露率呈逐渐下降趋势,但女性群体仍面临着较高的暴露风险,因此,应加强控烟干预和健康教育,推动无烟家庭建设,降低女性群体的二手烟暴露水平。未来可以进一步探讨不同暴露强度下二手烟与睡眠质量的关系,为精准控烟政策提供依据。

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2026年第42卷第5期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149313
  • 接收时间:2025-11-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-18
  • 修回日期:2026-01-29
  • 录用日期:2026-03-10
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    1中国疾病预防控制中心(中国预防医学科学院)控烟办公室,北京 100050
    2中国疾病预防控制中心(中国预防医学科学院)慢病和老龄健康管理处,北京 102206
    3北京医院国家老年医学中心,北京 100730
    4联勤保障部队第九八四医院智能睡眠中心,北京 100094

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