Article(id=1320431895763075762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320431836577247574, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1149162, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761235200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-24, revisedDate=1773158400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-11, acceptedDate=1776700800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-21, onlineDate=1792745096387, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1783612800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792745096387, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792745096387, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792745096387, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320431836577247574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='7', pageStart='769', pageEnd='896', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783612800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792745082277, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792748015122, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444137892069377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320431836577247574, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444137892069378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320431836577247574, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=891, endPage=896, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320431897361105588, articleId=1320431895763075762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Compliance challenges and China′s responses to the Amendments to the International Health Regulations (2005) and the Pandemic Agreement, columnId=1320431897281413811, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Public Health Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The International Health Regulations (2005) aim to prevent, protect against, and control the international spread of diseases while avoiding unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade. The Pandemic Agreement is grounded in the principle of equity and establishes an institutional framework for pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. Functionally complementary, the two instruments together establish a two-tiered legal framework for global health governance. However, their actual effectiveness is highly dependent on domestic implementation by States Parties. Currently, in fulfilling its relevant international obligations, China faces three main structural challenges: inadequate domestic legal articulation, insufficient supporting capacities for compliance, and the deficiency of a systematic mechanism for translating international norms into domestic practice. Looking ahead, efforts should take the revision of the International Health Regulations (2005) and the formulation of the Pandemic Agreement as an opportunity to coordinate domestic regulations, capacity-building, and international cooperation. While improving its domestic health governance system, China will actively participate in building a just, equitable, open, and inclusive global health governance order.

, authors=Long CHEN1, 2, 3, authorsList=Long CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Long CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CHEN Long, E-mail:
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《国际卫生条例(2005)》以预防、抵御和控制疾病的国际传播为核心目标,并力求避免对国际交通与贸易造成不必要干扰;《大流行协定》则以公平原则为基础,为大流行的预防、准备与应对提供制度框架。两者在功能定位上形成互补,共同构建起全球卫生治理的双层法律框架。然而,这两项文书的实际效力高度依赖于缔约国的国内实施。当前,中国在履行相关国际义务过程中,主要面临国内法律衔接机制不畅、履约能力支撑不足与系统性转化机制欠缺三类结构性挑战。未来,应以《国际卫生条例(2005)》的修订与《大流行协定》的制定为契机,协调国内法规、能力建设与国际合作之间的关系,在完善国内治理体系的同时,参与构建一个更具韧性、包容性与公正性的全球卫生治理秩序。

, authors=陈龙1, 2, 3, *, *, authorsList=陈龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈龙, authorNote=

陈龙(1995—),研究员,博士,研究方向:卫生健康法、医学人文等

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陈龙,E-mail:
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《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案与《大流行协定》的履约挑战与中国因应
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陈龙 1, 2, 3, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 公共卫生论坛 2026,42(7): 891-896
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中国公共卫生 |公共卫生论坛 2026 , 42 (7) : 891 -896
《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案与《大流行协定》的履约挑战与中国因应
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陈龙(1995—),研究员,博士,研究方向:卫生健康法、医学人文等

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陈龙1, 2, 3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学光华法学院,杭州 310008
  • 2浙江大学数字法治研究院,杭州 310008
  • 3浙江大学数字法治实验室,杭州 310008
通讯作者:
陈龙,E-mail:
作者简介:

陈龙(1995—),研究员,博士,研究方向:卫生健康法、医学人文等

Compliance challenges and China′s responses to the Amendments to the International Health Regulations (2005) and the Pandemic Agreement
Long CHEN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Guanghua Law School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310008, China
  • 2Institute of Digital Jurisprudence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310008, China
  • 3Digital Rule of Law Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310008, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    CHEN Long, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-07-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149162
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《国际卫生条例(2005)》以预防、抵御和控制疾病的国际传播为核心目标,并力求避免对国际交通与贸易造成不必要干扰;《大流行协定》则以公平原则为基础,为大流行的预防、准备与应对提供制度框架。两者在功能定位上形成互补,共同构建起全球卫生治理的双层法律框架。然而,这两项文书的实际效力高度依赖于缔约国的国内实施。当前,中国在履行相关国际义务过程中,主要面临国内法律衔接机制不畅、履约能力支撑不足与系统性转化机制欠缺三类结构性挑战。未来,应以《国际卫生条例(2005)》的修订与《大流行协定》的制定为契机,协调国内法规、能力建设与国际合作之间的关系,在完善国内治理体系的同时,参与构建一个更具韧性、包容性与公正性的全球卫生治理秩序。

国际卫生条例  /  大流行协定  /  核心能力  /  病原体获取和惠益分享  /  世界卫生组织

The International Health Regulations (2005) aim to prevent, protect against, and control the international spread of diseases while avoiding unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade. The Pandemic Agreement is grounded in the principle of equity and establishes an institutional framework for pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. Functionally complementary, the two instruments together establish a two-tiered legal framework for global health governance. However, their actual effectiveness is highly dependent on domestic implementation by States Parties. Currently, in fulfilling its relevant international obligations, China faces three main structural challenges: inadequate domestic legal articulation, insufficient supporting capacities for compliance, and the deficiency of a systematic mechanism for translating international norms into domestic practice. Looking ahead, efforts should take the revision of the International Health Regulations (2005) and the formulation of the Pandemic Agreement as an opportunity to coordinate domestic regulations, capacity-building, and international cooperation. While improving its domestic health governance system, China will actively participate in building a just, equitable, open, and inclusive global health governance order.

International Health Regulations  /  Pandemic Agreement  /  core capacities  /  Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS)  /  World Health Organization
陈龙. 《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案与《大流行协定》的履约挑战与中国因应. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (7) : 891 -896 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149162
Long CHEN. Compliance challenges and China′s responses to the Amendments to the International Health Regulations (2005) and the Pandemic Agreement[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (7) : 891 -896 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149162
《国际卫生条例(2005)》的修订与《大流行协定》的制定,共同反映了全球卫生治理在规则层面的新动向。作为两项功能互补、相辅相成的国际法律文书,它们不仅为跨国卫生协作提供了关键的制度化框架,更致力于系统性地重塑未来大流行防范与应对的国际规范体系[1],对推动构建公平、包容、有韧性的全球公共卫生秩序具有基础性作用。然而,尽管《国际卫生条例(2005)》与《大流行协定》构成了全球突发公共卫生事件治理的核心制度支柱,但其实际效力的发挥,很大程度上取决于各缔约国在国内层面的实施。当前,国际卫生规则与国内法律体系之间的衔接存在明显不足。研究表明,许多国家并未在国内立法中充分吸纳国际卫生法规的核心概念。例如,一项对48个世界卫生组织成员国的法律测绘显示,83.3%的国家未将“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”纳入国内法,72.9%的国家缺乏关于宣布公共卫生紧急状态的具体条款[2]。这种普遍性的国内法转化不足,已演变为国际规则有效实施的核心掣肘。在此背景下,中国推动国际卫生法规的国内衔接与协调,不仅具有本国层面的现实意义,亦能为全球范围内的履约实践提供有益参照,具有重要示范价值。鉴于此,本研究以《国际卫生条例(2005)》的修订与《大流行协定》的制定为切入点,深入剖析中国在履约过程中面临的主要挑战,并在此基础上探索国内法调适方案与履约机制构建路径,以期为中国参与全球卫生治理提供参考。
《国际卫生条例》是全球卫生治理体系中具有基石地位的国际法律文书[3],其历史渊源可追溯至19世纪。1851年7月23日,首次国际卫生会议在巴黎召开,会议确立了“最大保护、最小限制”这一影响深远的检疫基本原则,并由此制定了近代国际卫生合作的奠基性文件——《国际卫生公约》。这一早期实践为后续国际卫生法律文书的演进奠定了重要基础。
1948年,世界卫生组织正式成立,标志着全球卫生治理进入组织化与制度化新阶段。同年召开的第1届世界卫生大会即决定对《国际卫生公约》进行系统性修订。历经多轮磋商,第4届世界卫生大会于1951年通过了首部全球性的《国际公共卫生条例》,该条例首次以清单形式明确将鼠疫、霍乱、天花、黄热病、斑疹伤寒和回归热列为检疫传染病,初步构建了跨国境传染病防控的国际规则体系。此后,该条例历经演变:1969年更名为《国际卫生条例》并精简病种;1973年和1981年分别修订“霍乱”条款和删除“天花”条款。
2003年严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS)疫情暴发推动2005年《国际卫生条例》重大革新,其核心在于引入“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”机制,并强化缔约国核心能力建设。然而,2019年新型冠状病毒感染(corona virus disease 2019 pandemic, COVID-19)全球大流行再次暴露了该条例在应对大规模流行病的制度性不足,进而直接推动了2022年启动的最新一轮修订[4]。2024年6月,第77届世界卫生大会通过了《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案,主要修订包括:设立更高级别的“大流行突发事件”警报、建立旨在增强发展中国家能力的协调财政机制,以及设立实施与遵约委员会以强化履约监督[5]。
与此同时,COVID-19大流行暴露的全球卫生治理结构性缺陷,也直接推动了全新的《大流行协定》的制定[6]。历经3年艰难的政府间谈判,《大流行协定》最终于2025年5月在第78届世界卫生大会上获得通过[7]。
从功能定位上看,《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案与《大流行协定》共同构成功能互补的全球卫生治理法律架构。修订后的《国际卫生条例(2005)》侧重于提升全球卫生安全治理效能,完善跨境卫生措施、加强核心能力建设,并优化世界卫生组织的技术协调工作[8]。而《大流行协定》则致力于从根源上应对大流行的系统性成因,其制度核心聚焦于建立公平的病原体获取和惠益分享机制,并构建卫生产品的全球公平分配体系,以解决深层次的结构性公平问题[9]。两者相辅相成,共同奠定了未来一个时期全球卫生治理的法律基础。
尽管《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案和《大流行协定》共同构建了全球卫生治理的双层框架,但其制度效能的充分发挥,根本上取决于国家层面的有效转化与实施。当前,中国在履行这两项文书所规定的国际义务时,主要面临三重结构性挑战,即国内法衔接不畅、履约能力支撑不足以及系统性转化机制欠缺。这深刻反映出,在全球卫生“公共产品”属性要求超越国界集体行动的现实背景下,主权国家体系内的利益博弈与规范协调困境依然是国际合作的现实基础。
中国突发公共卫生事件应急管理的法律框架以《中华人民共和国突发公共卫生事件应对法》为统筹基础,以《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法》《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》等专门法律法规为主干,辅以卫生领域的部门规章及地方性法规共同构成。此外,《中华人民共和国基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》明确了政府在应急管理中的职责,《中华人民共和国药品管理法》《中华人民共和国疫苗管理法》则为保障应急药品和疫苗供应提供了重要制度支撑。上述法律法规共同构建了应对突发公共卫生事件的综合防控体系。然而,该体系在具体规范层面与《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案和《大流行协定》的新要求存在差异,这种差异不仅源于文本差异,在深层次上更是“安全优先”的国内立法逻辑与“共享协同”的国际规则导向之间的理念碰撞。
首先,国际疫情信息通报机制存在程序性障碍。《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案第6条要求缔约国在24 h内评估并通报潜在的国际关注的突发公共卫生事件(含突发大流行)。相比之下,国内相关法律法规虽规定了信息报告制度,但仅规范国内疫情报告要求,未设定向世界卫生组织通报的法定触发条件、责任主体及操作程序。
其次,跨境合作与国内“属地管理”原则存在法律授权冲突。《国际卫生条例(2005)》及《大流行协定》明确要求缔约国开展疫情信息共享、技术协作等跨国行动,其规范取向在于构建全球协同的应急响应网络。然而,中国相关卫生法律法规秉持的“属地管理”原则,侧重于在国内行政框架内划分事权与责任,未对政府部门参与国际联合行动作出明确、直接的授权。这使得国内机构在开展跨境联防联控时,面临授权依据不足、程序规则缺失的现实困境,实质制约了相关国际条款的有效履行。
这种冲突在《大流行协定》与国内法的互动中更为突出,凸显出以国家管辖为根基的既有法律体系,与强调全球资源协调分配的国际规则之间的制度张力。
国际法律文件的有效履行,不仅需要法律授权,更依赖于强大的公共卫生核心能力作为支撑。当前,中国在将《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案和《大流行协定》的技术标准转化为国内实际操作能力的过程中,面临支撑体系不足的挑战。
其中核心问题在于,公共卫生核心能力建设的国际标准在国内法律与组织体系中存在转化不畅。《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案附件1要求建立覆盖社区、省、国家三级的“全球实时监测网络”。然而,《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》主要规范境内监测流程,《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法》侧重口岸检疫,法律层面缺乏构建跨层级、跨部门协同监测网络的整体性授权框架。
此外,在具体操作层面,国际义务与国内应急体系之间存在程序冲突。例如,《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案强调的快速响应时限要求,与国内现行基于《中华人民共和国突发公共卫生事件应对法》《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》的分级响应体系在启动标准、决策流程上存在张力。
超越单一的法律条款冲突与能力短板,中国在履约过程中更面临深层次的系统性机制欠缺问题,这直接影响到国际规则向国内治理效能转化的整体效果。国际条约的规范效力与国家主权之间存在着天然张力,在日益复杂的国际地缘政治环境中,必须审慎平衡生物安全、数据主权与技术优势的维护与履行国际义务之间的关系,这一协调困境尤为突出。
其一,新增国际义务与国内现有制度之间存在张力。在病原体样本跨境流动所涉及的检疫审批、知识产权保护与公共卫生利益平衡等方面,亟待通过制度创新予以进一步协调与完善。
其二,跨部门协同与权责配置机制仍不健全。当前,中国在国际条约的国内转化过程中,系统化的专项路径与工作机制欠缺。首先,高位阶的跨部门协调机制缺位是最大掣肘。《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案要求的“国家主管当局”和《大流行协定》倡导的多部门协调机制均未实质性建立。尽管2021年国家疾控局的成立是提升统筹协调能力的关键举措,其下设的国际合作司(或相关司局)已被赋予统筹履行《国际卫生条例》与《大流行协定》等国际条约的核心职能。然而,在法律层面,高位阶的立法尚未完全明确国家疾控局作为“国家主管当局”的法定地位与综合协调权威。在操作层面,履约工作涉及卫生健康、农业农村、林草、海关、商务、药监、知识产权等多个领域,建立常态化、高效运转的跨部门联席工作机制与清晰的权责清单,仍然是确保国家疾控局有效发挥中枢协调作用面临的现实挑战。
《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案与《大流行协定》的有效实施,是一个国际规范被解释、内化并融入国内治理体系的过程。针对前文所揭示的中国在履约过程中面临的制度落差,建议优先推进以下工作。
第一,参与国际规则磋商并完善国内共享机制。与《大流行协定》PABS系统具体操作细则的政府间谈判中,积极推动《大流行协定》PABS系统具体操作细则的政府间谈判,推动形成规则清晰、利益平衡的国际共享标准,争取在规则形成阶段形成更为有利的外部制度环境。与此同时,通过立法明确指定国家主管当局(如授权国家疾控局承担此职能),并健全跨部门协调机制。在病原体获取与信息共享等关键环节,应在遵循《中华人民共和国生物安全法》《中华人民共和国人类遗传资源管理条例》等法律法规所确立的生物安全边界的前提下,设立应急通道,优化风险评估与审批流程,探索建立“优先响应与协作备案机制”,提升含人类遗传资源信息的病原体样本的共享效率。
第二,探索国内公共卫生法律体系与国际规则的衔接路径。应以《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》《中华人民共和国突发公共卫生事件应对法》《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法》等构成的现行公共卫生法律体系为基础,特别关注2025年新修订的《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》及新制定的《中华人民共和国突发公共卫生事件应对法》所引入的强化型监测预警、应急处置与保障机制。这些新修订内容为承接《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案与《大流行协定》中的国际义务提供了探讨制度衔接的契机。在此框架下,应通过制定配套实施细则,将“同一健康”“公平”与“团结”纳入公共卫生领域的基本原则体系,并将疫情跨境通报、技术援助、核心能力建设等国际义务,转化为国内法上的具体义务,从而在制度层面回应国内法与国际规则之间的落差。
第三,完善知识产权强制许可与药品监管衔接规则。可结合《中华人民共和国专利法》第54条、第55条的相关规定,在国家出现紧急状态或为公共利益、公共健康目的时,依法给予实施专利的强制许可。可在上述法律基础上,进一步探索在“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件(含大流行突发事件)”宣告后,启动强制许可的快速审查机制,并配套制订公平合理的补偿方案,以平衡知识产权保护与公共卫生需求。与此同时,中国药品监管体系应积极适应全球卫生治理演进趋势,加快推进监管标准与国际衔接,建立健全面向全球市场的审评审批路径,推动国产药品、疫苗及诊断试剂等产品通过世界卫生组织认证并进入国际采购清单,从而在参与全球公共卫生合作中提升产业影响力和制度性话语权。
全球卫生安全依赖于各国良好的公共卫生基础能力。世界卫生组织所建立的联合外部评估、缔约国自评等机制,为核心能力建设提供了重要参照。然而,随着《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案附件1新增“准备提供应对公共卫生风险和事件所需的卫生服务,并为获得这些服务提供便利”“与当地层面协调并提供支持以预防、防范和应对公共卫生风险和事件”“制定和(或)传播关于临床病例管理和感染防控的指导文件”“获得应对所需的卫生服务和卫生产品”“风险沟通”等指标要求,现有评估工具已难以全面反映履约能力,亟需系统更新。
在此背景下,中国应从评估体系与核心能力两个维度协同推进:一方面,积极推动将上述新增指标,特别是基于“同一健康”理念的跨部门协同指标,整合进国家核心能力评估体系;另一方面,着力提升监测预警、实验室检测、应急储备、资源调度等核心能力,特别是在基层与边境口岸层面夯实联防联控基础。
尤为重要的是,应深化“同一健康”实践,构建人—动物—环境协同治理的操作框架。建议以国家级人兽共患病监测预警平台为核心枢纽,整合人类卫生、动物疫病、环境监测数据,利用大数据与人工智能技术构建智能化风险预警模型。通过制度化设计,推动卫生健康、农业农村、林草、生态环境等部门建立数据共享与联合行动机制,从而推动传染病防控从被动响应向主动预警、从部门分割向全要素整合的现代化治理模式转型。
《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案所设立的“实施和遵约委员会”,以及《大流行协定》框架下的缔约方会议机制,为国际卫生治理的问责体系建设提供了初步基础。未来,可考虑进一步强化上述机制的职能,例如赋予其对缔约国履约情况开展定期审查的权限(如每3年开展一次强制性评估),并推动违规案例的公开通报。对于履约存在困难的国家,应通过诊断其根源,有针对性地加强资金与技术援助,以帮助其回到完全履约状态。
与此同时,中国亦应加强国内遵约机制建设,以保障国际义务的有效履行。建议重点构建以下两方面机制。
第一,完善国内统筹协调机制。鉴于国家疾控局已承担履约核心职能,应进一步通过立法或国务院授权,在法律和行政层面巩固其作为“国家主管当局”在统筹国内外卫生应急事务中的权威地位,并建立其与国家卫生健康委、外交部、科技部、农业农村部、生态环境部、工业和信息化部、商务部、国家医保局、国家药监局等关键部门间权责清晰、运行高效的常态化联席工作机制,确保国家立场与行动的统一。
第二,建立多方参与及供应保障机制。应通过立法或政策引导,建立政府、科研机构、行业协会与国际组织间的常态化合作网络。尤其在关键领域如传染病监测、疫苗研发、医药储备等方面,可通过设定清晰的法规框架与约束性要求,激励市场主体在产能储备、技术研发等方面发挥积极作用,形成官民协同的韧性供应链。在此基础上,可进一步考虑构建多元化的筹资与惠益分享机制,例如通过整合政府、企业与社会资本,设立专项合作基金,以落实《大流行协定》PABS框架下的技术援助与产品支持义务,从而为南南合作国家提供可持续的卫生产品与技术援助。
需要指出的是,当前全球卫生治理的多边框架正面临显著挑战。2025年1月20日,美国总统特朗普签署行政令,宣布退出世界卫生组织和《巴黎协定》[10–11];同年,阿根廷亦以“捍卫卫生主权”为由退出世界卫生组织[12]。此类动向反映出单边主义倾向有所上升,对基于多边共识的全球卫生治理体系构成挑战[13]。
在此背景下,中国更应坚定倡导包容性多边主义,积极支持世界卫生组织在全球卫生治理中的协调与引领作用,并借助G20、亚太经合组织、金砖国家、上海合作组织、东盟等区域性平台,推动构建更加公平可及的卫生产品分配体系与技术共享机制。值得强调的是,中国已在“一带一路”卫生合作与中非公共卫生援助等实践中,逐步形成了以“共商共建共享”为核心理念的合作模式[14]。该倡议注重通过基础设施互联互通与实体经济合作为公共卫生能力建设提供坚实支撑,其治理逻辑强调尊重参与国自主发展路径,不附加政治条件或强制性意识形态框架。这种以平等互利、务实发展为取向的全球合作路径,为反思与超越传统治理模式中的权力不对称提供了实践参照。
在全球化深入发展的背景下,疾病传播早已超越国家与领域边界,人类健康与动物、植物及环境健康紧密交织,呈现高度的共同性与整体性[15]。实现“人—动物—植物”整体健康,亟需超越以国家为中心的治理范式,在更广泛的维度上推进国际卫生合作[16]。《国际卫生条例(2005)》修正案与《大流行协定》正是基于这一现实需求与共同价值理念,以“同一健康”原则为基石,强化缔约国在疫情预防、实时监测、快速响应、资源调配、技术共享及信息互通等关键领域的合作机制,来提升世界卫生组织在全球卫生治理体系中的战略协调与规范性指导作用。然而,国际文书实施成效不仅取决于国际层面的制度设计,更依赖于各国在国内法转化、资源保障与跨部门协同等方面的执行能力。中国作为全球卫生治理的关键参与者,应在统筹国家安全与全球公共卫生责任的基础上,推动形成公正、合理的全球卫生治理新秩序。展望未来,应在“同一健康”框架下,推动国内法规与国际规则的衔接,持续完善公共卫生核心能力建设,积极参与全球卫生合作网络,为构建更加安全、公平、高效、可持续的全球卫生治理体系提供支撑。

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2026年第42卷第7期
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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149162
  • 接收时间:2025-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-24
  • 修回日期:2026-03-11
  • 录用日期:2026-04-21
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    1浙江大学光华法学院,杭州 310008
    2浙江大学数字法治研究院,杭州 310008
    3浙江大学数字法治实验室,杭州 310008

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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