Article(id=1320428887968961516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320428830876086873, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1148290, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750435200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-21, revisedDate=1762272000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-05, acceptedDate=1772985600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-09, onlineDate=1792744379274, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1788969600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792744379274, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792744379274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792744379274, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320428830876086873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='9', pageStart='1025', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788969600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792744365662, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792746244140, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320436709859381360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320428830876086873, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320436709859381361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320428830876086873, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1100, endPage=1105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320428889650877421, articleId=1320428887968961516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=Long-term health effects of sanitation toilet improvements for early childhood in rural areas of China: an analysis based on the CHNS database, 1991–2015, columnId=1320427686514770171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Survey and Report, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the effects of sanitary toilet improvements for early childhood on long-term health outcomes among rural children in China, thus providing empirical evidence for informing future health policies targeting children in rural areas.

Methods

This study utilized longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) spanning the period from 1991 to 2015, examining 2 929 rural children aged 7–18 years with documented information on their sanitary toilet improvements during early childhood (ages 3–6). A two-level mixed-effects model was employed to assess the health effects of sanitary toilet improvements. Additionally, a multilevel mediation analysis was conducted to examine whether improvements in household sanitary environment mediated the relationship between sanitary toilet improvements and children′s long-term health outcomes.

Results

The height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) for the 2 929 rural children aged 7–18 years ranged from –5.73 to 5.02, with a mean of –0.61 ± 1.25. Among these children, 982 (33.5%) received sanitary toilet improvements during ages 3–6, while 1 063 children (36.3%) experienced fecal contamination exposure in their household sanitary environment. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that receiving sanitary toilet improvements during early childhood (ages 3–6) enhanced long-term health outcomes (β = 0.22, 95%CI: 0.06–0.37, P = 0.006). The health benefits were more pronounced among children from families with lower per capita household income than among their higher-income counterparts (β = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.01–0.67, P = 0.041). Children from nuclear families experienced smaller health gains from sanitary toilet improvements than those from non-nuclear families (β = –0.38, 95%CI: –0.70 to –0.07, P = 0.018). Within the same household, the health-promoting effects of sanitary toilet improvements diminished as children grew older (β = –0.25, 95%CI: –0.42 to –0.08, P = 0.004). Mediation analyses demonstrated that sanitary toilet improvements indirectly affected child health through improved household sanitary environment (β = –0.071, P = 0.019), with better household sanitary environment promoting health development (β = –0.174, P < 0.001). Age functioned as a negative moderator in the pathway linking household sanitary environment improvements to child health (β = 0.126, P = 0.013). Spillover effect analyses indicated that sanitary toilet improvements by other households in the village generated positive spillover effects on children′s health (β = 0.257, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Sanitary toilet improvements for early childhood in rural areas of China promote long-term health outcomes among children, with health benefits mediated through improvements in household sanitary environment.

, authors=Zirui WANG1, Yueping SONG1, Jing GUO2, authorsList=Zirui WANG, Yueping SONG, Jing GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
GUO Jing, E-mail:
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目的

了解中国农村地区儿童早期卫生厕所改造对其长期健康状况的影响,为未来面向农村儿童的健康政策制定提供参考依据。

方法

收集中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)1991—2015年追踪数据中2 929名7~18岁农村地区儿童3~6岁时卫生厕所使用情况相关数据。采用两层次混合效应模型分析农村卫生厕所改造对儿童的健康效应,并通过多层中介效应模型分析家庭卫生环境改善在农村卫生厕所改造与儿童长期健康状况之间的中介作用。

结果

中国农村地区2 929名7~18岁儿童的年龄别身高指数Z评分(HAZ)为–5.73~5.02分,平均评分为(–0.61±1.25)分;其中,有982名儿童在3~6岁时获得卫生厕所改造(33.5%),有1 063名儿童的家庭环境卫生存在粪便暴露问题(36.3%)。多层回归分析结果显示,儿童早期(3~6岁)获得农村卫生厕所改造能显著提升长期健康水平(β=0.22,95%CI=0.06~0.37,P=0.006);低人均家庭年收入儿童获得卫生厕所改造较高人均家庭年收入儿童对长期健康的改善效果较大(β=0.34,95%CI=0.01~0.67,P=0.041);核心家庭儿童获得卫生厕所改造较非核心家庭儿童长期健康的改善效果更小(β= –0.38,95%CI= –0.70~–0.07,P=0.018);同一家庭内不同年龄段子女卫生厕所改造对儿童健康的促进效应随年龄增长逐渐减弱(β= –0.25,95%CI= –0.42~–0.08,P=0.004)。中介效应分析结果显示,卫生厕所的使用通过改善家庭卫生环境状况(β= –0.071,P=0.019)产生间接影响,较好的环境卫生状况促进了儿童的健康发展(β= –0.174,P<0.001),且年龄在家庭卫生环境改善对儿童健康的影响机制中发挥负向调节作用(β=0.126,P=0.013)。溢出效应分析模型结果显示,村庄其他家庭的卫生厕所使用对儿童健康存在正向溢出效应(β=0.257,P=0.001)。

结论

中国农村地区儿童早期卫生厕所改造能促进其长期健康发展,且通过改善家庭卫生环境发挥健康促进作用。

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王子睿(1998—),博士在读,研究方向:卫生政策、儿童健康

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郭静,E-mail:
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articleId=1320428887968961516, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冯琳, 余军, 黄国斐, 等. 云南省农村改厕现况调查[J]. 中国公共卫生, 2019, 35(5): 615-617., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320428895405461527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428887968961516, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320428895413850136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428887968961516, companyId=1320428895405461527, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Population and Health, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320428895426433049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, 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city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心 中国人民大学国家治理大数据和人工智能创新平台,北京 100872)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320428900782559288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428887968961516, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Johnson-Neyman plot of the moderating effect of age on the relationship between household sanitation improvement and children′s long-term health, figureFileSmall=BKanm/oZhEW6u/zWKCHwQA==, figureFileBig=x8FjLqX9su0z53TQdqRNrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320428900866445369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428887968961516, language=CN, label=图1, caption=年龄在家庭卫生环境改善对儿童长期健康影响机制中调节作用的Johnson-Neyman图, figureFileSmall=BKanm/oZhEW6u/zWKCHwQA==, figureFileBig=x8FjLqX9su0z53TQdqRNrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320428901046800442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428887968961516, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Two-level mixed-effects model analysis of the long-term health effects of sanitation toilet improvements for early childhood in rural areas of China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组模型Ⅰ
模型Ⅱ
模型Ⅲ
模型Ⅳ
β95%CIP值β95%CIP值β95%CIP值β95%CIP值
3~6岁时是否获得卫生厕所改造是否0.220.06~0.370.0060.200.02~0.370.0260.310.15~0.47<0.0010.16–0.06~0.390.156
性别女性男性–0.08–0.15~–0.010.019–0.08–0.15~–0.010.019–0.08–0.15~–0.010.024–0.12–0.20~–0.040.004
年龄–0.20–0.22~–0.17<0.001–0.20–0.22~–0.17<0.001–0.20–0.22~–0.17<0.001–0.11–0.15~–0.07<0.001
民族其他民族汉族–0.04–0.14~0.060.445–0.04–0.14~0.060.451–0.04–0.14~0.060.478–0.02–0.19~0.160.865
营养状况0.110.07~0.15<0.0010.110.07~0.14<0.0010.110.08~0.15<0.0010.110.05~0.17<0.001
父亲身高0.260.22~0.30<0.0010.260.22~0.30<0.0010.260.22~0.30<0.0010.230.17~0.29<0.001
母亲身高0.240.20~0.28<0.0010.240.20~0.28<0.0010.240.20~0.28<0.0010.230.17~0.30<0.001
父亲教育年限0.050.01~0.090.0080.050.01~0.090.0090.050.01~0.090.0070.06–0.00~0.110.061
母亲教育年限0.02–0.02~0.090.2610.02–0.02~0.060.2650.02–0.02~0.060.247–0.02–0.08~0.050.634
人均家庭年收入低收入高收入–0.20–0.29~–0.11<0.001–0.21–0.30~–0.13<0.001–0.20–0.28~–0.11<0.001–0.14–0.30~0.010.072
中低收入–0.13–0.21~–0.06<0.001–0.14–0.21~–0.06<0.001–0.13–0.21~–0.060.001–0.20–0.33~–0.060.006
中高收入–0.08–0.15~–0.010.020–0.09–0.16~–0.020.016–0.08–0.16~–0.010.020–0.12–0.25~0.020.094
家庭规模核心家庭非核心家庭0.170.08~0.26<0.0010.170.08~0.26<0.0010.210.122~0.30<0.001
3~6岁时村庄是否通水是否–0.04–0.15~0.060.437–0.04–0.15~0.070.456–0.04–0.14~0.070.5200.230.09~0.370.002
3~6岁时村庄是否通电是否–0.06–0.15~0.030.218–0.06–0.15~0.030.210–0.06–0.15~0.030.2030.150.03~0.270.015
地区西部地区东部地区–0.31–0.42~–0.19<0.001–0.31–0.42~–0.19<0.001–0.30–0.42~0.19<0.001–0.27–0.45~–0.080.004
中部地区–0.07–0.15~0.010.064–0.07–0.015~0.010.060–0.07–0.14~0.010.0710.04–0.08~0.170.500
获得卫生厕所改造×人均家庭收入低收入高收入0.340.01~0.670.041
中低收入–0.19–0.57~0.200.336
中高收入0.05–0.19~0.290.336
获得卫生厕所改造×家庭规模核心家庭非核心家庭–0.38–0.70~–0.070.018
厕所改造×年龄–0.25–0.42~–0.080.004
), ArticleFig(id=1320428901130686523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320428887968961516, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国农村地区儿童早期卫生厕所改造对其长期健康状况影响两层次混合效应模型分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量比较组参照组模型Ⅰ
模型Ⅱ
模型Ⅲ
模型Ⅳ
β95%CIP值β95%CIP值β95%CIP值β95%CIP值
3~6岁时是否获得卫生厕所改造是否0.220.06~0.370.0060.200.02~0.370.0260.310.15~0.47<0.0010.16–0.06~0.390.156
性别女性男性–0.08–0.15~–0.010.019–0.08–0.15~–0.010.019–0.08–0.15~–0.010.024–0.12–0.20~–0.040.004
年龄–0.20–0.22~–0.17<0.001–0.20–0.22~–0.17<0.001–0.20–0.22~–0.17<0.001–0.11–0.15~–0.07<0.001
民族其他民族汉族–0.04–0.14~0.060.445–0.04–0.14~0.060.451–0.04–0.14~0.060.478–0.02–0.19~0.160.865
营养状况0.110.07~0.15<0.0010.110.07~0.14<0.0010.110.08~0.15<0.0010.110.05~0.17<0.001
父亲身高0.260.22~0.30<0.0010.260.22~0.30<0.0010.260.22~0.30<0.0010.230.17~0.29<0.001
母亲身高0.240.20~0.28<0.0010.240.20~0.28<0.0010.240.20~0.28<0.0010.230.17~0.30<0.001
父亲教育年限0.050.01~0.090.0080.050.01~0.090.0090.050.01~0.090.0070.06–0.00~0.110.061
母亲教育年限0.02–0.02~0.090.2610.02–0.02~0.060.2650.02–0.02~0.060.247–0.02–0.08~0.050.634
人均家庭年收入低收入高收入–0.20–0.29~–0.11<0.001–0.21–0.30~–0.13<0.001–0.20–0.28~–0.11<0.001–0.14–0.30~0.010.072
中低收入–0.13–0.21~–0.06<0.001–0.14–0.21~–0.06<0.001–0.13–0.21~–0.060.001–0.20–0.33~–0.060.006
中高收入–0.08–0.15~–0.010.020–0.09–0.16~–0.020.016–0.08–0.16~–0.010.020–0.12–0.25~0.020.094
家庭规模核心家庭非核心家庭0.170.08~0.26<0.0010.170.08~0.26<0.0010.210.122~0.30<0.001
3~6岁时村庄是否通水是否–0.04–0.15~0.060.437–0.04–0.15~0.070.456–0.04–0.14~0.070.5200.230.09~0.370.002
3~6岁时村庄是否通电是否–0.06–0.15~0.030.218–0.06–0.15~0.030.210–0.06–0.15~0.030.2030.150.03~0.270.015
地区西部地区东部地区–0.31–0.42~–0.19<0.001–0.31–0.42~–0.19<0.001–0.30–0.42~0.19<0.001–0.27–0.45~–0.080.004
中部地区–0.07–0.15~0.010.064–0.07–0.015~0.010.060–0.07–0.14~0.010.0710.04–0.08~0.170.500
获得卫生厕所改造×人均家庭收入低收入高收入0.340.01~0.670.041
中低收入–0.19–0.57~0.200.336
中高收入0.05–0.19~0.290.336
获得卫生厕所改造×家庭规模核心家庭非核心家庭–0.38–0.70~–0.070.018
厕所改造×年龄–0.25–0.42~–0.080.004
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中国农村地区儿童早期卫生厕所改造对其长期健康状况影响:基于1991—2015年CHNS数据库分析
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王子睿 1 , 宋月萍 1 , 郭静 2, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 调查报告与分析 2026,42(9): 1100-1105
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中国公共卫生 |调查报告与分析 2026 , 42 (9) : 1100 -1105
中国农村地区儿童早期卫生厕所改造对其长期健康状况影响:基于1991—2015年CHNS数据库分析
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王子睿1, 宋月萍1, 郭静2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国人民大学人口与健康学院,北京 100872
  • 2中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心 中国人民大学国家治理大数据和人工智能创新平台,北京 100872
通讯作者:
郭静,E-mail:
作者简介:

王子睿(1998—),博士在读,研究方向:卫生政策、儿童健康

Long-term health effects of sanitation toilet improvements for early childhood in rural areas of China: an analysis based on the CHNS database, 1991–2015
Zirui WANG1, Yueping SONG1, Jing GUO2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Population and Health, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
  • 2BigData and Responsible Artificial Intelligence for National Governance, Population Development Studies Center, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    GUO Jing, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-09-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148290
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目的

了解中国农村地区儿童早期卫生厕所改造对其长期健康状况的影响,为未来面向农村儿童的健康政策制定提供参考依据。

方法

收集中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)1991—2015年追踪数据中2 929名7~18岁农村地区儿童3~6岁时卫生厕所使用情况相关数据。采用两层次混合效应模型分析农村卫生厕所改造对儿童的健康效应,并通过多层中介效应模型分析家庭卫生环境改善在农村卫生厕所改造与儿童长期健康状况之间的中介作用。

结果

中国农村地区2 929名7~18岁儿童的年龄别身高指数Z评分(HAZ)为–5.73~5.02分,平均评分为(–0.61±1.25)分;其中,有982名儿童在3~6岁时获得卫生厕所改造(33.5%),有1 063名儿童的家庭环境卫生存在粪便暴露问题(36.3%)。多层回归分析结果显示,儿童早期(3~6岁)获得农村卫生厕所改造能显著提升长期健康水平(β=0.22,95%CI=0.06~0.37,P=0.006);低人均家庭年收入儿童获得卫生厕所改造较高人均家庭年收入儿童对长期健康的改善效果较大(β=0.34,95%CI=0.01~0.67,P=0.041);核心家庭儿童获得卫生厕所改造较非核心家庭儿童长期健康的改善效果更小(β= –0.38,95%CI= –0.70~–0.07,P=0.018);同一家庭内不同年龄段子女卫生厕所改造对儿童健康的促进效应随年龄增长逐渐减弱(β= –0.25,95%CI= –0.42~–0.08,P=0.004)。中介效应分析结果显示,卫生厕所的使用通过改善家庭卫生环境状况(β= –0.071,P=0.019)产生间接影响,较好的环境卫生状况促进了儿童的健康发展(β= –0.174,P<0.001),且年龄在家庭卫生环境改善对儿童健康的影响机制中发挥负向调节作用(β=0.126,P=0.013)。溢出效应分析模型结果显示,村庄其他家庭的卫生厕所使用对儿童健康存在正向溢出效应(β=0.257,P=0.001)。

结论

中国农村地区儿童早期卫生厕所改造能促进其长期健康发展,且通过改善家庭卫生环境发挥健康促进作用。

卫生厕所改造  /  长期健康状况  /  家庭环境卫生  /  儿童早期  /  农村地区  /  中国
Objective

To investigate the effects of sanitary toilet improvements for early childhood on long-term health outcomes among rural children in China, thus providing empirical evidence for informing future health policies targeting children in rural areas.

Methods

This study utilized longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) spanning the period from 1991 to 2015, examining 2 929 rural children aged 7–18 years with documented information on their sanitary toilet improvements during early childhood (ages 3–6). A two-level mixed-effects model was employed to assess the health effects of sanitary toilet improvements. Additionally, a multilevel mediation analysis was conducted to examine whether improvements in household sanitary environment mediated the relationship between sanitary toilet improvements and children′s long-term health outcomes.

Results

The height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) for the 2 929 rural children aged 7–18 years ranged from –5.73 to 5.02, with a mean of –0.61 ± 1.25. Among these children, 982 (33.5%) received sanitary toilet improvements during ages 3–6, while 1 063 children (36.3%) experienced fecal contamination exposure in their household sanitary environment. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that receiving sanitary toilet improvements during early childhood (ages 3–6) enhanced long-term health outcomes (β = 0.22, 95%CI: 0.06–0.37, P = 0.006). The health benefits were more pronounced among children from families with lower per capita household income than among their higher-income counterparts (β = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.01–0.67, P = 0.041). Children from nuclear families experienced smaller health gains from sanitary toilet improvements than those from non-nuclear families (β = –0.38, 95%CI: –0.70 to –0.07, P = 0.018). Within the same household, the health-promoting effects of sanitary toilet improvements diminished as children grew older (β = –0.25, 95%CI: –0.42 to –0.08, P = 0.004). Mediation analyses demonstrated that sanitary toilet improvements indirectly affected child health through improved household sanitary environment (β = –0.071, P = 0.019), with better household sanitary environment promoting health development (β = –0.174, P < 0.001). Age functioned as a negative moderator in the pathway linking household sanitary environment improvements to child health (β = 0.126, P = 0.013). Spillover effect analyses indicated that sanitary toilet improvements by other households in the village generated positive spillover effects on children′s health (β = 0.257, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Sanitary toilet improvements for early childhood in rural areas of China promote long-term health outcomes among children, with health benefits mediated through improvements in household sanitary environment.

sanitary toilet  /  long-term health outcomes  /  household sanitary environment  /  early childhood  /  rural areas  /  China
王子睿, 宋月萍, 郭静. 中国农村地区儿童早期卫生厕所改造对其长期健康状况影响:基于1991—2015年CHNS数据库分析. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (9) : 1100 -1105 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148290
Zirui WANG, Yueping SONG, Jing GUO. Long-term health effects of sanitation toilet improvements for early childhood in rural areas of China: an analysis based on the CHNS database, 1991–2015[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (9) : 1100 -1105 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1148290
儿童早期健康是人力资本积累的关键基础,儿童健康与家庭及社区环境紧密相关,不良的环境会阻碍儿童生长发育[1]。通过改善卫生设施减少环境污染则是促进儿童健康的重要手段[2]。因此,《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》强调要“建设健康环境”[3]。自20世纪90年代开始,国家持续将农村改厕作为提升农村公共卫生水平和儿童健康保障的重要抓手,实现了历史性跨越[4]。健康生态学理论认为个体健康受环境的多重因素影响[5],其中儿童更易受家庭和政策环境的影响[6]。3~6岁是儿童生长发育的关键期,更是免疫系统发育的重要时期[7]。这一阶段儿童开始独立使用卫生设施,与卫生设施的接触更为直接和频繁,对环境卫生条件的敏感性较高[8]。家庭环境污染物会增加儿童疾病发生风险[9],卫生资源供给则可有效降低传染病的患病风险[10–11]。然而,现有研究大多集中于短期健康效果的评估,针对改厕政策实施后的长期健康影响的研究仍然不足。为了解中国农村地区儿童早期卫生厕所改造对其长期健康状况的影响,为未来面向农村儿童的健康政策设计提供实证依据,本研究收集中国健康与营养调查(China Health and Nutrition Survey, CHNS)1991—2015年追踪数据中2 929名7~18岁农村地区儿童3~6岁时卫生厕所使用情况相关数据,采用两层次混合效应模型分析农村卫生厕所改造对其的健康效应,并通过多层中介效应模型分析家庭卫生环境改善在农村卫生厕所改造与儿童长期健康状况之间的中介作用。
资料来源于CHNS,该调查是由美国北卡罗来纳大学人口研究中心、中国疾病预防控制中心和中国营养与食品安全研究所联合进行的抽样调查,数据库免费向社会公开,申请审核后可下载使用。本研究收集该数据库中1991—2015年进行的追踪调查数据,其时间节点与农村卫生厕所改造的关键政策窗口高度吻合。收集变量,基于早期环境暴露对儿童健康影响具有滞后性和累积性的特点,本研究以7~18岁儿童为研究对象,收集内容包括人口统计学、人体测量指标和早期卫生厕所使用情况等。由于改厕主要在农村施行,因此本研究纳入166个农村调查点的样本,对原始数据进行多期数据的匹配整合,并剔除了关键变量存在缺失值和异常值的观测样本,最终获得2 929名7~18岁农村儿童的有效样本。其中,追踪1期样本数为647人(22.1%),追踪2期样本数为1 394人(47.6%),追踪3期样本数为712人(24.3%),追踪≥4期样本数为176人(6.0%)。本研究经中国人民大学伦理委员会审查批准(批号:20250918)。
因变量为长期健康状况,使用儿童“年龄别身高指数Z评分”(height-for-age Z score,HAZ)作为分析指标。相较于体重等短期指标,儿童身高发育受卫生环境和疾病暴露的长期累积影响,在反映儿童整体生长质量方面更具稳定性[8,12];核心自变量为“儿童3~6岁时是否使用冲水厕所”。CHNS在每轮调查中均收集了家庭卫生设施信息,调查将厕所类型分为没有厕所、室内冲水厕所、室内马桶(无冲水)、室外冲水公厕、室外非冲水公厕、开放式水泥坑、开放式土坑和其他8类,根据卫生厕所的标准定义,本研究将“室内冲水厕所”和“室外冲水公厕”界定为符合卫生标准的厕所类型,在构建改厕变量时将7~18岁儿童的信息与其3~6岁时的家庭卫生基础设施数据进行匹配,将儿童在3~6岁时家庭未使用卫生厕所和使用卫生厕所分别赋值为0和1。CHNS在每轮调查中均收集了家庭周围卫生环境信息,具体由调查员观察居室周围是否有粪便,分为没有、很少、有一些和很多4类。本研究将家庭卫生环境状况作为中介变量,若家庭周围卫生环境不存在粪便,赋值为0,反之赋值为1。选取与儿童健康相关的3类控制变量,分别为个体层面(性别、年龄、民族、营养状况)、家庭层面(父母身高、父母受教育年限、人均家庭年收入、家庭规模);社区层面(3~6岁时村庄是否通水、3~6岁时村庄是否通电,地区)变量。其中,营养状况指通过皮褶厚度估算的儿童体脂含量Z评分,皮下脂肪减少是营养不良的重要临床表现[13]。在家庭收入异质性的估计时,对人均家庭收入按四分位数分为低收入、中低收入、中高收入和高收入4组,以高收入组为参照组。在家庭规模异质性的估计时,以核心家庭为参照组,核心家庭户定义为由父母与未成年子女组成的家庭户[14]。地区依据2023年中国卫生健康统计年鉴划分为东部、中部和西部地区[15]。基于CHNS数据库提供的同一个体在不同年龄阶段的追踪数据特征,本质上是一种多层次数据结构。本研究构建两层次混合效应模型,具体如下:$ HAZ_{ti}= \gamma_{00}+\beta1T_i+\sum_{ }^{ }\beta_kX_{kti}+\sum_{ }^{ }\delta_twave_t+\mu_{0i}+\varepsilon_{ti} $。其中,$ t $表示层一单位,即观测的时间点($ t $ = 1991,…,2015);$ i $表示层二单位,即受访者;$ {HAZ}_{ti} $为因变量,表示个体 $ i $在 $ t $ 时期的“年龄别身高指数Z评分”;$ {T}_{i} $ 为核心自变量,表示个体 $ i $所在家庭在个体3~6岁时是否使用卫生厕所;$ \beta 1 $为核心自变量的固定效应系数,表示卫生厕所改善对于儿童健康的影响;$ {X}_{kti} $是与固定效应相对应的协变量矩阵;$ k $为协变量的总数($ k $ = 1,2,…,13);$ {\beta }_{k} $为第k个协变量的固定效应系数,表示协变量对于儿童健康的影响;$ {wave}_{t} $为时间固定效应;$ {\delta }_{t} $为时间固定效应系数,表示不同调查年份对儿童健康状况的影响;在随机效应部分,$ {\gamma }_{00} $表示总体平均水平,$ {\mu }_{0i} $表示与随机截距相对应的随机效应,$ {\varepsilon }_{ti} $为随机误差项。
本研究采用世界卫生组织WHO Anthro Plus1.0.4软件计算儿童“年龄别身高指数Z评分”;应用Stata 17.0统计软件的mixed命令构建两层次混合效应模型,采用最大似然估计法进行参数估计;采用R 4.4.3统计软件中的lme4包进行多层中介效应分析,分解中介变量的组间变异和组内变异区分中介效应的贡献,间接效应的置信区间采用偏差校正的Bootstrap重抽样方法估计(重抽样次数1 000次)[16];使用R 4.3.3统计软件中的interactions包进行Johnson-Neyman法简单斜率检验,分析当年龄取不同值时家庭卫生环境对儿童长期健康的影响及其95%CI,展示简单斜率及其95%CI随调节变量连续变化的趋势;采用Stata 17.0软件的mixed命令构建溢出效应模型,以剔除本家庭后的村庄冲水厕所使用率作为自变量,用于考察村居改厕的外部性效应。本研究对所有数值型变量均进行了标准化处理。检验水准为双侧检验α=0.05。
中国农村地区2 929名农村儿童中,男性1 359人(46.4%),女性1 570人(53.6%);年龄为7~18岁,平均年龄为(12.08±3.23)岁;汉族2 424人(82.8%),其他民族505人(17.2%);营养状况Z评分为–1.44~11.68分,平均评分为(6.59±1.00)分;父亲身高为146~188 cm,平均身高为(167.57±6.35)cm;母亲身高为138~182 cm,平均身高为(157.48±5.96)cm;父亲受教育年限为0~18年,平均受教育年限为(7.58±3.13)年;母亲受教育年限为0~17年,平均受教育年限为(5.56±3.79)年;人均家庭年收入为低收入者577人(19.7%),中低收入者631人(21.5%),中高收入者687人(23.5%),高收入者1 034人(35.3%);家庭规模为非核心家庭2 445人(83.5%),核心家庭484人(16.5%);3~6岁时村庄未通水1 774人(60.6%),通水1 155人(39.4%);3~6岁时村庄未通电1 624人(55.4%),通电1 305人(44.6%);东部地区1 362人(46.5%),中部地区1 058人(36.1%),西部地区509人(17.4%);HAZ为–5.73~5.02分,平均评分为(–0.61±1.25)分;3~6岁时未获得卫生厕所改造1 947人(66.5%),获得卫生厕所改造982人(33.5%);3~6岁时家庭环境卫生不存在粪便暴露问题1 866人(63.7%),存在粪便暴露问题1 063人(36.3%)。
以HAZ为因变量作为儿童长期健康状况的代理指标,考察农村卫生厕所改造对儿童长期健康的影响。模型Ⅰ以个体3~6岁时是否获得卫生厕所改造为主要解释变量,发现儿童在3~6岁时获得卫生厕所改造对其7~18岁的健康状况影响差异有统计学意义(β=0.22,P=0.006),早期获得卫生厕所改造的农村儿童长期健康状况更好。为识别卫生厕所改造对儿童长期健康影响的群体差异,本研究选取表征家庭养育环境的变量(人均家庭年收入和家庭规模)进行了异质性分析,生成各分组变量的虚拟变量,并构建核心自变量与分组虚拟变量的交互项来探究异质性影响。模型Ⅱ报告了不同人均家庭收入农村儿童的异质性的估计结果,发现人均家庭年收入为低收入组的交互项系数为正且差异有统计学意义(β=0.34,P=0.041)。低收入组农村儿童较高收入组使用卫生厕所对长期健康的改善效果更大;模型Ⅲ报告了家庭规模异质性的估计结果,发现核心家庭组的交互项系数为负且差异有统计学意义(β= –0.38,P=0.018),获得卫生厕所改造对核心家庭组农村儿童较非核心家庭组长期健康的改善效果更小。为检验年龄异质性并控制家庭内部不可观测因素,本研究构建了家庭固定效应模型,模型Ⅳ通过比较同一家庭内不同年龄段子女的健康差异来识别卫生厕所改造的年龄异质性影响。结果显示,交互项系数为负且差异有统计学意义(β= –0.25,P=0.004),即随着年龄增长卫生厕所改造对儿童健康的促进效应逐渐减弱。
本研究以家庭卫生环境状况为中介变量,以年龄作为影响卫生环境至长期健康路径的调节变量构建有调节的中介效应模型。结果显示,3~6岁时使用卫生厕所对中国农村地区7~18岁儿童HAZ存在直接影响(β=0.157,P=0.004),卫生厕所的使用通过改善家庭卫生环境状况(β= –0.071,P=0.019)产生间接影响;较好的环境卫生状况(即较少的粪便暴露)促进了儿童的长期健康发展(β= –0.174,P<0.001),间接效应为0.012,占总效应的5.5%,且直接和间接效应的Bootstrap检验置信区间上限和下限之间均不包含0;年龄在“家庭卫生环境→儿童健康状况” 路径中发挥调节作用(β=0.126,P=0.013)。当儿童年龄较小时,不良家庭卫生环境对健康的负面影响更为明显,但随着年龄增长,这种负面影响逐渐减弱。采用Johnson-Neyman 法进行简单斜率检验,分析当年龄取值不同时家庭卫生环境对儿童长期健康的影响及其95%CI。结果显示,家庭卫生环境对儿童健康的负向影响在<12.5岁差异有统计学意义;正向影响在>16.83岁差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);对12.5~16.83岁的影响差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);零斜率点位于14.12岁,标志该年龄为效应方向由负转正的拐点。溢出效应模型分析结果显示,村庄其他家庭的卫生厕所使用对儿童健康存在正向溢出效应(β=0.257,P=0.001)。村庄的卫生厕所改造能带来显著的公共健康收益;而3~6岁时家庭未获得卫生厕所改造的农村儿童,即使在未改厕家庭中,村庄其他家庭的卫生厕所使用率仍对儿童长期健康存在正向溢出效应(β=0.206,P=0.029)。
农村卫生厕所改造是改革开放以来中国农村公共卫生建设的重要组成部分,对于提升农村儿童健康水平具有重要意义。本研究系统分析了我国农村地区儿童早期卫生厕所改造对其长期健康的影响。研究结果,不仅验证了健康生态理论中多层次因素对儿童健康发展的重要性,还通过应用多层中介效应模型分析进一步揭示了宏观政策通过中观家庭环境改善最终影响微观个体健康的传导机制。
本研究结果显示,儿童早期(3~6岁)获得农村卫生厕所改造能显著提升长期健康水平(β=0.22,95%CI=0.06~0.37,P=0.006)。一方面,这一发现与人力资本早期投资理论相一致,印证了儿童健康发展的关键期[7];另一方面,体现了农村卫生厕所改造是提升儿童健康水平的重要政策工具,与兰莹利等[11]和董杰等[17]研究结果一致。本研究异质性分析揭示了农村卫生厕所改造的群体差异,家庭养育环境处于劣势的儿童能够从卫生厕所改造中获得更显著的健康收益。其中,低人均家庭年收入儿童获得卫生厕所改造较高人均家庭年收入儿童对长期健康的改善效果较大(β=0.34,95%CI=0.01~0.67,P=0.041),与魏乾伟等[18]和梁超等[19]研究结果相似,体现出政策干预的益贫性卫生厕所改造在缩小健康不平等方面发挥着重要作用;核心家庭儿童获得卫生厕所改造较非核心家庭儿童长期健康的改善效果更小(β= –0.38,95%CI= –0.70~–0.07,P=0.018),提示非核心家庭儿童虽面临健康劣势,但卫生厕所改造能够弥合健康差距,这可能是因为卫生厕所改造可同时惠及更多家庭成员,使得改善带来的环境优化效果更加明显[18];而同一家庭内不同年龄段子女的健康差异则显示,随着年龄增长,卫生厕所改造对儿童健康的促进效应逐渐减弱(β= –0.25,95%CI= –0.42~–0.08,P=0.004)。
本研究中介效应分析结果显示,卫生厕所的使用通过改善家庭卫生环境状况(β= –0.071,P=0.019)产生间接影响,较好的环境卫生状况促进了儿童的健康发展(β= –0.174,P<0.001),揭示家庭卫生环境在卫生厕所改造与个体健康结果之间的关键中介功能,与姜琳等[20]和朱贤等[21]研究结果一致,提示改善家庭卫生条件是提高居民健康水平的有效手段。因此,改厕仅是农村卫生的起点,其长效健康效应的发挥依赖于家庭日常环境的改善。此外,本研究结果显示,家庭卫生环境影响儿童长期健康的中介路径受到年龄的调节。既往研究表明家庭卫生是<5岁儿童健康的影响因素[11],但对于较大年龄儿童的影响边界尚不明确,本研究则发现家庭卫生环境对儿童健康的影响随年龄的增长逐渐减小,14岁左右为家庭卫生环境对儿童健康影响发生变化的节点,提示基于环境的干预“机会窗口”具有阶段性特征。溢出效应分析模型结果显示,村庄其他家庭的卫生厕所使用对儿童健康存在正向溢出效应(β=0.257,P=0.001),体现出卫生厕所改造的公共物品属性,具有正向外部性,提示卫生厕所改造具有卫生、环境和社会效益[22]。
多层面共同干预是改变个体健康的有效途径,而健康生态学理论则强调任何一个子系统的良性发展都是子系统和其中各要素协调发展的结果。本研究表明,农村卫生厕所改造政策推动了家庭环境系统的改善,并最终传导到儿童长期健康结果,凸显出政策引领下的多层次协同干预对改变儿童健康的重要性。因此,未来应从改善卫生基础设施及优化家庭环境多层次协同入手,提升农村儿童的长期健康水平。卫生基础设施改善应被视为促进农村儿童健康发展的关键投资,特别要把握儿童早期发展这一关键期。鉴于家庭卫生环境对儿童健康的影响具有阶段性特征,建议尽早实施农村卫生厕所改造,通过加强政策的前瞻性设计确保在儿童关键发育窗口期及时实施干预,以实现健康投资效益最大化。与此同时,还应强化政策设计的系统性和连续性,加强对家庭卫生环境的长期维护,巩固政策的健康效益,确保政策干预能够有效渗透至家庭环境和个体健康层面,构建以政策为导向、多生态系统层级协同发展的农村儿童健康促进工作体系。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1148290
  • 接收时间:2025-06-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-21
  • 修回日期:2025-11-05
  • 录用日期:2026-03-09
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    1中国人民大学人口与健康学院,北京 100872
    2中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心 中国人民大学国家治理大数据和人工智能创新平台,北京 100872

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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