Article(id=1320427737546870802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11847/zgggws1149493, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765123200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-08, revisedDate=1773072000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-10, acceptedDate=1783785600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-07-12, onlineDate=1792744104992, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792744104992, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792744104992, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792744104992, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320427658937225679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, year='2026', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='897', pageEnd='1024', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792744086250, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792747993375, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320444046678544663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320444046678544664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, issueId=1320427658937225679, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1019, endPage=1024, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320427737735614483, articleId=1320427737546870802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=EN, title=The associations and mechanisms between aging-related eye diseases and cognitive impairment: a systematic review, columnId=1320427713148597230, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Public Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the epidemiological associations, potential mechanisms, and intervention strategies between four age-related eye diseases—cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR)—and cognitive impairment in the elderly, thus providing scientific evidence for interdisciplinary comprehensive management.

Methods

Relevant articles published from January 1, 2010 to November 2025 were systematically retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang Data, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, and 44 eligible research articles were included for analysis.

Results

Patients with cataract had a 78% increased risk of all-cause dementia, which decreased by 36.8% after surgery (with a 60.1% reduction in Alzheimer′s disease risk). Patients with glaucoma had a 57%–89% increased risk of dementia, significantly associated with Alzheimer′s disease (+39% risk) and vascular dementia (+66% risk). The prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients with advanced AMD was 30%–40% higher than that in the general elderly population, and individuals with cognitive impairment had a 42% increased risk of progressing to advanced AMD within 5 years. Cognitive impairment in DR patients was dose-dependent. Regarding interventions, cataract surgery effectively reduced dementia risk, and nutritional regulation, lifestyle optimization, and multidisciplinary collaboration delayed disease progression. Community rehabilitation activities achieved an 82% functional maintenance rate, and county-level medical consortium management reduced severe visual impairment from DR by 40%.

Conclusions

Aging-related eye diseases and cognitive impairment have close bidirectional associations. Eye diseases are risk factors for cognitive decline and reflect central neurodegeneration. Early screening, multidisciplinary collaboration, and comprehensive management are crucial for improving physical and mental health outcomes.

, authors=Xinyue YU1, Xiaoli MA2, Jun WANG2, Jiaqi LIU3, Guohui WANG3, Qianwen YE3, authorsList=Xinyue YU, Xiaoli MA, Jun WANG, Jiaqi LIU, Guohui WANG, Qianwen YE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qianwen YE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YE Qianwen, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320427738167627798, articleId=1320427737546870802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, language=CN, title=年龄相关眼疾病与认知障碍的关联、机制:一项系统性综述, columnId=1320427713358312432, journalTitle=中国公共卫生, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨白内障、青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)及糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)4种衰老相关眼病与认知障碍的流行病学关联、潜在机制及干预策略,为跨学科综合管理提供科学依据。

方法

系统检索中国知网数据库、万方数据知识服务平台、Web of Science和PubMed数据库2010年1月1日—2025年11月发表的相关文献,对符合纳入标准的44篇研究文献进行分析。

结果

白内障患者全因痴呆风险升高78%,术后降低36.8%,其中阿尔茨海默病(AD)风险术后降低60.1%;青光眼患者痴呆风险增加57%~89%,与AD(风险+39%)、血管性痴呆(风险+66%)显著相关;晚期AMD患者认知障碍患病率较普通老年人群高30%~40%,认知障碍者5年内进展为晚期AMD风险增加42%;DR患者认知损害呈剂量依赖性。对于干预措施,白内障手术可有效降低痴呆风险;地中海饮食等营养调控、运动联合认知训练的生活方式优化,以及多学科协作可延缓人群认知障碍进展,社区康复活动功能维持率达82%,县域医共体管理使DR重度视力损伤减少40%。

结论

年龄相关眼病与认知障碍存在密切双向关联,眼部疾病既是认知衰退的风险因素,也可反映中枢退行性变;早期筛查、多学科协作及综合管理对改善人群身心健康结局至关重要。

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于欣悦(2004—),本科在读,研究方向:临床医学

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叶茜雯,E-mail:
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Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2022, 185: 109227., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320427751635538041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427737546870802, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Soleimani L, Ravona-Springer R, Lin H M, et al. Specific dimensions of depression have different associations with cognitive decline in older adults with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2021, 44(3): 655-662., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320427751702646906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427737546870802, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kraal A Z, Ellingrod V L, Zahodne L B. Depressive symptoms longitudinally mediate the effect of hyperglycemia on memory decline in type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2023, 46(9): 1673-1680., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320427751765561467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427737546870802, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ciudin A, Hernández C, Simó-Servat O, et al. The usefulness of the retina for identifying people with type 2 diabetes with prodromal stages of dementia[J]. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 2024, 159: 105592., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320427753397145730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427737546870802, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Little K, Llorián-Salvador M, Scullion S, et al. Common pathways in dementia and diabetic retinopathy: understanding the mechanisms of diabetes-related cognitive decline[J]. 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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2024, 81(1): 47., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320427753535557764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427737546870802, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Prud′Homme G J, Wang Q H. Anti-inflammatory role of the klotho protein and relevance to aging[J]. Cells, 2024, 13(17): 1413., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320427753594278021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427737546870802, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang S, Du Z J, Lai C R, et al. 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Associations and their mechanisms between aging-related eye diseases and cognitive impairment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
眼科疾病名称核心影响机制认知障碍类型及影响水平关键文献来源
AMD1. 中央视力丧失导致社交隔离与无助感;2. 视网膜退行性变与脑内神经退行性变同步(视网膜色素上皮细胞萎缩、
β–淀粉样蛋白沉积与AD脑内病理共享机制);3. 氧化应激与炎症级联反应(IL-6、TNF-α升高)加剧神经损伤;4. 补体系统基因(CFH)变异(如Y402H多态性)与AD风险共享
遗传易感性。
1. 认知功能下降(执行功能、语言能力、记忆力降低),晚期AMD患者认知障碍患病率较普通老年人群高30%~40%;
2. 生活质量降低(NEI-VFQ评分下降)
[14,21,26,39]
白内障1. 晶状体混浊导致光信号输入减少,视网膜—皮层通路
突触重塑不足;2. 昼夜节律失调(蓝光过滤异常);3. 未
手术者认知刺激减少(阅读、社交活动参与降低)
1. 未手术者认知功能显著下降(全因痴呆HR=1.78,AD HR=1.79),术后改善(全因痴呆风险降低36.8%,AD风险
降低60.1%,MMSE评分提高1.5分)。
[5,7,46]
青光眼1. 视神经退行性变与AD共享病理(视网膜神经节细胞
凋亡、β–淀粉样蛋白沉积);2. 血—视网膜/血—脑屏障功能障碍、慢性炎症(IL-6、TNF-α升高)及神经血管单元退化;3. 年龄依赖性效应(65岁以上患者AD风险是65岁以下的2倍以上)
1. 全因痴呆风险增加57%(aHR=1.57),AD风险增加39%(aHR=1.39),VaD风险增加66%(aHR=1.66);2. 执行
功能与空间感知下降(尤其65岁以上患者)
[13–14,16]
DR1. 微血管病变(视网膜毛细血管闭塞、黄斑水肿)与脑微
血管稀疏、血脑屏障破坏共享神经血管单元损伤;2. 全身炎症(IL-6、TNF-α升高)与高血糖介导的神经毒性;3. 视网膜结构改变(神经节细胞层变薄、血管密度降低)与脑容量减少相关
1.认知功能下降(执行功能、信息处理速度降低),增殖性DR患者较非增殖性DR更严重;2. T2D患者MCI患病率28%,痴呆风险是同龄非糖尿病者的2倍,DR为独立预测
生物标志物
[31,34,39]
), ArticleFig(id=1320427742399680590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373219989389464, articleId=1320427737546870802, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

年龄相关眼疾病与认知障碍的关联及机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
眼科疾病名称核心影响机制认知障碍类型及影响水平关键文献来源
AMD1. 中央视力丧失导致社交隔离与无助感;2. 视网膜退行性变与脑内神经退行性变同步(视网膜色素上皮细胞萎缩、
β–淀粉样蛋白沉积与AD脑内病理共享机制);3. 氧化应激与炎症级联反应(IL-6、TNF-α升高)加剧神经损伤;4. 补体系统基因(CFH)变异(如Y402H多态性)与AD风险共享
遗传易感性。
1. 认知功能下降(执行功能、语言能力、记忆力降低),晚期AMD患者认知障碍患病率较普通老年人群高30%~40%;
2. 生活质量降低(NEI-VFQ评分下降)
[14,21,26,39]
白内障1. 晶状体混浊导致光信号输入减少,视网膜—皮层通路
突触重塑不足;2. 昼夜节律失调(蓝光过滤异常);3. 未
手术者认知刺激减少(阅读、社交活动参与降低)
1. 未手术者认知功能显著下降(全因痴呆HR=1.78,AD HR=1.79),术后改善(全因痴呆风险降低36.8%,AD风险
降低60.1%,MMSE评分提高1.5分)。
[5,7,46]
青光眼1. 视神经退行性变与AD共享病理(视网膜神经节细胞
凋亡、β–淀粉样蛋白沉积);2. 血—视网膜/血—脑屏障功能障碍、慢性炎症(IL-6、TNF-α升高)及神经血管单元退化;3. 年龄依赖性效应(65岁以上患者AD风险是65岁以下的2倍以上)
1. 全因痴呆风险增加57%(aHR=1.57),AD风险增加39%(aHR=1.39),VaD风险增加66%(aHR=1.66);2. 执行
功能与空间感知下降(尤其65岁以上患者)
[13–14,16]
DR1. 微血管病变(视网膜毛细血管闭塞、黄斑水肿)与脑微
血管稀疏、血脑屏障破坏共享神经血管单元损伤;2. 全身炎症(IL-6、TNF-α升高)与高血糖介导的神经毒性;3. 视网膜结构改变(神经节细胞层变薄、血管密度降低)与脑容量减少相关
1.认知功能下降(执行功能、信息处理速度降低),增殖性DR患者较非增殖性DR更严重;2. T2D患者MCI患病率28%,痴呆风险是同龄非糖尿病者的2倍,DR为独立预测
生物标志物
[31,34,39]
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年龄相关眼疾病与认知障碍的关联、机制:一项系统性综述
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于欣悦 1 , 马小力 2 , 王军 2 , 刘家起 3 , 王国辉 3 , 叶茜雯 3, *, *
中国公共卫生 | 综 述 2026,42(8): 1019-1024
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中国公共卫生 |综 述 2026 , 42 (8) : 1019 -1024
年龄相关眼疾病与认知障碍的关联、机制:一项系统性综述
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于欣悦1, 马小力2, 王军2, 刘家起3, 王国辉3, 叶茜雯3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医科大学第一临床学院,沈阳 110002
  • 2中国医科大学附属第一医院,沈阳 110002
  • 3辽宁省疾病预防控制中心,沈阳 110172
通讯作者:
叶茜雯,E-mail:
作者简介:

于欣悦(2004—),本科在读,研究方向:临床医学

The associations and mechanisms between aging-related eye diseases and cognitive impairment: a systematic review
Xinyue YU1, Xiaoli MA2, Jun WANG2, Jiaqi LIU3, Guohui WANG3, Qianwen YE3
Affiliations
  • 1The First Clinical College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
  • 2The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
  • 3Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110172, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    YE Qianwen, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149493
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目的

探讨白内障、青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)及糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)4种衰老相关眼病与认知障碍的流行病学关联、潜在机制及干预策略,为跨学科综合管理提供科学依据。

方法

系统检索中国知网数据库、万方数据知识服务平台、Web of Science和PubMed数据库2010年1月1日—2025年11月发表的相关文献,对符合纳入标准的44篇研究文献进行分析。

结果

白内障患者全因痴呆风险升高78%,术后降低36.8%,其中阿尔茨海默病(AD)风险术后降低60.1%;青光眼患者痴呆风险增加57%~89%,与AD(风险+39%)、血管性痴呆(风险+66%)显著相关;晚期AMD患者认知障碍患病率较普通老年人群高30%~40%,认知障碍者5年内进展为晚期AMD风险增加42%;DR患者认知损害呈剂量依赖性。对于干预措施,白内障手术可有效降低痴呆风险;地中海饮食等营养调控、运动联合认知训练的生活方式优化,以及多学科协作可延缓人群认知障碍进展,社区康复活动功能维持率达82%,县域医共体管理使DR重度视力损伤减少40%。

结论

年龄相关眼病与认知障碍存在密切双向关联,眼部疾病既是认知衰退的风险因素,也可反映中枢退行性变;早期筛查、多学科协作及综合管理对改善人群身心健康结局至关重要。

年龄相关眼疾病  /  认知障碍  /  眼脑关联  /  流行病学
Objective

To explore the epidemiological associations, potential mechanisms, and intervention strategies between four age-related eye diseases—cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR)—and cognitive impairment in the elderly, thus providing scientific evidence for interdisciplinary comprehensive management.

Methods

Relevant articles published from January 1, 2010 to November 2025 were systematically retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang Data, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, and 44 eligible research articles were included for analysis.

Results

Patients with cataract had a 78% increased risk of all-cause dementia, which decreased by 36.8% after surgery (with a 60.1% reduction in Alzheimer′s disease risk). Patients with glaucoma had a 57%–89% increased risk of dementia, significantly associated with Alzheimer′s disease (+39% risk) and vascular dementia (+66% risk). The prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients with advanced AMD was 30%–40% higher than that in the general elderly population, and individuals with cognitive impairment had a 42% increased risk of progressing to advanced AMD within 5 years. Cognitive impairment in DR patients was dose-dependent. Regarding interventions, cataract surgery effectively reduced dementia risk, and nutritional regulation, lifestyle optimization, and multidisciplinary collaboration delayed disease progression. Community rehabilitation activities achieved an 82% functional maintenance rate, and county-level medical consortium management reduced severe visual impairment from DR by 40%.

Conclusions

Aging-related eye diseases and cognitive impairment have close bidirectional associations. Eye diseases are risk factors for cognitive decline and reflect central neurodegeneration. Early screening, multidisciplinary collaboration, and comprehensive management are crucial for improving physical and mental health outcomes.

aging-related eye disease  /  cognitive impairment  /  eye-brain axis  /  epidemiology
于欣悦, 马小力, 王军, 刘家起, 王国辉, 叶茜雯. 年龄相关眼疾病与认知障碍的关联、机制:一项系统性综述. 中国公共卫生, 2026 , 42 (8) : 1019 -1024 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149493
Xinyue YU, Xiaoli MA, Jun WANG, Jiaqi LIU, Guohui WANG, Qianwen YE. The associations and mechanisms between aging-related eye diseases and cognitive impairment: a systematic review[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2026 , 42 (8) : 1019 -1024 . DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1149493
认知障碍(cognitive impairment, CI)是认知功能下降的临床综合征,可由阿尔茨海默病、脑血管病、神经退行性病变等多种病因引发,涵盖从轻度认知减退到痴呆的全阶段,老年人群多发。与CI类似,青光眼、糖尿病视网膜病变、黄斑变性和白内障等眼疾病也多发生于老年人群,在老年健康相关研究中,通常会将此类指征与年龄强相关、患病率随年龄显著增长的健康损害结局,归为年龄相关疾病进行统计分析[1]。CI是全球范围内备受关注的重大公共卫生问题,目前仍缺乏有效根治手段[2–3],尽早识别与及时干预是延缓疾病进展、降低发病风险的核心策略。但当前临床仍缺乏简便、敏感的临床前生物标志物,难以在干预黄金时间窗内实现早诊早治。由于年龄相关眼病与CI的病理机制均涉及神经元退行性变,近十余年国内外学者逐步开展了两者关联的探索性研究[4–5],其中国内相关研究尚处于起步阶段,多以个案报道为主[6],国外现有研究质量参差不齐,且多聚焦于青光眼、白内障等单病种与CI的关联分析,仍缺乏针对多种年龄相关眼病与CI关联的系统综述。本文将系统地阐述年龄相关的4种主要眼疾病与CI之间的流行病学关联、分子机制及干预策略,旨在为探索以眼疾病为特征的生物标志物用于CI早期发现与干预提供科学依据,也为整合眼—脑多病同防提供理论支撑。
在中国知网数据库、万方数据知识服务平台、Web of Science 数据库和PubMed数据库中检索2010年1月1日—2025年11月29日公开发表的关于年龄相关眼疾病和认知障碍的中文和英文文章,末次检索日期为2025年11月29日。检索的关键词包括:白内障(cataract)、青光眼(glaucoma)、年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)、糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy, DR)和认知障碍:阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease, AD)、痴呆(dementia)、认知衰退(cognitive decline)和轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment, MCI)。
纳入标准:(1)研究主题明确涉及白内障、青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性、DR中至少1种眼科疾病与认知障碍(含阿尔茨海默病、痴呆、认知衰退、轻度认知障碍)的关联分析;(2)研究内容聚焦二者的流行病学相关性;(3)文献语种限定为中文和英文。排除标准:(1)文献全文不可获得;(2)文献内容为中文和英文之外的其他语言;(3)非原创性研究及非学术性文献,包括护理类研究、手术个案报道、科普文章、新闻报道、评论、信件、专利等。
收集文献资料,内容包括研究国家、发表年份、研究人群、眼疾病和认知障碍类型、研究视角和研究方法等。两名研究者独立检索现有文献,严格筛选标题、摘要及全文,并提取符合条件的文献数据。对每篇文献的标题、摘要及关键词进行纳入评估,若存在歧义则通过与第三位研究者讨论解决。研究关注的结局指标为既往研究中报告的眼病(包括AMD、DR、青光眼、白内障)与认知障碍、痴呆及痴呆亚型(包括阿尔茨海默病)的相关性。共检索出187篇相关文献,最终符合纳入标准的文献共44篇,其中英文文献40篇、中文文献4篇。涉及中国、美国、韩国、瑞典、英国、荷兰、德国、印度、泰国、墨西哥、巴西和芬兰12个国家,包括横断面调查、队列研究和干预实验等,整体文献报告较为规范。
本研究为定性系统综述,纳入文献在研究对象、诊断标准、干预措施及结局指标等方面存在较大异质性,故未进行定量Meta分析。采用描述性统计方法归纳纳入研究的特征。对于每项原始研究,提取其报告的效应量(如风险比HR、比值比OR、相对危险度RR)及相应的95%置信区间,并按疾病类型(白内障、青光眼、AMD、DR)分类汇总。采用Microsoft Excel 2019软件整理数据。
本研究检索相关文献 187篇,经查重、题目排除及摘要阅读后筛选出 105篇,再通过全文仔细阅读排除 61篇不符合要求的文献,最终纳入 44 篇文献(中文 4 篇、英文 40篇)。
作为老龄化进程中最常见的退行性眼病之一,其与认知功能障碍的流行病学关联已得到很多研究的一致验证;白内障及其导致的视力损伤被证实为认知障碍与痴呆的独立可改变风险因素[4–5]。与无白内障人群相比,白内障患者发生全因痴呆的风险显著升高(HR=1.78,95%CI=1.62%~1.98%),其中阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease, AD)风险尤为突出(HR=1.79,95%CI=1.55%~2.07%)[7]。值得注意的是,白内障手术可有效逆转这一风险,术后患者全因痴呆风险降低36.8%(HR=0.632,95%CI=0.421%~0.947%),AD风险更是下降60.1%[8]。其保护机制可能涉及神经的可塑性激活,手术改善视觉输入后,通过增强视网膜—皮层通路突触重塑及认知刺激(如阅读、社交活动),提升大脑认知储备[9–10]。鉴于年龄是白内障的主要风险因素[11],早期手术干预对老年人群的认知保护具有重要的公共卫生意义[8,12]。
多项大规模队列研究证实,青光眼是痴呆发病的独立危险因素。韩国一项全国性队列研究纳入788 961名参与者,结果显示,新诊断青光眼患者的痴呆发病风险较非青光眼人群显著升高89%(HR=1.89,95%CI=1.57%~2.27%),且该关联独立于年龄、性别、BMI、社会经济状况及糖尿病、高血压等系统性疾病[13]。瑞典的匹配队列研究进一步验证了这一结论,在324 730例青光眼患者与3 247 300名对照人群中,青光眼患者的AD风险增加39%(aHR=1.39,95%CI=1.35%~1.43%),血管性痴呆(VaD)风险增加66%(aHR=1.66,95%CI=1.61%~1.72%),全因痴呆风险增加57%(aHR=1.57,95%CI=1.54%~1.59%)[14]。不同青光眼亚型均与认知障碍存在关联。原发性开角型青光眼(aHR=1.31)和正常眼压性青光眼(aHR=1.28)均显著增加AD风险,且两者与VaD的关联强度更高(aHR分别为1.61和1.39)[14],提示青光眼的神经退行性过程可能独立于眼压升高机制,其病理生理基础可能与中枢神经系统的退行性病变存在共性[14–15]。年龄是青光眼与痴呆关联的重要效应修饰因素。65岁及以上(HR=3.15)的青光眼患者AD风险是65岁以下人群(HR=1.56)的2倍以上(P<0.000 1)[13–14]。有研究进一步发现,60岁及以上患者的痴呆风险显著高于年轻群体[14–15]。这种年龄依赖性可能与衰老相关的血—视网膜/血—脑屏障功能障碍、慢性炎症累积及神经血管单元退化等共同病理机制相关[16–17]。基于现有证据,有研究者建议,将老年青光眼患者列为痴呆高危人群,尤其是≥80岁青光眼患者需加强认知功能监测[14]。目前亟需开发适用于视力受损人群的特异性认知筛查工具,以实现痴呆的早期识别与干预。未来研究应进一步探索青光眼与痴呆共病的分子机制,为开发跨系统神经保护策略提供依据[18]。目前国内相关研究较少,甚至有研究认为AD患者眼压较正常人偏低,可能对患者青光眼性视神经损伤是一种保护机制[19]。
是全球老年人不可逆视力丧失的主要原因,尤其在55岁以上人群中发病率显著上升[20–21]。随着人口老龄化加剧,AMD已成为重要的公共卫生问题,其导致的中心视力丧失直接影响阅读、驾驶和面部识别等高精度视觉功能[21]。流行病学数据显示,AMD目前已影响全球约1.96亿人,预计到2040年患病人数将增至2.88亿,成为老龄化社会中亟待关注的公共卫生挑战[22–23]。近年来研究发现,AMD与认知障碍存在显著关联,为探索“眼—脑轴”系统疾病机制提供了新视角。AMD与认知障碍的关联具有明确的双向性。由美国国立眼科研究所(NEI)主导的年龄相关性眼病研究二期(AREDS2),对3 157名平均年龄72.7岁参与者的纵向分析显示,基线认知功能障碍(TICS-M评分<30分)的个体5年内进展为晚期AMD的风险增加42%(HR=1.42)[24],认知障碍加速AMD进展。另外,AMD可加剧认知衰退,晚期AMD患者10年内认知功能下降风险显著升高[24]。AMD与AD等神经退行性疾病共享核心病理机制,涉及氧化应激、炎症反应和淀粉样蛋白沉积等因素[25–26]。视网膜作为中枢神经系统的延伸部分,其退行性病变(如视网膜色素上皮细胞萎缩)可能与脑部的神经退行性过程同步发生,反映全身性神经退行性进程[25–28]。此外,全基因组关联研究揭示,补体系统基因(如CFH)的变异不仅与AMD风险相关,也与AD风险相关,进一步支持了两者之间的病理联系[26]。
作为糖尿病最常见的微血管并发症,DR是全球70岁以上老年人视力丧失的首要原因,预计到2030年患病人数将达1.91亿[29–30]。在2型糖尿病(T2D)患者中,DR与认知功能障碍的共病现象尤为突出。流行病学研究表明,T2D患者发生轻度认知障碍(MCI)的患病率高达28%,且发展为痴呆的风险是同龄非糖尿病者的两倍[31–32]。DR可能通过微血管损伤与神经退行性变的交互作用影响中枢神经系统[31,33]。例如,视网膜神经节细胞层(GCL)和外层视网膜核层(ONL)变薄与认知功能下降、脑容量减少显著相关。DR的严重程度与认知损害呈剂量依赖性关系。在一项涉及27 929名50岁以上新诊断T2D患者的队列研究中,DR被证实可作为痴呆的预测性生物标志物,机器学习模型也验证了其预测价值[34]。值得注意的是,增殖性DR患者相比非增殖性DR患者表现出更严重的认知功能下降,尤其是在执行功能和信息处理速度方面[35–36]。脑血管病变是重要介导因素。研究显示,脑体积减少可介导57%的视力损害与心理运动功能下降之间的关联,提示DR相关的脑微血管损伤可能通过脑结构改变加剧认知衰退[33,37]。社会人口学因素在DR与认知障碍的关联中起到调节作用。教育水平和家庭收入较低的人群,不仅DR患病率更高(城市与农村无显著差异),而且伴随更严重的认知功能下降[33,38]。同时,DR合并抑郁症状的患者表现出更显著的认知功能损害,特别是在执行功能、语言能力和记忆力方面,其痴呆风险是单纯DR患者的1.82倍[39]。这种双重负担在老年糖尿病患者中尤为突出,抑郁症状可介导高血糖对情景记忆的神经毒性作用[40–41]。视网膜作为“大脑的窗口”,其结构和功能改变可能反映了中枢神经系统的退行性变。视网膜成像技术(如OCT、OCT-A等)揭示的血管密度、分形维数等参数异常,为早期识别糖尿病相关认知衰退提供了非侵入性生物标志物[31,42]。这种“眼—脑关联”的生物学基础源于两者共享的胚胎起源和神经血管单元病理机制,包括神经炎症、血管退化和胶质细胞功能紊乱等共同特征[43–45]。因此,DR可视为系统性神经血管损伤在眼部的表现,其严重程度与老龄人群认知障碍风险增加密切相关。年龄相关眼疾病与认知障碍的关联及机制见表1。
现有研究已充分证实年龄相关眼病与认知障碍存在密切关联,但不同眼病的证据强度和研究深度存在差异。白内障与认知障碍的关联研究最为成熟,尤其是白内障手术的认知获益得到了大样本队列研究的一致验证,为临床干预提供了明确依据。青光眼与痴呆的关联证据也较为充分,多项跨国队列研究显示,青光眼患者痴呆风险显著升高,且年龄依赖性效应明显,但针对青光眼患者的认知干预研究仍较匮乏。AMD与DR的研究则突出了双向关联的特点,认知障碍可加速眼病进展,而眼病又进一步加剧认知衰退,但此类研究多为观察性设计,因果关系尚未完全明确。
这些研究存在着一定的局限性。首先,纳入研究的异质性较高,不同研究采用的认知评估工具(如MMSE、MoCA、TICS-M)和眼病诊断标准存在差异,可能导致结果不一致;其次,多数研究为横断面或回顾性队列设计,难以确定眼病与认知障碍的因果时序;此外,干预研究主要集中于白内障手术,针对AMD、DR和青光眼的认知保护干预仍缺乏大样本随机对照试验;最后,研究人群以欧美和东亚为主,非洲、拉美等地区的数据较少,可能存在种族和地域偏倚。未来研究需开展多中心纵向队列研究,统一评估标准,并加强干预研究,尤其是针对高风险人群的精准干预。
年龄相关眼病与认知障碍的关联并非单一机制作用,而是涉及神经退行性变、血管损伤、感官输入剥夺及心理社会因素的多维度交互。在全球老龄化背景下,年龄相关眼疾病(如白内障、青光眼、AMD、DR)与老龄人群心理/认知障碍(抑郁、焦虑、痴呆等)的共病负担显著加剧,二者通过复杂的生理机制(氧化应激、神经炎症、血管老化、基因—环境交互作用)和心理社会机制(社会隔离、功能受限导致的负性情绪循环)形成双向关联。流行病学研究证实,白内障手术可降低全因痴呆风险达36.8%,青光眼患者痴呆风险增加89%,晚期AMD患者认知障碍患病率高出普通老年人群30%~40%,DR严重程度与认知损害呈剂量依赖性关系。这些发现提示,眼部疾病既是认知衰退的风险因素,也可能通过视网膜作为“脑窗口”反映中枢神经系统退行性病变。临床实践中,低视力康复与心理支持协同、多学科协作(眼科—神经科—心理科联动)、营养调控(如地中海饮食、抗氧化剂补充)及生活方式优化(口腔—肠道菌群管理)可有效延缓疾病进展,例如社区康复活动参与可使功能维持率提升至82%,县域医共体管理使DR重度视力损伤减少40%。鉴于眼—脑健康的密切关联,未来研究需聚焦早期筛查、跨学科综合管理及社会支持体系整合,从而改善老龄人群身心健康结局,这对减轻公共卫生负担具有重要意义。

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doi: 10.11847/zgggws1149493
  • 接收时间:2025-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-08
  • 修回日期:2026-03-10
  • 录用日期:2026-07-12
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    1中国医科大学第一临床学院,沈阳 110002
    2中国医科大学附属第一医院,沈阳 110002
    3辽宁省疾病预防控制中心,沈阳 110172

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