Article(id=1320438297269219609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1146535, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732723200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-28, revisedDate=1739721600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-17, acceptedDate=1754409600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-06, onlineDate=1792746622625, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1781020800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746622625, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746622625, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746622625, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438244077056901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='641', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781020800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746609943, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748036545, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444227734065468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444227734065469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438244077056901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=755, endPage=761, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438297483129114, articleId=1320438297269219609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Application of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy (rapid ART) has multiple clinical benefits, such as increasing the rates of treatment initiation, retention in care, and virologic suppression, and reducing the mortality rate. It is crucial for the achievement of the “95%–95%–95%” goal in China and the globe. Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) is a single-tablet combination based on the second-generation integrase inhibitor bictegravir. B/F/TAF has a high resistance barrier and a favourable safety profile, and can be initiated before baseline laboratory results are available. It is not only a first-line ART regimen recommended by the latest established guidelines but also the only single-tablet regimen unanimously recommended by local and international guidelines for rapid ART. A number of prospective clinical trials and cohort studies on the use of B/F/TAF for rapid ART are currently ongoing in China and across the world, including studies using same-day initiation. This article summarizes the existing clinical evidence and briefly discusses the considerations for the use of B/F/TAF for rapid ART in some special populations, aiming to inform the clinical practice of medical personnel engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection.

, authors=Rentian CAI1, Fang ZHENG1, 2, Hongxia WEI1, authorsList=Rentian CAI, Fang ZHENG, Hongxia WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongxia WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WEI Hongxia, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320438297780924699, articleId=1320438297269219609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=比克替拉韦/恩曲他滨/丙酚替诺福韦(B/F/TAF)在快速启动抗反转录病毒治疗中的应用, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

快速启动HIV感染抗反转录病毒治疗(ART)可带来提高疗启动率、维持率及病毒学抑制率,降低病死率等多方面临床获益,对我国乃至全球范围内“三个95%”目标的达成至关重要。比克替拉韦/恩曲他滨/丙酚替诺福韦(B/F/TAF)是基于第二代整合酶抑制剂比克替拉韦的复方单片制剂。B/F/TAF具有耐药屏障高、安全性良好、无需等待基线检测结果即可启动等特点,不仅是最新权威指南一致推荐的一线ART方案,亦是目前唯一被国内外指南一致推荐用于快速启动的单片制剂方案。目前国内外正在积极开展多项关于B/F/TAF应用于快速启动的前瞻性临床试验及队列研究,其中不乏使用当日启动的研究。本文旨在汇总现有临床证据,并探讨部分特殊人群使用B/F/TAF进行快速启动时的考量,希望为从事HIV诊疗的医务人员的临床实践提供参考。

, authors=蔡仁田1, 郑芳1, 2, 魏洪霞1, *, *, authorsList=蔡仁田, 郑芳, 魏洪霞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=魏洪霞, authorNote=

蔡仁田(1984—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:HIV抗病毒和免疫重建机制

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魏洪霞,E-mail:
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研究文献开展年份研究设计启动时间HIV感染者例数a主要研究结果
中国快速启动
试点项目[13]
2021—2022多中心随机对照14日内B/F/TAF: 146
EFV+3TC+TDF: 154
B/F/TAF组第48周病毒学抑制率为95.9%,显著高于EFV+3TC+TDF组(79.2%)c
英国BicTnT[14]2020—2022多中心随机对照14日内B/F/TAF:19
DRV/c/F/TAF:17
B/F/TAF组第12周平均病毒载量下降显著大于DRV/c/F/TAF组(3.1 vs. 2.6 log10拷贝/mL,P<0.001)
意大利Rainbow[15]2020—2021单中心单臂7日内30第48周时,27例(90%)感染者达到病毒学抑制
西班牙
Test & Treat[16]
2020—2022单中心单臂7日内10072%的感染者基线伴有限制ART药物选择的因素,如HLA B5701阳性或无法评估(4%)、低CD4+T细胞计数(21%)、高病毒载量(32%)
西班牙
BIC-NOW[17]
2020—2022多中心单臂当日20898.6%的感染者当日启动B/F/TAF,第4周和第48周的病毒学抑制率分别达53.4%和84.1%c
法国
FAST[18]
2019—2020全国性单臂当日11299.1%的感染者当日启动B/F/TAF,剩余1例隔天启动,第24周和第48周病毒学抑制率分别为80.4%和84.8%c
西班牙
BIFAST[19]
未报道单中心单臂当日59无论感染者基线实验室检查数据是否完善均可当日启动,第24周病毒学抑制率为92.6%
美国RoCHaCHa[20]2018—2021单中心单臂 &
历史队列对照
当日B/F/TAF: 34
历史队列: 24b
第48周病毒学抑制率为95%;相较于常规启动的历史队列,当日启动队列达到病毒学抑制的时间显著较短,且治疗维持率显著较高
), ArticleFig(id=1320438301492883773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438297269219609, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

使用B/F/TAF进行当日或快速启动的前瞻性临床试验及队列研究汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究文献开展年份研究设计启动时间HIV感染者例数a主要研究结果
中国快速启动
试点项目[13]
2021—2022多中心随机对照14日内B/F/TAF: 146
EFV+3TC+TDF: 154
B/F/TAF组第48周病毒学抑制率为95.9%,显著高于EFV+3TC+TDF组(79.2%)c
英国BicTnT[14]2020—2022多中心随机对照14日内B/F/TAF:19
DRV/c/F/TAF:17
B/F/TAF组第12周平均病毒载量下降显著大于DRV/c/F/TAF组(3.1 vs. 2.6 log10拷贝/mL,P<0.001)
意大利Rainbow[15]2020—2021单中心单臂7日内30第48周时,27例(90%)感染者达到病毒学抑制
西班牙
Test & Treat[16]
2020—2022单中心单臂7日内10072%的感染者基线伴有限制ART药物选择的因素,如HLA B5701阳性或无法评估(4%)、低CD4+T细胞计数(21%)、高病毒载量(32%)
西班牙
BIC-NOW[17]
2020—2022多中心单臂当日20898.6%的感染者当日启动B/F/TAF,第4周和第48周的病毒学抑制率分别达53.4%和84.1%c
法国
FAST[18]
2019—2020全国性单臂当日11299.1%的感染者当日启动B/F/TAF,剩余1例隔天启动,第24周和第48周病毒学抑制率分别为80.4%和84.8%c
西班牙
BIFAST[19]
未报道单中心单臂当日59无论感染者基线实验室检查数据是否完善均可当日启动,第24周病毒学抑制率为92.6%
美国RoCHaCHa[20]2018—2021单中心单臂 &
历史队列对照
当日B/F/TAF: 34
历史队列: 24b
第48周病毒学抑制率为95%;相较于常规启动的历史队列,当日启动队列达到病毒学抑制的时间显著较短,且治疗维持率显著较高
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比克替拉韦/恩曲他滨/丙酚替诺福韦(B/F/TAF)在快速启动抗反转录病毒治疗中的应用
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蔡仁田 1 , 郑芳 1, 2 , 魏洪霞 1, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综 述 2026,42(6): 755-761
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中国公共卫生 |综 述 2026 , 42 (6) : 755 -761
比克替拉韦/恩曲他滨/丙酚替诺福韦(B/F/TAF)在快速启动抗反转录病毒治疗中的应用
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蔡仁田(1984—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:HIV抗病毒和免疫重建机制

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蔡仁田(1984—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:HIV抗病毒和免疫重建机制

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蔡仁田1, 郑芳1, 2, 魏洪霞1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1南京中医药大学附属南京医院(南京市第二医院)感染一科,南京 211100
  • 2中南大学湘雅医学院附属长沙医院感染与免疫科,长沙 410005
通讯作者:
魏洪霞,E-mail:
作者简介:

蔡仁田(1984—),副主任医师,博士,研究方向:HIV抗病毒和免疫重建机制

Application of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a review
Rentian CAI1, Fang ZHENG1, 2, Hongxia WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Infection, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (The Second Hospital of Nanjing), Nanjing 211100, China
  • 2Department of Infection and Immunology, Changsha Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WEI Hongxia, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146535
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快速启动HIV感染抗反转录病毒治疗(ART)可带来提高疗启动率、维持率及病毒学抑制率,降低病死率等多方面临床获益,对我国乃至全球范围内“三个95%”目标的达成至关重要。比克替拉韦/恩曲他滨/丙酚替诺福韦(B/F/TAF)是基于第二代整合酶抑制剂比克替拉韦的复方单片制剂。B/F/TAF具有耐药屏障高、安全性良好、无需等待基线检测结果即可启动等特点,不仅是最新权威指南一致推荐的一线ART方案,亦是目前唯一被国内外指南一致推荐用于快速启动的单片制剂方案。目前国内外正在积极开展多项关于B/F/TAF应用于快速启动的前瞻性临床试验及队列研究,其中不乏使用当日启动的研究。本文旨在汇总现有临床证据,并探讨部分特殊人群使用B/F/TAF进行快速启动时的考量,希望为从事HIV诊疗的医务人员的临床实践提供参考。

B/F/TAF  /  快速启动抗反转录病毒治疗  /  当日启动  /  艾滋病防治  /  病毒学抑制

Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy (rapid ART) has multiple clinical benefits, such as increasing the rates of treatment initiation, retention in care, and virologic suppression, and reducing the mortality rate. It is crucial for the achievement of the “95%–95%–95%” goal in China and the globe. Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) is a single-tablet combination based on the second-generation integrase inhibitor bictegravir. B/F/TAF has a high resistance barrier and a favourable safety profile, and can be initiated before baseline laboratory results are available. It is not only a first-line ART regimen recommended by the latest established guidelines but also the only single-tablet regimen unanimously recommended by local and international guidelines for rapid ART. A number of prospective clinical trials and cohort studies on the use of B/F/TAF for rapid ART are currently ongoing in China and across the world, including studies using same-day initiation. This article summarizes the existing clinical evidence and briefly discusses the considerations for the use of B/F/TAF for rapid ART in some special populations, aiming to inform the clinical practice of medical personnel engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection.

B/F/TAF  /  rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy  /  same-day initiation  /  AIDS prevention and treatment  /  virologic suppression
蔡仁田, 郑芳, 魏洪霞. 比克替拉韦/恩曲他滨/丙酚替诺福韦(B/F/TAF)在快速启动抗反转录病毒治疗中的应用. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (6) : 755 -761 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146535
Rentian CAI, Fang ZHENG, Hongxia WEI. Application of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (6) : 755 -761 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1146535
快速启动抗反转录病毒治疗(antiretroviral therapy, ART)是艾滋病防控领域近年来备受重视的策略之一,可带来提高治疗启动率、维持率及病毒学抑制率,降低病死率等多方面临床获益[1]。2017年,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)发布《晚期HIV疾病管理及抗反转录病毒治疗快速启动指南》[2],首次推荐为所有符合条件确诊HIV感染者提供快速启动抗反转录病毒治疗(rapid ART,简称“快速启动ART”),具体定义为7日内启动,为做好准备的感染者提供当日启动;该推荐亦被纳入WHO于2021年发布的《HIV预防、检测、治疗、服务提供和监测综合指南:针对公共卫生措施的建议》[3]。近年来,ART快速启动已陆续获得欧洲艾滋病临床协会(European AIDS Clinical Society, EACS)[4]、国际抗病毒协会美国分会(International Antiviral Society-USA Panel, IAS-USA)[5]、美国卫生与公众服务部(Department of Health and Human Service, DHHS)[6]、英国艾滋病协会[7]等国际权威机构以及中国疾病预防控制中心[8–9]的推荐。目前各权威机构对启动时间的具体推荐不尽相同,以7日内(包含当日)启动最为常见[3–5],亦有少数指南推荐在确诊后2~4周内启动[7]。
比克替拉韦/恩曲他滨/丙酚替诺福韦(bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide, B/F/TAF)是基于第二代整合酶抑制剂(integrase strand transfer inhibitor, INSTI)比克替拉韦(bictegravir, BIC)的复方单片制剂[10]。B/F/TAF是最新权威指南一致推荐的一线ART方案,亦为目前唯一被国内外指南一致推荐用于快速启动的单片完整方案[4–8]。本文汇总了现有样本量较大,以及开展于不同地区及值得关注的重点人群,较有代表性的关于B/F/TAF应用于快速及当日启动ART的临床证据,并探讨部分特殊人群使用B/F/TAF进行快速启动时的考量,期望为从事HIV诊疗的医务人员的临床实践提供参考。
无论常规启动或快速启动,HIV感染者均应根据指南要求在基线完成病史采集和体格检查,并进行病毒载量、CD4+ T细胞(CD4细胞)计数、乙型肝炎表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg)和基因耐药检测等实验室检查[1, 8–9];经评估满足快速启动条件的HIV感染者无需等待所有实验室检查结果即可启动治疗[1, 11–12]。但由于此时部分重要检查结果尚不明确,并非所有ART方案都适用:多替拉韦/拉米夫定(dolutegravir/lamivudine, DTG/3TC)二联方案仅适用于HBsAg阴性、病毒载量<5×105拷贝/mL者;DHHS和IAS-USA指南也强调该方案需在获得基线耐药检测结果后启动,因此,不适宜用于快速启动[1, 5–6, 11–12]。依非韦伦(EFV)亦不推荐用于病毒载量>5×105拷贝/mL的HIV感染者,且非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂整体基线耐药率较高,在快速启动情况下应谨慎使用[1, 8, 12]。此外,阿巴卡韦(abacavir,ABC)应用前需等待HLA B5701检测结果,因此,亦不适宜用于快速启动[1, 5–6, 11–12]。
基于以上考量,权威指南建议在参考一线方案的基础上,优先选择耐药屏障高、使用条件限制少的方案进行快速启动,如包含第二代INSTI或增强型蛋白酶抑制剂(protease inhibitor,PI)的三联方案[5–6, 11–12]。其中,B/F/TAF被IAS-USA及DHHS指南明确推荐为ART快速启动的优选方案之一;亦被我国《快速启动艾滋病抗病毒治疗专家共识》推荐用于快速启动[1, 5–6]。目前国内外正在积极开展多项关于B/F/TAF用于快速启动的前瞻性临床试验及队列研究;早期及中期数据提示其在快速启动中可带来有效降低病毒载量、改善免疫功能、缓解与HIV感染相关的心理负担及神经认知功能障碍等临床获益[13–20]。根据具体启动时间,这些前瞻性研究可大致分为7日内/14日内快速启动[13–16]或当日启动[17–20]两类,以下具体介绍相关研究的设计及现有数据(见表1)。
近期,中国首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院研究团队组织开展了我国首个大型快速启动试点项目。该开放标签随机对照试验开展于我国北京、石家庄、天津、兰州等地共8个临床中心,纳入ART初治、曾发生过男男性行为者的新诊断成年人HIV感染者,旨在评估14日内快速启动在中国的可行性,并进一步比较B/F/TAF和EFV+3TC+TDF用于快速启动的临床获益。2021年3月—2022年7月,该研究各中心共入组300例同意进行14日内快速启动且符合快速启动条件的HIV感染者,随机分配至B/F/TAF组(n=146)或EFV+3TC+TDF组(n=154)接受14日内快速启动。截至第48周,B/F/TAF组治疗维持率达99.3%,EFV+3TC+TDF组为83.9%;且B/F/TAF组病毒学抑制率显著高于EFV+3TC+TDF组(95.9%比79.2%,差异为16.7% [95%CI=9.4%~24.2%])。治疗期间B/F/TAF组仅有1例感染者停药(原因:失访),而EFV+3TC+TDF组中共有24例感染者停药(原因:11例不良事件、6例对EFV耐药、5例失访、1例病毒学失败、1例自杀),另有5例感染者从未服药。
BicTnT是一项开放标签多中心随机对照临床试验,比较确诊后14天内使用B/F/TAF或达芦那韦/考比司他/恩曲他滨/丙酚替诺福韦(DRV/c/F/TAF)进行快速启动的疗效及安全性。2020年9月—2022年4月,研究共纳入36例新确诊HIV感染者,随机分配至B/F/TAF组(n=19)或DRV/c/F/TAF组(n=17)。感染者平均年龄为35岁,94%为男性,基线平均病毒载量为4.79 log10拷贝/mL。感染者平均确诊至启动时间为7.9 d;截至治疗第12周,B/F/TAF组的平均病毒载量下降显著大于DRV/c/F/TAF组(3.1 log10拷贝/mL vs. 2.6 log10拷贝/mL,P<0.001)。2个ART方案的耐受性均良好,未观察到3~4级不良反应事件。
意大利罗马单中心单臂前瞻性临床试验Rainbow共纳入30例确诊于2020年5月—2021年1月,符合条件的ART初治、艾滋病期HIV感染者确诊7天内启动B/F/TAF。第48周时,27例(90%)感染者达到病毒学抑制。剩余感染者中1例病毒载量为59拷贝/mL(3个月后达到抑制),1例病毒载量为233拷贝/mL(4个月后达到抑制),另有1例因基线9 d后诊断出播散性结核病伴免疫重建炎症综合征(immune reconstruction inflamatory syndrome, IRIS)更换治疗方案;无感染者因基线耐药更换治疗方案。自基线至第48周,CD4细胞计数由90个/µL上升至303个/µL,CD4/CD8比值由0.2上升至0.41(P均<0.001)。研究期间共有3例感染者出现严重不良事件(AE),无感染者因AE停药。此外,该研究中近半数感染者(44%)基线即存在HIV相关神经认知功能障碍(HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, HAND, Frascati标准),该比例在第48周时下降至18%。EQ-5D量表结果显示,感染者第48周时对自我身体及心理健康状态的认知较基线均得到显著改善(P<0.001);SF-12量表结果则未显示出显著差异(生理健康部分:P=0.057,心理健康部分:P=0.112)。
西班牙巴塞罗那单中心单臂前瞻性临床试验Test-and-Treat纳入ART初治HIV感染者,所有感染者在7天内,无需等待实验室检查结果即可启动ART。研究的主要终点为伴有限制快速启动药物选择的因素(如HLA B5701阳性、HBsAg阳性等)的HIV感染者比例。研究共纳入100例HIV感染者,其中有72%的感染者基线伴有限制ART药物选择的因素:5%为HLA B5701阳性或无法评估,1%为HBsAg阳性,9%伴主要耐药突变(无B/F/TAF相关突变),21% CD4细胞计数<200个/µL,32%病毒载量>1×105拷贝/mL,46%骨密度低,10% Framingham风险评分>10%,3%同时服用至少1种具有严重药物相互作用的药物;提示进行快速启动需使用抗病毒效力强、耐药屏障高、耐受性良好的药物方案。该研究中64%的感染者在就诊当日启动了B/F/TAF,另有15%在就诊第二日启动。截至第4周时,54%(53/98)的感染者已达到病毒学抑制。
上述研究表明,B/F/TAF用于7天内/14天内快速启动可迅速降低HIV感染者病毒载量,达到高病毒学抑制率[13, 16],帮助改善感染者的免疫功能、主观身体及心理健康状态,以及部分伴HAND感染者的神经认知功能[15],同时具有良好的安全性及便利性[15]。此外,ART初治人群中有相当比例存在限制其药物选择的特征[16],而B/F/TAF具有耐药屏障高、无需等待基线检测结果等优点,适用于大部分人群。因此,相较于其他更依赖基线检查结果进行启动的一线方案,B/F/TAF或更适用于快速启动的情境。我国试点研究亦表明其临床有效性优于EFV+TDF+3TC方案[13]。
西班牙多中心单臂前瞻性临床试验BIC-NOW在2020年12月—2022年6月共纳入208例成年人HIV感染者使用B/F/TAF进行当日启动。感染者平均年龄为35.9岁,87.5%为男性。平均CD4细胞计数为395.5 个/µL(22.1%的感染者CD4细胞计数<200 个/µL),平均病毒载量为5.6 log10拷贝/mL(43.3%的感染者病毒载量 >5.0 log10拷贝/mL),22.6%的感染者处于艾滋病期(定义为CD4细胞计数<200 个/µL或存在艾滋病定义性疾病),4.3%的感染者合并HBV感染。共205例(98.6%)感染者在就诊当天、基线实验室检查结果尚未完全明确的情况下使用B/F/TAF进行当日启动(剩余3例患者均在7 日内启动)。第4周时,53.4%的感染者已达到病毒学抑制,77.8%的感染者病毒载量<200拷贝/mL。至第48周,84.1%的感染者达到病毒学抑制(意向治疗分析集);共3例感染者出现病毒学失败,未发现耐药相关突变,均为依从性差所致。截至第24周和第48周,感染者平均CD4细胞计数分别上升至608.3个/µL和707个/µL,体重、体质量指数、腹围均有小幅度上升,同时总胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白比值下降。仅有2例感染者在治疗第一周因治疗相关不良事件停药。
法国全国性单臂前瞻性研究FAST采用检测即治疗模式,即在获得任何实验室检查结果之前使用B/F/TAF进行入组当日启动。研究共纳入112例初治HIV感染者,中位年龄为36岁,87.5%为男性。感染者首次HIV诊断至入组中位时间为8天。111例感染者(99.1%)在入组当日启动治疗,剩余1例第2天启动治疗。意向治疗分析显示,感染者第24周和第48周病毒学抑制(病毒载量<50拷贝/mL)率分别为80.4%和84.8%,未达到病毒学抑制者中未发现新耐药相关突变。安全性方面,3~4级AE及严重AE的发生率仅为15/100人年及1/100人年,无治疗药物相关AE。此外,感染者对当日启动B/F/TAF及继续治疗均有积极的反应。
西班牙马德里单中心前瞻性单臂临床试验BIFAST中,无论感染者基线实验室检查数据是否完善,均使用B/F/TAF进行当日启动。基线无实验室检查数据组(without lab data, WOLD)和基线有实验室检查数据组(with lab data, WLD)分别包含20例和39例HIV感染者。WOLD和WLD两组的中位年龄分别为32岁和35岁,CD4细胞计数<200个/µL的感染者比例分别为5%和18.4%,病毒载量>1×105拷贝/mL的感染者比例分别为15%和28.2%。截至第24周,两组中各有2例感染者失访;剩余54例感染者中,50例(92.6%)达到病毒学抑制。此外,两组的感染者报告结果均显示其主观自我感知较基线有所改善,具体体现在焦虑/抑郁症状减轻,以及对未来的幸福感和乐观感增强。
美国纽约单中心单臂前瞻性试点项目RoCHaCHa纳入新诊断为HIV感染、ART初治的成年HIV感染者使用B/F/TAF进行当日启动,并与该中心过往常规启动的历史对照相比较。截至2021年5月,该研究中期数据共包含34例当日启动,并已完成12周随访的HIV感染者,其中21例已完成48周随访。无任何感染者因耐药或病毒学抑制失败换药;在已完成48周随访的21例感染者中,20例(95%)达到病毒学抑制。相较使用常规启动的历史对照队列(n=24,使用基于艾维雷韦/考比司他、DTG或达芦那韦/考比司他的方案),使用B/F/TAF进行当日启动的感染者无论自确诊或自ART启动至达到病毒学抑制所需时间均明显较短(自确诊:16 vs. 187.5 d;自ART启动:27 vs. 74 d,P均<0.001),且第12、24及48周治疗维持率均显著较高(P均<0.05)。
总体而言,无论是应用于7日内/14日内快速启动或当日启动,B/F/TAF均可帮助快速降低病毒载量,达到高病毒学抑制率(上述研究中HIV感染者第24周或第48周病毒学抑制率达80%~95%)[13, 15, 17–19],且安全性良好[13, 15, 17–18, 20]。并且,上述多项研究证实,基线检查结果尚未完善时即可启动B/F/TAF,包括在获得任何实验室结果之前进行当日启动[16–19]。此外,使用B/F/TAF进行当日启动还帮助改善感染者心理状态[19],且感染者对使用B/F/TAF进行当日启动及维持长期治疗表现出良好的接受度[18]。不过,上述使用当日启动的研究均开展于西方国家,临床或可进一步探讨在我国真实诊疗环境下B/F/TAF用于当日启动的可行性。
急性期HIV感染者尽早启动ART可帮助改善急性期症状、缩减病毒储存库、降低免疫激活及炎症水平,并与较高的CD4细胞计数恢复可能性相关。因此,应加速启动ART[1]。在治疗方案选择方面,一项纳入712例急性期HIV感染者的法国常规启动队列显示,相较PI方案组,INSTI方案组达到病毒学抑制的速度显著较快(P<0.01);两组感染者第4、12及24周达到病毒学抑制的比例分别为32% vs 4%、72% vs 31%及91% vs 78%[21]。治疗首月,INSTI组CD4计数的上升亦显著高于PI组[21]。另一项采用14天内快速启动的英国队列研究中,使用INSTI方案和PI方案的急性期HIV感染者自启动ART至达到病毒学抑制的中位时长分别为31天和80天(未报道P值)[22]。因此,急性期HIV感染者进行快速启动时或可优先选择B/F/TAF等含INSTI的方案。
妊娠期或育龄期有受孕意向的HIV感染者尽早通过ART达到病毒学抑制有利于阻断母婴垂直传播,是ART快速启动的重点对象[1]。一项多中心单臂前瞻性临床试验纳入33例病毒学抑制的孕中期/孕晚期女性转换为B/F/TAF治疗,评估感染者妊娠期及产后第6周和12周时的血药浓度及病毒载量,以及治疗的安全性。结果表明,尽管感染者妊娠期血药浓度低于产后,但所有感染者均维持了病毒学抑制,未发生母婴传播;研究中仅有1例感染者出现治疗相关AE(假性宫缩),无AE相关停药[23]。临床亦有少量未达到病毒学抑制的妊娠期HIV感染者使用B/F/TAF达到病毒学抑制并阻断母婴传播的病例报道[24]。
美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)于2024年批准B/F/TAF用于接受稳定ART方案达到病毒学抑制,且无已知B/F/TAF各成分耐药的妊娠期HIV感染者[25]。此外,2024年版DHHS围生期指南及《HIV阳性孕产妇全程管理专家共识(2024年版)》推荐B/F/TAF作为妊娠期和有受孕意向的HIV感染者的替代方案[26–27]。指南与专家共识也建议,如感染者在孕前接受B/F/TAF治疗达到完全病毒学抑制,且耐受性良好,孕后无需调整治疗方案,同时密切监测病毒载量变化[26–27]。因此,妊娠期HIV感染者亦可使用B/F/TAF,不过临床或需进一步探讨在该人群中使用B/F/TAF进行快速启动的疗效和安全性。
同样建议对儿童HIV感染者尽可能立即启动ART,但对于儿童感染者,需提供额外的依从性咨询及支持,以保证依从用药及治疗效果[8, 28],在快速启动的情境下尤其不可忽视。此外,相较于成年人,儿童感染者在方案选择上可能存在更多限制。目前临床数据已证实,儿童感染者可使用B/F/TAF,但仅限年龄≥2岁,且体重≥14 kg者[8, 25, 28]。体重≥35 kg的儿童及青少年可使用与成年人相同的剂型(BIC 50 mg/FTC 200 mg/TAF 15 mg每片),而体重≥14 kg,但<35 kg的儿童则应使用每片含量为BIC 30 mg/FTC 120 mg/TAF 15 mg的剂型[6, 28]。
晚发现、晚就诊的HIV感染者往往就诊时已处于疾病晚期,免疫力低下,更需尽快启动ART;但这部分感染者病情复杂,常伴机会性感染、恶性肿瘤等合并症,因此需谨慎排查[1, 3, 6, 8–9]。合并未治中枢神经系统结核病和隐球菌性脑膜炎(cryptococcal meningitis, CM)等活动性机会性感染的HIV感染者立即启动ART存在发生严重IRIS的风险,可危及生命。因此,国内外指南一致建议已知或高度怀疑合并伴严重IRIS风险的机会性感染的HIV感染者优先治疗机会性感染,暂缓启动ART[1, 3, 5–6, 8]。(近期观察性研究数据显示,在医疗资源充足的高收入国家,14日内启动ART并未增加合并CM的HIV感染者的死亡风险,或与这些感染者CM严重程度较轻、可及时接受更好的抗真菌治疗等因素相关[29]。因此,EACS在2023年指南更新中指出,在可严密监测并接受最佳治疗方案的前提下,部分伴中枢神经系统结核病和CM的HIV感染者亦可考虑尽快启动ART[4],但该推荐尚未获得其他权威指南的广泛推荐)。
若可排除这些存在严重IRIS风险的机会性感染,晚发现HIV感染者亦可快速启动ART,但需要考虑合并用药的情况,必要时对药物种类或剂量进行调整。合并恶性肿瘤的HIV感染者大多适用于快速启动,但需注意化疗药物和ART方案之间的相互作用。合并普通(非中枢神经系统)结核病的HIV感染者亦存在IRIS风险,但往往不危及生命。因此,伴确诊或疑似普通结核病的HIV感染者的治疗原则与普通HIV感染者相同[6, 8],亦可进行快速启动[1]。但由于感染者需同时进行抗结核治疗,因此需注意ART药物与抗结核药物的相互作用和配伍禁忌(包括BIC与利福平等常用抗结核药物的相互作用),选择合适的治疗方案和剂量;同时亦需密切监测IRIS的发生,以便及时处理[4, 8, 30]。此外,少部分晚发现感染者就诊时可能已存在危及生命的严重艾滋病相关症状及体征,对于这些感染者,临床或需酌情考虑优先启动ART,同步进行上述筛查,以尽可能改善其临床结局。
在治疗方案选择上,西班牙多中心队列研究显示,与含非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂(non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NNRTI)或含PI方案相比,晚发现HIV感染者使用含INSTI方案可更快实现病毒学抑制和免疫重建[31],且死亡风险更低[32]。欧洲前瞻性多中心队列研究CoRIS中,使用含INSTI方案的晚发现感染者治疗第48周因不良事件停药率远低于使用含NNRTI或PI方案的感染者(P<0.001)[33]。美国队列研究OPERA亦显示,晚发现感染者中使用含INSTI方案的治疗中断率显著低于含PI方案及含NNRTI方案[34]。此外,近期我国一项开放标签随机对照临床试验显示,相较于TDF+3TC+EFV,B/F/TAF可帮助晚发现HIV感染者更快实现病毒学抑制[35]。该研究共纳入2021年6月—2022年12月就诊于我国6个HIV诊疗中心的200例ART初治晚发现(CD4细胞计数≤350个/µL)感染者,随机分配至B/F/TAF(n=101)或TDF+3TC+EFV(n=99)治疗。在已完成第12周随访的感染者中,相较于TDF+3TC+EFV组,B/F/TAF组在前12周的病毒载量下降显著更快(P<0.01),第12周病毒学抑制率显著更高(67.9% vs. 48.1%,P<0.01)。综上所述,晚发现感染者进行快速启动时或可优先考虑B/F/TAF等基于INSTI的方案。
随着ART的广泛应用,近年来我国传播性耐药率亦呈明显上升趋势,主要由NNRTI耐药驱使,其次为核苷类反转录酶抑制剂(nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NRTI)耐药,PI和INSTI耐药则相对少见[36–38]。权威指南及共识明确指出,由于HIV感染者进行快速启动时往往基线耐药情况尚不明确,需优先选择耐药屏障高的方案[1, 4–5, 27]。耐药屏障指的是发生具有临床意义耐药的阈值水平或难易程度,临床讨论耐药屏障时一般指的是遗传学耐药屏障,即产生耐药所需的耐药突变数量[39]。NNRTI、NRTI和一代INSTI的遗传学耐药屏障相对较低,部分药物仅一个耐药突变就可引发具有临床意义的耐药;二代INSTI和增强型PI则具有高遗传学耐药屏障[40]。就B/F/TAF而言,长期临床试验显示,初治HIV感染者使用B/F/TAF病毒学抑制率高,且未观察到治疗突发耐药[41];一项关于转换方案临床研究的汇总分析亦表明,预存M184V/I耐药突变的感染者换用B/F/TAF可维持病毒学抑制,未发现因治疗产生耐药而导致的治疗失败[42]。因此,B/F/TAF被推荐用于基线耐药结果不明确时的快速启动,以及无INSTI耐药的治疗失败人群[27]。但需注意的是,虽然INSTI耐药率整体较低,曾使用长效卡替拉韦作为暴露前预防的感染者存在INSTI耐药的风险[43]。在INSTI耐药检测结果明确前,这部分感染者应避免使用B/F/TAF或其他INSTI方案进行快速启动[8, 27]。
综上所述,近年来,随着对早日启动治疗临床获益的认识不断加深,快速(包括当日)启动ART已成为HIV防治领域的重要策略。积极推广和实施快速启动对我国乃至全球范围内“三个95%”目标的达成至关重要。B/F/TAF是目前唯一基于INSTI、被国内外权威机构推荐用于快速启动的完整单片方案,具有抗病毒效力强、安全性佳、耐药屏障高、基线检测要求少等特点,适用于广泛的HIV感染者。多项临床试验及试点队列一致证明,其在快速启动(包括当日启动)ART场景下的适用性。此外,流行病学及卫生经济学模型研究也提示,相较常规启动,使用B/F/TAF进行快速启动有助于减少新发感染及相关医疗成本[44]。
然而,尽管获益显著,在真实医疗环境中使用B/F/TAF进行快速启动仍面临诸多挑战。首先,尽管B/F/TAF具有良好的安全性和耐受性,感染者仍可能对药物潜在副作用及终身服药存在顾虑[45];同时,确诊HIV带来的心理冲击及疾病污名化等因素也可能影响治疗意愿。其次,快速启动(尤其是当日启动)需要医疗系统的高效运作和多学科团队的紧密配合,任何环节的延迟都可能影响实施,在医疗资源不足的地区尤其可能遇到阻碍。另外,就用药方案选择而言,医疗资源分布不均、药物供应不稳定及医保政策的限制也可能在不同地区对B/F/TAF的使用造成影响,特别是在资源有限的地区,药物成本和可及性可能成为主要制约因素。因此,临床仍需加强患者教育及心理支持,优化医疗系统协调能力,提高药物可及性,从而为HIV感染者提供更及时、有效的治疗。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1146535
  • 接收时间:2024-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-28
  • 修回日期:2025-02-17
  • 录用日期:2025-08-06
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    1南京中医药大学附属南京医院(南京市第二医院)感染一科,南京 211100
    2中南大学湘雅医学院附属长沙医院感染与免疫科,长沙 410005

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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属
Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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