Article(id=1320431907867833279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320431836577247574, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1148945, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=1761753600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-30, acceptedDate=1768752000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-19, onlineDate=1792745099274, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1783612800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792745099274, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792745099274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792745099274, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320431836577247574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='7', pageStart='769', pageEnd='896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783612800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792745082277, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748015122, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444137892069377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320431836577247574, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444137892069378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320431836577247574, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=818, endPage=825, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320431908056576960, articleId=1320431907867833279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Associations between vegetable and fruit intake and sleep duration among Chinese adults aged over 80 years: an analysis based on the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance, 2015–2017, columnId=1320431862472880698, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Special Report—Promoting Active and Healthy Ageing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the relationship between vegetable and fruit intake and sleep duration among Chinese adults aged over 80 years, thereby providing a scientific basis for improving sleep quality in this population.

Methods

Multistage stratified cluster random sampling was conducted for data from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015–2017). A total of 2319 elderly participants from 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China were selected to complete a questionnaire survey, physical measurements, and laboratory tests. The average daily intake of vegetables, fruits, and total vegetable and fruit intake was investigated, and the population was divided into quintiles in ascending order. Those with the daily sleep duration of 7–9 h were defined as the healthy sleep duration group, and those with the daily sleep duration of < 7 h or > 9 h were defined as the unhealthy sleep duration group. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was adopted to explore the association between the two. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was performed to explore the dose-response relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and unhealthy sleep duration.

Results

Among the 2319 elderly participants in China, 52.13% had unhealthy sleep duration. Different sleep duration groups varied in sex (χ2 = 6.672), place of residence (χ2 = 8.422), educational background (χ2 = 15.573), per capita annual household income (χ2 = 23.021), marital status (χ2 = 8.894), physical activity level (χ2 = 9.873), and sedentary behavior distribution (χ2 = 6.631) (all P < 0.05). In addition, there were also differences in age (t = 2.220), vegetable intake (t = 3.420), fruit intake (t = 3.470), and total vegetable and fruit intake (t = 4.190) among different groups (all P < 0.05). Multivariate unconditional logistic regression showed that after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, place of residence, educational background, per capita annual household income, marital status, number of cohabitants, current smoking, current alcohol consumption, physical activity level, sedentary behavior, participation in health checkups within the past year, and the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, vegetable intake, fruit intake, and total vegetable and fruit intake were negatively associated with the risk of unhealthy sleep duration. Compared with the lowest group, the highest group showed reductions of 26% (vegetable intake: OR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.56–0.97), 28% (fruit intake: OR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.55–0.95), and 29% (total fruit and vegetable intake: OR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.54–0.94) in the risk of unhealthy sleep duration (all Ptrend < 0.05). RCS analysis revealed that both fruit intake and total vegetable and fruit intake had significantly negatively linearly associations with unhealthy sleep duration (both Pnon-linearity ≥ 0.05).

Conclusions

The vegetable intake, fruit intake, and total vegetable and fruit intake are negatively correlated with the risk of unhealthy sleep duration in Chinese adults aged 80 and above. The findings provide a potential intervention target to promote healthy sleep duration in this population.

, authors=Yuxiang YANG1, 2, Shuya CAI1, 3, SZILI-TOROK Tamas2, Yanmei WANG2, Jing NAN1, Ruilian WANG1, Liyun ZHAO1, Dongmei YU1, 3, authorsList=Yuxiang YANG, Shuya CAI, SZILI-TOROK Tamas, Yanmei WANG, Jing NAN, Ruilian WANG, Liyun ZHAO, Dongmei YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongmei YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YU Dongmei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320431908601836483, articleId=1320431907867833279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=中国≥80岁高龄老人蔬菜及水果摄入量与睡眠时长关系:基于2015—2017年中国居民营养与健康状况监测, columnId=1320431862640652860, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=专题报道——健康老龄化与积极老龄化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探索中国80岁及以上高龄老人蔬菜及水果摄入量与睡眠时长的关系,为改善该人群睡眠质量提供科学依据。

方法

基于中国居民营养与健康状况监测(2015—2017年)数据,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样,自中国31个省(自治区、直辖市)抽取2 319名高龄老人,并完成问卷调查、体格测量和实验室检测。调查其日均蔬菜、水果及蔬果总摄入量,并分别按升序将人群按五分位法分组,将每日睡眠时长为7~9 h者定义为健康睡眠时长组,<7或>9 h者定义为非健康睡眠时长组,使用多因素非条件logistic回归探索二者关系,并结合限制性立方样条分析探讨蔬果摄入与非健康睡眠时长的剂量—反应关系。

结果

中国2 319名高龄老人中,非健康睡眠时长者占52.13%,且不同睡眠时长组在性别(χ2=6.672)、居住地(χ2=8.422)、文化程度(χ2=15.573)、家庭人均年收入(χ2=23.021)、婚姻状况(χ2=8.894)、身体活动水平(χ2=9.873)、静态行为(χ2=6.631)分布差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),且年龄(t=2.220)、蔬菜(t=3.420)、水果(t=3.470)及蔬果总摄入量(t=4.190)组间差异亦有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多因素非条件logistic回归结果显示,在调整年龄、性别、BMI、居住地、文化程度、家庭人均年收入、婚姻状况、家中有人共同居住、目前吸烟、目前饮酒、身体活动水平、静态行为、一年内参加健康体检以及高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常的患病情况后,蔬菜、水果及其总摄入量均与非健康睡眠时间的风险存在负向关联,最高组与最低组相比,蔬菜摄入量(OR=0.74,95%CI=0.56~0.97),水果摄入量(OR=0.72,95%CI=0.55~0.95),蔬果总摄入量(OR=0.71,95%CI=0.54~0.94)(均P趋势<0.05)。RCS分析提示,水果摄入量、蔬果总摄入量与非健康睡眠时长呈显著负向线性关联(均P非线性≥0.05)。

结论

蔬菜、水果及蔬果总摄入量与中国80岁以上高龄老人非健康睡眠时长风险呈负向关联,本研究结果可为促进该人群保持健康睡眠时长提供潜在的干预策略。

, authors=杨宇祥1, 2, 蔡姝雅1, 3, Tamas Szili-Torok2, 汪艳梅2, 南晶1, 王瑞莲1, 赵丽云1, 于冬梅1, 3, *, *, authorsList=杨宇祥, 蔡姝雅, Tamas Szili-Torok, 汪艳梅, 南晶, 王瑞莲, 赵丽云, 于冬梅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=于冬梅, authorNote=

杨宇祥(1996—),博士,研究方向:营养与健康流行病学

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于冬梅,E-mail:
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Dietary patterns and sleep parameters in a cohort of community dwelling Australian men[J]. 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注:A 蔬菜摄入量;B 水果摄入量;C 蔬果总摄入量。RCS分析基于模型3的多因素非条件logistic回归进行分析,调整了年龄、性别、BMI、居住地、文化程度、家庭人均年收入、婚姻状况、家中有人共同居住、目前吸烟、目前饮酒、身体活动水平、静态行为、一年内参加健康体检以及高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常的患病情况。

, figureFileSmall=RneYMrVXkayRFg7m+WtjOg==, figureFileBig=ICdVZhjquWQanh/OcpQ5ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320431915816038403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320431907867833279, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic information and sleep duration of different characteristic groups of Chinese adults aged over 80 years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征总体健康睡眠时长χ2值/t值P值
人数/均数a(构成比/%)/标准差b是否
人数/均数(构成比/%)/标准差人数/均数(构成比/%)/标准差
总体2 319100.001 11047.871 20952.13
性别6.6720.010
 男1 15149.6358252.4356947.06
 女1 16850.3752847.5764052.94
居住地8.4220.004
 城市92139.7247542.7944636.89
 农村1 39860.2863557.2176363.11
正规教育15.573<0.001
 未接受1 22352.7453848.4768556.66
 接受1 09647.2657251.5352443.34
家庭人均年收入23.021<0.001
 低78633.8932329.1046338.30
 中75532.5637733.9637831.27
 高77833.5541036.9436830.44
婚姻状况8.8940.003
 已婚1 42561.4571764.5970858.56
 离异及其他89438.5539335.4150141.44
家中有人共同居住2.3180.128
 否1948.371039.28917.53
 是2 12591.631 00790.721 11892.47
吸烟0.5050.477
 否1 86480.3889980.9996579.82
 是45519.6221119.0124420.18
饮酒2.8470.092
 否1 81778.3585376.8596479.74
 是50221.6525723.1524520.26
身体活动水平9.8730.007
 低1 06545.9247442.7059148.88
 中65628.2932429.1933227.46
 高59825.7931228.1128623.66
静态行为/(h/d)6.6310.036
 <223810.261089.7313010.75
 2~<468529.5435632.0732927.21
 ≥41 39660.264658.2075062.03
一年内参加体检2.5270.112
 否1 39560.1664958.4774661.70
 是92439.8446141.5346338.30
高血压0.0050.942
 否64627.8631027.9333627.79
 是1 67372.1480072.0787372.21
糖尿病2.7620.097
 否2 01386.8095085.591 06387.92
 是30613.2016014.4114612.08
血脂异常1.0220.312
 否1 52065.5571664.5080466.50
 是79934.4539435.5040533.50
年龄/岁83.513.1383.363.0783.653.182.2200.027
BMI/(kg/m2)22.743.4322.853.4522.643.411.4600.144
蔬菜摄入量/(g/d)277.79264.09297.33291.61259.84234.73.420< 0.001
水果摄入量/(g/d)59.18111.4167.53121.4151.51100.813.470< 0.001
蔬果总摄入量/(g/d)336.97308.61364.87340.31311.35273.984.190< 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320431915912507396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320431907867833279, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国80岁及以上高龄老人不同特征分组的基本情况及睡眠时长状况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征总体健康睡眠时长χ2值/t值P值
人数/均数a(构成比/%)/标准差b是否
人数/均数(构成比/%)/标准差人数/均数(构成比/%)/标准差
总体2 319100.001 11047.871 20952.13
性别6.6720.010
 男1 15149.6358252.4356947.06
 女1 16850.3752847.5764052.94
居住地8.4220.004
 城市92139.7247542.7944636.89
 农村1 39860.2863557.2176363.11
正规教育15.573<0.001
 未接受1 22352.7453848.4768556.66
 接受1 09647.2657251.5352443.34
家庭人均年收入23.021<0.001
 低78633.8932329.1046338.30
 中75532.5637733.9637831.27
 高77833.5541036.9436830.44
婚姻状况8.8940.003
 已婚1 42561.4571764.5970858.56
 离异及其他89438.5539335.4150141.44
家中有人共同居住2.3180.128
 否1948.371039.28917.53
 是2 12591.631 00790.721 11892.47
吸烟0.5050.477
 否1 86480.3889980.9996579.82
 是45519.6221119.0124420.18
饮酒2.8470.092
 否1 81778.3585376.8596479.74
 是50221.6525723.1524520.26
身体活动水平9.8730.007
 低1 06545.9247442.7059148.88
 中65628.2932429.1933227.46
 高59825.7931228.1128623.66
静态行为/(h/d)6.6310.036
 <223810.261089.7313010.75
 2~<468529.5435632.0732927.21
 ≥41 39660.264658.2075062.03
一年内参加体检2.5270.112
 否1 39560.1664958.4774661.70
 是92439.8446141.5346338.30
高血压0.0050.942
 否64627.8631027.9333627.79
 是1 67372.1480072.0787372.21
糖尿病2.7620.097
 否2 01386.8095085.591 06387.92
 是30613.2016014.4114612.08
血脂异常1.0220.312
 否1 52065.5571664.5080466.50
 是79934.4539435.5040533.50
年龄/岁83.513.1383.363.0783.653.182.2200.027
BMI/(kg/m2)22.743.4322.853.4522.643.411.4600.144
蔬菜摄入量/(g/d)277.79264.09297.33291.61259.84234.73.420< 0.001
水果摄入量/(g/d)59.18111.4167.53121.4151.51100.813.470< 0.001
蔬果总摄入量/(g/d)336.97308.61364.87340.31311.35273.984.190< 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320431916004782085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320431907867833279, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Associations between vegetable and fruit intake and sleep duration among Chinese adults aged over 80 years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膳食摄入指标样本量摄入量/
(g/d)
模型1s模型2b模型3c
人数非健康睡眠时长率/%OR(95%CI)P趋势dOR(95%CI)P趋势OR(95%CI)P趋势
蔬菜摄入量
 Q142156.7738.52参照组<0.001参照组0.002参照组0.029
 Q250154.49128.360.91(0.70,1.18)0.92(0.71,1.19)0.95(0.73,1.23)
 Q346953.09215.810.86(0.66,1.12)0.87(0.67,1.14)0.91(0.69,1.19)
 Q446451.29330.230.80(0.62,1.05)0.81(0.62,1.06)0.88(0.67,1.16)
 Q546445.26666.440.63(0.48,0.82)0.66(0.50,0.86)0.74(0.56,0.97)
水果摄入量
 Q154958.470.00参照组<0.001参照组<0.001参照组0.006
 Q237755.173.870.87(0.67,1.14)0.88(0.67,1.14)0.91(0.69,1.19)
 Q346753.3218.530.81(0.63,1.04)0.82(0.64,1.05)0.86(0.67,1.11)
 Q443847.0357.010.63(0.49,0.81)0.65(0.50,0.83)0.72(0.55,0.93)
 Q548846.11209.340.61(0.48,0.78)0.63(0.49,0.80)0.72(0.55,0.95)
蔬果总摄入量
 Q146157.7057.64参照组<0.001参照组<0.001参照组0.014
 Q246656.44166.810.95(0.73,1.23)0.96(0.74,1.25)1.00(0.77,1.30)
 Q346450.00261.920.73(0.57,0.95)0.74(0.57,0.96)0.80(0.62,1.05)
 Q446451.94395.790.79(0.61,1.03)0.81(0.62,1.05)0.89(0.68,1.16)
 Q546444.61801.610.59(0.46,0.77)0.62(0.48,0.81)0.71(0.54,0.94)
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中国80岁以上高龄老人蔬果摄入量与睡眠时长的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膳食摄入指标样本量摄入量/
(g/d)
模型1s模型2b模型3c
人数非健康睡眠时长率/%OR(95%CI)P趋势dOR(95%CI)P趋势OR(95%CI)P趋势
蔬菜摄入量
 Q142156.7738.52参照组<0.001参照组0.002参照组0.029
 Q250154.49128.360.91(0.70,1.18)0.92(0.71,1.19)0.95(0.73,1.23)
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 Q446451.29330.230.80(0.62,1.05)0.81(0.62,1.06)0.88(0.67,1.16)
 Q546445.26666.440.63(0.48,0.82)0.66(0.50,0.86)0.74(0.56,0.97)
水果摄入量
 Q154958.470.00参照组<0.001参照组<0.001参照组0.006
 Q237755.173.870.87(0.67,1.14)0.88(0.67,1.14)0.91(0.69,1.19)
 Q346753.3218.530.81(0.63,1.04)0.82(0.64,1.05)0.86(0.67,1.11)
 Q443847.0357.010.63(0.49,0.81)0.65(0.50,0.83)0.72(0.55,0.93)
 Q548846.11209.340.61(0.48,0.78)0.63(0.49,0.80)0.72(0.55,0.95)
蔬果总摄入量
 Q146157.7057.64参照组<0.001参照组<0.001参照组0.014
 Q246656.44166.810.95(0.73,1.23)0.96(0.74,1.25)1.00(0.77,1.30)
 Q346450.00261.920.73(0.57,0.95)0.74(0.57,0.96)0.80(0.62,1.05)
 Q446451.94395.790.79(0.61,1.03)0.81(0.62,1.05)0.89(0.68,1.16)
 Q546444.61801.610.59(0.46,0.77)0.62(0.48,0.81)0.71(0.54,0.94)
), ArticleFig(id=1320431916176748551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320431907867833279, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Subgroup analysis of the associations between vegetable and fruit intake and sleep duration among Chinese adults aged over 80 years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
亚组蔬菜摄入量水果摄入量蔬果总摄入量
OR(95%CI)aP交互OR(95%CI)P交互OR(95%CI)P交互
性别0.4720.0780.970
 男性0.83(0.56,1.23)0.84(0.57,1.24)0.73(0.49,1.08)
 女性0.68(0.46,1.02)0.64(0.44,0.93)0.71(0.47,1.06)
居住地0.6670.6700.971
 城市0.87(0.55,1.39)0.87(0.57,1.34)0.87(0.54,1.40)
 农村0.74(0.51,1.06)0.74(0.50,1.07)0.65(0.45,0.94)
家庭人均年收入0.5070.7200.881
 低0.66(0.41,1.08)0.65(0.39,1.06)0.64(0.40,1.03)
 中0.71(0.42,1.19)0.82(0.50,1.34)0.63(0.37,1.07)
 高0.70(0.43,1.14)0.87(0.54,1.40)0.76(0.45,1.27)
婚姻状况0.0850.6090.696
 已婚0.67(0.47,0.96)0.84(0.59,1.18)0.69(0.48,0.98)
 离异及其他0.87(0.55,1.38)0.53(0.34,0.82)0.76(0.48,1.22)
), ArticleFig(id=1320431916298383368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320431907867833279, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中国80岁以上高龄老人蔬果摄入量与睡眠时长关系的亚组分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
亚组蔬菜摄入量水果摄入量蔬果总摄入量
OR(95%CI)aP交互OR(95%CI)P交互OR(95%CI)P交互
性别0.4720.0780.970
 男性0.83(0.56,1.23)0.84(0.57,1.24)0.73(0.49,1.08)
 女性0.68(0.46,1.02)0.64(0.44,0.93)0.71(0.47,1.06)
居住地0.6670.6700.971
 城市0.87(0.55,1.39)0.87(0.57,1.34)0.87(0.54,1.40)
 农村0.74(0.51,1.06)0.74(0.50,1.07)0.65(0.45,0.94)
家庭人均年收入0.5070.7200.881
 低0.66(0.41,1.08)0.65(0.39,1.06)0.64(0.40,1.03)
 中0.71(0.42,1.19)0.82(0.50,1.34)0.63(0.37,1.07)
 高0.70(0.43,1.14)0.87(0.54,1.40)0.76(0.45,1.27)
婚姻状况0.0850.6090.696
 已婚0.67(0.47,0.96)0.84(0.59,1.18)0.69(0.48,0.98)
 离异及其他0.87(0.55,1.38)0.53(0.34,0.82)0.76(0.48,1.22)
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中国≥80岁高龄老人蔬菜及水果摄入量与睡眠时长关系:基于2015—2017年中国居民营养与健康状况监测
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杨宇祥 1, 2 , 蔡姝雅 1, 3 , Tamas Szili-Torok 2 , 汪艳梅 2 , 南晶 1 , 王瑞莲 1 , 赵丽云 1 , 于冬梅 1, 3, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 专题报道——健康老龄化与积极老龄化 2026,42(7): 818-825
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中国公共卫生 |专题报道——健康老龄化与积极老龄化 2026 , 42 (7) : 818 -825
中国≥80岁高龄老人蔬菜及水果摄入量与睡眠时长关系:基于2015—2017年中国居民营养与健康状况监测
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杨宇祥1, 2, 蔡姝雅1, 3, Tamas Szili-Torok2, 汪艳梅2, 南晶1, 王瑞莲1, 赵丽云1, 于冬梅1, 3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所,北京 100050
  • 2格罗宁根大学医学中心,荷兰 格罗宁根 9713GZ
  • 3国家卫生健康委公共营养与健康重点实验室,北京 100050
通讯作者:
于冬梅,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨宇祥(1996—),博士,研究方向:营养与健康流行病学

Associations between vegetable and fruit intake and sleep duration among Chinese adults aged over 80 years: an analysis based on the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance, 2015–2017
Yuxiang YANG1, 2, Shuya CAI1, 3, SZILI-TOROK Tamas2, Yanmei WANG2, Jing NAN1, Ruilian WANG1, Liyun ZHAO1, Dongmei YU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
  • 3NHC Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, Beijing 100050, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    YU Dongmei, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-07-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148945
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目的

探索中国80岁及以上高龄老人蔬菜及水果摄入量与睡眠时长的关系,为改善该人群睡眠质量提供科学依据。

方法

基于中国居民营养与健康状况监测(2015—2017年)数据,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样,自中国31个省(自治区、直辖市)抽取2 319名高龄老人,并完成问卷调查、体格测量和实验室检测。调查其日均蔬菜、水果及蔬果总摄入量,并分别按升序将人群按五分位法分组,将每日睡眠时长为7~9 h者定义为健康睡眠时长组,<7或>9 h者定义为非健康睡眠时长组,使用多因素非条件logistic回归探索二者关系,并结合限制性立方样条分析探讨蔬果摄入与非健康睡眠时长的剂量—反应关系。

结果

中国2 319名高龄老人中,非健康睡眠时长者占52.13%,且不同睡眠时长组在性别(χ2=6.672)、居住地(χ2=8.422)、文化程度(χ2=15.573)、家庭人均年收入(χ2=23.021)、婚姻状况(χ2=8.894)、身体活动水平(χ2=9.873)、静态行为(χ2=6.631)分布差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),且年龄(t=2.220)、蔬菜(t=3.420)、水果(t=3.470)及蔬果总摄入量(t=4.190)组间差异亦有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多因素非条件logistic回归结果显示,在调整年龄、性别、BMI、居住地、文化程度、家庭人均年收入、婚姻状况、家中有人共同居住、目前吸烟、目前饮酒、身体活动水平、静态行为、一年内参加健康体检以及高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常的患病情况后,蔬菜、水果及其总摄入量均与非健康睡眠时间的风险存在负向关联,最高组与最低组相比,蔬菜摄入量(OR=0.74,95%CI=0.56~0.97),水果摄入量(OR=0.72,95%CI=0.55~0.95),蔬果总摄入量(OR=0.71,95%CI=0.54~0.94)(均P趋势<0.05)。RCS分析提示,水果摄入量、蔬果总摄入量与非健康睡眠时长呈显著负向线性关联(均P非线性≥0.05)。

结论

蔬菜、水果及蔬果总摄入量与中国80岁以上高龄老人非健康睡眠时长风险呈负向关联,本研究结果可为促进该人群保持健康睡眠时长提供潜在的干预策略。

老年人  /  睡眠时长  /  蔬菜摄入  /  水果摄入
Objective

To explore the relationship between vegetable and fruit intake and sleep duration among Chinese adults aged over 80 years, thereby providing a scientific basis for improving sleep quality in this population.

Methods

Multistage stratified cluster random sampling was conducted for data from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015–2017). A total of 2319 elderly participants from 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China were selected to complete a questionnaire survey, physical measurements, and laboratory tests. The average daily intake of vegetables, fruits, and total vegetable and fruit intake was investigated, and the population was divided into quintiles in ascending order. Those with the daily sleep duration of 7–9 h were defined as the healthy sleep duration group, and those with the daily sleep duration of < 7 h or > 9 h were defined as the unhealthy sleep duration group. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was adopted to explore the association between the two. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was performed to explore the dose-response relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and unhealthy sleep duration.

Results

Among the 2319 elderly participants in China, 52.13% had unhealthy sleep duration. Different sleep duration groups varied in sex (χ2 = 6.672), place of residence (χ2 = 8.422), educational background (χ2 = 15.573), per capita annual household income (χ2 = 23.021), marital status (χ2 = 8.894), physical activity level (χ2 = 9.873), and sedentary behavior distribution (χ2 = 6.631) (all P < 0.05). In addition, there were also differences in age (t = 2.220), vegetable intake (t = 3.420), fruit intake (t = 3.470), and total vegetable and fruit intake (t = 4.190) among different groups (all P < 0.05). Multivariate unconditional logistic regression showed that after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, place of residence, educational background, per capita annual household income, marital status, number of cohabitants, current smoking, current alcohol consumption, physical activity level, sedentary behavior, participation in health checkups within the past year, and the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, vegetable intake, fruit intake, and total vegetable and fruit intake were negatively associated with the risk of unhealthy sleep duration. Compared with the lowest group, the highest group showed reductions of 26% (vegetable intake: OR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.56–0.97), 28% (fruit intake: OR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.55–0.95), and 29% (total fruit and vegetable intake: OR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.54–0.94) in the risk of unhealthy sleep duration (all Ptrend < 0.05). RCS analysis revealed that both fruit intake and total vegetable and fruit intake had significantly negatively linearly associations with unhealthy sleep duration (both Pnon-linearity ≥ 0.05).

Conclusions

The vegetable intake, fruit intake, and total vegetable and fruit intake are negatively correlated with the risk of unhealthy sleep duration in Chinese adults aged 80 and above. The findings provide a potential intervention target to promote healthy sleep duration in this population.

older adults  /  sleep duration  /  vegetable intake  /  fruit intake
杨宇祥, 蔡姝雅, Tamas Szili-Torok, 汪艳梅, 南晶, 王瑞莲, 赵丽云, 于冬梅. 中国≥80岁高龄老人蔬菜及水果摄入量与睡眠时长关系:基于2015—2017年中国居民营养与健康状况监测. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (7) : 818 -825 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148945
Yuxiang YANG, Shuya CAI, SZILI-TOROK Tamas, Yanmei WANG, Jing NAN, Ruilian WANG, Liyun ZHAO, Dongmei YU. Associations between vegetable and fruit intake and sleep duration among Chinese adults aged over 80 years: an analysis based on the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance, 2015–2017[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (7) : 818 -825 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148945
睡眠是身心健康的关键影响因素,也是评估个人全生命周期健康和身体机能状态的重要指标,包括睡眠时长、规律性和日间功能等多个维度[1–2]。睡眠质量与年龄增长以及老龄化相关的疾病状态密切相关,老年人群更易出现睡眠质量下降,进而增加其心血管疾病、认知功能障碍以及全因死亡风险[3–4]。既往研究提示,睡眠时长过长或过短均可能与不良的健康结局有关[5]。因此,改善睡眠有助于在老年人群中防治相关慢性病并提升生活质量[6–7]。良好的生活行为方式是改善睡眠的重要途径,其中膳食和身体活动是两类最重要且具有可改变性的因素[8]。既往研究提示,增加蔬菜、水果摄入量以及提高身体活动水平与更高的睡眠质量有关[9–10]。然而,健康行为改变的动机和实施能力受年龄和健康状况影响,针对不同人群制定健康促进策略时需兼顾可接受性与可实施性[11]。Alley S J等[12]研究发现,与年轻人群相比,老年人更易达到蔬菜和水果的膳食建议摄入量,但提升身体活动水平较为困难,提示通过膳食干预改善老年人健康可能更具可行性。综上,本研究基于中国居民营养与健康状况监测(2015—2017年)数据,选取其中80岁以上高龄老人作为研究对象,探索该人群蔬菜、水果摄入量与健康睡眠时长的关系,以期为改善该人群睡眠质量提供科学依据。
本研究采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样,考虑现有工作条件以及区域和城乡因素分布的均衡性,在31个省(自治区、直辖市)的298个监测点随机抽取189 605名18岁及以上常住居民,并提取其中年龄为80岁及以上者为研究对象。排除标准包括:(1)人口学信息缺失;(2)生活行为方式及膳食信息缺失;(3)体格测量和实验室检测指标缺失;(4)患有影响睡眠的相关慢性疾病(脑卒中和慢性阻塞性肺疾病)者[13–14];(5)过去30 d内有安眠药服用史者[15],最终纳入2 319名研究对象。中国居民营养与健康状况监测(2015—2017年)经中国疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会审查并批准(项目号:201519–B),所有研究对象均在调查前签署知情同意书。有关本项目其他信息已在发表的文献中说明[16]。
此部分由经过统一培训和考核的调查员通过面对面访谈完成,采用统一的调查问卷,调查包括人口学特征、生活行为方式以及经社区卫生服务中心或乡镇卫生院及以上级别的医疗卫生机构诊断的慢性病患病情况。其中,将未报告家庭人均年收入者使用中位数插补法予以处理[17];膳食部分通过调查研究对象过去一年的膳食消费习惯,记录其蔬菜类、水果类的膳食消费频率(次/天、周、月、年)以及单次平均摄入量(克/次),估计其蔬菜和水果的平均每日摄入量,并将二者相加以计算蔬果总摄入量;睡眠则通过询问通常一天中包括午觉在内的睡眠总时长,分别记录睡眠小时数和分钟数并换算求和。
在调查日的清晨,使用统一的检测工具测量研究对象空腹状态下的身高、体重及血压。使用TZG型身高坐高计测量身高(cm,精确度0.1 cm),百利达HD-390型电子体重秤测量体重(kg,精确度0.1 kg),以国家工作组统一发放的腰围尺测量腰围(cm,精确度0.1 cm),采用欧姆龙HBP1300型电子血压计(mmHg,精确度1 mmHg)测量血压。此外,根据研究对象的身高和体重计算体质指数(body mass index, BMI),并将人群分为消瘦(BMI<18.5 kg/m2)、正常(18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24 kg/m2)、超重(24 kg/m2≤BMI<28 kg/m2)和肥胖(BMI≥28 kg/m2)4组[16]。此部分均由经过统一培训及考核的调查员完成,并在严格的质控下实施。
采集每名调查对象的空腹静脉血8 mL,使用己糖激酶法测量空腹血糖、胆固醇氧化酶法测量总胆固醇、去游离甘油法测量甘油三酯、直接测定法—抗体阻碍法测量高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、直接测定法—选择保护法测量低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。
将每日睡眠时长7~9 h者定义为健康睡眠时长组,<7或>9 h者定义为非健康睡眠时长组[18]。基于研究对象自我报告的慢性病情况以及体格测量或实验室检测指标判定:将两周内服用降压药物和(或)3次平均收缩压≥140 mmHg和(或)3次平均舒张压≥90 mmHg者定义为高血压[19];将接受降糖治疗和(或)空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L者定义为糖尿病[20];将接受降脂治疗和(或)血清总胆固醇≥6.2 mmol/L和(或)甘油三酯≥2.26 mmol/L和(或)低密度脂蛋白胆固醇≥4.14 mmol/L和(或)高密度脂蛋白胆固醇<1.04 mmol/L者定义为血脂异常[21]。
将可能对蔬菜水果摄入量以及睡眠时长产生影响的潜在混杂因素作为协变量纳入统计模型控制[22]。包括:性别(男性/女性)、年龄(连续型变量)、BMI(连续型变量)、居住地(城市/农村)、文化程度(接受/未接受过正规学校教育)、家庭人均年收入(按照三分位法分组,分为低/中/高)、婚姻状况(已婚/离异及其他)、家中有人共同居住(是/否)、目前吸烟(是/否)、目前饮酒(是/否)、身体活动水平(低/中/高)[23]、每日静态行为(<2、2~<4、≥4 h/d)、一年内参加健康体检(是/否)[24],以及高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常的患病情况(是/否)。
使用均数(标准差)x̅ (s)及例数和百分比(n,%)分别对连续性变量和分类变量进行描述分析,分别采用t检验和χ2检验比较组间差异。将研究对象分别按蔬菜、水果及蔬果总摄入量以升序排列,并按照五分位法分组(Quintile 1~5,Q1~Q5)。使用多因素非条件logistic回归分析蔬菜、水果及其总摄入量与非健康睡眠时长的关联性,以Q1组为参照,计算Q2至Q5组的比值比及95%置信区间[OR(95%CI)]。逐步纳入协变量建立3个模型:模型1为未调整的粗模型,模型2调整年龄、性别和BMI,模型3进一步调整其余潜在的混杂因素。同时,以蔬菜、水果及其总摄入量的z标准化值作为连续变量,评估相应摄入量每增加1个标准差与非健康睡眠时长的线性关联(P趋势)。在模型3的基础上,将研究对象按性别、居住地、家庭人均年收入和婚姻状况分组,并通过乘法交互项和似然比检验评估交互作用。此外,使用基于限制性立方样条(restricted cubic spline, RCS)回归进一步探索蔬菜、水果及其总摄入量和非健康睡眠时长的剂量—反应关系[25]。在模型拟合中控制模型3中的所有协变量。通过比较不同节点数RCS模型的赤池信息准则(akaike information criterion, AIC),最终选择三节点(节点位于各摄入量第10、50和90百分位数处),进行模型拟合和绘图。本研究的全部统计分析使用SAS 9.4以及R 4.4.2,以双侧P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
本研究纳入的2 319名中国80岁以上高龄老人中,男性1 151人(49.63%),女性1 168人(50.37%);居住地为城市921人(39.72%),农村1 398人(60.28%)。研究对象平均年龄为83.51岁,BMI为22.74 kg/m2;蔬菜摄入量为277.79 g/d,水果摄入量为59.18 g/d,蔬菜水果总摄入量为336.97 g/d。
在最终纳入分析的2 319名中国80岁以上高龄老人中,健康睡眠时长者为1 110人(47.87%),非健康睡眠时长者1 209人(52.13%)。组间比较结果显示,不同睡眠时长组在性别(χ2=6.672)、居住地(χ2=8.422)、是否接受正规教育(χ2=15.573)、家庭人均年收入(χ2=23.021)、婚姻状况(χ2=8.894)、身体活动水平(χ2=9.873)、静态行为(χ2=6.631)分布差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),且年龄(t=2.220)、蔬菜(t=3.420)、水果(t=3.470)及蔬果总摄入量(t=4.190)组间差异亦有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
多重logistic回归分析结果显示,在模型3中,蔬菜、水果及蔬果总摄入量均与非健康睡眠时长的风险存在负向关联,与最低摄入组(Q1)相比,最高摄入组(Q5)的非健康睡眠时长风险分别降低26%(蔬菜:OR=0.74,95%CI=0.56~0.97,P趋势=0.029)、28%(水果:OR=0.72,95%CI=0.55~0.95,P趋势=0.006)和29%(蔬果总摄入:OR=0.71,95%CI=0.54~0.94,P趋势=0.014)。
将研究对象进一步按性别、居住地、家庭人均年收入和婚姻状况分层分析,探讨蔬菜、水果及蔬果总摄入量与非健康睡眠时长的关联。结果显示,与Q1组相比,Q5组在部分亚组中各摄入量与非健康睡眠时长的负向关联具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。其中,蔬菜摄入量在已婚组中与非健康睡眠风险呈显著负向关联(OR=0.67,95%CI=0.47~0.96);水果摄入量在女性组(OR=0.64,95%CI=0.44~0.93)和离异及其他组(OR=0.53,95%CI=0.34~0.82)中均呈显著负向关联;蔬果总摄入量在农村组(OR=0.65,95%CI=0.45~0.94)和已婚组(OR=0.69,95%CI=0.48~0.98)中均呈显著负向关联;其余亚组中均呈现负向关联的趋势,但差异均无统计学意义(均P≥0.05),且未观察到亚组因素与膳食摄入量的交互作用(均P交互>0.05)。
进一步比较蔬果摄入量与非健康睡眠时长的剂量—反应关系,发现水果摄入量、蔬果总摄入量与非健康睡眠时长呈显著负向线性关联,随其摄入量的增加,出现非健康睡眠时长的风险逐渐降低(均P总体<0.05;均P非线性>0.05),而蔬菜摄入量与非健康睡眠时长仅观察到负向线性趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P总体=0.082;P非线性=0.636)。
有研究证据显示,与睡眠时间过短或过长的老年人相比,保持7~8 h睡眠者在生理、心理健康水平、认知能力和整体生活质量方面表现更佳[26]。与此同时,非健康睡眠时长又与包括心血管疾病、认知及免疫相关疾病和全因死亡等不良健康结局的发生风险密切相关[27]。因此,在老年人群中探讨影响和改善睡眠质量的相关因素,对于提升其整体健康水平具有重要意义。本研究以中国80岁以上高龄老人作为研究对象,分析了蔬菜、水果摄入量与睡眠时长的关系。研究显示,超过半数(52.13%)的高龄老人睡眠时长处于次优水平。进一步分析表明,蔬菜、水果以及蔬果总摄入量与健康睡眠时间的风险降低相关,且水果和蔬果总摄入量与降低非健康睡眠时间风险呈线性趋势。此外,当在回归模型中纳入包括社会人口学信息、生活行为方式以及慢性病患病情况等协变量后,并未显著改变蔬果摄入量与非健康睡眠时长的关系,提示二者具有稳健的关联性。
本研究结果与既往研究一致,Pengpid S等[28]基于28个国家大学生的研究发现,较高的蔬菜和水果摄入量与该人群出现睡眠不足(<7 h)以及睡眠质量下降的风险呈负向关联;在中国香港女性护士中,较低的蔬菜和水果摄入量与睡眠质量下降的风险增加相关[10];基于我国8个城市的研究显示,更高的水果摄入量与睡眠质量提高有关,提示增加水果摄入量可能是改善睡眠的潜在策略[29];另一项针对中国老年人研究显示,与保持每日食用蔬菜和水果的研究对象相比,消费频率较低者获得良好睡眠质量的可能性更低[30];且在日本女性的研究也显示低蔬菜摄入量是不良睡眠质量的独立预测因子[31]。但值得注意的是,一项基于南非农村地区老年人的研究显示,更高的蔬菜和水果摄入量与较低的睡眠质量相关,原因可能是不良睡眠质量导致的紧张情绪,使研究对象倾向于增加水果摄入以缓解压力[32]。此结果也提示蔬菜、水果摄入量与不良睡眠质量可能存在双向关联[33–34]。但考虑到睡眠质量难以通过自主行为直接改善,而膳食质量却可以通过调整特定食物的消费率或摄入量得到相对快速的改善,因此,探索膳食与睡眠的关系可能更具有公共卫生意义[29–31]。
一些生物学机制可能解释研究结果。蔬菜和水果富含多种微量营养素和植物化学物(如维生素、矿物质、类胡萝卜素和膳食纤维等),可能通过抗炎、抗菌及抗氧化等生物学特性,发挥包括提高睡眠质量在内的健康促进作用[34–35]。此外,蔬菜和水果摄入可通过脑—肠轴调节视交叉上核,刺激褪黑素分泌;同时还可以通过改善线粒体功能和能量代谢,降低体脂水平,进而改善睡眠质量[34]。此外,部分蔬菜和水果,例如樱桃、猕猴桃、西红柿和黄瓜等,本身含有较高水平的褪黑素和血清素,后两者对调节人体的昼夜节律和睡眠模式至关重要[22,36–37]。此外,健康的生活方式例如较高的蔬果摄入量以及身体活动水平往往同时存在,二者可能共同发挥对睡眠的改善作用[8]。本研究也发现,在具有健康睡眠时长的高龄老人中,中高强度身体活动水平者的比例显著高于非健康睡眠时长者。
本研究仍具有一定的局限性,首先,由于此研究基于横断面设计,因此难以对蔬果摄入量与睡眠时长的因果关系作出推断;其次,既往研究通过综合量表(例如匹兹堡睡眠质量指数)评估研究对象的睡眠质量,但本研究仅纳入睡眠时长来反映睡眠质量,可能无法全面反映睡眠状况;最后,由于人力及物力的限制,本研究未测量既往文献报道的与睡眠质量有关的其他膳食组分(如大豆、水产品等)[29–38]。
综上,本研究基于中国居民营养与健康状况监测(2015—2017年)数据,发现蔬菜、水果及蔬果总摄入量与中国80岁以上高龄老人非健康睡眠时长风险呈负向关联。结果提示,在中国高龄老人中,增加蔬菜及水果摄入量有助于维持健康的睡眠时长,有望为促进高龄老人的整体健康水平和生活质量提供新的思路与科学依据。

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2026年第42卷第7期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148945
  • 接收时间:2025-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19
  • 修回日期:2025-10-30
  • 录用日期:2026-01-19
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    1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所,北京 100050
    2格罗宁根大学医学中心,荷兰 格罗宁根 9713GZ
    3国家卫生健康委公共营养与健康重点实验室,北京 100050

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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