Article(id=1320438307008393579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1148947, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758470400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-22, revisedDate=1762358400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-06, acceptedDate=1768752000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-19, onlineDate=1792746624947, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1781020800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746624947, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746624947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746624947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438244077056901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='641', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781020800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746609943, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748036545, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444227734065468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444227734065469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=762, endPage=768, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438307222303084, articleId=1320438307008393579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Strategic planning of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health and its implications, columnId=1320431897281413811, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Public Health Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The strategic planning of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has undergone a systematic transformation from a neuroscience-centered focus to a balanced emphasis on both basic research and clinical application. It has gradually developed into a research framework characterized by scientific evidence, a life-course perspective, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The NIMH experience demonstrates that forward-looking planning, policy support, and social collaboration are key to advancing research innovation, improving service systems, and enhancing the quality of public services. China′s mental health research funding system remains fragmented and exploratory, lacking systematic strategic guidance and sustained support mechanisms. Drawing on the U.S. experience, China should establish a scientific, systematic, and sustainable national strategic framework that strengthens basic research while emphasizing clinical translation, digital interventions, and social participation mechanisms, thereby promoting the organic integration of research achievements, service systems, and public health goals.

, authors=Kai WU, authorsList=Kai WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kai WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WU Kai, E-mail:
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美国国家精神卫生研究院的战略规划经历了从以神经科学为核心向基础研究与临床应用并重的系统转型,逐步形成以科学证据、全生命周期视角和跨学科协作为特征的研究格局。其经验表明,精神卫生研究的前瞻性布局、政策支持与社会协同是推动科研创新、完善服务体系与提升公共服务质量的关键。相较而言,我国精神卫生科研资助体系仍处于分散与探索阶段,缺乏系统化战略引导和持续性支持机制。借鉴美国的发展路径与实践,应构建科学、系统、持续的国家级战略框架,在强化基础研究的同时,注重临床转化、数字化干预与社会参与机制的完善,以促进科研成果、服务体系与公共健康目标的有机衔接。

, authors=务凯*, *, authorsList=务凯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=务凯, authorNote=

务凯(1982–),副教授,博士,研究方向:应用心理学

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务凯,E-mail:
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The Lancet, 2015, 386(10002): 1442., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438315376030120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438307008393579, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家卫生健康委, 国家发展改革委, 教育部, 等. 关于印发加强和完善精神专科医疗服务意见的通知[J]. 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会公报, 2020(10): 5-8., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320438315443138985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438307008393579, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈润滋, 马宁, 王云锋, 等. 2020年中国内地精神卫生医疗机构心理治疗和心理咨询服务资源现状[J]. 中国公共卫生, 2024, 40(8): 969-973., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320438307964694894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438307008393579, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320438307973083503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438307008393579, companyId=1320438307964694894, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320438307981472112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438307008393579, companyId=1320438307964694894, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河南大学心理学院,开封 475004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320438310787461505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438307008393579, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of mental health research systems between China and the United States

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维度中国美国
治理结构多中心/多极化:行政管理(国家卫生健康委)与科研资助(科技部、基金委等)职能分离。中央集权/单极化: NIMH作为美国国家卫生研究院的一部分,是精神卫生研究领域集资金分配与战略导向于一体的核心联邦机构。
主要资助机构科技部:自上而下,任务导向的战略项目(如中国脑计划)。
国家自然科学基金委:自下而上,支持自由探索的基础与转化研究。
国家社科基金:关注社会、伦理与政策等人文社科研究。
NIMH:单一、大型机构,覆盖从基础神经科学到实施科学与服务研究的全链条。
战略制定方式内隐与分散式: 国家战略重点由不同机构的规划共同构成,缺乏统一的、专门的精神卫生科研战略文本。外显与集中式: 通过公开发布的、全面的五年期战略规划来设定清晰的研究目标与优先领域。
研究优先领域重大疾病的神经科学:依托“脑计划”强力聚焦抑郁症、焦虑症、精神分裂症等。
基础设施建设:强调建立大型临床队列与生物样本库。
社会与青少年问题: 对青少年心理健康和社会因素的关注日益增加。
全谱系覆盖:从基础的RDoC、遗传学,到临床试验、早期识别与干预、数字健康和卫生服务研究。
动态优先事项明确将自杀预防、健康差异和计算方法作为战略重点。
科研到政策的链接间接:科技部/基金委资助的研究成果为国家卫生健康委的政策制定提供参考,但链接并非制度化,可能存在脱节。直接与整合:NIMH的第四大战略目标明确聚焦于公共卫生影响和服务研究,旨在将科研成果直接转化为政策与实践。资助科研的机构同时承担其公共卫生相关性责任。
), ArticleFig(id=1320438310867153282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438307008393579, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中美精神卫生科研体系比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度中国美国
治理结构多中心/多极化:行政管理(国家卫生健康委)与科研资助(科技部、基金委等)职能分离。中央集权/单极化: NIMH作为美国国家卫生研究院的一部分,是精神卫生研究领域集资金分配与战略导向于一体的核心联邦机构。
主要资助机构科技部:自上而下,任务导向的战略项目(如中国脑计划)。
国家自然科学基金委:自下而上,支持自由探索的基础与转化研究。
国家社科基金:关注社会、伦理与政策等人文社科研究。
NIMH:单一、大型机构,覆盖从基础神经科学到实施科学与服务研究的全链条。
战略制定方式内隐与分散式: 国家战略重点由不同机构的规划共同构成,缺乏统一的、专门的精神卫生科研战略文本。外显与集中式: 通过公开发布的、全面的五年期战略规划来设定清晰的研究目标与优先领域。
研究优先领域重大疾病的神经科学:依托“脑计划”强力聚焦抑郁症、焦虑症、精神分裂症等。
基础设施建设:强调建立大型临床队列与生物样本库。
社会与青少年问题: 对青少年心理健康和社会因素的关注日益增加。
全谱系覆盖:从基础的RDoC、遗传学,到临床试验、早期识别与干预、数字健康和卫生服务研究。
动态优先事项明确将自杀预防、健康差异和计算方法作为战略重点。
科研到政策的链接间接:科技部/基金委资助的研究成果为国家卫生健康委的政策制定提供参考,但链接并非制度化,可能存在脱节。直接与整合:NIMH的第四大战略目标明确聚焦于公共卫生影响和服务研究,旨在将科研成果直接转化为政策与实践。资助科研的机构同时承担其公共卫生相关性责任。
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美国国家精神卫生研究院战略规划及启示
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中国公共卫生 | 公共卫生论坛 2026,42(6): 762-768
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美国国家精神卫生研究院战略规划及启示
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务凯(1982–),副教授,博士,研究方向:应用心理学

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务凯(1982–),副教授,博士,研究方向:应用心理学

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务凯*, *
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  • 河南大学心理学院,开封 475004
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务凯,E-mail:
作者简介:

务凯(1982–),副教授,博士,研究方向:应用心理学

Strategic planning of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health and its implications
Kai WU
Affiliations
  • School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WU Kai, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148947
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美国国家精神卫生研究院的战略规划经历了从以神经科学为核心向基础研究与临床应用并重的系统转型,逐步形成以科学证据、全生命周期视角和跨学科协作为特征的研究格局。其经验表明,精神卫生研究的前瞻性布局、政策支持与社会协同是推动科研创新、完善服务体系与提升公共服务质量的关键。相较而言,我国精神卫生科研资助体系仍处于分散与探索阶段,缺乏系统化战略引导和持续性支持机制。借鉴美国的发展路径与实践,应构建科学、系统、持续的国家级战略框架,在强化基础研究的同时,注重临床转化、数字化干预与社会参与机制的完善,以促进科研成果、服务体系与公共健康目标的有机衔接。

美国国家精神卫生研究院  /  精神卫生  /  战略规划  /  预防干预  /  卫生政策

The strategic planning of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has undergone a systematic transformation from a neuroscience-centered focus to a balanced emphasis on both basic research and clinical application. It has gradually developed into a research framework characterized by scientific evidence, a life-course perspective, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The NIMH experience demonstrates that forward-looking planning, policy support, and social collaboration are key to advancing research innovation, improving service systems, and enhancing the quality of public services. China′s mental health research funding system remains fragmented and exploratory, lacking systematic strategic guidance and sustained support mechanisms. Drawing on the U.S. experience, China should establish a scientific, systematic, and sustainable national strategic framework that strengthens basic research while emphasizing clinical translation, digital interventions, and social participation mechanisms, thereby promoting the organic integration of research achievements, service systems, and public health goals.

U.S. National Institute of Mental Health  /  mental health  /  strategic planning  /  preventive intervention  /  health policy
务凯. 美国国家精神卫生研究院战略规划及启示. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (6) : 762 -768 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148947
Kai WU. Strategic planning of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health and its implications[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (6) : 762 -768 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148947
精神卫生问题已成为21世纪全球公共卫生和社会发展的重大挑战之一。抑郁症、焦虑症等常见精神障碍的发病率持续上升,对人类健康和社会经济造成深远影响[1]。作为全球最大的精神卫生研究资助机构,美国国家精神卫生研究院(National Institute of Mental Health, NIMH)近年来通过一系列战略规划,引领了美国精神卫生科研与服务体系的发展,并对全球精神卫生政策与研究方向产生重要影响。梳理其战略规划的演变,有助于把握国际精神卫生研究的前沿趋势与治理经验。党的十八大以来,我国高度重视精神卫生事业,相继出台多项法律政策,加强服务体系建设与公众精神卫生保障。全国已初步建立严重精神障碍管理服务网络,截至2021年底,登记在册患者660万例,规范管理率超92%[2]。但我国精神卫生领域仍面临资源不足、城乡不均、社区康复薄弱、公众认知不足及专业人才匮乏等问题[3]。研究显示,我国约有16.6%的成年人一生中罹患精神障碍,但治疗率普遍较低[4]。至2021年底,全国持证精神科医师约64 000人,折合每10万人口3.64人,显著低于高收入国家7.9人的平均水平[5]。在此背景下,本文通过系统厘清和回顾比较分析,梳理NIMH战略规划的发展脉络,总结其经验与启示,同时结合我国科研资助机构在精神卫生领域的布局与演进,分析两国科研战略规划的异同,以期为中国精神卫生研究、服务体系建设与政策发展提供借鉴。
2008年,NIMH发布新战略计划,确立了从基础机制探索—疾病进程描绘—干预手段创新—公共卫生转化的系统性科研框架,标志着精神卫生研究进入整合化、机制化的新阶段。该计划首次提出以生物学和行为学维度理解精神障碍的研究思路,为后续研究领域标准(Research Domain Criteria, RDoC)框架的形成奠定了基础[6]。这一战略转向推动了基因组学、神经科学与行为科学的深度融合,使精神障碍研究逐步从症状描述走向机制解析[7]。2015年战略计划更新,在保持原有四大框架的同时,强调平衡基础与临床研究:(1)阐明复杂行为机制;(2)描绘精神疾病全生命周期的发生发展轨迹;(3)努力预防并治愈;(4)加强研究公共卫生效益。此举既推动了精神卫生研究从分子到脑回路的基础机制探索,也强化了人群干预与服务模式改进,体现科研从实验室走向社会应用的导向[8]。2020年最新战略计划进一步巩固上述重点,突出健康公平与社会可及性议题,并继续将神经科学作为基石,提出以“阐明复杂行为的脑机制”为首要目标,同时更加强调生命周期视角和儿童青少年早期风险因素的研究。在公共卫生层面,提出“提升精神卫生服务以增强公共卫生效益”,资助项目聚焦于改进服务模式、推广循证干预,并特别关注弱势与边缘群体的精神卫生需求[9]。上述NIMH战略规划的演变体现出研究范式的系统化与公共化转向—即从聚焦生物学基础研究,逐步拓展至全病程、全人群与全社会的精神卫生视角;从追求科学突破,转向兼顾社会应用与公共卫生需求。在资助导向上,NIMH实现了基础研究与临床应用的均衡布局,形成了以科学发现驱动社会服务改进的综合性科研体系。
如何在基础科学与临床应用之间实现平衡,一直是NIMH战略规划的核心议题。21世纪初,NIMH大力资助脑成像、分子神经生物学、遗传学等基础研究,促进了精神障碍生物学机制的探索。然而,临床治疗突破相对有限,引发学界关于“科研投入未能充分转化为患者获益”的质疑[10]。作为回应,2015年战略计划强调既要保持基础研究的长期承诺,又要推动成果更快转化。NIMH提出实验医学范式,要求临床试验在设计时嵌入生物学指标,以考察干预机制,而不仅是疗效[11]。这一策略旨在架设基础与临床之间的“翻译桥梁”,如精神分裂症早期干预项目就同时评估干预成效和康复路径[12]。近年来,NIMH临床研究投入有所回升。2014年,该机构共资助246项临床试验(其中新启动61项),投入约1.45亿美元,占总预算约10%;其中54%聚焦心理社会干预,比例高于药物或器械试验[13]。此举表明NIMH并未忽视社会干预,反而给予了重点支持。2020年战略计划进一步提出强化公共卫生效应,要求以精神卫生服务为抓手,提升可及性与连续性,推动循证干预快速落地并规范化推广[14]。NIMH在平衡基础与转化研究上的经验可概括为“两条腿走路”:既保持对基础科学的持续支持,又通过机制创新推动科研成果应用于改善患者预后。最新战略计划“涵盖了从基础神经科学到卫生服务和健康差异研究的广泛领域”,标志着从投入比例调整到研究范式转变的系统努力[9]。
在疾病分类与诊断方面,NIMH延续了2008年战略计划中提出的愿景,并于2010年前后正式推出 RDoC框架。RDoC主张跨越传统精神障碍诊断与统计手册(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,DSM)、国际疾病分类(International Classification of Diseases,ICD)的症状学分类体系,转而关注认知、情绪调节、社会互动等核心心理功能领域,并在普通人群到临床患者的连续谱上整合生物学与行为学指标[6]。在预防策略方面,NIMH战略规划逐渐由“治疗已确诊患者”转向“前移干预”。其核心目标之一是“描绘精神疾病轨迹,以决定何时何地如何干预”,强调在高危或亚临床阶段识别生物标志物和行为指征,并在症状全面显现前实施针对性干预[15]。这种早期识别与干预理念在精神分裂症和双相障碍等重性精神疾病研究中已初见成效,例如儿童青少年队列研究显示,认知缺陷和社会退缩等指标可用于预测疾病风险,从而指导早期随访和干预[16]。在公共卫生层面,自杀预防成为战略重点之一。面对持续上升的自杀率,2020年战略计划提出在全科和急诊环境中推广简短筛查与随访干预[17],研究表明,简短问卷结合电话随访能够显著降低自杀未遂率[18]。NIMH不仅支持多项试验验证这些方法的有效性,还推动其纳入常规医疗服务体系,成为国家自杀预防战略的重要组成部分[19]。以上NIMH近20年的新理念主要体现在3个方面:(1)通过RDoC突破传统诊断框架,推动维度化、生物学导向的研究;(2)通过全病程视角和前移干预理念,探索疾病早期预防路径;(3)针对重大公共卫生挑战(如自杀),强化循证干预和系统性预防。
技术进步和大数据时代的到来为精神卫生研究带来了前所未有的机遇。NIMH在战略规划中多次强调要利用技术与数据的效力和作用,推动精神卫生研究进入新阶段[9]。首先,在神经科学领域,NIMH积极参与并资助美国“脑计划”,推动高分辨率神经影像和神经调控工具的开发[8]。这些技术使研究者能够以前所未有的尺度观察大脑活动,揭示精神疾病相关回路功能失调的机制,并为精准干预提供潜在靶点。其次,面对数字革命,NIMH大力支持数字精神卫生和大数据研究。2015年战略明确提出建设“数字化企业”,鼓励利用互联网和移动技术拓展数据收集和干预渠道[8]。实践中,NIMH资助了基于智能手机和可穿戴设备的“数字表型”研究,以及短信支持、移动应用认知行为疗法等数字化干预[9]。新冠疫情大流行进一步凸显了远程医疗和个性化数字服务的重要性,NIMH也强调利用电子健康记录和机器学习方法预测风险(如自杀倾向),为临床筛查和预防提供依据[20]。最后,NIMH高度重视开放科学与数据共享。通过建立如NIMH数据档案等平台,汇聚大规模的基因、影像和临床数据,研究者能够跨项目、跨团队开展整合分析[21]。例如,多项全基因组关联研究的整合已帮助识别出数百个与精神分裂症相关的基因变异,大大加快了发现的步伐[22]。
精神卫生问题的复杂性决定了解决方案必须依赖多学科和多部门协作。NIMH在战略规划中始终强调跨学科合作和跨部门伙伴关系,将精神卫生研究置于更广阔的科学与社会网络之中[8]。在研究层面,NIMH鼓励多学科团队联合申报重大项目,要求神经科学、临床、社会行为等领域的学者共同担任联合课题负责人[23]。例如,抑郁症成因的研究就需要神经科学家、心理学家和社会学家共同探索脑生物学、认知模式与社会压力的交互作用[24]。在政策和服务层面,NIMH积极推动跨机构合作,如参与国家自杀预防联盟,与国防部、教育部等部门共同制定行动优先事项[8]。这些跨部门机制使研究成果能够快速转化为公共政策,并放大了社会影响力。全球视野也是NIMH战略的重要组成部分,自2015年起,“全球精神卫生”被其列为跨领域主题,NIMH与世界卫生组织及多国研究机构合作,支持在中低收入国家开展社区干预试验,研究文化差异对疾病表现与干预效果的影响,并通过经验交流反哺美国本土服务改进[25]。此外,NIMH重视跨学科人才的培养。通过T32培训奖学金、K系列青年研究者奖等项目,支持兼具神经科学与临床心理学背景的复合型人才成长[26]。2015年战略提出的“投资未来”正是强调科研人力资本的战略意义[8]。
NIMH 的战略规划在推动精神卫生研究发展的同时,也引发了学术界的广泛批判。核心争议集中在其对神经科学的高度依赖,以及由此带来的研究生态失衡[27]。批评者指出,NIMH 的经费分配长期倾斜于大脑与遗传学等生物学研究,2012—2020年相关比例由72%上升至75%,而用于治疗和心理疗法研究的经费却在绝对值上下降[28]。这种“把所有的鸡蛋都放在生物学篮子里”的倾向,挤压了社会医学研究空间,弱化了精神医学以经验为本、以患者为中心的人文精神[29]。年轻学者发现临床和社会医学研究缺乏资助前景,不得不转向实验室神经科学或退出科研,造成代际断层,严重削弱了临床研究的持续性[27]。与此同时,数十年的神经科学投资并未带来预期突破,脑科学10年计划成效有限,神经影像学研究30年来仍无法为精神疾病提供可操作的解释或临床决策支持。NIMH 前所长 Insel 亦承认,这种聚焦未能扭转精神疾病相关的死亡与残疾曲线[30]。由此可见,在追求遥远生物学承诺的过程中,战略层面牺牲了患者的现实需求。RDoC 框架作为 NIMH 生物学导向的代表工具,也因临床实用性不足而广受质疑。批评者认为,与 DSM 相比,RDoC 在临床使用价值上大为逊色,更偏向实验室和动物模型研究,难以直接服务临床[31]。其有效性亦饱受挑战,既难以区分正常变异与病理状态,也倾向于基于表面相似性混淆疾病边界[32]。更深层的问题在于认识论冲突,RDoC 假定精神障碍是大脑环路层面的障碍,体现了生物学还原论,而批评者则强调行为与痛苦是生物、心理、社会与环境复杂互动的产物[33]。过分依赖量化指标和客观数据,导致“患者的故事”与主观体验被边缘化[9]。这种还原主义不仅限制了对精神疾病的全面理解,也削弱了研究成果在临床与公共卫生层面的应用价值。
与美国实行集中统一的科研规划体系不同,我国精神卫生科研资助体系呈现“多中心”格局,其核心特征是行政管理与科研资助职能分离。目前,精神卫生领域的科研管理主要由科技部与国家自然科学基金委员会(National Natural Science Foundation of China,NSFC)共同承担,国家卫生健康委员会负责政策指导与服务体系统筹,而教育部等部门亦在部分专项计划中承担相关科研管理任务。目前,我国尚未设立一个在职责定位、战略规划和资金配置上与 NIMH 对应的专责科研机构,精神卫生研究主要以综合性科技计划、医学领域项目或社会治理专项的形式展开。在资助层面,科技部负责组织实施国家科技重大专项、国家重点研发计划等顶层项目,NSFC侧重于基础研究和青年科研人才支持,形成了战略导向与基础创新并行的资助格局。但由于部门职责交叉与领域界限模糊,精神卫生科研往往分散在神经科学、心理学、公共卫生、社会治理等不同领域中,缺乏系统性的长期规划与跨部门协调机制。
这种“多中心”的管理体制,决定了我国精神卫生领域的资助项目呈现出“战略导向”与“自由探索”并行的双轨脉络。“自上而下”的战略牵引主要由科技部主导,通过国家重点研发计划等方式,集中资源解决顶层设计中的重大问题。其典型代表是“科技创新2030—‘脑科学与类脑研究’”重大项目(即“中国脑计划”),该计划明确将抑郁症、焦虑障碍等重大脑疾病发病机制和干预技术作为核心攻关方向之一,这部分资助扮演着“战略引擎”的角色。“自下而上”的基础支撑以NSFC为代表,是我国支持基础研究和自由探索的主渠道,与NIMH由统一战略规划主导不同,NSFC的资助方向在很大程度上反映了科研人员的关注热点。值得注意的是,近期已有研究指出在卫生领域的资助中,精神卫生与心理健康已成为一个高度集中的研究主题[34]。这表明,即便缺乏NIMH式的中央规划,精神卫生问题也已通过“多中心”的科研体系客观上成为了我国的科研重点之一。此外,国家社会科学基金等资助计划也从社会学、管理学、体育学等视角支持了相关研究,形成了对生物—心理—社会模式的结构性覆盖。
近年来,科技部与NSFC正逐步探索跨部门协同资助机制,推动精神卫生科研向实施导向与社会化应用转型。2018年启动并持续至今的国家重点研发计划“主动健康和老龄化科技应对”重点专项,围绕老年人精神心理健康、认知功能与衰老机制等核心议题,设置了涵盖心理、神经及行为机制研究的多个方向,反映出我国精神卫生科研正由单一的临床取向向综合的生物—心理—社会模式拓展的趋势。同时,NSFC在部分项目中引入国际合作机制,与加拿大等国精神卫生研究机构联合开展研究[34],进一步推动了我国精神卫生科研的国际化与协同化发展。研究热点也从单纯的临床病理研究拓展至“网络与游戏成瘾”“大脑功能连接组学与精神疾病”“青少年和特定群体的精神卫生”等新兴方向[35],显示出我国精神卫生科研领域的拓展性与转化趋势。在政策层面,《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》与《健康中国行动(2019—2030年)》的实施,使精神卫生科研与公共政策实现了战略联动与政策支撑,推动了科研成果的应用转化与社会推广。概言之,我国精神卫生科研的协同现状与未来趋势,正是由上述“多中心结构”所决定的。一方面,这种格局有利于多学科的交叉融合,如脑科学、社会科学与公共卫生的结合不断催生新的研究议题和干预思路;另一方面,其核心挑战在于协同不足与转化障碍,由于缺乏一个类似NIMH能够统筹基础研究与公共卫生实践的中央协调机构,我国科研成果向政策转化和服务落地的过程相对间接,存在“科研—政策—服务”链条衔接不畅的隐忧。
与NIMH以集中统一的科研资助体系实现从基础研究到政策实践的连续规划不同,我国精神卫生科研体系呈现多部门协同、分层资助的格局,为更直观地呈现两国科研资助体系的异同,表1 对中美精神卫生科研资助体系的主要特征进行了比较,表明中美精神卫生科研资助体系的主要差异集中在治理结构、战略规划方式与科研成果转化机制三个方面。
NIMH战略规划的突出特点是通过顶层设计明确研究方向和经费重点,覆盖基础、临床、预防和服务全链条。我国可以借鉴这一经验,制定系统性的国家精神卫生科研战略,为未来5~10年的研究与实践提供清晰路线图和稳定支持机制。目前我国出台的健康政策主要聚焦公共卫生服务与健康促进,尚缺乏专门针对科研优先领域的整体规划。研究显示,我国国家级卫生类科研基金对精神卫生领域的资助比例较低,课题数量与经费占比在卫生领域均处末位[34]。相比之下,美国NIMH近年年度预算约20亿美元,并根据社会需求动态调整[36]。经费差距直接影响科研能力和服务发展,我国应在未来的卫生与科技预算中提高精神卫生研究与服务的比重,并设立专项支持机制,如将精神卫生列为国家科技重大专项,扩大国家自然科学基金支持,或设立专门研究基金。同时,应结合国情确定若干优先领域,通过集中资源支持重点研究,并建立严格的绩效评估和动态调整机制,逐步形成符合中国特色的研究战略。NIMH的经验表明,资金保障与顶层设计是推动精神卫生研究的关键保障。对于我国来说,唯有战略规划和持续投入并重,才能在全球精神卫生研究格局中实现突破与提升,在此过程中,一个理想的资助体系应当保持平衡布局,覆盖基础神经科学研究、临床研究、社会医学研究和卫生服务与循证干预实施研究等领域[14]。
NIMH从高度聚焦基础研究逐步转向基础与转化并重,这一转变对我国具有重要启示。我国精神卫生科研长期偏重流行病学和药理学等应用研究,基础研究相对薄弱;近年来又出现投入脑科学而忽视临床应用的倾向。这提醒我们必须在基础与临床之间实现平衡,建立从实验室到临床的紧密衔接机制。在基础研究方面,应继续支持神经科学、认知科学等对精神障碍机制的探索,并确保“中国脑计划”等国家项目中的精神卫生议题得到足够重视。但基础发现唯有通过临床验证才能转化为疗效,因此需推动转化研究,让基础科学家与临床医生从项目设计阶段即开展协作。在临床和公共卫生研究方面,我国亟需更多高质量干预与服务试验。NIMH的经验表明,即便药物研发进展有限,通过优化精神卫生社会干预和服务模式同样能改善患者结局[8]。我国应加大对精神卫生治疗、社区康复、网络干预的支持,推动多中心随机对照试验,并开展分级诊疗、互联网精神卫生服务等体系研究,以数据驱动政策改进。在体制机制上,应打破科研评价的“唯论文”倾向,提升临床成果权重。同时,鼓励跨学科培养既懂神经科学又懂精神医学的复合型人才。此外,还需加强产学研结合,吸引企业与科研机构协同推进新药和新技术开发。
NIMH提出的RDoC框架为传统诊断体系提供了新思路[6]。可将RDoC框架维度纳入我国流行病学调查与临床实践,系统验证其对于功能损伤与治疗反应的预测效度,从而探索构建适合国情的精神障碍分类体系。在预防策略方面,NIMH强调将干预前移,即在高危或亚临床阶段识别风险并及时介入。这与我国提出的提高抑郁症识别率、建立心理援助热线等措施相呼应[3]。未来,可进一步发展高危人群筛查与随访机制,利用互联网平台扩展危机干预资源。尽管我国对精神卫生防治的重视程度不断提高,但常见精神障碍服务体系在整合性与可及性方面,仍难以匹配庞大的疾病负担和公众需求,成为当前体系建设的薄弱环节。NIMH 的战略经验提示,应在重性精神疾病管理的同时,加大对常见障碍的预防与早期干预投入,如在社区、学校和企业推广精神卫生教育和筛查,提高公众识别和就医率[37],既要推动诊断范式从单一症状学走向多维度融合,又要把公共卫生重心从“治疗为主”拓展到“预防为先”,从而构建更加前瞻、全面整合的精神卫生治理新格局。
NIMH通过整合神经科学、社会科学与公共卫生研究,构建跨机构合作网络,以科研证据支持政策制定与服务优化。这种科研—政策协同机制为我国精神卫生体系建设提供了重要启示。我国虽已形成较为系统的多部门合作格局,但科研与政策之间的衔接仍有待强化。在科研层面,应推动医学院校与社会科学院校的跨学科协作,聚焦留守儿童、流动人口等重点群体,开展文化适应性干预研究,提升成果的政策转化能力。在政策层面,可借鉴NIMH在项目资助与反馈机制方面的经验,建立精神卫生政策实施的系统评估机制,定期检视执行效果,以实现政策的动态优化。同时,应完善社会参与机制,NIMH的战略强调伙伴关系不仅限于政府部门,还包括科研机构、公益组织、企业与公众的共同参与[9]。我国可通过政府购买服务、税收优惠与政策引导,鼓励社会力量参与精神卫生宣传、心理援助与康复服务,并加强反污名教育,营造开放包容的社会环境[36]。精神卫生治理不仅是医疗任务,更是全社会的共同责任。通过强化跨学科科研、政策评估与社会协作的联动机制,我国可逐步构建更具整合、韧性与前瞻性的精神卫生支持体系,为后续人才培养与服务体系建设奠定坚实基础。
NIMH将“投资未来”列为战略主题,凸显了人才在科研与服务中的核心地位[8]。我国虽然已在政策上重视,但在培养、吸引与留住人才方面仍需系统推进。首先,应加快临床服务人才培养。我国每10万人口仅约3.64名精神科医师[5],虽已超过《关于加强和完善精神专科医疗服务的意见》提出的2022年阶段性目标[38],但总体供给仍不足,应扩大精神医学研究生及规范化培训规模,并提升基层医生识别与干预常见精神障碍的能力。其次,应完善多学科队伍建设。心理咨询师、临床心理学家、精神科护士和社会工作者均是不可或缺的力量。鉴于现有培训质量参差不齐,需建立严格的认证与继续教育体系,重点强化实证疗法技能[39]。第三,应强化科研与跨学科人才培养。借鉴NIMH设立奖学金与专项计划的做法,我国可鼓励精神科医生学习神经科学和数据科学,或吸引理工科背景人才投身精神卫生研究,培育复合型领军人物。同时,需优化职业发展环境,提高薪酬与专业职称晋升空间,减轻行政负担,并通过榜样宣传提升职业认同感。最后,应建立持续教育体系。借鉴NIMH的研讨班和在线课程模式,将最新科研成果和诊疗指南纳入培训,帮助一线人员持续更新知识。
NIMH战略规划的根本目标是将科研成果转化为可衡量的公共精神卫生成效,其核心路径在于以技术赋能推动服务体系创新,实现可及化、精准化与公平化。我国可在此经验基础上,系统推进数字技术在精神卫生领域的深度应用,使科技创新成为扩大服务覆盖与优化干预模式的重要引擎。在科研与服务融合方面,应构建以数字技术为支撑的全链条体系。依托电子健康档案、公共卫生数据库与移动终端数据,建立多层次风险监测和早期预警机制,为政策制定与临床筛查提供循证依据;推动人工智能与机器学习在症状识别、治疗反应预测和个体化干预中的应用;发展远程诊疗与移动干预平台,实现线上评估、咨询与随访的常态化。在服务体系层面,应加强基层与社区的数字化能力建设,推广“线上—线下”协同的服务模式,完善双向转诊与分级诊疗机制,提升服务连续性与公平性。针对抑郁、焦虑等常见精神障碍疾病,可在综合医院和社区卫生机构建立标准化诊疗路径,并逐步纳入基本公共卫生服务项目。对于留守儿童、老年人、流动人口等重点群体,可利用数字平台整合教育、民政与社区资源,形成跨部门协作机制,提升支持的精准度与覆盖面。
美国国家精神卫生研究院的战略演进历程,为我国精神卫生研究与政策制定提供了重要借鉴。其经验同时提示,过度依赖单一学科或研究范式,不仅会造成经费和人才分布失衡,还可能削弱成果的现实转化价值。对我国而言,当下正处于社会快速转型与精神疾病负担持续上升的关键阶段,亟需制定符合国情的精神卫生科研战略路径。这就要求我国的精神卫生战略必须兼顾科学探索与现实需求,在科研方向上注重多学科整合,并始终根植于中国文化与社会现实,以回应最迫切的公共健康挑战。未来发展可从3方面推进:(1)在战略与科研布局上,应制定国家层面的科研规划,确保长期稳定投入,并在基础研究、临床转化与实施科学之间保持动态平衡;(2)在服务与治理体系上,应更新诊断与预防理念,推动干预前移,充分利用数字技术和大数据创新服务模式,构建多部门协同与社会广泛参与的治理网络;(3)在人才与学术生态方面,应大力培养并留住跨学科复合型人才,完善培训与激励机制,推动多学科合作与成果转化。
展望未来,我国不能仅满足于经验的学习者角色,而应在全球精神卫生共同体中扮演知识贡献者和创新引领者的角色。通过吸收国际智慧并融入本土实践,我国将建立更加均衡、韧性更强的精神卫生研究与服务体系,不仅有效应对国内挑战,也为全球精神卫生治理提供中国智慧和中国方案。

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  • 接收时间:2025-09-22
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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