Article(id=1320438007392486134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1147501, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=1751385600000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-02, acceptedDate=1755014400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-13, onlineDate=1792746553514, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746553514, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746553514, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746553514, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320438006813672182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='257', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746553376, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748100383, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444495519404406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444495519404407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320438006813672182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=257, endPage=265, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320438009045041912, articleId=1320438007392486134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Association between dietary inflammatory index and hyperglycemia among adults in China: an analysis of the CHNS database, columnId=1320438008931795703, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report—Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the associations of the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) with hyperglycemia risk and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level among adults in China.

Methods

A total of 9 363 adults aged ≥ 18 years who participated in at least two rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2009, 2015, and 2018, with complete dietary data and blood glucose measurements, were included. The E-DII was calculated based on a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Participants were assigned into quintiles (Q1–Q5) according to the E-DII distribution in each survey year. The associations of E-DII with hyperglycemia risk and FPG level were analyzed via a three-level logistic mixed-effects model and a three-level linear mixed-effects model, respectively, with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) for confounding adjustment.

Results

The baseline mean age of the 9 363 participants was (51.4 ± 13.1) years, with an average follow-up of 5.6 years. The E-DII scores ranged from −4.5 to 5.2, with a mean of 0.6. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 24.2%. After adjusting for confounders, compared with the Q5 group (highest pro-inflammatory diet), the Q2 group in the overall population had a decreased risk of hyperglycemia (OR = 0.616, 95%CI: 0.470 to 0.807). Similar trends were observed in males, individuals aged 45–59 years at baseline, both rural and urban residents, and the overall population. In the overall population, the Q4 group exhibited a 0.046 mmol/L decrease in FPG (95%CI: −0.091 to −0.001). In females, the Q1 group showed a 0.120 mmol/L reduction in FPG (95%CI: −0.216 to −0.024). Among participants aged 18–44 years at baseline, the Q1 and Q4 groups had FPG reductions of 0.160 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.281 to −0.039) and 0.128 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.238 to −0.018), respectively. Urban residents in the Q3 and Q4 groups demonstrated FPG decreases of 0.195 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.349 to −0.041) and 0.180 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.330 to −0.029), respectively.

Conclusions

Reducing dietary inflammatory potential may aid in FBG control and hyperglycemia prevention among Chinese adults.

, authors=Shaoying CUI1, Yunqi YANG2, Xi KANG1, Xiaofan ZHANG1, 3, Xiaofang JIA1, 3, Wenwen DU1, 3, Huijun WANG1, 3, Yuna HE1, 3, Chang SU1, 3, Aidong LIU1, 3, authorsList=Shaoying CUI, Yunqi YANG, Xi KANG, Xiaofan ZHANG, Xiaofang JIA, Wenwen DU, Huijun WANG, Yuna HE, Chang SU, Aidong LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aidong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIU Aidong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320438009565135610, articleId=1320438007392486134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=我国成年人膳食炎症指数与高血糖关联:基于中国健康与营养调查数据分析, columnId=1320438009145705209, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——慢性病预防与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨我国成年人能量调整膳食炎症指数(E-DII)与高血糖患病风险及空腹血糖(FPG)水平的关联。

方法

选取2009年、2015年和2018年“中国健康与营养调查”中9 363名至少参加2轮调查且具有完整膳食调查数据和血糖检测指标的≥18岁成年人作为研究对象,基于定量食物频率问卷(FFQ)计算E-DII,根据各调查年份E-DII五分位数将研究对象分为5组(Q1~Q5组),分别采用倾向性评分逆概率加权(IPTW)法校正的三水平logistic混合效应模型和三水平线性混合效应模型分析我国成年人E-DII与高血糖患病风险及FPG水平的关联。

结果

9 363名研究对象基线平均年龄为(51.4±13.1)岁,平均随访5.6年,E-DII得分为−4.5~5.2分,平均值为0.6分,高血糖患病率为24.2%。以E-DII Q5组为参照组,调整相关混杂因素后,全人群E-DII Q2组高血糖患病风险较低(OR=0.616,95%CI=0.470~0.807);男性、基线45~59岁组、农村居民、城市居民与全人群结果类似。全人群E-DII Q4组FPG水平降低0.046 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.091~−0.001);女性Q1组FPG水平降低0.120 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.216~−0.024);基线18~44岁组Q1组和Q4组FPG水平分别降低0.160 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.281~−0.039)和0.128 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.238~−0.018);城市居民Q3组和Q4组FPG水平分别降低0.195 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.349~−0.041)和0.180 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.330~−0.029)。

结论

改善促炎膳食对控制我国成年人空腹血糖水平、降低高血糖患病风险可能具有益处。

, authors=崔少颖1, 杨云淇2, 康喜1, 张晓帆1, 3, 贾小芳1, 3, 杜文雯1, 3, 王惠君1, 3, 何宇纳1, 3, 苏畅1, 3, 刘爱东1, 3, *, *, authorsList=崔少颖, 杨云淇, 康喜, 张晓帆, 贾小芳, 杜文雯, 王惠君, 何宇纳, 苏畅, 刘爱东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘爱东, authorNote=

崔少颖(1995—),硕士在读,研究方向:公共营养

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刘爱东,E-mail:
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Distribution of baseline characteristics across E-DII groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征全人群Q1(–4.5~0.0)Q2(–0.6~0.9)Q3(0.4~1.5)Q4(1.0~2.0)Q5(1.6~5.2)P值
人数占比/%人数占比/%人数占比/%人数占比/%人数占比/%人数占比/%
性别<0.001
 男性4 24445.368840.676042.477944.288844.61 12953.2
 女性5 11954.71 00559.41 03257.698355.81 10455.499546.8
文化程度<0.001
 小学及以下3 50037.448828.861134.162435.482541.495244.8
 初中3 15833.756733.558232.559733.963631.977636.5
 高中及以上2 70528.963837.759933.454130.753126.739618.6
居住地区<0.001
 农村6 18166.090753.61 07459.91 15065.31 37368.91 67779.0
 城市3 18234.078646.471840.161234.761931.144721.0
家庭人均年收入<0.001
 低387441.451330.361634.470540.086843.61 17255.2
 中3 28135.061836.565736.758733.372236.269732.8
 高2 20823.656233.251929.047026.740220.225512.0
婚姻状态0.745
 其他9299.91659.71739.71649.320910.521810.3
 在婚8 43490.11 52890.31 61990.31 59890.71 78389.51 90689.7
身体活动量/(MET-h/week)<0.001
 低2 82230.159535.155531.055431.458529.453325.1
 中3 02032.359134.961434.359333.764032.158227.4
 高3 52137.650729.962334.861534.976738.51 00947.5
吸烟<0.001
 是2 38325.536521.641523.246026.148024.166331.2
 否6 98074.51 32878.41 37776.81 30273.91 51275.91 46168.8
饮酒<0.001
 是2 91131.151430.452329.255031.257028.675435.5
 否6 45268.91 17969.61 26970.81 21268.81 42271.41 37064.5
睡眠时长<0.001
 不足1 11111.924914.720411.420111.424512.321210.0
 合理6 43268.71 14767.71 26770.71 22969.81 34267.41 44768.1
 过多1 82019.429717.532117.933218.840520.346521.9
慢病史<0.001
 是1 43215.335521.026815.024714.032016.124211.4
 否7 93184.71 33879.01 52485.01 51586.01 67283.91 88288.6
高血糖0.219
 是1 47215.729817.627215.227215.431015.632015.1
 否7 89184.31 39582.41 52084.81 49084.61 68284.41 80484.9
合计9 363100.01 69318.11 79219.11 76218.81 99221.32 12422.7
), ArticleFig(id=1320438015948866378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438007392486134, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征研究对象E-DII组间分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征全人群Q1(–4.5~0.0)Q2(–0.6~0.9)Q3(0.4~1.5)Q4(1.0~2.0)Q5(1.6~5.2)P值
人数占比/%人数占比/%人数占比/%人数占比/%人数占比/%人数占比/%
性别<0.001
 男性4 24445.368840.676042.477944.288844.61 12953.2
 女性5 11954.71 00559.41 03257.698355.81 10455.499546.8
文化程度<0.001
 小学及以下3 50037.448828.861134.162435.482541.495244.8
 初中3 15833.756733.558232.559733.963631.977636.5
 高中及以上2 70528.963837.759933.454130.753126.739618.6
居住地区<0.001
 农村6 18166.090753.61 07459.91 15065.31 37368.91 67779.0
 城市3 18234.078646.471840.161234.761931.144721.0
家庭人均年收入<0.001
 低387441.451330.361634.470540.086843.61 17255.2
 中3 28135.061836.565736.758733.372236.269732.8
 高2 20823.656233.251929.047026.740220.225512.0
婚姻状态0.745
 其他9299.91659.71739.71649.320910.521810.3
 在婚8 43490.11 52890.31 61990.31 59890.71 78389.51 90689.7
身体活动量/(MET-h/week)<0.001
 低2 82230.159535.155531.055431.458529.453325.1
 中3 02032.359134.961434.359333.764032.158227.4
 高3 52137.650729.962334.861534.976738.51 00947.5
吸烟<0.001
 是2 38325.536521.641523.246026.148024.166331.2
 否6 98074.51 32878.41 37776.81 30273.91 51275.91 46168.8
饮酒<0.001
 是2 91131.151430.452329.255031.257028.675435.5
 否6 45268.91 17969.61 26970.81 21268.81 42271.41 37064.5
睡眠时长<0.001
 不足1 11111.924914.720411.420111.424512.321210.0
 合理6 43268.71 14767.71 26770.71 22969.81 34267.41 44768.1
 过多1 82019.429717.532117.933218.840520.346521.9
慢病史<0.001
 是1 43215.335521.026815.024714.032016.124211.4
 否7 93184.71 33879.01 52485.01 51586.01 67283.91 88288.6
高血糖0.219
 是1 47215.729817.627215.227215.431015.632015.1
 否7 89184.31 39582.41 52084.81 49084.61 68284.41 80484.9
合计9 363100.01 69318.11 79219.11 76218.81 99221.32 12422.7
), ArticleFig(id=1320438016200524619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438007392486134, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of standardized mean differences (SMD) in participant characteristics before and after IPTW

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征加权前SMD加权后SMD
年龄/岁0.0440.020
性别0.0930.010
文化程度0.2060.011
居住地区0.2160.020
城市化指数0.2680.009
家庭人均年收入0.2490.035
婚姻状态0.0110.020
身体活动量/(MET-h/week)0.1250.010
吸烟0.0890.021
饮酒0.0450.009
睡眠时长0.0620.016
慢病史0.0560.022
能量摄入/(kcal)0.3970.039
体质量指数0.0670.010
收缩压/(mmHg)0.0220.013
舒张压/(mmHg)0.0240.009
), ArticleFig(id=1320438017773388620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438007392486134, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

IPTW前后研究对象特征SMD对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征加权前SMD加权后SMD
年龄/岁0.0440.020
性别0.0930.010
文化程度0.2060.011
居住地区0.2160.020
城市化指数0.2680.009
家庭人均年收入0.2490.035
婚姻状态0.0110.020
身体活动量/(MET-h/week)0.1250.010
吸烟0.0890.021
饮酒0.0450.009
睡眠时长0.0620.016
慢病史0.0560.022
能量摄入/(kcal)0.3970.039
体质量指数0.0670.010
收缩压/(mmHg)0.0220.013
舒张压/(mmHg)0.0240.009
), ArticleFig(id=1320438017899217741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438007392486134, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Three-level logistic mixed-effects model analysis of the association between E-DII and hyperglycemia risk [OR(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E-DII五分位数组模型1模型2
OR值95%CIP值OR值95%CIP值
全人群a
 Q1(−4.5~0.0)0.9800.762~1.2600.8750.9540.732~1.2420.725
 Q2(−0.6~0.9)0.6550.505~0.8480.0010.6160.470~0.807<0.001
 Q3(0.4~1.5)0.8690.678~1.1140.2680.8870.684~1.1490.363
 Q4(1.0~2.0)0.8340.655~1.0600.1380.8530.663~1.0960.214
 Q5(1.6~5.2)RefRefRefRefRefRef
男性 b
 Q1(−4.5~0.1)1.0000.702~1.4260.9990.9530.656~1.3830.798
 Q2(−0.6~1.1)0.6120.422~0.8880.0100.5600.379~0.8270.004
 Q3(0.5~1.6)0.9890.704~1.3880.9470.9900.695~1.4110.957
 Q4(1.1~2.3)0.9010.643~1.2630.5450.8910.626~1.2690.523
 Q5(1.7~4.3)RefRefRefRefRefRef
基线45~59岁 a
 Q1(−4.5~0.0)1.1960.826~1.7320.3431.2110.824~1.7800.330
 Q2(−0.5~0.9)0.6200.418~0.9210.0180.5990.397~0.9030.014
 Q3(0.4~1.5)0.8120.550~1.1980.2940.8040.538~1.2020.288
 Q4(1.1~2.0)1.0370.724~1.4870.8411.0550.727~1.5310.777
 Q5(1.7~4.7)RefRefRefRefRefRef
农村 c
 Q1(−4.5~0.1)0.9990.741~1.3480.9960.9820.716~1.3470.911
 Q2(−0.4~1.0)0.7060.519~0.9610.0270.6480.468~0.8960.009
 Q3(0.6~1.6)0.9740.725~1.3070.8600.9990.733~1.3610.996
 Q4(1.2~2.1)0.8760.657~1.1690.3700.8630.638~1.1680.340
 Q5(1.7~5.2)RefRefRefRefRefRef
城市 c
 Q1(−4.2~−0.2)0.9950.624~1.5870.9840.9050.551~1.4860.693
 Q2(−0.9~0.6)0.5590.345~0.9060.0180.5180.313~0.8580.011
 Q3(0.1~1.3)0.6800.428~1.0810.1030.6450.397~1.0470.076
 Q4(0.8~1.8)0.7660.494~1.1870.2330.7700.485~1.2220.268
 Q5(1.4~4.6)RefRefRefRefRefRef
), ArticleFig(id=1320438017987298126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438007392486134, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究对象E-DII与高血糖患病风险的三水平logistic混合效应模型分析[OR(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E-DII五分位数组模型1模型2
OR值95%CIP值OR值95%CIP值
全人群a
 Q1(−4.5~0.0)0.9800.762~1.2600.8750.9540.732~1.2420.725
 Q2(−0.6~0.9)0.6550.505~0.8480.0010.6160.470~0.807<0.001
 Q3(0.4~1.5)0.8690.678~1.1140.2680.8870.684~1.1490.363
 Q4(1.0~2.0)0.8340.655~1.0600.1380.8530.663~1.0960.214
 Q5(1.6~5.2)RefRefRefRefRefRef
男性 b
 Q1(−4.5~0.1)1.0000.702~1.4260.9990.9530.656~1.3830.798
 Q2(−0.6~1.1)0.6120.422~0.8880.0100.5600.379~0.8270.004
 Q3(0.5~1.6)0.9890.704~1.3880.9470.9900.695~1.4110.957
 Q4(1.1~2.3)0.9010.643~1.2630.5450.8910.626~1.2690.523
 Q5(1.7~4.3)RefRefRefRefRefRef
基线45~59岁 a
 Q1(−4.5~0.0)1.1960.826~1.7320.3431.2110.824~1.7800.330
 Q2(−0.5~0.9)0.6200.418~0.9210.0180.5990.397~0.9030.014
 Q3(0.4~1.5)0.8120.550~1.1980.2940.8040.538~1.2020.288
 Q4(1.1~2.0)1.0370.724~1.4870.8411.0550.727~1.5310.777
 Q5(1.7~4.7)RefRefRefRefRefRef
农村 c
 Q1(−4.5~0.1)0.9990.741~1.3480.9960.9820.716~1.3470.911
 Q2(−0.4~1.0)0.7060.519~0.9610.0270.6480.468~0.8960.009
 Q3(0.6~1.6)0.9740.725~1.3070.8600.9990.733~1.3610.996
 Q4(1.2~2.1)0.8760.657~1.1690.3700.8630.638~1.1680.340
 Q5(1.7~5.2)RefRefRefRefRefRef
城市 c
 Q1(−4.2~−0.2)0.9950.624~1.5870.9840.9050.551~1.4860.693
 Q2(−0.9~0.6)0.5590.345~0.9060.0180.5180.313~0.8580.011
 Q3(0.1~1.3)0.6800.428~1.0810.1030.6450.397~1.0470.076
 Q4(0.8~1.8)0.7660.494~1.1870.2330.7700.485~1.2220.268
 Q5(1.4~4.6)RefRefRefRefRefRef
), ArticleFig(id=1320438018100544335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438007392486134, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Three-level linear mixed-effects model analysis of the association between E-DII and FPG level [β(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E-DII五分位数组模型1模型2
β95%CIP值β95%CIP值
全人群a
 Q1(−4.5~0.0)−0.075−0.154~0.0030.060−0.036−0.082~0.0100.128
 Q2(−0.6~0.9)−0.043−0.117~0.0320.263−0.026−0.071~0.0200.268
 Q3(0.4~1.5)−0.028−0.104~0.0470.462−0.043−0.089~0.0030.064
 Q4(1.1~2.0)−0.084−0.157~−0.0110.025−0.046−0.091~−0.0010.048
 Q5(1.6~5.2)RefRefRefRefRefRef
女性b
 Q1(−4.5~−0.1)−0.119−0.216~−0.0210.018−0.120−0.216~−0.0240.015
 Q2(−0.7~0.8)−0.043−0.136~0.0500.367−0.037−0.128~0.0550.431
 Q3(0.4~1.4)−0.031−0.126~0.0630.515−0.004−0.097~0.0890.930
 Q4(1.0~1.9)−0.070−0.161~0.0200.129−0.047−0.136~0.0420.299
 Q5(1.6~5.2)RefRefRefRefRefRef
基线18~44岁a
 Q1(−4.4~0.1)−0.166−0.288~−0.0430.008−0.160−0.281~−0.0390.010
 Q2(−0.6~1.0)−0.034−0.151~0.0840.575−0.028−0.144~0.0880.636
 Q3(0.4~1.5)−0.023−0.139~0.0930.696−0.034−0.148~0.0810.563
 Q4(1.0~2.1)−0.139−0.250~−0.0280.014−0.128−0.238~−0.0180.022
 Q5(1.6~5.2)RefRefRefRefRefRef
城市c
 Q1(−4.2~−0.2)−0.087−0.255~0.0800.307−0.089−0.255~0.0770.295
 Q2(−0.9~0.6)−0.098−0.253~0.0560.213−0.103−0.256~0.0500.187
 Q3(0.1~1.3)−0.202−0.357~−0.0460.011−0.195−0.349~−0.0410.013
 Q4(0.8~1.8)−0.230−0.383~−0.0780.003−0.180−0.330~−0.0290.020
 Q5(1.4~4.6)RefRefRefRefRefRef
), ArticleFig(id=1320438018192819024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320438007392486134, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

研究对象E-DII与FPG水平关系的三水平线性混合效应模型分析[β(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
E-DII五分位数组模型1模型2
β95%CIP值β95%CIP值
全人群a
 Q1(−4.5~0.0)−0.075−0.154~0.0030.060−0.036−0.082~0.0100.128
 Q2(−0.6~0.9)−0.043−0.117~0.0320.263−0.026−0.071~0.0200.268
 Q3(0.4~1.5)−0.028−0.104~0.0470.462−0.043−0.089~0.0030.064
 Q4(1.1~2.0)−0.084−0.157~−0.0110.025−0.046−0.091~−0.0010.048
 Q5(1.6~5.2)RefRefRefRefRefRef
女性b
 Q1(−4.5~−0.1)−0.119−0.216~−0.0210.018−0.120−0.216~−0.0240.015
 Q2(−0.7~0.8)−0.043−0.136~0.0500.367−0.037−0.128~0.0550.431
 Q3(0.4~1.4)−0.031−0.126~0.0630.515−0.004−0.097~0.0890.930
 Q4(1.0~1.9)−0.070−0.161~0.0200.129−0.047−0.136~0.0420.299
 Q5(1.6~5.2)RefRefRefRefRefRef
基线18~44岁a
 Q1(−4.4~0.1)−0.166−0.288~−0.0430.008−0.160−0.281~−0.0390.010
 Q2(−0.6~1.0)−0.034−0.151~0.0840.575−0.028−0.144~0.0880.636
 Q3(0.4~1.5)−0.023−0.139~0.0930.696−0.034−0.148~0.0810.563
 Q4(1.0~2.1)−0.139−0.250~−0.0280.014−0.128−0.238~−0.0180.022
 Q5(1.6~5.2)RefRefRefRefRefRef
城市c
 Q1(−4.2~−0.2)−0.087−0.255~0.0800.307−0.089−0.255~0.0770.295
 Q2(−0.9~0.6)−0.098−0.253~0.0560.213−0.103−0.256~0.0500.187
 Q3(0.1~1.3)−0.202−0.357~−0.0460.011−0.195−0.349~−0.0410.013
 Q4(0.8~1.8)−0.230−0.383~−0.0780.003−0.180−0.330~−0.0290.020
 Q5(1.4~4.6)RefRefRefRefRefRef
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我国成年人膳食炎症指数与高血糖关联:基于中国健康与营养调查数据分析
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崔少颖 1 , 杨云淇 2 , 康喜 1 , 张晓帆 1, 3 , 贾小芳 1, 3 , 杜文雯 1, 3 , 王惠君 1, 3 , 何宇纳 1, 3 , 苏畅 1, 3 , 刘爱东 1, 3, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——慢性病预防与控制 2026,42(3): 257-265
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——慢性病预防与控制 2026 , 42 (3) : 257 -265
我国成年人膳食炎症指数与高血糖关联:基于中国健康与营养调查数据分析
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崔少颖(1995—),硕士在读,研究方向:公共营养

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崔少颖1, 杨云淇2, 康喜1, 张晓帆1, 3, 贾小芳1, 3, 杜文雯1, 3, 王惠君1, 3, 何宇纳1, 3, 苏畅1, 3, 刘爱东1, 3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所,北京 100050
  • 2天津市职业病防治院,天津 300011
  • 3国家卫生健康委公共营养与健康重点实验室,北京 100050
通讯作者:
刘爱东,E-mail:
作者简介:

崔少颖(1995—),硕士在读,研究方向:公共营养

Association between dietary inflammatory index and hyperglycemia among adults in China: an analysis of the CHNS database
Shaoying CUI1, Yunqi YANG2, Xi KANG1, Xiaofan ZHANG1, 3, Xiaofang JIA1, 3, Wenwen DU1, 3, Huijun WANG1, 3, Yuna HE1, 3, Chang SU1, 3, Aidong LIU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2Tianjin Occupational Diseases Precaution and Therapeutic Hospital, Tianjin 300011, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China, Beijing 100050, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LIU Aidong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147501
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目的

探讨我国成年人能量调整膳食炎症指数(E-DII)与高血糖患病风险及空腹血糖(FPG)水平的关联。

方法

选取2009年、2015年和2018年“中国健康与营养调查”中9 363名至少参加2轮调查且具有完整膳食调查数据和血糖检测指标的≥18岁成年人作为研究对象,基于定量食物频率问卷(FFQ)计算E-DII,根据各调查年份E-DII五分位数将研究对象分为5组(Q1~Q5组),分别采用倾向性评分逆概率加权(IPTW)法校正的三水平logistic混合效应模型和三水平线性混合效应模型分析我国成年人E-DII与高血糖患病风险及FPG水平的关联。

结果

9 363名研究对象基线平均年龄为(51.4±13.1)岁,平均随访5.6年,E-DII得分为−4.5~5.2分,平均值为0.6分,高血糖患病率为24.2%。以E-DII Q5组为参照组,调整相关混杂因素后,全人群E-DII Q2组高血糖患病风险较低(OR=0.616,95%CI=0.470~0.807);男性、基线45~59岁组、农村居民、城市居民与全人群结果类似。全人群E-DII Q4组FPG水平降低0.046 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.091~−0.001);女性Q1组FPG水平降低0.120 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.216~−0.024);基线18~44岁组Q1组和Q4组FPG水平分别降低0.160 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.281~−0.039)和0.128 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.238~−0.018);城市居民Q3组和Q4组FPG水平分别降低0.195 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.349~−0.041)和0.180 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.330~−0.029)。

结论

改善促炎膳食对控制我国成年人空腹血糖水平、降低高血糖患病风险可能具有益处。

膳食炎症指数  /  高血糖  /  成年人  /  倾向性评分  /  逆概率加权
Objective

To investigate the associations of the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) with hyperglycemia risk and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level among adults in China.

Methods

A total of 9 363 adults aged ≥ 18 years who participated in at least two rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2009, 2015, and 2018, with complete dietary data and blood glucose measurements, were included. The E-DII was calculated based on a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Participants were assigned into quintiles (Q1–Q5) according to the E-DII distribution in each survey year. The associations of E-DII with hyperglycemia risk and FPG level were analyzed via a three-level logistic mixed-effects model and a three-level linear mixed-effects model, respectively, with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) for confounding adjustment.

Results

The baseline mean age of the 9 363 participants was (51.4 ± 13.1) years, with an average follow-up of 5.6 years. The E-DII scores ranged from −4.5 to 5.2, with a mean of 0.6. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 24.2%. After adjusting for confounders, compared with the Q5 group (highest pro-inflammatory diet), the Q2 group in the overall population had a decreased risk of hyperglycemia (OR = 0.616, 95%CI: 0.470 to 0.807). Similar trends were observed in males, individuals aged 45–59 years at baseline, both rural and urban residents, and the overall population. In the overall population, the Q4 group exhibited a 0.046 mmol/L decrease in FPG (95%CI: −0.091 to −0.001). In females, the Q1 group showed a 0.120 mmol/L reduction in FPG (95%CI: −0.216 to −0.024). Among participants aged 18–44 years at baseline, the Q1 and Q4 groups had FPG reductions of 0.160 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.281 to −0.039) and 0.128 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.238 to −0.018), respectively. Urban residents in the Q3 and Q4 groups demonstrated FPG decreases of 0.195 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.349 to −0.041) and 0.180 mmol/L (95%CI: −0.330 to −0.029), respectively.

Conclusions

Reducing dietary inflammatory potential may aid in FBG control and hyperglycemia prevention among Chinese adults.

dietary inflammatory index  /  hyperglycemia  /  adults  /  propensity score  /  inverse probability of treatment weighting
崔少颖, 杨云淇, 康喜, 张晓帆, 贾小芳, 杜文雯, 王惠君, 何宇纳, 苏畅, 刘爱东. 我国成年人膳食炎症指数与高血糖关联:基于中国健康与营养调查数据分析. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (3) : 257 -265 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147501
Shaoying CUI, Yunqi YANG, Xi KANG, Xiaofan ZHANG, Xiaofang JIA, Wenwen DU, Huijun WANG, Yuna HE, Chang SU, Aidong LIU. Association between dietary inflammatory index and hyperglycemia among adults in China: an analysis of the CHNS database[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (3) : 257 -265 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1147501
近年来,全球糖尿病患病率快速增长,2021年我国糖尿病年龄标化患病率为10.6%,患者超1.4亿,是全球糖尿病患病人数最多的国家[1]。2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2 DM)作为糖尿病的主要类型,约占糖尿病总患者的90%以上[2]。空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose, FPG)水平升高是其早期典型症状,持续的高血糖状态会导致严重并发症。糖尿病前期(pre-diabetes, Pre-DM)是位于正常血糖与糖尿病之间的中间高血糖状态,包括空腹血糖受损(impaired fasting glucose, IFG)、糖耐量受损(impaired glucose tolerance, IGT)和/或糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c)水平升高[3]。糖尿病前期和糖尿病是血糖代谢异常的不同阶段[2]。研究表明,血糖代谢异常对机体的危害从糖尿病前期就已显现[4–6]。已有研究证实了单一营养素、食物组和膳食模式与糖尿病和糖尿病前期的关系[7–8]。近年来随着免疫学研究的不断发展,越来越多证据表明,在血糖代谢异常的发病机制中,慢性炎症可通过介导胰岛素抵抗起到关键作用[9]。膳食因素作为慢性炎症的潜在来源,在慢性炎症的调节中起着核心作用[10]。膳食炎症指数(dietary inflammatory index, DII)是评估整体饮食炎症潜能的重要工具,对指导健康饮食防控血糖代谢异常有重要意义[11]。尽管有研究显示能量调整膳食炎症指数(energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index, E-DII)与血糖代谢结局相关,但针对我国人群的研究相对较少[12–14]。为此,本研究拟利用“中国健康与营养调查(China Health and Nutrition Survey, CHNS)”数据分析我国成年居民E-DII与高血糖患病风险及FPG水平的关联,以期为制定血糖代谢异常人群膳食指导策略提供参考依据。
本研究数据来自CHNS项目,该项目在1989年首次开展,分别在1991年、1993年、1997年、2000年、2004年、2006年、2009年、2011年、2015年和2018年开展追访,覆盖黑龙江、辽宁、江苏、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、广西、贵州、北京、上海、重庆、陕西、浙江和云南15个省(自治区、直辖市)。该项目采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,综合考虑我国各地区的经济发展水平、人口学特征及膳食摄入特点等因素,从参加调查的省份中选取2个城市调查点(1个省会城市和1个经济发展状况中等的地级市)、4个农村调查点(1个经济发展水平良好的县、2个经济发展水平中等的县和1个经济发展水平较低的县)。在每个选取的城市中抽取2个城市居委会和2个郊区村;在每个选取的县中抽取1个县级居委会和3个自然村。在每个调查点(居委会/村)随机抽取20户家庭,调查户内的所有家庭成员均为调查对象。本研究基于CHNS 2009年、2015年和2018年调查数据中≥18岁的24 159名调查对象,协变量缺失数据采用随机森林非参数填补法进行填补。剔除标准:(1)孕妇、乳母、每日能量摄入不合理[15](>5 000 kcal/d或<500 kcal/d)者共266人;(2)在1997—2006年或1997—2011年问卷自报糖尿病者,2009年、2015年和2018年3轮随访中完整膳食数据与血糖检测指标联合观测轮次<2轮者,空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose, FPG)小于低血糖症诊断标准(2.8 mmol/L)者共14 530人。最终共有9 363人纳入分析,评估E-DII对FPG水平的影响时,排除在调查期间通过口服药或注射胰岛素控制血糖者487人。该项目通过了中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所伦理审查委员会审查(伦理审批号:2018–004),所有调查对象均在参加调查前签署知情同意书。
CHNS项目在2009年、2015年和2018年开展的3轮调查中,均使用同一套自行设计的问卷,针对相同的目标人群,从社区、家庭和个人3个层面收集数据。问卷内容涵盖广泛,包括社区环境、家庭资产与收入、人口学信息、生活方式以及膳食信息等,此外在2009年、2015年和2018年该项目增加了血样采集与检测,以进一步丰富和完善调查数据。之后,对基线样本实施连续性追踪,原则上不替换原调查对象,当原调查户出现失访情况时,则在同一社区选择家庭结构和经济状况相近的家庭进行替换。针对短期流动对象(如外出务工、异地求学人员)不能面访时,则通过电话访问完成数据采集;如因死亡、结婚等导致的户籍迁移或永久搬离该社区,则不属于追访对象[16]。随访次数1~2次,随访内容为本研究涉及的协变量、自变量、因变量,与2009年调查内容一致。人口经济学特征、生活方式、疾病史等信息均由培训合格的调查员通过面对面询问获取。体格测量由经过统一培训和考核的调查员进行,2015年之前使用德国SECA882电子体重计测量体重,2015年和2018年改用日本TANITA BC601型体成分测量仪,分度值为0.1 kg,测量时,研究对象脱去鞋袜及厚重衣物,平稳站立,待数值稳定后读取。身高采用德国SECA206型卷尺测量,分度值为0.1 cm,研究对象脱去鞋帽和外衣,保持立正姿势,调查员确认姿势正确后读取结果。体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)按“体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2”计算。采用水银汞柱式血压计测量3次被调查者的血压后取算术平均数纳入分析。
患有T2 DM或空腹血糖受损(impaired fasting glucose, IFG)[17]。根据《中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020版)》诊断标准[2],T2 DM 定义为满足以下之一者:FPG≥7.0 mmol/L,糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c)≥6.5%,2009—2018年自报有糖尿病疾病史或有胰岛素注射史、口服降糖药史者。IFG定义为空腹血糖 6.1~6.9 mmol/L[2]。
饮食信息通过定量食物频率问卷 (food frequency questionnaire, FFQ)调查获得,回忆区间为调查前1年(参加调查时向前1年)。采用的 FFQ 包含调味品和63项食物(组),即主食、豆类、蔬菜类、水果类、乳类、肉类、蛋类、小吃、酒类及饮料。在使用DII评估膳食质量时,观察到总能量摄入与 DII 得分之间的关系在不同体型人群之间具有高度特异性,这一现象促使了E-DII的应用。E-DII对总能量摄入进行了调整,比未经调整的DII显示出了更强的预测能力[11, 18]。因此本研究采用营养素残差模型[19],利用CHNS可获得的21种营养成分计算E-DII,包括抗炎膳食成分(酒精、β–胡萝卜素、膳食纤维、叶酸、镁、单不饱和脂肪酸、烟酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、核黄素、硒、硫胺素、维生素A、维生素C、维生素 E、锌)及促炎膳食成分(碳水化合物、胆固醇、脂肪、铁、蛋白质、饱和脂肪酸)。目前,在探索E-DII或DII与疾病关联的各项研究中,利用的膳食成分个数大多集中于20~30之间,既往研究表明,营养成分少于完整的45个参数时,DII仍具有炎症预测能力[20]。具体计算步骤[11]如下:(1)利用营养素残差模型来计算调整能量后的营养素摄入量;(2)计算Z评分,某膳食成分Z评分=(日均摄入量–全球人均日摄入量)/全球人均日摄入量标准差;(3)为减少最小化异常值和右偏效应的影响,将Z评分转换为百分位数制,将所得百分位数值乘“2”后减“1”,实现以“0”为中心,取值范围为[−1,1]的对称分布;(4)将每个食物参数的中心百分位值与其各自的膳食成分总体炎症效应评分相乘,得到特定食物参数E-DII;(5)将所有特定食物参数的E-DII分数相加,即可得到个人总体E-DII。E-DII取值为0时代表膳食不具有炎症效应,取值越高代表膳食越促炎,反之,代表膳食越抗炎。
Jones-Smith J C等[21]基于CHNS数据构建了城市化指数评价体系,用以综合评价社区的城市化程度。该指数涵盖12个维度:人口密度、教育、卫生医疗服务、通讯信息服务、住户室内设施、住户卫生设施、交通设施、传统市场、经济活动、教育及收入多样性、现代商场与社区服务。其赋分规则为每个维度最高赋10分,各维度采用等权重设计,具体赋分算法依据数据分布制定,确保评分分布合理。城市化指数总分为12个维度得分之和,范围0~120分,得分越高表明社区城市化程度越高。收入按各轮调查三分位数分为低、中、高收入水平。婚姻状态划分为在婚和其他(未婚、同居、丧偶、离婚及分居)。身体活动量包括休闲性体育活动、职业性、交通性和家务性身体活动,并按照各轮调查三分位数分为低、中、高3组,具体计算参照文献[22]。目前是否吸烟和过去1年有无饮酒行为分为是和否2组,通过回答问题“你现在还在吸烟吗”“过去1年你曾喝过啤酒、白酒或其他酒吗”,肯定回答判定为是。每天的睡眠时长包括白天和晚上,划分为不足(<7 h)、合理(7~8 h)和过多(≥9 h)[23–24]。慢病史指自述患心血管疾病、癌症或中风等其中1种疾病定义为有慢性病史,否则为无。
数据的清理和分析采用R 4.4.1统计软件。定性变量采用n(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。以全部研究对象为目标人群,将年龄、性别、文化程度、居住地区、城市化指数、家庭人均年收入水平、婚姻状态、身体活动量、吸烟状况、饮酒状况、睡眠时长、慢病史、平均每日能量摄入量、体质量指数、收缩压、舒张压作为协变量构建逆概率加权 (inverse probability of treatment weighting, IPTW) ,通过加权均衡每一组研究对象的混杂因素,比较IPTW前后数据的标准化平均差(standardized mean difference, SMD),SMD<0.05认为2组间混杂均衡[25]。根据E-DII各轮调查的五分位数将研究对象分为5组(Q1~Q5组),采用三水平logistic混合效应模型(一水平为测量时点,二水平为个体,三水平为社区)分析E-DII与高血糖的关联,采用三水平线性混合效应模型分析E-DII与FPG水平的相关性。除性别外,均以时依协变量纳入模型,并按照性别、基线年龄、居住地区进行亚组分析。检验水准α=0.05(双侧)。
本研究共纳入成年居民9 363人,其中男性4 244人(45.3%),女性5 119人(54.7%);年龄18.0~94.5岁,平均年龄为(51.4±13.1)岁;城市化指数(69.5±18.6)分,平均每日能量摄入量(2 044.7±828.3)kcal,体质量指数为(23.9±3.4)kg/m2,收缩压为(125.5±18.3)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 3 kPa),舒张压为(80.8±11.1)mmHg,空腹血糖平均值为(5.4±1.3)mmol/L。E-DII Q1~Q5组的平均年龄分别为(52.5±13.0)、(51.2±12.8)、(50.9±13.1)、(51.6±13.5)和(50.9±13.0)岁,城市化指数分别为(75.1±18.4)、(72.0±18.7)、(70.5±18.1)、(67.9±18.1)和(63.6±17.6)分,平均每日能量摄入量分别为(2 265.7±849.7)、(1 937.1±785.2)、(1 850.3±769.9)、(1 835.2±772.2)、(2 317.6± 826.4)kcal,体质量指数分别为(24.1±3.4)、(24.0±3.4)、(24.0±3.5)、(23.7±3.4)和(23.5±3.4)kg/m2,年龄、城市化指数、平均每日能量摄入量、体质量指数方面E-DII Q1~Q5组间比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001);收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖方面差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。E-DII Q1~Q5组间比较结果显示,不同性别、文化程度、居住地区、家庭人均年收入水平、身体活动量、吸烟、饮酒、睡眠时长、慢病史人群分布比例差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
本研究中倾向性评分基于所有观测时点的特征(包含同一研究对象的多次测量数据),而非仅基线特征。基于3轮调查数据,我国15个省(自治区、直辖市)成年人E-DII得分为−4.5~5.2分,平均值为0.6分。IPTW前,E-DII Q1~Q5组间所有特征的SMD普遍较高,性别、文化程度、居住地区、城市化指数、家庭人均年收入水平、身体活动量、吸烟状况、睡眠时长、慢病史、平均每日能量摄入量、体质量指数的SMD均>0.05,表明组间特征存在显著不平衡。IPTW后,E-DIIQ1~Q5组间所有特征SMD均减小,SMD均<0. 05,均衡性较好,表明通过纳入重复测量数据构建的倾向性评分模型有效平衡了组间混杂因素差异。
采用倾向性评分加权后的数据,以E-DII Q1~Q5组为自变量,以是否发生高血糖为因变量,进行三水平logistic混合效应模型分析。由于本研究更关注较高水平E-DII对因变量的负面影响以及强调改善促炎饮食的重要性,因此以Q5组为参照组,调整相关混杂因素后,全人群Q2组高血糖患病风险较低(OR=0.616,95%CI=0.470~0.807);而Q1组、Q3组和Q4组与高血糖患病风险的关联无统计学意义。亚组分析结果显示,调整协变量后,男性(OR=0.560,95%CI=0.379~0.827)、基线45~59岁组(OR=0.599,95%CI=0.397~0.903)、农村居民(OR=0.648,95%CI=0.468~0.896)、城市居民(OR=0.518,95%CI=0.313~0.858)的Q2组高血糖患病风险较低。
采用倾向性评分加权后的数据,以E-DII Q1~Q5组为自变量,以FPG水平为因变量,进行三水平线性混合效应模型分析。由于本研究更关注较高水平E-DII对因变量的负面影响以及强调改善促炎饮食的重要性,因此以Q5组为参照组,调整相关混杂因素后,全人群Q4组FPG水平降低0.046 mmol/L(95%CI=−0.091~−0.001)。亚组分析结果显示,调整协变量后,女性Q1组FPG水平降低0.120 mmol/L(95%CI=−0.216~−0.024);基线18~44岁组Q1组和Q4组FPG水平分别降低0.160 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.281~−0.039)和0.128 mmol/L(95%CI=−0.238~−0.018);城市居民Q3组和Q4组FPG水平分别降低0.195 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.349~−0.041)和0.180 mmol/L(95%CI= −0.330~−0.029)。
基于CHNS项目,本研究从炎症病因学理论入手进行E-DII与高血糖患病风险关联分析,在我国15个省(自治区、直辖市)成年人中发现人群膳食总体存在轻微促炎潜能,E-DII与高血糖患病风险及FPG水平存在正向的关联,促炎效应膳食可能是高血糖的重要危险因素。
越来越多的研究聚焦于免疫系统在血糖代谢异常发病机制中的作用,有证据表明,慢性低度炎症与血糖代谢结局密切相关[9]。慢性低度炎症又称亚临床炎症,是一种持续性、低水平、非特异性、全身性的轻微炎症状态,其特征是血液中炎性因子浓度如肿瘤坏死因子–α(tumor necrosisfFactor-alpha, TNF-α)、白细胞介素–6(interleukin-6, IL-6)和C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)轻度升高,通常高于健康参考值范围,但显著低于急性感染或急性炎症时的水平[26]。尽管目前高血糖的病因和确切生物学机制尚不完全明确,但已有证据表明,炎症因子中的TNF-α、白细胞介素–1β等能导致胰岛素抵抗、胰岛β细胞功能受损,诱发高血糖,而高血糖亦促进炎症导致各种并发症的发生发展[27]。因此,早期筛检发现血糖代谢异常高危人群,控制其血糖水平,是防控T2DM、心血管疾病等多种慢性病的有效措施。
膳食作为一种可调节因素,其与炎症反应之间的关系备受关注。众多流行病学研究显示,膳食可通过其所含的营养素、具体食物种类和整体膳食模式所展现的促炎或抗炎效应机制调节机体的炎性因子水平,从而影响疾病的发生发展。然而,由于饮食结构的复杂性,膳食中多种促炎与抗炎效应相互交织,仅聚焦于单一营养素、食物或特定膳食模式探讨膳食、炎症与相关疾病的关系,难以评估个体的整体膳食炎症潜能。E-DII作为一种膳食质量评价指标,从膳食炎症潜力的角度出发,不再探讨各单一膳食成分对机体炎症水平的影响,而是将个体摄入的各类食物作为整体来评估饮食炎症潜力,从饮食炎症效应的角度给防控高血糖提供新的量化指标,以期为通过降低膳食炎症防控高血糖提供科学依据和理论基础。在本研究中,E-DII与血糖代谢结局密切相关,改善促炎膳食可能是控制成年人空腹血糖水平,降低高血糖患病风险的有效途径。一项对伊朗9 039名35~65岁人群的研究发现,DII得分最高组T2 DM患病风险比最低组增加61%[12]。提示通过E-DII评分测量的促炎饮食与血糖代谢异常显著相关。在墨西哥1 174名20~69岁人群中调查发现,与DII第一五分位组的人群相比,第五五分位组的人群T2 DM患病率增加(OR=3.02,95%CI=1.39~6.58)[13]。一项对南非190名中年女性的研究发现,E-DII与空腹血糖、胰岛素、HbA1c、餐后2 h血糖等T2 DM风险标志物相关[14]。但有研究得出了不一致的结论。一项针对155名17~22岁年轻人的美国队列研究未发现DII与T2 DM发病风险存在关联。该研究的平均随访时间为4.1年,随访时间较短且样本量相对较小,这可能是未观察到关联性的潜在原因[28]。值得注意的是,本研究观察到Q2组而非最低E-DII组(Q1组)呈现显著保护效应,Q1组的基线慢病史患病率较高(21.0% vs Q5组11.4%)提示可能存在适应性饮食选择偏倚,慢性病患者可能因疾病管理需要主动采取抗炎饮食,但其本身存在的健康问题、遗传易感性、早期环境暴露、心理压力、特定药物的长期使用等可能抵消膳食干预的代谢益处,尽管Q1组已经校正了协变量,但是依然可能存在模型无法捕捉到所有相关协变量和协变量之间复杂的交互作用的情况。同时,极端抗炎饮食(如严格限制动物性食物)也可能伴随某些微量营养素(如维生素B12、锌)的摄入不足而加重糖代谢紊乱[29–30]。这些复杂的多维度交互作用可能部分解释观察到的J型关联[31]。
膳食摄入与E-DII密切相关,合理膳食是防控血糖代谢异常的关键要素之一。本研究结果显示,我国15个省(自治区、直辖市)成年人E-DII得分在−4.5~+5.2分,平均值为0.6分,人群膳食总体存在轻微促炎潜能,这可能与近年来社会经济高速发展,我国居民膳食结构从传统的粮谷类、蔬菜为主的膳食逐渐向含较多动物性食物、精制碳水化合物的高能量密度饮食结构转变,偏离了平衡膳食的饮食构成[32]有关。一项对英国171 094名平均年龄55.98岁人群的大型前瞻性研究共纳入28个食物参数计算E-DII,得分范围在−5.97~5.92分[33],与本研究结果类似。此外,在本研究中,采用促炎饮食的研究对象更年轻。以往的研究[34]也有类似的发现,与年轻人群相比,年长者通常有更好的饮食质量和更高的食物多样性。原因可能是,年轻人可能更倾向于转向西方饮食模式,而老年人则更偏好传统饮食。此外,随着年龄的增长,人们往往减少加工食品的摄入,这一变化可能源于口味偏好的转变,或者是遵循医生对慢性疾病管理的建议。多项研究结果显示,饮食中富含全谷物[35]、水果和蔬菜[36]与较低的CRP水平相关,同时,多不饱和脂肪酸、膳食纤维、维生素C及β–胡萝卜素等特定营养素也与低炎症反应状态具有相关性[37–39]。而摄入较高的精制谷物、含糖饮料、加工红肉、油炸食品等食物会使机体产生促炎反应[40–41],与更高的高血糖风险相关。因此,防控高血糖的膳食管理新策略与指导原则或可聚焦于规避促炎饮食,推广抗炎饮食。
本研究采用15个省(自治区、直辖市)成年人作为研究对象开展关联研究,样本量大且覆盖全国多地域。考虑到混杂因素会直接影响E-DII与血糖代谢结局的关系,本研究选取IPTW法控制混杂偏倚,在倾向性评分的基础上,利用标准化法的基本原理,以全部研究对象为标准人群,以每组倾向性评分的倒数作为权重进行加权,使得E-DII Q1~Q5组间协变量的特征分布趋于一致,进而消除混杂因素对血糖代谢结局的影响。同时本研究也有一定的局限性:首先,未考虑到不同的食物制备和烹饪方法所导致的营养素含量的变化。其次,本研究采用定量食物频率问卷法获得膳食调查资料,可能存在回忆偏倚。再次,尽管数据包含多次随访,但本研究旨在探索E-DII与高血糖患病状态及FPG水平的关联,包含疾病进展与管理效果的综合关联而非单纯发病风险,不区分新发或既往病例,因果推断受限。最后,尽管本研究运用了IPTW法控制潜在混杂偏倚,但仍不能完全排除有其他未测量或未知的残留混杂因素对血糖代谢异常的影响。
综上所述,本研究结果显示我国成年人E-DII总体上存在轻微促炎潜能,且基于IPTW后发现促炎效应膳食可能是高血糖的重要危险因素,改善促炎膳食对控制我国成年人空腹血糖水平、降低高血糖患病风险可能具有益处。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1147501
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
  • 修回日期:2025-07-02
  • 录用日期:2025-08-13
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    1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所,北京 100050
    2天津市职业病防治院,天津 300011
    3国家卫生健康委公共营养与健康重点实验室,北京 100050

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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